Com 107 Syracuse University Exam #1

High Culture

"good taste" associates with fine arts

Low Culture

"taste of the masses" junk

Opinion and Fair Comment

A defense against libel that states that libel applies only to intentional misstatements of factual information rather than to statements of opinion

Citizen Journalism

A grassroots movement wherein activist amateurs and concerned citizens, not professional journalists, use the internet and blogs to disseminate news and info

Newspaper chain

A large company that owns several papers around the country

Qualified Privilege

A legal right allowing journalists to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though the public statements being reported may be libelous

Objective Journalism

A modern style of journalism that distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns; reporters strive to remain neutral toward the issue or event they cover, searching out competing points of view among the sources for a story

Yellow Journalism

A newspaper style or era that peaked in the 1890s, it emphasized high-interest stories, sensational crime news, large headlines, and serious reports that exposed corruption particularly in business and government

Magazine

A nondaily periodical that comprises a collection of articles, stories, and ads

Actual Malice

A reckless disregard for the truth, such as when a reporter or an editor knows that a statement is false and prints or airs it anyway

Pentagon Papers

A secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam

Herd Journalism

A situation in which reporters stake out a house or follow a story in such large groups that the entire profession comes under attack for invading people's privacy or exploiting their personal tragedies

Inverted-pyramid style

A style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information

Interpretive Journalism

A type of journalism that involves analyzing and explaining key issues or events and placing them in a broader historical and social context

Public Journalism

A type of journalism, driven by citizen forums, that goes beyond telling the news to embrace a broader mission of improving the quality of public life; also called critic journalism

Right to Privacy

Addresses a persons right to be left alone, without his/her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property

Economic Shifts

Advertising revenues declining: -85% of NP ad revenue from print -Craigs List: brutal effect on classifieds Wall Street Skepticism

Joint operating agreement

An economic arrangement, sanctioned by the government, that permits competing newspapers to operate separate editorial divisions while merging business and production operations

Indecency

An issue related to appropriate broadcast content; the government may punish broadcasters for indecency or profanity after the fact, and over the years a handful of radio stations have had thier licenses suspended or denied over indecent programming.

Paywall

An online portal that charges consumers a fee for access to news content

Responsible Capitalism

An underlying value held by many US journalists and citizens, it assumes that business people should complete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but to increase prosperity for all

Individualism

An underlying value held by many US journalists and citizens, it favors individual rights and responsibilities above group needs or institutional mandates

Small-town pastoralism

An underlying value held by many US journalists and citizens, it favors the small over the large and the rural over the urban

Ethnocentrism

An underlying value held by many US journalists and citizens, it involves judging other countries and cultures and cultures according to how they live up to or imitate American practices/ideals

John Milton

Areopagitica (1644)

Newspaper Preservation Act (1970)

Authorizing the formation of joint operating agreements among competing newspaper operations within the same market area. It exempted newspapers from certain provisions of antitrust laws

Modern Period

Beginning with the industrial revolution to the mid-twentieth century

Pack Journalism

Characterization of news reporting in which reporters from different news outlets collaborate to cover the same story, leaving news reporting homogeneous.

Wire Services

Commercial organizations, such as Associated Press, that share news stories and info by relaying them around the country and world, originally via telegraph and now via satellite transmission

Feature syndicates

Commercial outlets or brokers that contract with newspapers to provide work from well-known political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic-strip artists, and self-help columnists

Hutchins Commission

Commission on Freedom of the Press The commission was established as a response to criticism from the public and government over media ownership

Linear model of communication

Communication is a one way process where the sender is the only one who sends message and the receiver doesn't give feedback or response

Miller V. California

Community standards; whole work lacks political, scientific, artistic or educational value

Conflict of Interest

Considered unethical, a compromising situation in which a journalist stands to benefit personally from the news report he/she produces

Libel

Deformation of a character in written or broadcast form

Libertarian Model

Encourages vigorous gov. criticism and supports the highest degree of individual and press freedoms

Obscenity

Expression that is not protected as speech if these three legal tests are all met: The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material as a whole appeals to prurient interest The material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way The material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

NY Times V. Sullivan

For average person to prove libel, they must show: Public statement was false Damages occurred Publisher was negligent Public figures have harder time showing libel Must show actual malice (the intention or desire to do evil; ill will) Knew statement was false & published it anyway, or they acted in reckless disregard of truth

Conflict-oriented journalism

Found in metropolitan areas, newspapers that define news primarily as events, issues or experiences that deviate from social norms

Consensus-oriented Journalism

Found in small communities, newspapers that promote social and economic harmony by providing community calendars and meeting notices and carrying articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues

Social changes brought on by Printing Press

Helped spread knowledge Challenges authority of Papacy (95 Theses and Protestant Reformation) Growth of nationalism Spread vernacular languages

Digital Communication

Images, texts, and sounds are converted into electronic signals that are then resembled as a precise reproduction of a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice

Shield Laws

Laws protecting the confidentiality of key interview subjects and reporters' rights not to reveal the sources of controversial information used in news stories

Gag Orders

Legal restrictions prohibiting the press from releasing preliminary info that might prejudice jury selection

Authoritarian Model

Model of journalism and speech that tolerates little public dissent/criticism of gov. Holds that the public needs guidance from an elite and educated class

Hays Office

Motion Picture Production Code https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qn3dCIJ91Nw

Human-interest Stories

News accounts that focus on the trials and tribulations of the human conditions, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges

Literary Journalism

News reports that adapt fictional storytelling techniques to nonfictional material; sometimes called new journalism

Investigative Journalism

News reports that hunt out and expose corruption, particularly in business or government.

Parasocial Relationship

One-sided relationships, where one person extends emotional energy, interest and time, and the other party, the persona, is completely unaware of the other's existence

Major Eras in communication

Oral - harder to expand knowledge to others, stories change with oral communications, stories die with the person, can't build on the knowledge because you are limited to what a human brain can hold and remember Written - record knowledge that people have and easily share ideas/stories Print Electronic - telegraph (instantaneous over distance), photography (share images, see what something looks like without artist interstation), radio (send messages without wire, messages from anywhere), TV (moving pictures in homes) Digital - ARPAnet

Section 315

Part of the 1934 Communications Act; it mandates that during elections, broadcast stations must provide equal

Communist/State Model

Press is controlled by the gov. State leaders believe the press should serve gov. goals

Social Responsibility Model

Privately owned US follows this model

Mass Communication

Process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large & diverse audience through media channels

Prior Restraint

Prohibits courts and gov from blocking any publication/speech before it actually occurs

PICAN Standards

Public Interest Convenience and Necessity Radio Act of 1927/Communications Act of 1934

underground press

Radical newspapers, run on shoestring budgets, that question mainstream political policies and conventional values; the term usually refers to a journalism movement in the 1960s

Fairness Doctrine

Repealed in 1987, this FCC rule required broadcast stations to both air and engage in controversial issue programs that affected their communities and, when offering such programming, to provide competing points of view

Muckrakers

Reporters who used a style of early 20th century investigative journalism that emphasized a willingness to crawl around in society's muck to uncover a story

Motion Picture Production Code

Set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most United States motion pictures released by major studios

Shoemaker and Reese Model of Influence

Social system level: Cultural norms Economics Social institutions level: Journalism profession Organizational level: News companies (NYT) Routines level: Professional norms Individual level - bias and credibility: Journalists Editors

Slander

Spoken language that defames a person's character

Narrative

Storytelling

Culture

Symbols of expression that individual groups and societies use to make sense of daily life and articulate value

Engagement

The fifth step in the critical process, it involves actively working to create a media world that best serves democracy

Description

The first step in the critical process, it involves paying close attention, taking notes, and researching the cultural product to be studied

Evaluation

The fourth step in the critical process, it involves arriving at a judgement about whether a cultural product is good, bad, or mediocre; this requires subordinating one's personal taste to the critical assessment resulting from the first 3 stages

Newsworthiness

The often unstated criteria that journalists use to determine which events and issues should become news reports, including timeliness, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, novelty, and deviance

Sound bite

The part of a news report in which an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person on the street is interviewed about some aspect of an event or issue

Red Lion Case

The parties in two separate cases sought review of the constitutionality of the fairness doctrine and component rules by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC's position was upheld as constitutional in one case and the rules were held unconstitutional in the other.

News

The process of gathering info and making narrative reports - edited by individuals on a news organization - that create selected frames of reference and help the public make sense of prominent people, important events, and unusual happenings in everyday life

Analysis

The second step in the critical process, it involves discovering significant patterns that emerge from the description stage

Newshole

The space left over in a newspaper for news content after all the ads are placed

Interpretation

The third step in the critical process, it asks and answers the "What does this mean?" and "So what?" questions about ones finding

Pass-along readership

The total number of people who come into content with a single copy of a magazine

Photojournalism

The use of photos to document events and people's lives

Agenda Setting

Theory that if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important

General-interest magazines

Types of magazines that address a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad national audience

Fourth Estate

Unofficial branch of the gov. that monitors the other 3 for abuses of power and provides info necessary for for self governance

Framing

Which narratives or aspects of a story get prominence

Advocacy Journalism

abandons objectivity; presents info from a perspective (Bias)

Convergence

all the changes that have occurred over the past decade and are still occurring

Partisan Press

an early dominant style of American journalism distinguishing by opinion newspapers, which generally argued one political point of view or pushed the plan of the particular party that subsidized the paper

Media Literacy

attaining and understanding mass media and how they construct meaning

Normative model of journalism

attempt to present info as objectively as possible (without bias)

Cross Platform

business model that involves consolidating various media holdings

Communications

creations and use of symbols that convey info and meaning

Mass Media

cultural industries

Critical Process

descriptive, analysis, interpretation, evaluations, and engagement

Public Domain

gives the public free access to the work

Copyright

legally protects right of authors and producers to their published/unpublished writing, music, lyrics, TV, movies, or graphic designs

Postmodern Period

mid-twentieth century to today

Penny Paper

newspapers that because of technological innovations in printing, were able to drop their price to one cent beginning in the late 1830s thereby making papers affordable to the working and emerging middle classes enabling newspapers to become a genuine mass medium

Progressive Era

period of political and social reform that lasted roughly from the 1890's to the 1920's

Selective Exposure

seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural benefits, values, and interests

Herbert Gans' cultural values of Journalism

studied the newsroom cultures of CBS, NBC, Newsweek, and Time in the 1970s, has generalized that several basic "enduring values" are shared by most American reporters and editors.

Gatekeeping

the process of deciding what is news