COM 180 Final

using a search engine as a source

(i.e. Google) Can be your most important resource because of the enormous search capabilities for finding very specific content.

value

Make an evaluative claim (judging the worth of something) regarding morality, wisdom, aesthetics, and/or desirability (example = eating meat is immoral, purchase of best car); (good/bad) a judgement call

Language Pitfalls

-Avoid Profanity -Watch use of hyperbole and don't ever use exaggeration -It's unwise to use words like never and always -Stay way from powerless and uncertain words/phrases (I think, it seems to me, etc.) -basic errors: mispronunciations or misuse of grammar -colloquialism: used in informal speech (i.e. crick vs. creek, fixing dinner, Sunday best, etc. -regionalisms: used in different parts of the country (pop, Hoagie, sweet tea, you'se guys) -cliché: Overused phrases (i.e. early bird gets the worm, mountain out of a molehill, what goes around, comes around, etc.)

Ceremonial Speech

-Celebrates actions, traditions, and values of group life (epidictic) meant to inspire -Ceremonies, special occasions, and rituals define social fabric and create sense of community - Establish master premises - People use them to live, evaluate past, and plan future - Become basis for deliberative and forensic speech -Rely on technique of image - Paint vivid pictures of vice and virtue - "moral pictures that bring home nature of the social contract"

Ethics and Fallacies

-Don't confuse persuasive speeches with coercion which can be harmful & deceptive -Fallacies or faulty assumptions are errors in reasoning which usually occur if speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument

Advantages of Interviews

-Expert Testimony: Provides more convincing support from a recognized authority -Expands on the interviewee's published research and provide an informed perspective -Meeting in person is ideal because you get to know the person and have opportunity to ask follow up questions; -Skype, phone calls, and e-mail (not preferred) are less desirable but will work -Can prepare questions ahead of time establish a rapport, and more readily obtain/encourage proper quotes -Remember: respect the interviewee's viewpoint, let them talk; do not interrupt, contradict, and don't try to debate.

Use of Visual aids

-Illustrate points that are hard to understand -Grab the audience's attention -Use images to tell the story (visual metaphor) -Visual should be relevant to your message -Visual Aids could include the following: - Dress up as part of presentation (personal appearance) - Objects, props, handouts - Demo, Posters/flip charts, handouts (slide deck - i.e. PPT, Prezi, )

Power of Language

-Language is not very objective -Language constructs, reflects, and maintains our social reality and is highly subjective -Language can impact our beliefs, values, emotions, and how we feel about this reality

communication

-Speaker's goal is to effectively communicate his/her thoughts to the audience -we need better communication by focusing on language choice

fonts/text for slides

-Stick with standard fonts (i.e. Times New Roman, Palatino, Ariel, Helvetica, Verdana, etc.) -Keep it simple avoid using all upper case, bold, all small caps, word art, shadows, stretched out fonts, decorative fonts, script fonts, etc. -Varied rules on text such as: - four words per slide (too many words is not a visual aid) - 4x 4 rule (four words per line, four lines per slide - put words into images - audience will remember image - Quotes can be read out oud right from the slide (keep them short)

persuasion

-The art of convincing others to give favorable attention to your point of view -Convincing others is propelled by reasoned argument (facts, stats, speeches, narratives) -designed to motivate the audience to think or behave differently -to influence/reinforce peoples beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions

Forensic Speech

-The art or process of Public Speaking -Relies heavily on deductive reasoning: Reasoning from principle, "Top-down" reasoning, Frequent use of enthymeme -Major premise (General belief already accepted by audience)-->minor premise (Specific statement or claim related to major premise) -->conclusion (Natural result of what follows from major and minor premises)

What Words to Use (depends on culture, groups of people, individuals)

-The careful use of language can make the difference between a remarkable speech and a forgettable speech -Remember that audience members may not share the same language for defining the same ideas, realities, or specific items -The language you use in speaking says something about you; about how you define and perceive the world

Slide Deck Design/Layout

-Too little info or too much info in design (white space, centered slide, rule of thirds, backgrounds, etc.) -Colors: warm colors, cool colors, combined: avoid red and green closely together, avoid color red since it impairs thinking, yellow, pink, and orange don't make good background colors -Any embedded auto/video clip on slide should run no longer than be 10 - 15 seconds

Epideictic Oratory (speech 4)

-Tribute Speech, Special Occasion, Commemorative, or Ceremonial Speaking -Typically calls for the use of language that is arousing, clear, and inspiring

using simple language

-audience can sense a fake so use simple language as opposed to sophisticated language -Earn credibility by convincing the audience of your sincerity, both in terms of your ideas and character -Use clear and vivid language that the audience will understand

Aristotle's types of public speaking

-forensic: enthymeme (deductive) (The process of Speaking before an audience usually informative , debate, creative) -deliberative: (Legislative Rhetoric) (usually persuasive) -ceremonial: image (epideictic) (Tribute)

examples of figurative language in "I have a Dream" speech

-parallel structure: continually saying "I have a dream" -metaphor: "The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges." In this quote, MLK is comparing the day when African Americans obtain their rights to the day when "justice emerges." King compares what the Civil Rights movement will produce if their demands are not met to a rapidly rotating, destructive vertical column of air. He compares the day when these rights are procured to a "bright day of justice." -metaphor: "Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred." King compares freedom to a thirst quenching draught and hatred to a cup of bitterness.

language

-the means by which we communicate a system of symbols to form messages -Our social realities are constructed through language. Language is not neutral - we decide what words we are going to use to define things

using concrete and precise words

-words are understood differently by different people -Avoid the use of jargon and slang unless you know the audience will react positively

Cicero's 5 Arts of Rhetoric

1. invention: Discovery and selection of ideas, themes, and lines of argument 2. arrangement: Placing these ideas in most advantageous order 3. style: Expressing these ideas in the most effective language 4. memory: Filing these ideas in mind according to a system so they can easily be remembered 5. delivery: Bringing ideas to life before audiences

Typically, video clips used in a speech should be how long?

10-15 seconds

During Isadora's speech she said, "All mouses have a desire to search for cheese." This is an example of a _________. A. basic error B. mispronunciation C. regionalism D. colloquialism

A. basic error

Which of the following is not one of the tasks of an introductory speech? A. lighten the mood so the audience is receptive to the speaker B. introduce the speaker's topic C. provide a brief background on the speaker D. invite the audience to welcome the speaker

A. lighten the mood so the audience is receptive to the speaker

A claim that ancient aliens played a role in the in the construction of some human monuments is a A. proposition of fact B. proposition of value C. proposition of policy D. proposition of truth

A. proposition of fact

Heather is giving a speech where she advocates that the audience members eat a vegetarian diet. This is an example of A. speech to actuate B. speech to convince C. speech to inform D. speech to entertain

A. speech to actuate

policy

Advocate for an appropriate course of action as used in the U.S. congress; (example = laws, political change, injustice, etc.). (should/should not)

Corax Contribution to Public Speaking

Aim for probability not truth; artful arrangement

Receptive Audience

Already know something about your topic - share a common concern

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

An organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps: 1. Attention Step: gaining attention, preview/goals 2. Need Step: describe problem and consequences 3. Satisfaction Step: solutions to problem and objections that could arise 4. Visualization Step: visualize both situations/outcomes 5. Call to Action/Appeal Step: describe actions to be made/conclusion

pathos

Appeal to your audience's emotions

Which one of the following is an example of a cliche? A. They went to that dessert platter like moths to a flame B. The grass is always greener on the other side C. You broke my heart when you left D. My books weigh a ton

B. The grass is always greener on the other side

The stand-up comedian at the local comedy club often picks an audience member to tease in a friendly way, and the audience member will often tease him back. This is an example of using _____ as verbal humor. A. a joke B. banter C. hyperbole D. a Freudian Slip

B. banter

Joe is giving a speech on being late to class. He starts by changing Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address to say, "Four minutes and seven seconds ago, our peers brought books forth on this classroom." This is an example of using _____ as verbal humor. A. irony B. parody C. satire D. situational humor

B. parody

When actors on SNL imitate famous actors and celebrities this is known as A. hyperbole B. parody C. banter D. aside E. satire

B. parody

Which of the following is not an example of persuasion? A. Requesting that a friend let you borrow her car B. requesting a bagel in a coffee shop C. requesting that a neighbor vote for you for school board D. all of the above are examples of persuasion

B. requesting a bagel in a coffee shop

Ryan is giving a speech trying to prove to people that the death penalty is morally wrong. This is an example of a A. speech to actuate B. speech to convince C. speech to inform D. speech to entertain

B. speech to convince

An example of hyperbole is: A. Getting that shot was like getting stabbed in the arm with an icicle B. That movie was a roller coaster of emtoions C. I have told you a million times to stop asking me for donations D. Don't dogs do daring deeds?

C. I have told you a million times to stop asking me for donations

During Evelyn's speech she said, "I know it feels like we all spent at least a hundred hours per week on homework." This is an example of using ____ as verbal humor A. a joke B. banter C. hyperbole D. a Freudian slip

C. hyperbole

Quintilian Contribution to Public Speaking

Character of speaker and natural use of language

Function of Persuasive Speeches

Convince - To influence agreement/support to reinforce beliefs, attitudes, and values To Actuate - Attempt to motivate behavior with an effort to incite audience to action Persuasive speeches revolve around propositions that can be defended through the use of evidence, data, and reasoning Persuasive propositions respond to three types of questions - Fact, Value, and Policy.

"Each month I have to lie on my expense report in order to get reimbursed for an honest business lunch," is an example of what? A. metaphor B. Simile C. alliteration D. antithesis E. personification

D. antithesis

What color has been shown to reduce your ability to think clearly? A. black B. pink C. yellow D. red E. blue

D. red

When selecting a persuasive speech topic, speech writers must consider all but which of the following: A. the composition of the audience B. the goals of the speech C. the relevance of the problem D. the entertainment value of the topic

D. the entertainment value of the topic

Which of the following is not a pitfall or drawback of using complex language? A. the audience will think you are a fake B. The audience may not understand your message C. the audience may think you are trying to hide something D. your credibility is increased

D. your credibility is increased

Protagoras Contribution to Public Speaking

Debate is way to confront claims and determine truth

Aristotle Contribution to Public Speaking

Defined rhetoric--3 types; 3 proofs; forms of reasoning

Personal Testimony Advantage

Detailing your own knowledge experiences and skills about the topic using a personal story which conveys your insight and emotion regarding the topic

Which of the following font styles should be avoided? A. word art B. all bold C. script fonts D. Decorative fonts E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Reasoned arguments may consist of which of the following? A. facts B. Statistics C. personal testimony D. narratives E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following would be an example of epideictic oratory? A. a speech to present an "employee of the year" award B. a speech honoring a deceased loved one C. a humorous speech given after a charity banquet D. a speech given to new graduates at their graduation ceremony E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Plato Contribution to Public Speaking

Elite find truth and try to communicate truth to others

Isocrates Contribution to Public Speaking

Emphasizes communal values, speech as civic tool

MLK ethos, logos, and pathos

Ethos - quotes Lincoln and the Declaration of Independence, building credibility Logos - analogies as a form of logic for reasoning; When he states, "America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked 'insufficient funds.'" (King) His analogy is using logic as a form of reasoning. He reasons that everyone understands money and that the listener is able to relate to being handed a bad check. Pathos - uses the appeal that he is a father and that he wants more for his children

Mary Fisher ethos, logos, and pathos

Ethos - shocked people as a wealthy, upper-middle class white mother from a reputable family that was HIV-positive and this created credibility Logos - startling statistics of HIV Pathos - she said premature goodbyes to her children to exhibit the urgent nature of her exigence

Quality and Credibility of Research

Evaluate the information you have researched and make sure the source is reliable. Make sure the data is comprehensive, accurate, and credible from the following: websites (maintained by individuals, organizations, and private companies) & wikipedia (a good starting point but can be very inaccurate)

Google is the most used and most popular search site and has enhancements such as:

Google Scholar - Academic Research Google Books - Enhances Scholarly Research Google Images - Find Visual Aids to make your Point

Fact

Is the proposition either True/False or does a certain phenomenon/situation exist (example = racial profiling, climate, economic); (is/is not)

word picture example

My mother is like a giant slice of New York pizza. Decadent and delicious, every doughy bite more delightful than the last. There are many places that claim to carry New York pizza but there is only one place to obtain the real deal, just like my mother. Like the bakers care for the pizza dough, my mother treats others the same way. She is that overwhelming sensation of comfort that pizza brings. She is home. My dog is my best friend. We are compatible like a fires, lightly salted, and a milkshake, chocolate and everything, at in and out. Your love is like a blizzard. Destructive yet powerful, Knocking down anything in its way and never ceasing to stop. Going in one will never get out. My life is like the rough draft of a book. It's not perfect; it still has flaws and errors, but the most important part is that it's not finished yet so there is still time to figure out its purpose. I feel like a wave crashing into the shore. It took me a while to build to where I am, but starting as a small wave in the middle of the ocean built me into something greater. I am quiet at first, but when I come close to the shore and crash, I am heard clearly.

Supporting your ideas

Once you know the topic and purpose, you can determine what type of supporting evidence is best. You need to combine multiple forms of evidence which are: Personal Testimony Advantage and Personal Testimony Constraints

Thrasymachus Contribution to Public Speaking

Seek power through good impression; Identifies tropes

Deliberative Speech

Seeks to mold the future using persuasion - Often about policy and planning Occurs in assembly - Legislature, town meeting, executive board room Relies on inductive reasoning - Draws conclusion from experience, examples, evidence - "Bottom-up reasoning"

government documents

The federal government provides access to large quantities of info (www.fedworld.com) such as census, health reports, crime stats, legislative proceedings/hearings, speeches, Supreme Court decisions, scientific reports and other databases with up to date info

Gorgias Contribution to Public Speaking

Use words and style to create world of values and goals

using a periodical as a source

Usually contain the most up to date information (i.e. newspapers, magazines, National Geographic, and a variety of special interest publications

neutral audience

Usually not aware they should be concerned

Mike's microphone made much music is an example of

alliteration

metaphor

comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another

using a book as a source

comprehensive for obtaining general knowledge on your topic

Cicero Contribution to Public Speaking

deal speaker knows culture and 5 arts of rhetoric

logos

enhance your logos with reasonable argument/stats & lots of supporting evidence

3 Persuasive Strategies

ethos, logos, and pathos

Aristotle's theory of proofs

ethos: Proof originates in perceived character and credentials of the speaker: trustworthy, knowledgeable, credible, and likeable logos: Proof originates in claims that are supported by evidence, stats, facts, and enhanced material. pathos: Proof originates in emotions or values raised in audience

Personal Testimony Constraints

have a tendency to get long and distracting; so, make sure your story is short and on point.

personalized language

language that directly connects your topic/argument to audience - use words like us, you, and we

organization

needs a beginning, middle, and end: Should have a title slide (name, class, speech #, etc.) Attention getter in beginning with preview; At least two solid ideas/points in body; Conclusion should include a brief summary and memorable ending.

Which 2 colors should one avoid using close together for the sake of color blind people?

red and green

alliteration

repetition of sounds or words which helps the audience remember the words and the term as well as adding rhythm

hostile audience

resistant and may take issue with your topic.

ethical word choices

select the most appropriate word/term in speech

sexist language examples

sexist vs. gender neutral actress; actor ballerina; ballet dancer businessman; business person chairman; chair person fireman; fire person fisherman; fisher mailman; mail carrier male nurse; nurse policeman; police officer stewardess; flight attendant he (to mean men and women); he or she, they, etc

ethos

the audience needs to see you as a person who is credible, interesting, knowledgeable, and who has ethical appeal and character

parallel structure

the balance of two or more words/phrases (repetition - remember MLK).

Deductive Reasoning

the process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion

Inductive Reasoning

the process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization using supporting material and examples

antithesis

use contrasting statements to make a rhetorical point (think JFK speech)

simile

very similar to metaphors; but, make comparisons by using the word "like" or "as"