Com St. 11 Ch. 1,2,5, 10-12

Chapter 10: Organizing the Body of the Speech

an outline: is a structured plan of your ideas: it acts as a visual guide to the main supporting elements in your presentation a speech as 3 parts: intro, body, conclusion the middle part or body represent the major portion or framework of the speech and will comprise about 2/3 of your speaking time

Shocking statement or situation

can be effective method of creating interest. audiences tend to be more inboled and responsive when they are suprised or startled by an idea

Summary of Main Points

can be effective way to end a speech on a complicated or difficuilt subject matter summaries are good with complex material in informative speeched BUT NOT effected when you need to be persuasive and appeal to the audience or challenge their thinking in another way

Building Block Six: Each point should include only one topic or idea

do not clump together different ideas or separate thoughts

Values cause us to give these drives different priorities

when you analyze your audience, try to determine their values so you can connect

Audience analysis the five principal factors that can significantly influence listeners' reactions to a speech

1. Their perception of the speaker 2. Their perception of the topic 3. Their needs and motivations 4. Social groups to which they belong 5. The occasion

4. Empathic or Therapeutic

to understand, facilitate the needs and feelings of someone else we use this when we are responding to the needs of a close friend, work associate, or family member who is sharing personal joy, anxiety, or concern. empathic listeners must pay attention completely.

Appeal

unlike challenges, appeals are usually well defined for the audience

Building Block Eight: The outline should be expressed in either sentences or topics

use either complete sentences or topics- never mix the two forms if you use complete sentences for numeral I in the body, you must continue employing sentences throughout all the main and subordinate levels to keep the outline consistent. or topics/phrases

6. Avoiding difficult listening situations

we avoid listening situations that we feel are too demanding or unpleasant. we feel insecure, and our lack of experience makes us dread the situation. sometimes listening is a matter of rethinking and overcoming inner fears. overcome the difficulty by facing it directly

Step 7: Understand your Ethical Responsibilities

you must convey info. fairly and accurately without misleading your listeners avoid plagiarizing, not properly citing, withhold or distort facts

Planning an effective introduction

you want to capture the attention of the audience, arouse their curiosity, establish credibility, and introduce your thesis statement at the end. show how your topics relates to your listeners' interests and motivations differences in gender, culture, ethnic background, and age. know how social affiliations or groups, educational background, occupational goals, and geographic location influence

Step 3: Conduct Extensive Research

your next step is to find factual supporting material use library, databases, and conduct interviews.

Audience Perception of the Speaker

Audience will evaluate and form attitudes about your choice of topics and your manner of delivery if you appear confident and relaxed in your delivery, the audience will relax and listen to you. the attitudes the audience forms about you play an important role in your ability to educate and influence them

Conducting an Audience Analysis

Demographic analysis refers to the science of gathering social and statistical information about any group of people. collect demographic data by... -informal assessments -surveying audience opinion or knowledge -circulating questionnaires -conducting personal interviews

Listening also involves...

Efficiency of the visual and hearing mechanisms stimuli competing for attention, and the dynamics of memory.

Taking Responsibility to Reduce Apprehension

Eight-point plan to help control and reduce your apprehension 1. accept your anxiety and face it 2. develop a positive attitude 3. adopt constructive behaviors 4. maintain a healthy body 5. be thoroughly prepared 6. reward yourself 7. learn from mistakes 8. accept constructive criticism

Communication in the modern world

communication skills include... persuasion, recognize how information is organized, evaluate, and judge. Active listening skills are critical in different situations (i.e. job interview, news channel, or security) everyday we apply principles of communication. (we inform, we shape, and we move others; and are equally informed, molded, and moved by others) our success in these everyday situations often depends upon how effectively we SPEAK and how carefully we LISTEN. SUCCESS WILL TAKE SOME ENERGY

Purpose of the conclusion

conclusion should restate the topic in a memorbale way, review the main ideas of the speech, and depedning on the type of speechm challenge listeners or present a call to action. should be a paragraph in length

Impacts of Social Groups on Listeners

consider the following areas when you analyze the audience: AGE, GENDER, RELIGION, CULTURAL, and ETHNIC ORIGIN, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, OCCUPATION, INTERESTS, INCOME LEVEL, GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, and GROUP AFFILIATION

Step 6: Be Sensitive to Audience Members

consider the needs and feelings of your audience present at their level not above or below their understanding

Questions

can be rhetorical or open-ended rhetorical are self-answered: listeners respond silently open-ended: don't ask the audience more than a show of hands or one-word answers

humor

can leave your audience in a good mood and can stimulate a spontaneous postive response at the end

Electronic media

data projector, computer, devices for capturing text or media, document camera, touch screen.

Building Block Ten: The outline should include external transitions between main numerals

external transitions are phrases that connect the major numerals of your speech should tell listeners that one main idea is ending and another is beginning external v. internal transitions

3. Appreciative or Emotional

listen to hear the power and beauty of words, images, music, or environmental sounds i.e. movies, sound tracks, sound of ocean, sound of the woods

Stereotypes

make sure you really understand the beliefs and values of your audience without making false assumptions or stereotypes. Stereotypes: are fixed notions or simplistic preconceptions applied to individuals or groups.

5. Faking Attention

many of us are good at faking attention. we can smile, look interested, and nod our heads as if we are giving are complete attention which builds a barrier of communication

Other sequence

problem-solution motivated sequence is a 5 stage system -attention, need, solution, visualization, action comparative advantages a sequence that develops each main point by stressing the advantages of a desired plan or idea

Targeting

process of identifying selected groups of listeners and designing specific appeals to motivate them

Building Block Two: Main points in the body should be structured in an organizational sequence that is logical, interesting, and appropriate to the topic

select an organizational sequence that is appropriate to the topic and that stimulates audience interest organize main points according to... chronology space cause-effect topical or natural sequence

Approaching Organization Logically

thesis (main point) you may adjust the main points, or the thesis, to make your plan more clear and consistent

Statistics

to get immediate attention by using numbers to appeal to the physical and emotional well-being of her listeners.

Body

1. Explanation of Egyptian embalming practices 2. Description of Egyptian coffins 3. Explanation of "dry burial" techniques the thesis statement tells you that there will be 3 numerals (main points) in the body

4 point program to increase your awareness of the way you listen:

1. Withhold Judgement 2. Provide Honest, Attentive Feedback 3. Eliminate Distractions 4. Evaluate the Speech when it is Finished

Six Barriers to Effective Listening:

1. Yielding to distraction 2. Blocking out communication 3. Listening Selectively 4. Overcriticizing the Speaker 5. Faking Attention 6. Avoiding difficult listening situations

Chapter 2: Understanding and Reducing your Apprehension

1986 study about 1,000 individuals identified public speaking as their number one fear 1936, Hans Selye conducted research that has become classic in the field of stress reduction. He that the human body reacts to stress in stages known as the general adaptation syndrome. The initial ALARM REACTION is a physical "call to arms" for the body to release various chemicals in response to the fight-or-flight situation. Physiological alarms: 1. Increased heart rate 2. Thickening speech due to decreased flow of saliva 3. "Butterflies" in the stomach 4. Increased sweating 5. Tiredness or yawning 6. Jumpiness or jitteriness 7. Tightening of muscles 8. shaky hands and legs, twitching in some muscles RESISTANCE STAGE the body reduces the general physiological alarms and Chanels energy to those organs that are most capable of handling the tension. The body stabilizes, maintains itself, and begins to adapt to the stress. for instance, once you have been speaking for a minute or two, you may notice that your physical symptoms begin to decrease. Final PHASE OF EXHAUSTION, the body systems that were summoned to cope with the stress are depleted. The body can endure tension for only so long; when tension is chronic serious damage can result. people who severe from chronic pressure can develop ulcers, hypertension, and heart disease. 1970's, James C. McCroskey found that most college students experience some level of apprehension and at least 20% of these student experience high levels of anxiety. He also found that apprehension can be reduced by progressing through speech classes and other public speaking experiences. and also through behavior modification techniques known as systematic desensitizations SYSTEMIC DESENSITIZATIONS a trainer administers a test to determine individuals with high levels of communication anxiety. (experiment of pg. 19) almost all subjects had responded favorably to the process and reduced or overcame their apprehension

Designing a Plan for Success

3 overall objectives for you to achieve: 1. EVALUATE SPEECH SITUATIONS. (i.e. what makes a good speaker? A good speech? aspects of the audience you need to consider. And factors about the occasion 2. PLAN, PREPARE, and ORGANIZE SPEECHES. speaker must structure a plan in form of intro, body, and conclusion before presenting a speech. Planning takes effort. 3.EFFECTIVELY DELIVER SPEECHES IN FRONT OF AN AUDIENCE (i.e. how well you communicate your ideas in public? do you appear confident, knowledgeable? Are you able to progress logically from one idea to another?)

3. Channel

A channel is the means of transporting the message the channels we use are sensory; we convey our messages through the five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. To communicate you now choose one or more of these sensory channels to convey the message of your speech. most obvious channel is verbal you start with an introduction followed by a thesis statement (you could also show powerpoint photos or a google earth image of Hawaii or display objects such as macadamia nuts or let the audience smell the aroma of Kona coffee beans)

2. Message

A message is a set of structured symbols that must be arranged logically This is where you begin the process of organizing your thoughts. (i.e. you might start by writing a thesis to explain what aspects of Hawaii you want to cover) message must be CLEAR, PRECISE, and UNDERSTANDABLE. it has meaning to you and potentially to someone else

Active and Passive Listening

Active: is attentive and involved behavior. the kind of listening we should be using at work, in a meeting, or in class. A listening is hard work- it represents complete mental commitment on the part of the hearer. attentive Passive: is relaxed or "easy" listening. i.e. listen to your stereo, or watch a movie. comes easy to people. almost 2nd nature. relaxed behavior

Chapter 3: Building your First Speech

Extemporaneous Delivery and Speaking Styles: Delivery: refers to your method of presenting the material...four styles include: impromptu, memorized, extemporaneous, and manuscript Extemporaneous delivery requires research and organization but enables the speaker to use a brief outline and maintain eye contact and spontaneity. Extemporaneous delivery allows the speaker to develop eye contact with the audience, adapt feedback, and concentrate on the sequence of ideas rather than on word or sentence order. this style allows you to be more spontaneous and spend more time looking at your listeners and connecting with them visually.

Step 8: Choose Extemporaneous Delivery

Extemporaneous Delivery: where the topic is researched, structured, and delivered from speaking notes that are written in outline form. The speech is NOT written out or memorized word for word extemporaneous delivery allows you to make greater eye contact with your listeners and respond more effectively to audience feedback.

Reducing Communication Apprehension

Face anxiety honestly and overcome it write down a list of things you fear about speaking is public. (i.e. I'm afraid, I'll fall flat on my face, I'll babble like an idiot, that people will see my knees knocking together, that people won't like me, I'll make a mistake, I'll forget everything I'm trying to say, I'll make people angry, I'll get sick, I'll faint. look at your fears and challenge them with questions. answer them with positive statements that affirm and encourage you to redirect your thinking. Fear/ Challenge / Affirmation overall, through preparation, listening to constructive criticism, and positive attitude can reduce apprehension

outline your intro...

I. should be the first sentence II. identify the strategy you intend to use III. should present the specific purpose IV. identify the thesis statement

Chapter 4: Analyzing your Audience

Importance of audience analysis refers to the speaker's examination of audience characteristics to determine the most appropriate means of motivating them to share or participate in the speaker's concerns you need to understand your listeners' needs, their environment, and their perceptions of you as a speaker the point is to adapt and adjust your presentation

Hierarchy of Needs: the five levels of basic drives that influences our thinking and behavior (Abraham H. Maslow)

Maslow suggests that people must satisfy the lowest order or needs (psychological) before progressing to (safety, love, esteem, finally-actualization) FIG. 4.2 p. 49

Motivations of the Audience

Needs and goals provide incentives to your audience to become interested and involved in your information discover your audience by understanding their beliefs and values BELIEFS: are conclusions people have about the world based on observations, knowledge, and experience (i.e. an exercise program prolongs life) collection of beliefs, called VALUES: cause us to behave in certain ways and to achieve goals or states of mind general values in common i.e. physical, social, love, ego...

7. Noise

Noise is a factor that can cause disruption or disturb the flow of communication. Noise is a distortion or a distraction to communication. 3 types of noise: external, internal, and semantic External: interference that can be perceived by the senses in the speech setting. can but not always sound. (i.e. cold/hot room, a bad odor, a bizarre outfit) sometimes you can mention to audience so they know you are sensitive to it Internal: interference or disruption to communication that occurs within the sender or receive. (i.e. heart racing, sweaty palms) Semantic: is any barrier to word or symbol meanings because of differences in environment, culture, language, pronunciation, values, or experiences. (i.e. a non-english native, or Boston native) can be verbal, nonverbal, cultural, or geographical.

Adopt Constructive Behaviors

Once you think more positive, start doing something constructive related your speaking assignment. such as jotting down speech topics, think of interests and abilities. what do you feel confident about? journaling helps with anxiety distract yourself from apprehension by performing constructive activities. you will begin to forget your worries and start advancing

CONTENT

Refers to the research, organization, and logical development of the topic. the 3 most important areas to consider when you listen to the content of a speech are 1. RESEARCH 2. ORGANIZATION 3. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

DELIVERY

Refers to the style or presentation of the speech The two most important areas to consider when you listen to the delivery of a speech are the 1. SPEAKER'S VISUAL 2. VOCAL COMMUNICATION

1. Sender: Encoding Ideas into Symbols

Sender originates communication within the sender are the ideas, thoughts, feelings, and intentions that bring the process of communication. (p.5 fig. 1.2) Topic: person, place, object, or event (i.e. Hawaii) Encoding: is simply the thought process and motor skill of the sender that changes an idea-thought-feeling into an understandable symbol Symbols: are verbal and nonverbal expressions or actions that have meaning (i.e. Big Island, volcano, and snorkeling) these symbolize the verbal meanings and visuals such as a photo and a flowered lei could symbolize nonverbal meanings.

A Communication Model

Seven aspects: communication must have a 1. Sender 2. Message 3. Channel 4. Receiver 5. Feedback 6. Setting 7. Noise

Thesis

Specific purpose: the purpose of the speech is to inform the audience about three funeral customs of the ancient Egyptians Thesis statement: Egyptian funeral customs included embalming, the use of coffins, and a process called "dry burial"

Chapter 5: Improving Your Listening Skills

The Significance of Listening: -85% of what we know we learn by listening -75% of the time we are distracted, preoccupied, or forgetting something -45% of our time actually listening, but we remember only 20% of what we hear -after hearing someone speak to us, we can immediately recall about 50 percent of the information -<2% of us have ever had formal education or training in any aspect of listening

The Communication Process

Theories called COMMUNICATION MODELS 1940's Claude Shannon, an engineer and Warren Weaver, a mathematician, wrote The Mathematical Theory of Communication. They stated that in order for communication to take place, there must be a SOURCE, a MESSAGE, a CHANNEL, and a RECEIVER. the theory was later criticized for its lack of flexibility. communication model was often illustrated as a flat line with a source at one end, the message and channel in the middle, and the receiver at the other end. Gave the impression that communication is a static activity that does not change or develop. May model a signal over a telephone line. More recent theories have emphasized the idea that communication is dynamic: it is always changing, growing, and developing. and are illustrated by a circe rather than a line. Human communication can be adjusted to new feedback and influenced by the environment.

Step 9: Practice the Speech

Transfer your outline to speaking notes and double/triple space between lines for easy scanning. be accurate and descriptive in your use of language and know how to pronounce difficult terminology want to unite all your research and organization into a ccoherentlyunified construction

Step 2: Understand the General Purpose

a general purpose represents the direction of the material presented: general purposes can be information, persuasive, or entertaining Informative speeches: enlighten and educate audiences. can define concepts, demonstrate procedures, or describe people, places, events, and expereinces. Persuasive speeches: influence and alter the beliefs, feelings, or behavior of listeners. seek to convince audiences to change beliefs, or intensify listeners' feelings Entertaining speeches: gain a humorous response by poking fun at people, places, or events. contain biting satire or convey serious underlying messages

occasion and its impact

a major influence on the audience and a speaker must know how environment will affect the speech

Spatial sequence

according to geography or location topics relating to the description of a building, city, or a physical object are organized using spatial sequence

Chronological sequence

according to time or order of events

4. Receiver: Decoding Symbols into Ideas

all above steps still make communication incomplete because no connection has been made to the receiver. The receiver is the destination, the goal of communication the process is now reversed with the receiver The receiver DECODES, or changes the symbols in your organized message or speech into ideas-thoughts-feelings that can be used to give meaning to the message.

Internal transitions

are brief words such as ALSO, THEN, NEXT, IN ADDITION TO, OR FINALLY that link the supporting materials within a SUBTOPIC (see pg. 200-203)

Step 10: Be Confident and Prepared

arrive early day of presentation relax take deep breaths walk steadily to lectern take your time and don't rush look at audience and state first line with conviction project confidence when you speak avoid making excuses or apologizing for mistakes speak clearly

Chapter 12: Using audiovisual aids

audiovisual aids are devices that may appeal to sight and to other senses as well Types of audiovisual aids: electronic, media, graphs, drawings and photographs, posters or chalkboards, ect.

Building Block Three: a system of Roman numerals, letters, and Arabic numbers should be combined with indentation to identify main and subordinate levels

begin by using Roman numerals to outline the main points (numerals) of the speech body. the next level the subordinate points with capital letters A, B, C supporting points under the capital letters should be indicated with numbers 1, 2, 3 if you need more levels indicate those with small letters a, b, c and if you need even more levels indicate items with (1) and (2)

Barriers to Listening: The Lack of Being "Present"

being "present" and not worrying about something or thinking about something else

How to Become an Active Listener and Speaker

being "present" is hard work, but this hard work allows you to become a better listener but also an improved speaker

Ethnocentric

belief that one culture or environment is superior to another.

Building Block Four: The outline should include supporting materials that are coordinated and subordinated in a logical manner

body of your outline represents only claims or assertions but NO factual evidence or proof. supporting materials- examples, quotations, statistics, and/or audiovisuals to provide detailed verification of each main point when writing statements in your outline, you must be sure that ideas are of equal importance at each level, that subordinate ideas logically support each heading, and that statements to not duplicate each other.

Wolvin & Coakley

define listening as "the process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli. LISTENING MODEL: 1. Receiver decodes the stimulus through aural (hearing) and visual senses UPPER FUNNEL called the listening cone is wider at top that signifies that meaning can be interpreted in many ways but at the end become narrower to show that meaning has been interpreted according to receiver's own personal criteria. 3 critical elements to listening: 1. receiving 2. attending 3. assigning meaning LOWER FUNNEL is the feedback cone. The listener may or may not chose to make an overt response to a received stimulus The narrow top indicates a receiver limits the meaning of a stimulus according to personal criteria. The wider bottom demonstrates that the feedback message or stimulus formulated by the listener can be interpreted in many different ways by receivers and thus the listening process repeats the cycle through different perceptions and choices made by various receivers an overt response " I'll have three scoops of chocolate chip ice cream" overtly v. covertly????

1. Yielding to Distraction

distractions from noise: external, internal, and semantic. trying to be a more active listener.

Expectations of the Speaker

do your topic and general purpose suit the occasion -overall, once you gain enough information about purpose, location, and expectations regarding the event, you will be more confident.

Reward Yourself

don't be hard on yourself, give yourself credit where credit is due. more obsessive more anxiety reward yourself the night before if it has been earned

The inadequate introduction

don't include um, ok, or nervous coughing. don't say "hello-how are you?" to words such as "topic", "attention-getter", or "my thesis" sound equally unprepared, artifical, or boring.

Audience Perception of the Topic

don't want to make assumptions about the audience Must consider attitudes of listeners toward your topic. ATTITUDES are prior inclinations people have about issues OPINIONS are verbal expressions of these attitudes crucial for a speaker to ask questions about listeners, either verbally or through surveys before delivering a speech. in order to determine audience attitudes and adjust the approach to the presentation with hostile audience best to establish a common ground you are in a good position if audience is neutral

Indentation

each level requires indentation so that the outline clearly indicates the relationship between the main point and the subdivision

Building Block Five: Every subdivision must contain at least two items

elements have been divided into two separate but equal categories at each level of your outline, there should be a minimum of 2 subtopics (subdivisions) i.e. point A will have at least subtopics 1 and 2. if you find that a topic area can be supported by only 1 point, don't try to force another element, but simply incorporate the single point into the heading above.

5. Feedback

feedback is a verbal or nonverbal response feedback circularizes communication, provides dimension, and allows us to adapt to new circumstances feedback is a reaction from the receiver reaction can be pos or neg/verbal or nonverbal can tell you whether communication has occurred, how it has been received, and whether it has been understood. it causes receivers to be senders, and senders to be receiver simultaneously and alter our messages based upon the responses that occur feedback provides dimension and transforms communication from a one-way into at least a two-way experience if there are numerous S and R it is multidimensional messages continue to change on the basis of new info. sent and received

two-level outline

first sentence strategy (II, A, B, C, D, E) Specific purpose thesis statement includes more detail

Read summary on pg 41.

for a quick overview of the 10 steps in constructing a speech

Principles of Outlining

formal outline refers to the body of the speech informal outline refers to the introduction, conclusion, bibliography, and other outline preliminaries

Kind of listening

four kinds of listening 1. discriminative 2. evaluative 3. appreciative 4. empathic

combination of strategies

if you combine a question with a quote, or a statistic with a starling statement or visual aid, you can develop an introduction both interesting and meaningful to your audience

Accept Constructive Criticism

important to listen to each critique as objectively as possible so that you can improve you must accept constructive criticism, be honest with yourself, learn from mistakes (grow), and make changes to become successful. if you accept constructive criticism, you will help create a positive classroom environment and you will also help to reduce tension.

1. Withhold Judgement

keep an open mind wait until the speaker has finished before you begin to evaluate the speaker as a speaker don't make judgments about the demographics of your listeners when withholding judgement consider... 1. Avoid the appearance trap 2. Don't be easily swayed by delivery and style 3. Give all topics a fair hearing 4. Avoid extraneous mental activity during the speech

outline the conclusion...

in the same manner without numerals III or IV intro and conclusion are considered informal they often combine sentences and topics

Speaking Notes

include... intro, body, and conclusion. you may one to highlight or change text color for certain examples, statistics examples on pg. 176-177 & summary of 10 points on pg. 177

Outline the introduction pg.190

intro is part of the informal outline one level outline first sentence strategy II specific purpose thesis statement

Purpose of the introduction

intro should be interesting enough to motivate the audience to listen and to connect to the topic a place for speaker to establish credibility and last sentence of intro should contain a clear one-sentence thesis that previews the main points of the body usually a paragraph in length

Do Not

introduce new material, rather choose a method that reinforces the information and ideas you already presented

The Process of Listening

involves its own dynamic process of receiving stimuli, assigning meaning, and formulating responses.

Communication

is a dynamic, ever-changing process that can be understood through communication model that includes a sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback.

2. Evaluative

is our response to a persuasive message. we listen to convincing, actuating, or stimulating messages and formulate reactions based upon our needs and the strength of the persuasion. i.e. advertisers on TV/internet, family members persuade us to run errands, supervisors encourage us to use new strategies persuasion is often difficult because the listeners have built up resistance due to the constant barrage of competing stimuli and decide based on credibility

Planning the Effective Conclusion

it can restate the thesis and remind listeners of main ideas in a memorable way paragraph in length about 5-6 sentences clearly demonstrate in delivery: voice tone, slower rate

The inadequate conclusion

one line conclusions are inadequate bc they do not remind listeners of the topic or provide a sense of closure do not use "in conclusion" or "i'd like to leave you with" sloppy conclusions incease the speaker's apprehension do not end with any development or decisivness; they simply show that the speaker is unprepared

outline the conclusion

one-level first sentence I strategy II two-level first sentence I, A, B strategy II, A, B, C

External transitions

one-sentence phrases occurring between the major numerals of the speech and are placed in the body of the outline

Building Block Nine: The outline should identify sources for major supporting materials

portions of outline that include significant exmples, statisitics should clearly identify the soruces of information. indicating references on the outline reminds you of where you obtained the information and helps you to intergrate sources more easily when delivering the presentation abbreviated form lists only the LAST NAME, TITLE OF BOOK, & PAGE NUMBERS you dont need to annotate every item in an outline- only those topics and subtopics that include specific quotations or provide extensive data necessary to the speech

Develop a positive attitude

psychologist have examined that attitude (negative self-talk) can impede public performance (i.e. I'm really not smart enough to speak in front of people I don't do well speaking in groups I seem to have bad luck I can't finish a coherent sentence in public if you can transform negative to positive self-talk anxious people can unlearn old patterns and reeducate themselves into thinking more constructively.

can make audience interested by

quotation pg.193 suspense: lure without giving topic away, describe a series of events to sustain curosity personal reference, compliment, or reference to the occasion humor: can establish goodwill between the speaker and the audience and jokes can relax the audience. don't use humor that will offend, insult, or hurt members of the audience

Be Thoroughly Prepared

reduce anxiety by being completely prepared for a speech research, clear outline, and a prepared delivery the more research you have done the more confident you'll feel clear-organized outline important to practice the speech several times before you deliver you can also film, or record yourself and make changes as needed or find mistakes that need correcting

Albert Ellis, and Robert Harper

refer to the dread of the future concept of AWFULLIZING. It's when people worry that something terrible will happen to them. and these fears usually have no basis in fact. awfullizing can cause people to paralyze themselves with anxiety, create worst-case scenarios to avoid situations thought to be unpleasant, and to stop performing constructive activities important to their growth. Don't run away, face your fear. stare down anxiety

other ways to effectively conclude

reference to introduction challenge or appeal: in persuasive speeches. challenge: is a broad generalized summon to the audience to make some kind of effort to support the topic humor question story, illustration, and example statistics

Coordination

refers to the placement of equal ideas within the same level of an outline

Subordination

refers to the placement of secondary or lower-ranking ideas beneath higher-order items.

Building Block Seven: Main points (numerals) and supporting items should be linguistically parallel

sentence construction and wording in each level of your outline should be structurally similar subordinate points should also have a linguistically parallel language structure the more uniformly structured the easier it will be for you to follow as you are delivering your speech

6. Setting

setting includes occasion, environment, space and time. a speaker must consider how the occasion influences the message. Physical and Psychological conditions differ for a business meeting, an anniversary, a marriage proposal, a birthday, a Christmas party. in a speaking situation, consider the aspects of occasion, environment, space, and time.

2. Blocking out communication

sometimes they are purposeful or habits acquired as a result of pressure, stress, or over stimulation when normal active listeners become so saturated by what they hear and see that blocking out stimuli becomes habitual, and they can no longer pay the necessary attention to real crisis or a listener with extreme bias. who doesn't listen but rather waits that time to build verbal ammunition to fire back

Chapter 11: Selecting the introduction and conclusion

start your presentation with a bang. first moments of a talk influence the audience's reception of the rest of it. try to convey an air of dignity, authority, confidence, and trust. usually start with a rhetorical question and end with a quote or plea of action

sample outline on pg. 200-203

summary: introduction gains attention of the audience, creates interest. introduce a speech: example, story, illustration, shocking statement or situation, statistic, question, quotation, suspense, personal reference, humor, a flexible introduction and a combination of approaches conclusion gives finality to the speech and communicates that the topic has been resolved types: summary, quotation, reference to the intro, challenge and appeal, humor, question, story, illustration, example, and statisitics.

Creating a Blueprint- Step 1: Choose an Interesting, Well-Defined Topic

the first step is to choose a TOPIC one that challenges you, but interests you. something you have experience in and can be relatable

Step 5: Write a Comprehensive Outline

the outline will help you keep track and still allow you to maintain contact a speech has 3 basic parts: an intro, body, and conclusion body is the longest which is why it should be developed first before intro or conclusion. the body contains main headings that were identified in the thesis. state a transition between main points an introduction should get attention and promote curiosity. (i.e. catchy quotation, shocking statement, thoughtful case study. the conclusion resolves the ideas you have presented. you can summarize the main points, appeal to the emotions, or cite a quotation.

Step 4: Write Specific Purpose and Thesis Statements

the specific purpose represents the main objective and one common theme the specific purpose statement includes the general purpose (or it paraphrase) and one topic idea stated in clear language Thesis statement aka "central idea or central objective" expands the specific purpose and tells the audience exactly which main points the speech will develop

Building Block One: The body should contain between two and four main points or numerals in a five-to-seven-minute speech

the thesis statement identifies how many main points or numerals you will have in the body

4. Overcriticizing the Speaker

we can criticize a speaker to such an extent that we destroy any possibility of hearing the speaker's intentions or purposes the speaker's appearance may be wrong the responsibility for effective communication must be shared between the speaker and listener. speaker is responsible for encoding the feelings into symbols, structuring the message, and selecting the channels of communication but the listener is responsible for decoding the message and for providing clear feedback, which signals to the speaker if communication is taking place and how effective the communication has been

1. Discriminative or Instructional

we listen to learn, to be instructed, and to test theories. it can occur in formal settings such as in class, work, or business meeting. also occurs informally in the process of conversation. whether formal or informal D listening helps us make distinctions and to differentiate in order to be enlightened, informed, or educated.

3. Listening Selectively

we often create a barrier when we try to listen for all of the details, and we don't catch the overall point of the information. an equal problem is the desire within all of us to hear what we want to hear or to listen only to information that supports our own thinking.

4. Evaluate the Speech when it is Finished

when speech is completed, evaluate the presentation. begin to ask questions, make mental summaries, and try to recall the main points of the speech analyze both the CONTENT and the DELIVERY

Learn from Mistakes

when you make a mistake analyze it, understand it, and then learn from it.

Examples, stories, and illustrations

you can always begin with an example, story, or illustration

Maintain a Healthy Body

you can relax naturally rather than chemically physical activity can relieve tension

Flexible Introduction

you may need to alter your prepared intro by presenting another introduction that puts listeners in a more recpeptive mood