COM 101 Final

Connectives

(Internal previews, summaries, transitions, signposts) Connectives link one part of a speech to another, clarify how one idea relates to another, and identify how supporting material bolsters a key point.

The Full Sentence Outline

A comprehensive framework that follows established outlining rules about content and format, creates a complete draft of your speech.

Refine

After reviewing, reducing, and regrouping your material, you should have several key points. Now it's time to refine, make sure your points are clear and memorable. Look for useful "hooks" on which to hang your key points.

Use Numbers, Letters, and Indentations

All parts of an outline are systematically indented and numbered or lettered. This reflects the hierarchy of your material. I. A. 1. a.

Informative vs. Persuasive speaking

An informative speech provides new information, explains complex concepts and processes, and/or clarifies and corrects misunderstood information, they address a wide range of purposes and topics. When you ask listeners to change their opinion or behavior, your speech becomes persuasive

Audience participation strategies

Ask questions Encourage interaction Involve their senses Do an exercise Ask for volunteers Invite feedback

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention step Need step Satisfaction step Visualization step Action step

Adapting to the audience (cultural and gender biases)

Avoid gender bias in your language Avoid cultural bias in your language Avoid exclusionary language

Goals of effective conclusions

Be memorable Be clear Be brief

Techniques to improve delivery

Breath control Volume and projection Rate Pitch Fluency Articulation Physical delivery

CORE Styles of presentation speaking

Clear style Oral style Rhetorical style Eloquent style

Divide Your Subpoints Logically

Each major point should include at least two subpoints indented under it or non at all.

Strategies for effective conclusions

End when you say you will Make sure the ending matches the speech Have realistic expectations

Internal Summaries

Ends a section and helps to reinforce important ideas. Also gives you an opportunity to pause in a speech and repeat critical ideas or pieces of information.

Goals of effective introductions

Focus Audience Attention and Interest Connect to Your Audience Put You in Your Speech Set the Emotional Tone Preview the Message

Organization helps speakers:

Gather and select appropriate content Arrange the content strategically Enhance speaker credibility

Review

Gather your notes and supporting materials, then reread and critique them

Achieving immediacy

Immediacy is an audience's perceptions of physical and psychological closeness to the speaker. Verbal immediacy is associated with a sense of humor, a willingness to engage the audience in conversation, self-disclosure, using inclusive language ad feedback, and seeking audience input.

Forms of delivery

Impromptu speaking- speaking with little or no preparation or practice Extemporaneous speaking- using an outline or notes as a guide through a well-prepared speech Manuscript- reading a well-prepared speech aloud, word for word Memorized speaking- delivering most or all of a speech from memory

Using humor effectively

Injecting humor into a speech can capture and hold an audience's attention and help listeners remember you and your presentation. Humor can defuse anger, ease tension, and stimulate action. Audience members tend to remember humorous speakers positively, even when they are not enthusiastic about the speaker's message or topic. Humor can also enhance learning while listeners are enjoying the speech.

KISS

Keep It Simple Speaker

Importance of diagnosing audience interest

Keeping your audience interested ranked number one as the most important public speaking skill. Adjust for poor listening habits Limit the length of your speech Practice expressive delivery

Aristotle's persuasive proofs

Logos- message logic, logical proof Pathos- audience emotions Ethos- the credibility of the speaker Mythos- social and cultural values often expressed through shared stories

Evidence

Novel evidence Believable evidence Dramatic evidence

Reduce

Once you have reviewed your ideas and information, try to boil down the "keepers" to a few essential points.

Types of presentation aids

Pie Charts Graphs Text charts Diagrams Maps Photographs

Audiences that agree with you:

Present new information Excite the audience's emotions Provide a personal role model Advocate a course of action Strengthen audience resistance to opposing arguments

Visual design principles

Preview and highlight Headline your visuals Exercise restraint Choose readable fonts Choose suitable colors and templates Build a storyboard

Criteria for media selection

Projected slides work best when the audience expects them, when color and pictures are critical to achieving your purpose, and when you are unlikely to be interrupted during your speech Use slides to: tell a story Flip chart- a large pad of paper on an easel...remains one of the most common media for displaying ideas and information, provides enormous flexibility

Elements of an informative speech

Purpose, audience, credibility, context, content, organization, and delivery

The Preliminary Outline

Puts the major sections of your message into a clear and logical order. Helps you develop and arrange your key points and supporting material into an initial draft of a speech.

Regroup

Regroup your ideas and supporting materials into categories.

Using stylistic devices effectively

Repetition Metaphors The Rule of Three

Internal Preview

Reveals or suggests your key points. It tells your audience what you are going to cover and in what order.

4 Rs method

Review Reduce Regroup Refine

Audiences that disagree with you:

Set reasonable goals Find common ground Accept and adapt to differences of opinion Use fair and respected evidence Build your personal credibility

Signposts-

Short, often numerical references that, like highway signs, tell or remind your listeners where you are and how far you have to go.

Why does organization matter?

Speech organization provides strategic framework that helps an audience listen and remember. If you are well organized, you are much more likely to achieve the purpose of your speech.

Types of outlines

The Preliminary Outline The Full Sentence Outline

Rule of three

Three key points are ideal when it comes to making your outline. Audience members understand and remember three key points better.

How to handle and deliver presentation using presentation aids

Timing is everything Focus on your audience, not on your aids Handle handouts effectively: good idea if your presentation includes a lot of technical information Show and tell: we learn better when a speaker's words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively

Basic organizational patterns

Topical Time Space Problem-Solution Cause-Effect Scientific method Stores and Examples Comparison-Contrast Memory Aids

Organization helps the audience:

Understand the message Remember the message Decide how to react to the message

Rules of outlining

Use Numbers, Letters, and Indentations Divide Your Subpoints Logically Keep the Outline Consistent

Strategies for telling stories

Use a simple story line Limit the number of characters Connect to the audience Exaggerate Practice

Types of introductions

Use an interesting statistic or example Quote someone Tell a story Ask a question Establish a personal link Refer to the place or occasion Refer to a recent or well-known event Address audience concerns and needs Mix the methods

Keep the Outline Consistent

Use either a topic, a phrase, or a full sentence for each key point

Transitions

Words, numbers, brief phrases, or sentences that help you lead your audience from one key point or section to another. Bridges that help you get from one idea to another.

Sources of stories

You: use personal stories Your audience: if you analyze your audience, you may find stories to relate to them Other people: make sure you have the person's permission, talk about interesting people you know The occasion: when and where are you speaking, what's happening The media: look to books, magazines, television shows, websites, and news stories

Voice

a term that refers to whether the subject of a sentence performs or receives the action of the verb.

Self-effacing humor

ability to direct humor at yourself

symbol

an arbitrary collection of sounds and letters that stand for a concept.

Action step

ask the audience to act in a way that demonstrates their personal commitment to the solution

Ask a question

can attract your audience's attention and interest because it encourages them to think about the possible answers

Quote someone

can help audience overcome doubts, especially when the quotation is from a credible source

Attention step

capture the audiences attention

Claims

claims of fact claims of conjecture claims of value claims of policy

Need step

describe a problem related to the audience's interests and needs that should be solved

Visualization step

describe what the audience's lives and/ore the lives of others will be like once the plan of action is implemented

analogies

extended similes and metaphors used to simplify and explain some more complicated state of affairs

Dramatic Evidence

find ways to dramatize numerical evidence

Planned humor

hand selected placement of jokes

Refer to a recent or well-known event:

helps gain audience's attention

Active voice

if the subject performs the action.

Passive voice

if the subject receives the action.

Address audience concerns and needs

in crisis situation, may need to address the problem immediately

Establish a personal link

link your background and experiences to those of your audience

similes

make a direct comparison between two things or ideas but use the words as or like

Metaphors

makes a comparison between two things or ideas without using connective words such as like and as.

Novel Evidence

new evidence to support their arguments

Photographs

portray reality, can capture audience attention and stir emotions

Satisfaction step

propose a plan of action that will solve the problem and satisfy audience needs

Repetition

provides a way of captivating audiences by highlighting selected words, clauses, and sentences as well as the sounds in words.

Refer to the place or occasion

refer to place you are speaking

Connotation

refers to the emotional response or personal thoughts connected to the meaning of a word.

Denotation

refers to the objective, dictionary-based meaning of a word.

Oral style

resembles the way we talk in most everyday conversations. Uses personal pronouns, simpler words, shorter sentences, and conversational language.

Informatory communication

seeks to create or increase audience awareness about a fact, incident, or phenomenon.

Explanatory communication

seeks to enhance or deepen an audience's understanding about a fact, incident, or phenomenon so that listeners can comprehend.

Graphs

show how much but are primarily used to demonstrate comparisons and trends. Graphs represent countable things

Diagrams and illustrations

show how things work by explaining relationships or processes

Pie charts

show proportions in relation to a whole or depict relationships among related items

Maps

show where they "are drawings that function as pictures of a physical layout" locate and direct an audience's attention

sign

stands for or represents something specific. In many cases, a sign looks like or depicts a symptom of the thing it represents.

Claims of fact

state that something is true

Use an interesting statistic or example

statistic or example: can prompt audience to start thinking about your topic

Psychological Reactance Theory

suggests that when you perceive a threat to your freedom to believe or behave as you wish, you may go out of your way to do the forbidden behavior or rebel against the prohibiting authority

Text charts and tables

summarize, compare, or provide lists of key ideas in tabular form, often under a title or headline

Creativity

the ability to generate strategies, ideas, and supporting material that differ significantly from those in common use.

Audience adaptation

the process of modifying your presentation based on what you know about your audience's demographics, motivations, knowledge, interest, and attitudes.

The primacy effect

the tendency to recall the first items we see or hear in sequenced information.

The recency effect

the tendency to recall the last items we see or hear in sequenced information.

Spontaneous humor

uses humor to respond to an unplanned incident

Rhetorical style

uses language designed to influence, persuade, and or inspire others by using vivd and powerful words.

Eloquent style

uses poetic and expressive language as a way to make a speaker's thoughts and feelings clear.

Clear style

uses short, simple, and direct words as well as active verbs, concrete words, and plain language

Exclusionary language

uses words that reinforce stereotypes, belittle other people, or exclude others from understanding an in-group's message.

Believable evidence

will not be persuasive if audience does not believe it

concrete

word refers to a specific thing that can be perceived by our senses.

abstract

word refers to an idea or concept that cannot be observed or touched