COMBO PSY202 EXAM#2

Self-regulation and control have to do with the ________ of goal achievement.

"how"

Relationship researchers comparing friendship and romantic partners have investigated what people mean when they say they "love" someone and when they say they are "in love" with someone. Studies suggest that

"in love" involves feelings of sexual desire and attraction and is used to describe romantic, but not friendship, relationships.

In a study of the normative influence on energy conservation among a group of Californians, this was the best predictor of a person's self-reported conservation efforts.

"other Californians are doing it"

In the dorm room assignment study by Dunn and her colleagues, what was the basis for students' predicted happiness with their dorm assignment and what determined their actual dorm-life satisfaction? 1. Predicted_____________ 2. Actual____________

1. Location 2. Social relationships

Up until the recent economic downturn, individual income and consumer purchases have risen dramatically over the last 40 years. During this same period, Americans' level of life satisfaction and happiness has 1.___________and rates of depression have 2._____________.

1. not changed 2. increased dramatically

Health researchers have described three coping strategies that people may adopt to reduce stress and its negative effects. Each approach has a different goal or focus. The goal of problem-focused coping is to 1.__________, emotion-focused coping is to 2.____________ and pro-active coping is to 3._____________.

1. reduce or eliminate the source of the stress 2. change or reduce one's response to stress 3. prevent stress from happening in the first place

In diverse samples and domains of life, Fredrickson and Losado examined the ratio of positive and negative emotional experiences in relation to individual and group functioning. They found evidence that a critical positivity ratio of

2.9 (or above) positive to negative emotions predicted was the dividing line between flourishing and languishing

The percentage of heterosexual couples that met over the Internet in a 2009 survey was

22%

Genetic studies conducted using the Big Five and Eysenck's two superordinate factors as indicators of personality show that approximately this percentage of the differences among people in these traits is due to genetic factors.

50%

Studies of identical and fraternal twins suggest that about ________of people's typical level of positive/negative affect and happiness is determined by genetics.

50%

According to research, people can tell when someone is lying about

50% of the time

When researchers asked a large sample of people to rate their "subjective well-being" on a scale of 1 to 10, participants' average score was

6.75

In the Milgram studies, this percentage of participants obeyed the experimenter and administered shocks to the danger level

65%

The fact that people exhibit self-control in one situation often exhibit self-control in other situation is evidence that self-control is

A human trait

Critics complain that the projective tests are not reliable instruments for measuring personality because

A person might score very differently upon re-taking the test

Compare and contrast situational influences and dispositional influences and give an example of each. Explain how situational influences and dispositional influences might explain inappropriate behavior.

A situationism view is that our behaviors are determined by the situation—for example, a person who is late for work claims that heavy traffic caused the delay. A dispositional view is that our behaviors are determined by personality traits—for example, a driver in a road rage incident claims the driver who cut her off is an aggressive person. Thus, a situational view tends to provide an excuse for inappropriate behavior, and a dispositional view tends to lay blame for inappropriate behavior.

Which of the following emotions is NOT considered a basic emotion? A) Jealously B) Anger C) Sadness D) Happiness

A) Jealousy

The Big Five Factors of Personality on the trait model are? A) Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion Agreeableness, Neuroticism B) Open to Experience, Extraversion, Happiness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

A) Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion Agreeableness, Neuroticism

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways is known as? A) Personality Traits B) Individual Beliefs C) Temperament

A) Personality Traits

Making internal attributions for your success and making external attributions for your failures is an example of? A) Self-Serving Bias B) In group bias C) Attributes for Success D) Spotlight Effect

A) Self-Serving Bias

What is the type of psychology do psychologist view the social individual by him, or herself as well as their peers? A) Social Psychoogy B) Cognitive Psychology C) Theories of Personality D) Humanism

A) Social Psychology

What is the essential nature of mindfulness meditation? As described by Kabat-Zinn, mindfulness meditation is: A. A practical way to see life's problems through a clear mind. B. A spiritual and religious practice based on Eastern religion. C. All-encompassing and requires major life changes. D. All of the above

A. A practical way to see life's problems through a clear mind.

The concept of depressive realism is supported by researching showing that mildly depressed people (compared to the non-depressed): A. Are more accurate in their judgments of themselves and their life, supporting a sadder-but-wiser effect. B. Are less accurate in their self and life judgments, supporting the importance of realism for mental health. C. Are very negative in their self and life judgments, supporting the role of pessimistic attitudes in depression. D. Have great difficulty in making self and life judgments, supporting the role of self, goal and value confusion in depression.

A. Are more accurate in their judgments of themselves and their life, supporting a sadder-but-wiser effect.

According to Crocker and her research on contingencies of self-worth, self-esteem researchers have paid too much attention to the level of self-esteem (high versus low) and to little attention to the: A. Basis and source of self-esteem. B. Purpose and motives behind self-esteem. C. Ways that people compensate for low self-esteem. D. Superficial, shallow, and short-term strategies that people use to maintain and enhance their self-image.

A. Basis and source of self-esteem.

Kabat-Zinn describes seven qualities or attributes of mindfulness awareness that are cultivated during mindfulness meditation. Non-judging means: A. Being aware of how our judgments of good and bad color our view of the world. B. Taking a neutral and non-judgmental stance toward ourselves, others, and the world. C. Stopping our constant "good/bad" evaluation of the world. D. Learning to be less defensive and critical in our judgments of others.

A. Being aware of how our judgments of good and bad color our view of the world.

The virtue of transcendence: A. Connects the individual to larger and deeper meanings of life. B. Means the same thing as religious. C. Is a perquisite for wisdom. D. Is the basis of both justice and temperance.

A. Connects the individual to larger and deeper meanings of life.

"Minding a close relationship" is analogous to: A. Gardening - a watchful eye and constant effort and attention. B. Parenting in the summer months - kids need fun things to do. C. Savoring - special moments are appreciated and mutually enjoyed. D. Gourmet cooking - the ingredients and how they are combined are critical to success.

A. Gardening - a watchful eye and constant effort and attention.

Positive and negative affectivity as measured by Watson's PANAS scale refers to the: A. Long-term consistency in peoples' experience of positive and negative emotions. B. Fluctuation of short-term positive and negative emotions in response to situational events. C. Influence of positive and negative emotions on a person's health and happiness. D. Influence of people's physical and social environment on the emotions they experience.

A. Long-term consistency in peoples' experience of positive and negative emotions.

Baumeister and Exline argue that one of the most important functions of virtue and morality is to: A. Maintain harmonious relationships with others by controlling selfish needs. B. Provide a foundation for religion and spirituality. C. Enhance the development of a "mature " personality. D. Counteract the negative effects of our relativistic and "anything goes" popular culture.

A. Maintain harmonious relationships with others by controlling selfish needs.

Brown and Ryan make a connection between mindfulness and goal research. These researchers believe that mindfulness may be particularly important for: A. Overriding automatic behaviors, increasing autonomous choices, and regulating goal directed behavior. B. Preventing people from living in the past by orienting them toward future goals. C. Becoming more aware of the "emptiness" of the goals many people pursue. D. Shifting people's orientation from avoidance goals to approach goals.

A. Overriding automatic behaviors, increasing autonomous choices, and regulating goal directed behavior.

A fundamental difference between romantic love and companionate love is whether an intimate relationship is built primarily on: A. Passion or friendship. B. Intimacy or commitment. C. Self-interest or compromise. D. Emotion or realism.

A. Passion or friendship.

Within a relationship, negative affect reciprocity refers to the: A. Tit-for-tat exchange and retaliation of negative verbal and nonverbal expressions. B. Demand/withdraw pattern of communication where one partner criticizes and the other clams up and stops communicating. C. Hurt, bad feelings, and anger that one partner feels in response to the critical comments of the other. D. Mutual stonewalling that occurs between two partners when conversations get heated and neither side is willing to compromise or offer construction suggestions.

A. Tit-for-tat exchange and retaliation of negative verbal and nonverbal expressions.

Carl Rogers used this term to mean that those around a child during his/her formative years must truly listen and hear the child, without passing judgement

Accurate empathy

People often make different judgements of the same behavior depending on whether they performed the behavior or observed the behavior in others. This is referred to as the

Actor-observer bias

This social psychological phenomenon is in effect when you judge your own poor driving as justified, but view the poor driving of others on the road as evidence of their

Actor-observer bias

In general, out biological and psychological stress-response mechanisms are most adaptive for handling

Acute stress

Psychologists use this term to describe the general quality of feelings and emotions

Affect

In contrast to Walter Mischel, Seymour Epstein proposed that traits did indeed predict behavior if behaviors were examined on a number of occasions and the result were

Aggregated

Anger can be considered the most dangerous of all of the emotions because is it linked to this motivated behavior.

Aggression

Roy Baumeister and his colleagues label this aspect of high self esteem the "dark side of self esteem"

Aggression and violence

In the Robber's Cave experiment, the experimenters promoted ingroup bias by

Allowing the boys to choose names for their groups

The offering of assistance to others without the expectation of immediate reward is called

Altruism

In personality assessment, a projective test is one that utilizes

Ambiguous stimuli for a test-taker to interpret

Studies that illustrate that members of East Asian cultures tend to not commit the fundamental attribution error is most troublesome for

An evolutionary explanations for the FAE

The 1960s TV show "The Odd Couple" provided an example of the fixations that might result from trauma in this psychosexual stage.

Anal

This emotion is generally the reaction to an unpleasant event or idea, but can also be a personality trait

Anger

Epidemiological studies show that this ethnic group has lower rates of all types of serious mental health problems than European Americans.

Asian- Americans

An evaluative response to person, idea, object, or event, or a feeling about one of those things is called

Attitude

People often find themselves drawn to others- for friendship, romance, or sex- for reasons that may not be immediately apparent to either person. This is called

Attraction

Our explanation for the source of our own or others' behaviors and outcomes

Attribution

The process of explaining the cause of your own or another's behavior is known as

Attribution

What stressor is relatively long duration and has no time limit? A) Acute Stressor B) Chronic Stressor

B) Chronic Stressor

The idea that people's ideas about themselves should match their actions is? A) Humanism B) Congruence C) Traits

B) Congruence

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, even the lead researcher failed to resist pressure as his role as a prison supervisor. This is an example of ____________ influencing behavior? A) In-group Bias B) Social Roles C) Stereotyping

B) Social Roles

Is it best to be realistic or idealistic about your partner's personal qualities? Do we want to be "known" or "adored"? According to Swann's self-verification theory, people want to be: A. Adored because love is supposed to be blind. B. "Known" because a partner's understanding of who you "really" are creates strong feelings of intimacy as relationships mature over time. C. Known because it is only through love that we really find ourselves. D. Adored because people want only positive feedback about their positive qualities and not negative feedback about their undesirable qualities.

B. "Known" because a partner's understanding of who you "really" are creates strong feelings of intimacy as relationships mature over time.

A used by psychologists, temperament refers to: A. A person's frustration-anger threshold. B. A genetically-determined physiological disposition to respond to the environment in stable and typical manner. C. The sum total of a person's enduring personality traits that are co-determined by genetics and the environment. D. A person's baseline level of happiness.

B. A genetically-determined physiological disposition to respond to the environment in stable and typical manner.

Martin Seligman combines the major elements of hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives in describing a three-part analysis of happiness. According to Seligman the three components of a happy life are: A. Positive emotion, resilience, and transcendence. B. A pleasant life, an engaged life, and a meaningful life. C. A pleasant life, a healthy life, and a virtuous life. D. Frequent positive emotion, infrequent negative emotion, and life satisfaction.

B. A pleasant life, an engaged life, and a meaningful life.

According to sociometer theory (Leary, Tambor, et al.) the primary function of self-esteem is to: A. Buffer the effects of ego-deflating events. B. Act as an internal index that monitors our degree of acceptance or potential rejection by others. C. Index the degree to which we feel inferior or superior to significant others. D. Maintain a positive view of ourselves despite criticism, rejection, and failure.

B. Act as an internal index that monitors our degree of acceptance or potential rejection by others.

In their seminal study, the Lauers asked 351 married couples, married 15 years or more, about what made their marriages last. The reason couples gave fit into the two general categories of: A. Caring and compromise. B. Friendship and commitment. C. Commitment and sacrifice. D. Love and relationship growth.

B. Friendship and commitment.

Oxytocin is one example of the biological underpinnings of human's "need to belong" because it is: A. Released when were are afraid or distressed and motivates people to seek the company of others. B. Increased by physical contact (e.g., touch, hug) and produces a sense of calm and safety. C. Similar to dopamine in its pleasurable effects and is released by laughter in the company of others. D. Absent in reclusive animals species who don't need to band together to survive like humans.

B. Increased by physical contact (e.g., touch, hug) and produces a sense of calm and safety.

As used by psychologists, traits refer to: A. External circumstances that influence people's behavior. B. Internal dispositions that influence how we look at the world. C. Family determinants of behavior. D. All of the above

B. Internal dispositions that influence how we look at the world.

Gable and her colleagues found that capitalization effects that include enhanced relationship quality and subjective well-being occur: A. Whenever people tell their partner about a good thing that has happened to them. B. Only when our partner gives an enthusiastic and supportive response. C. Only when the good thing shared enhances the self-esteem and self-image of the partner as well. D. Only when our partner can capitalize (i.e., make gains) as a result of the sharing the event as well.

B. Only when our partner gives an enthusiastic and supportive response.

According to your textbook's research review, dispositional optimism is perhaps best regarded as a: A. Source of hope and inspiration for the future. B. Personal resource that fosters resistance to distress in the face of life challenges and setbacks. C. Major contributor to positive social relationships. D. A contributor to subjective, but not to objective well-being.

B. Personal resource that fosters resistance to distress in the face of life challenges and setbacks.

In the SOC Model of Effective Life Management developed by Baltes and his colleagues, S, O, and C refer to: A. Selection, organization, and commitment. B. Selection, optimization, and compensation. C. Seriousness, optimism, and challenge D. Sensibility, optimism, and competence

B. Selection, optimization, and compensation.

Which of the following are the six "universal" virtues identified by the Values in Action Project? A. Compassion, courage, temperance, authenticity, wisdom, and forgiveness. B. Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. C. Wisdom, bravery, kindness, temperance, love and, spirituality. D. Wisdom, creativity, persistence, fairness, love, and transcendence.

B. Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

The demand/withdraw pattern of negative interaction in close relationships refers to exchanges where the: A. Man makes demands and the woman withdraws from the conversation. B. Woman makes demands and the man withdraws from the conversation. C. Both partners make demands, but end up withdrawing from the conversation because no compromise can be reached. D. Escalation of demands that comes to include ending the relationship altogether.

B. Woman makes demands and the man withdraws from the conversation.

According to Freud, the oral-sadistic personality type is a metaphor that describes people who may do this adults.

Be overly cynical and satirical

According to Damasio (1994), after Elliot suffered damage to a circuit between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, and his emotional experiences were blocked from consciousness, Elliot's decision making

Became dysfunctional and unintelligent

When couples were asked to report how they met each other in a 2009 survey, online dating and social networking sites were second only to this reason for meeting.

Being introduced by friends

This type of cognitive experience indicates what we think is true or untrue in the world.

Belief

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

Binocular

In studies of cheater detection using the Wasson task, which variant of the task was easiest for undergraduates to perform?

Borrowing a car without filing up the gas tank

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Which of the following is NOT a projective test? A) Rorschach Inkblot test B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) C) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

C) The Minnesota Mutliphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

What is one Acute Stressor in daily life? A) Getting Laid off B) Spouse gets DX with Cancer C) Upcoming Exam D) Dealing with hostile landlord

C) Upcoming Exam

According to the explanatory style view of optimism-pessimism, which of the following statements fits an optimistic style of explanation for a student's failure on a math exam? A. "I'm just no good at math." B. "I'm a bad test-taker." C. "I had to work late and didn't have much time to study." D. " College is more work than I can handle."

C. "I had to work late and didn't have much time to study."

Some people believe that personal tragedies represent God's punishment for their sins and some people wait passively wait for God's solutions to their problems. According to research by Pargament and his colleagues, each of these examples represent: A. Anxious/ambivalent attachment. B. Avoidant attachment. C. A negative religious coping style. D. A self-directing religious coping style.

C. A negative religious coping style.

The current view of adult attachment styles is that they are continuous rather than discrete categories and reflect two underlying dimensions of: A. Security and insecurity. B. Preoccupied dismissive. C. Anxiety and avoidance. D. Intimate and distant.

C. Anxiety and avoidance.

Authenticity and what Harter calls mutuality both suggest that in successful relationships both partners: A. Need to sacrifice their own needs for good of the relationship. B. Should "lose" themselves in the relationship. C. Are able to balance autonomy and connectedness. D. Offer genuine rather than defensive criticism of the other.

C. Are able to balance autonomy and connectedness.

Kabat-Zinn describes seven qualities or attributes of mindfulness awareness that are be cultivated during mindfulness meditation. What does he mean by letting go? A. Giving up our fantasies and wishful thinking B. Giving up our former self so that a new self may develop C. Becoming less attached to our most recurring thoughts during meditation so that we might come to understand them D. Relinquishing our attachment to the external basis of our well-being

C. Becoming less attached to our most recurring thoughts during meditation so that we might come to understand them

Most relationship researchers would affirm the implications of the Lauer's study of 351 couples married at least 15 years by arguing that enduring and happy marriages are built on: A. Interlocking needs, shared values, mutual respect, and reciprocal affection. B. Shared optimism, shared commitment, and shared affection. C. Companionate love based on friendship rather than romantic love based on passion. D. Mutual commitment, sacrifice, and hard work.

C. Companionate love based on friendship rather than romantic love based on passion.

Which of the following list of traits are included in the five-factor model/Big Five Theory of personality? A. Self-esteem, optimism, and extraversion. B. Self-esteem, hardiness, and conscientiousness. C. Extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience. D. Self-efficacy, relatedness, and autonomy.

C. Extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

In thinking about the means to a good life, Lyubormirsky and Sheldon suggest three reasons to be pessimistic about people's ability to increase their long-term happiness. These are: A. Consumer society, unequal access to resources, and psychology's negative focus. B. Ignorance, fear of change, and the inertia of current lifestyles. C. Genetics, personality, and adaptation to emotional events. D. Genetics, conformity, and lack of research.

C. Genetics, personality, and adaptation to emotional events.

The study by Cozzolino and his colleagues used a death reflection condition in which people were asked to imagine their own death, engage in a life review, and imagine how their family would react to their death. The death reflection condition was meant to parallel the essential features of: A. The mortality salience manipulation in terror management theory research. B. The stages of dying described by Kübler-Ross. C. Near-death experiences that lead to a life review. D. A "mindful" consideration of death.

C. Near-death experiences that lead to a life review.

Is the dismissive avoidant attachment style an exception to the "no man is an island" general rule? That is, are dismissive types really "islands" that don't need or want affection and approval from others? A recent study by Carvallo and Gabriel suggests that the answer is: A. Yes, dismissives are islands because they rejected feedback that others liked and accepted them. B. Yes, dismissives are islands because they showed no response to feedback that others liked and accepted them. C. No, dismissives are not islands because they experienced more positive feelings in response to feedback that others liked and accepted them than did people with a low dismissive view. D. No, dismissives are not islands because this category of attachment stylecannot be reliably assessed or evaluated.

C. No, dismissives are not islands because they experienced more positive feelings in response to feedback that others liked and accepted them than did people with a low dismissive view.

Critics of positive psychology argue that one advantage of Eastern ideas is that they: A. Provide a more specific "nuts and bolts" view of the "what" and "how" of a good life. B. Can enrich Western understandings of a good life because they are so radically different from them. C. Offer a more comprehensive and in-depth picture of both the "what" and the "how" of a good life. D. Are based more heavily on spirituality which is noticeably absent from Western self-improvement approaches.

C. Offer a more comprehensive and in-depth picture of both the "what" and the "how" of a good life.

As defined by the Values in Action Project, wisdom refers to: A. High intelligence and technical knowledge. B. Being successful and famous. C. Practical knowledge and intelligence in dealing with the challenges and uncertainties of life. D. Being "right" before the fact - accuracy in predictions about future events and the consequences of people's actions and choices.

C. Practical knowledge and intelligence in dealing with the challenges and uncertainties of life.

Psychologists believe and research suggests that forgiveness may be particularly valuable for: A. Maintaining a positive attitude towards humanity and God. B. Avoiding depression, self-hatred, and emotional turmoil. C. Reducing the negative health effects of anger and for repairing relationships. D. People who work with criminal offenders, such as social workers, police officers, and judges.

C. Reducing the negative health effects of anger and for repairing relationships.

Baumeister and Exline argue that the Seven Deadly Sins (e.g., gluttony, greed, lust, anger) result from: A. Unwise choices, suggesting wisdom is a master virtue. B. The conflict between virtue and self-interest, suggesting commitment to your principles is the basis of virtue and therefore integrity is a master virtue. C. Self-control failure, suggesting self-control is the "moral muscle" behind virtuous behaviors and therefore the master virtue. D. Too much temptation, suggesting that today's culture of individualism and "me first" is partly to blame for the decline in virtuous behaviors.

C. Self-control failure, suggesting self-control is the "moral muscle" behind virtuous behaviors and therefore the master virtue.

Studies of CMC conducted in the 2000s revealed that CMC has a positive effect on personal relationships if

CMC is used to maintain existing relationship

This theory of emotion asserts that when some sort of emotion-laden event is perceived, the sensory impulses are relayed to the thalamus first. The thalamus in turn stimulates both the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex at about the same time.

Cannon-Bard theory

This term, derived from the Greek work for "cleansing," was first described by Sigmund Freud and is usually referred to as venting.

Catharsis

According to Dan McAdams, each of us has a unique set of characteristic goals, beliefs, social roles, self-concept, and plans for our lives, termed

Characteristic adaptations

For many people, goals, values, beliefs, social roles, and plans may change considerably over the life span. This aspect of personality has been termed

Characteristic adaptations

Having a lot of money may increase your level of happiness if you often spend your money on

Charitable giving

The anxiety we perceive when we become aware of the conflict between our behavior and our attitudes is called

Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive psychologists have determined that telling a lie is more demanding such that it increases a person's

Cognitive load

In the age of the Internet, much of our self-presentation activities involve

Computer-mediated communication

Behaviorist theories of personality were limited by the assertion that all behavior and personality development could be reduced to

Conditioning

According to the humanists, a child who does not receive unconditional positive regard from caregivers may ultimately be motivated by the desire to meet certain behavioral standards of approval, called

Conditions of worth

The tendency of people to bring their behavior and/or attitudes in line with group norms and pressures is called

Conformity

This term highlights the importance that others around the growing self are truly being genuine and are not presenting a self which reflects others' values and wishes rather than their own.

Congruence

Anthony Terracciano found that national-character stereotypes, like egocentric Americans and industrious East-Asians, tend to be

Consistent with the consensus of individuals from those cultures

According to Leary and Kowalski, once we are motivated to obtain a desired goal, increase self-esteem, or alter our public identity we have to

Construct the impression we wish to make

Test such as the MMPI-2 are referred to as "objective" because they are

Constructed empirically and scored by computer

The complex and highly variable processes by which we ensure that the demands of potentially stressful situations do not overwhelm out psychological or material resources is called

Coping

In a longitudinal study involving 12,000 healthy male volunteers, those facing chronic work and marital stressors were 30% more likely to die of this disease than men who did not experience chronic stress.

Coronary heart disease

In addition to adrenaline, this hormone is released in large quantities during the alarm phase of the stress response

Cortisol

This technique is based on the fact that people who have certain traits or are experiencing certain states tend to endorse certain statements as true about themselves while identifying other statements as false.

Criterion-key method

What is one Chronic Stressor? A) Someone breaking into your house when you aren't there B) Long line in a coffee shop C) Traffic Jam D) Divorce with a spouse

D) Divorce with a spouse

Humor, teasing, playful banter, and laughing together: A. Are one of things we enjoy the most about our relationships. B. Help release tensions and stress. C. Characterize happy couples married over 50 years. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Lyubormirsky has investigated the differences between very happy and unhappy people. Her studies show that unhappy people: A. Are more sensitive to social comparisons. B. Take delight in the failings of others. C. Ruminate more over negative events and miss opportunities. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Recent studies by Brown and Ryan using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) have: A. Validated the scale in a sample of Zen practitioners. B. Shown mindfulness to be related to both subjective and eudaimonic well-being. C. Found positive relationships between MAAS scores and measures of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Sharing a sense of humor and laughing together may enhance the stability and the quality of long-term relationships because: A. Laughter helps release tension. B. Sex fades but laughter endures. C. Of the connection between who we are and what makes us laugh. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The concept of a Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and a Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the BAS/BIS Sensitivity Scale refer to underlying physiological processes and individual differences related to: A. Impulse and self-control. B. Self and other regulation of behavior. C. Extraversion and neuroticism. D. Approach and avoidance behaviors.

D. Approach and avoidance behaviors.

In Pargament's definition and conceptualization of religion and spirituality, religion is the broader concept because it: A. Includes both individual and institutional religious practices. B. Recognizes both traditional and contemporary religious beliefs and practices. C. Includes both Eastern and Western religions. D. Includes both secular and sacred purposes.

D. Includes both secular and sacred purposes.

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, different varieties of love are based on three essential ingredients. These are: A. Romance, friendship, and knowledge. B. Love, friendship, and mutual interest. C. Intimacy, shared interests, and mutuality. D. Intimacy, passion, and commitment.

D. Intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Researchers have found that higher-quality family life, self-esteem, optimism, social support, and enhanced mental health are consistently linked to what type of religious orientation? A. Committed B. Spiritual C. Extrinsic D. Intrinsic

D. Intrinsic

Positive psychotherapy (PPT), developed by Seligman and his colleagues to treat depression,: A. Emphasizes the importance of approach, rather than avoidance, goals. B. Is based on Fredrickson's broaden and build theory of positive emotions. C. Follows Carol Ryff's eudaimonic model of psychological well-being. D. Is built on developing people's signature strengths by encouraging virtuous behavior.

D. Is built on developing people's signature strengths by encouraging virtuous behavior.

Research examining the relationship between self-esteem and happiness supports Myers conclusion that: A. Feelings about the self and feelings about life are only weakly related. B. It is better to be happy with life than with yourself. C. Social relationships cause the connection between self-esteem and happiness. D. Life satisfaction begins with self-satisfaction.

D. Life satisfaction begins with self-satisfaction.

In their study of gratitude, Emmons and McCullough assigned students to grateful, hassles, or events conditions. Based on the results of their study, these researchers concluded that grateful expressions: A. Are helpful for people in relatively good physical and mental health, but not for people suffering serious illness (as shown in their study of people with neuromuscular disease). B. Enhance well-being only if they are both appreciated and reciprocated. C. Coupled with downward social comparisons have the strongest positive effects on well-being. D. May contribute to an upward spiral of well-being as described by Fredrickson's broaden-an-build theory of positive emotions.

D. May contribute to an upward spiral of well-being as described by Fredrickson's broaden-an-build theory of positive emotions.

As shown in national surveys over the last 50 years, what percentage of Americans said they believed in God or a higher power? A. About 30% B. About 50% C. About 75% D. Over 90%

D. Over 90%

Does the average person see a distinction between wisdom, intelligence, creativity, and sheer fame? When researchers asked people to nominate historic and contemporary exemplars of these characteristics they found that the answer to this question was: A. No, because most people perceive wisdom, intelligence, creativity, and sheer fame as essentially the same thing. B. No, because people distinguished between wisdom and sheer fame, but wisdom, intelligence, and creativity overlapped extensively. C. Yes, because people could only think of few wise nominees, but thought of many nominees for intelligence, creativity, and sheer fame. D. Yes, because there was a low degree of overlap in the people nominated for wisdom, intelligence, creativity, and sheer fame.

D. Yes, because there was a low degree of overlap in the people nominated for wisdom, intelligence, creativity, and sheer fame.

In terms of physiology, the third phase of the GAS, exhaustion, results from the fact that the prolonged stress event has

Depleted energy stores and compromised homeostasis

One way the dehumanization of outgroups may occur is through the emotion of

Disgust

In certain cultures or subcultures one is expected to express grief at funerals of loved ones by wailing, weeping, and pounding the coffin. The cultural standards for such

Display rules

Harker and Kletner examined the type of smile women showed in their women

Duchenne smiles were related to greater health and happiness and more stable and satisfying marriages.

Member of this part of the world tend not to exhibit the fundamental attribution error when explaining causes of other's behavior

East Asia

In Freud's view, this part of the mind contains organizational and decision-making properties and is primarily concerned with assuring the safety and functioning of the individual

Ego

These are mechanisms used by the ego to keep threatening or anxiety-provoking material from reaching awareness

Ego defense mechanisms

According to this view of emotion, the sights, sounds, physiological processes, and patterns of body movement that occur during experience of the emotion are encoded in clusters of neurons assigned to each of these various sensory modalities.

Embodied emotion

Researchers found that simply having the muscles of the cheeks associated with smiling lifted with bandages increased happiness ratings in a group volunteers. This study is consistent with this theory of emotion.

Embodied emotion theory

Emotions like annoyance and rage, which are derived from anger, are referred to by some researchers as

Emotion schemas

The ability to identify, manage, and express one's emotions constructively and to empathize with the emotions of others has been termed

Emotional intelligence

This is the ability to take another person's perspective, or to feel how that person feels.

Empathy

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

Each psychosexual stage highlights a specific part of the child's body that is particularly sensitive to pleasure stimulation. Collectively they are referred to as

Erogenous zones

According to Martin Seligman, an optimistic person can be distinguished from a pessimistic person based on the person's

Explanatory style

Optimists tend to see bad events as resulting from causes that are

External, temporary, and surmountable

Paul Ekman eventually discovered that specific facial muscles were involved in creating the expressions of basic emotion, and he has catalogues these muscular configurations into a coding scheme known as the

Facial action coding system

According to research, age affects physical attractiveness such that,

Facial attractiveness declines with age in both sexes

According to this hypothesis, activating the muscles that form facial expressions associated with basic emotions can sometimes create the experience of having an emotion.

Facial feedback hypothesis

70% of heterosexual couples in a nationally representative sample interviewed in 2009 reported that they met over the Internet, with online dating accounting for the majority of these meetings.

False

A psychologists administering an objective personality test might ask the test-taker to view and interpret ambiguous stimuli.

False

According to Freud, the superego is instrumental in controlling or repressing this id instincts- that is, keeping them unconscious, under a metaphorical lock and key and away from the person's awareness

False

According to humanist grand theorists, various mental processes are pressed into service by the mind in its effort to navigate and resolve the conflicts with which it is continuously faced.

False

According to research on the mere exposure effect a person's name may influence important career decision. Dentists are more likely to be named Denis or Dennis than other names, and lawyers are more likely to be named Laura or Larry.

False

Although acute stress can be damaging to immune and nervous systems, relatively chronic activation of the stress response strengthens immune systems and promotes various other adaptive responses.

False

Although attractiveness decreases in women's faces as they age, men are perceived to lose facial attractiveness with age much more rapidly

False

In cross-culture studies of facial emotion recognition the American participants used the eyes to diagnose the emotion, whereas the Japanese participants tended to use the mouth.

False

In most public opinion polls conducted worldwide, relatively few people report being generally happy or satisfied.

False

Leon Festinger believed that humans were motivated to compare themselves with others in order to enhance their own self-image

False

Research has shown that people in a given culture tend to disagree with many of the stereotypes held about their own culture by outsiders.

False

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion asserts that we are happy because we are smiling, sad because we are crying, and frightened because out hearts are racing and out palms are sweating.

False

The amygdala is activated during many emotions, but it appears to be the most important brain region responsible for anger responses.

False

The basic idea behind the theory of inclusive fitness regarding altruism is that the tendency evolved under conditions where altruism was expected to be reciprocated.

False

The hydraulic model of emotions was popularized in the work of Sigmund Freud, and continues to be the best general explanation of anger and venting.

False

There seems to be little variation across cultures regarding the level of activation we prefer in emotional experiences.

False

Though groupthink is a rick in any situation in which a group must make an important decision under pressure, it has not historically affected political judgments.

False

Traits describe a person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thought, emotion, and motivation by offering an explanation of the origins of these characteristics.

False

When Stanley Milgram asked a group of psychiatrists how many of the research participants in his obedience studies would deliver shocks all the way to the XXX level, they predicted that between 62% and 65% of participants would comply.

False

When more then one plausible explanation exists for some phenomenon, scientists like to choose the more complex of the explanations.

False

Your score on any valid and well-designed personality test delivers a personality profile that is always consistent with your behavior across situations

False

Janet Polivy and Peter Herman use this term to describe the result of repeated attempts at self-change that are based on unrealistically high expectations

False-hope syndrome

Many scientists complain that Freud's theories lack specific conditions, especially about unconscious desires, under which the theories can be potentially disproved. Thus, many of Freud's hypotheses cannot be

Falsified

According to research by LeDoux, the amygdala is activated during many emotions, but to be the most important brain region responsible for

Fear responses

Walter Cannon coined this term to describe to process that biologically prepares the animal to respond to acute, short-term stressors.

Fight or flight

This is currently the most widely accepted trait model of personality

Five-factor model

Studies of spinal injury patients, substance abusers, victims of terrorism, and married couples reported that the best way to deal with the anger associated with study participants' experiences was for the victims to

Forgive the person that caused their anger

The main problem with Freud's conception of the conflicts arising in the phallic stage is that

Freud did not explain how a girl or boy would understand the use of a penis and its meaning

Sally did very poorly on her last math test. Her friend, Nick, concluded that Sally did poorly because she is not motivated to do well in school. Example of of the fundamental attribution error or self-serving attribution?

Fundamental attribution error This is an example of the fundamental attribution error because Nick is assuming that Sally's poor performance was due to her lack of motivation and is not considering situational factors that may have explained her performance.

Peter's instructor was rather short-tempered the first day of class. Peter assumed the instructor was a rude woman. He did not know that she had woken up late, had a car accident on the way to work, and had been locked out of her office. Example of of the fundamental attribution error or self-serving attribution?

Fundamental attribution error This is an example of the fundamental attribution error because Peter is assuming that his instructor's behavior was due to internal, dispositional factors and is not considering situational factors that may have explained her behavior.

Regina has just learned that her neighbor's teenage son Anthony was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. She then remarked to her husband, "Well, Anthony's recklessness has finally got him into trouble!" example of of the fundamental attribution error or self-serving attribution?

Fundamental attribution error This is an example of the fundamental attribution error because Regina is assuming that Anthony's accident was due to his recklessness and is not considering situational factors that may have caused the accident.

Hans Selye developed a model of effects of chronic stress activation known as the

General Adaptation Syndrome

When psychologists refer to happiness, they are talking about

General fulfillment and well-being

Responses to public opinion polls and results of psychological surveys indicate that relatively few people report being

Generally unhappy

In this psychosexual stage, sex resumes its place of importance as libidinal energy becomes an expression of adult sexuality.

Genital

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

In a study of the mere exposure effect using online chatting, participants who were randomly assigned to chat with the same partner for a greater number of consecutive days

Grew to like their chatting partners

The rivalry between the Eagles and Rattlers in the Robber's Cave experiment was only remedied when the experimenters

Had the boys cooperate to find out why the camp's water supply had failed

Research suggests that about 50% of one's level of happiness determined by one's

Happiness set point

From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense that many of out basic emotions are negative rather than positive because

Harmful situations may have commanded our attention to a greater degree than situations that were benign or helpful

This is the interdisciplinary field that examines the ways that health and illness interact with psychology, biology, and society.

Health psychology

The human fear response is regulated by two pathways, one of which runs to the cerebral cortex. This pathway is

Highly specific so that it responds to only certain fear-provoking stimuli

Psychologists define stress mainly in terms of threats to

Homeostasis

Which of the following is a major problem with arriving at a conclusive scientific answer to the nature-nurture debate?

Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.

According to this motion, you may be bale to push anger around and situate it in various places in your mind, but cannot get rid of it without expressing it.

Hydraulic model of emotion

According to Freud, this is the only part of the mind that exists at the beginning of human life.

Id

The term primary process is synonymous with Freud's notion of the

Id

Proximate causes for an altruistic behavior are usually described in terms of

Immediate motivation

When someone is unaware of the prejudicial biases on their behaviors, is is called

Implicit prejudice

Monitoring and attempting to control how we appear to other people is known as

Impression management

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

When an American person is given the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, it is likely that the measurement will be

Inconsistent with national-character stereotypes of Americans

This kind of influence on conformity is based on a rational desire to seek realistic information about some situation from the group and adjust behavior accordingly

Informational influence

This is the tendency to favor and extend loyalty to members of one's own group over members of other groups.

Ingroup bias

The social psychological term to describe unharmonious relations among groups is

Intergroup conflict

The conclusions from most studies of intergroup relations, such as the Robber's Cave experiment, are generally consistent with Gordon Allport's

Intergroup contact theory

Lisa is a quiet person. She loves to stay inside and not go out much with her friends. Based on these traits, would Lisa's personality be closer to Introversion or Extraversion?

Introversion

This superordinate trait dimension refers to the degree to which a person is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful, versus assertive, outgoing, and sociable.

Introversion-extraversion

The main problem with research on the FAE is that

It is very difficult to define where a situation ends and a person begins

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

This early theory of emotion asserts that we are happy because we are smiling, sad because we are crying, and frightened because out hearts are racing and our palms are sweating.

James-Lange theory

During this psychosexual stage, the child's sexual interests supposedly lessen in urgency as same-sex friendships assume a position of greater importance in the child's life.

Latency

In Freudian psychotherapy, dreams are analyzed primarily to reveal the

Latent content

Most people rate themselves as being happy and believe that other people are

Less happy than they are

When researchers asked participants to refrain from eating sweet-smelling cookies presented to them in a room, the participants later exhibited

Less time and effort attempting to solve difficult puzzles.

Though this term has its foundations in erotic and sexual desire, it actually refers to the level of energy and drive within a person.

Libido

In a 2004 study, investigators measured women's levels of positive feeling at the time they engaged I specific activities, and taking care of their children was ranked

Lower than watching TV and eating

The psychological disorder most commonly associated with stress is

Major depression

Recent studies suggests that venting at something other than the specific person who angered you is likely to

Make you feel more angry

In his classic experiment on conformity, Solomon Asch asked participants to perform this task in the presence of other individuals that were actually confederates of the experimenter.

Match the length of a line to one of the three comparison lines

In a study spanning 40 years, Ravenna Helson and her colleagues found traits change at least for certain traits in groups of participants well into their 70s. That study examined

Mean level stability

According to Robert Zajonc, it is adaptive to be cautious around unfamiliar objects and people, and to be more open to familiar stimuli and individuals. This is the hypothesized basis for the

Mere exposure effect

Researchers have found that people come to appreciate almost anything the more times they are exposed to it, be it letters, shapes, syllables, melodies, or faces. This phenomenon is called the

Mere exposure effect

This form of meditation training, based on Buddhist mediation and psychology, has been shown to activate parts of the brain associated with positive emotion, and to strengthen immune response.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction

This is the first, and probably still the most frequently used, objective test of personality

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Since the 1950s, psychological surveys about happiness have suggested that people believe that they would be happier if they had more

Money

These psychological states are typically less intense than emotions, but may pervade a person's life for days, weeks, months, or possibly even years at a time.

Moods

If a researcher is interested in using a face-valid test if personality for people who do not appear to be psychologically disordered, the researcher should us the

NEO PI-R

People are more likely to seek employment with companies whose names begin with the same letter as their own. This is evidence for the

Name-letter effect

In Freud's view, if the psychosexual stages are not navigated properly, this crippling emotional illness and distortion of personality may result

Neurosis

Research shows that some side effects that people experience while taking prescribed medications may actually be

Nocebo effect

As in the case of the Asch experiments, people are sometimes motivated to conform to avoid embarrassment or obtain approval from the group. This is called

Normative influence

The "Big Five" personality dimensions that make up the five-factor model can be expressed in this acronym

OCEAN

This is Freud's term for his notion that children of the phallic stage experience a powerful desire to erotically posses the opposite-sex and "do away" with the same-sex parent, who is rival of sorts.

Oedipus complex

The average American college student tells at least how many lies a day?

One

According to evolutionary psychologists, a large degree of facial symmetry may be evidence that

One has a strong immune system

This fixation may result from psychological trauma surrounding breastfeeding.

Oral fixation

People are not merely a random collection of traits, meaning that people's personalities are

Organized

Groupthink is often influenced by this social psychological phenomenon, related to positive illusions

Overconfidence

Just as specific hormones characterize the experience of fight-or-flight, this hormone is the mechanism governing tend- and-befriend.

Oxytocin

Although placebo treatment are used to treat a variety of physical and psychological symptoms, the primary symptom treatable with placebo is

Pain

In the alarm phase of the GAS model of stress responses, the activity of this autonomic system is suppressed.

Parasympathetic nervous system

The fact that Freud's view about the mind and personality were explained in very convoluted, complex terms violates this important aspect of scientific theories

Parsimony

Provide an example of how people from individualistic and collectivistic cultures would differ in explaining why they won an important sporting event.

People from individualistic cultures would tend to attribute athletic success to individual hard work and ability. People from collectivistic cultures would tend attribute athletic success to the team working together and the support and encouragement of the coach.

In their classic study of the "dark side of the American dream," Kasser and Ryan found strong evidence for an inverse relationship between financial aspirations and well-being. What was the specific nature of this relationship?

People who rated financial success as more important than intrinsic goals such as self-acceptance and affiliation showed lowered well-being.

According to this idea, the very concepts "traits" and "personality" are not particularly meaningful when it comes to behavior, and in fact may be little more than illusions.

Person-situation controversy

To say that one's personality is organized means that

Personality can be described easily in words

The Oedipus complex arises and must be resolved during this stage of psychosexual development.

Phallic

Baumeister and colleagues used this analogy to describe the ability for one to exert self-control

Physical strength

Which of the following theories is currently thought to provide the best explanation for how we perceive low frequencies (below 150 hz)?

Place theory

The id is driven primarily by the impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain, known as the

Pleasure principle

Social psychologists refer to the tendency to seek mates who are similar to ourselves as

Positive assortment

These psychological defense mechanisms lead people to experience more positive moods and feelings of well-being, to persist in their efforts to a greater extent, and to effectively achieve goals.

Positive illusions

The humanistic movement in psychology serves as an important forbearer of this modern psychological movement

Positive psychology

According to the cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion, the cognitive appraisal of an event

Precedes the emotional or physiological changes

The tendency to judge an individual based on beliefs about, or feelings towards, the group to which the person belongs is called

Prejudice

Scientists working in this field study the effects of stress and other psychological variables on the weakening of immune resistance and resultant illnesses.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Research on humanistic concepts has had the greatest impact on the development of modern

Psychotherapeutic techniques

Researcher have found that the standardized test performance of African Americans and women may decrease if they are exposed to information suggesting that members of their gender or ethnic group don't generally perform as well as others such tests. This effect is known as

Reaction formation

The ego is driven by preservation of safety and functioning of the individual, termed the

Reality principle

Overall, what have researchers concluded about the well-being benefits of religion?

Religion shows small but consistently positive well-being benefits.

According to Anna Freud, this primarily defense mechanism involves the removal of an unacceptable desire or thought form consciousness.

Repression

Even survivors of experience of intense trauma and torment exhibit this typical outcome of a period of stress

Resilience

This state of the stress response is characterized by moderate levels of stress hormones in the blood, but also by various coping mechanisms.

Resistance

Dan McAdams believes that the meaning we give to our personalities and to our very identities continue to change throughout life. This is termed

Self- narrative

The central aspect of personality for humanists was an intrinsic evaluation of the quality of a person's own unique in the world, termed

Self-concept

Laying aside a powerful, immediate desire, response, or goal in the service of more important, overriding long-term goal is called

Self-control

According to the strength model of self-control

Self-control exists in a limited quantity that differs among people

CMC is most beneficial to adolescent boys because it provides a safe place to experiment with

Self-disclosure

A person's cognitive and emotional assessments of his/her own self-worth is commonly referred to as

Self-esteem

According to Dan McAdams, the stories we tell ourselves about ourselves reflect the way we understand the events of our lives and our place in the world, giving meaning to our unique identities. These stories are called

Self-narratives.

The human tendency to make judgement errors that are in favor of your own self is called the

Self-serving bias

Jeremy earned an A in his philosophy class and concluded that he had quite a talent for writing coherently and thinking logically. When he earned a C in his sociology class, he expressed dissatisfaction with the course content, the teaching ability of the professor, and the quality and clarity of the exams. Example of of the fundamental attribution error or self-serving attribution?

Self-serving bias This is an example of a self-serving attribution because Jeremy is attributing his high grade in philosophy to his own talents and abilities, but attributing his C in sociology to external factors (the professor).

At his interview for a new position, Richard explains to the hiring committee, "As a sales representative for a major company, I often meet my sales quota and make lots of sales because of my hard work and skill. Sometimes, I don't make the quota, but it's because the company doesn't give me a list of potential customers." Example of of the fundamental attribution error or self-serving attribution?

Self-serving bias This is an example of a self-serving attribution because Richard is attributing his success to his own abilities and hard work, but attributing his failure to external factors (the company).

The Westlake Hills Little League team just played a double-header. They won the first game, but lost the second one. Afterwards, the Westlake Hills coach said, "We played better than ever today. We would have won the second game also, but the umpires made some really bad calls." Example of of the fundamental attribution error or self-serving attribution?

Self-serving bias This is an example of a self-serving attribution because the Westlake Hills coach is attributing the team's win to their talent and abilities, but attributing the loss to external factors (the umpires bad calls)

The sex differences in facial features and other aspects of the body are collectively referred to as

Sexual dimorphism

In order to understand your friends' individual personalities, their individual trait scores are not enough. Walter Mischel would say that you must also understand each person's

Situation-behavior profile

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

Smelling cookies in the oven

When researchers measure the quality of various aspects of people's lives, the most important factors that determine individual levels of happiness are

Social

The presence of others may reduce the effort a person gives to a cooperative task, such as a group assignment in a college course. This is called

Social loafing

Religious affiliation as a coping strategy for stress is most related to which other coping strategy listed below?

Social support

In Judith Harris's account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the child to conform to the expectation of his/her peers.

Socialization system

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

Somatic

The term "grand theory" has been applied to a few old theories of personality, like Sigmund Freud's theory, because those theories

Sought to explain everything about personality

In Kluckhohn and Murray's view of personality, every person is like all other persons because to some degree, we all present

Species- typical tendencies

Psychologist Ed Diener has found that income is related to happiness primarily in terms of a person's

Standard of living

These are temporary, relatively unstable personality characteristics that are closely related to moods and emotions

States

In Judith Harris's account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his/her unique identity and contributions.

Status system

Attributing clusters to specific categories of individuals and objects, which serves an important purpose in human social cognition is called

Stereotyping

Any adaptive neurobiological response that allows an organism to regain homeostasis in the face of changing circumstance is then termed a

Stress response

The death of a loved one, divorce, starting a career, and even marriage are among the life events known as

Stressors

This is kind of "ultimate" aggressive act, because the intention is to harm not only others but oneself as well.

Suicide terrorism

Freud called the part of the mind that represents the internalization of human morality the

Super ego

When an individual is met with feelings of guilt or shame, those feelings are the effect of this entity on the ego.

Super ego

In the Eysencks' two-factor model of personality the two traits dimensions that interact to explain personality are referred to as

Superordinate traits

There is strong evidence that a tendency toward happiness is inherited and is related to

Temperament

Shelly Taylor used this term to describe the mainly female tendency to provide care and obtain support from others under conditions of stress.

Tend and befriend

According to this theory, self-esteem acts as psychological buffer against the pervasive general anxiety all human beings feel when faced with the knowledge of their own inevitable death

Terror management theory

The human motivation to feel like a "valuable member of a meaningful universe" as a way of transcending and defeating death is a part of

Terror management theory

This direct pathway from this area of the brain to the amygdala accounts for the fact that we can respond instantly with fear to the appearance of potentially threatening visual or auditory stimuli.

Thalamus

The effects of deindividuation on behavior were revealed in this classic psychological study

The Stanford prison experiment

An attitude is more likely to predict your behavior if

The attitude emerges from personal experience

The main weakness of both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is that neither theory addressed

The cognitive activity that must take place to experience an emotion

When attractiveness researchers speak to the averageness of a face, they are actually talking about

The diversity of genetic contributions to the face

This tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional factors while ignoring or underestimating the possibility situational factors is called

The fundamental attribution error

Freud used the term dynamic processes to refer to

The interaction and conflict among the id, ego, and superego

Early studies of the effects of computer-mediated communication on social relationships were limited mainly because of

The low number of people using CMC

In contrast to early research on the bystander effect, the more dangerous the circumstance and the more clear-cut the physical danger,

The more likely and individual is to offer aid

The spotlight effect was tested with experiments in which people were asking to predict

The number of people in the room that noticed the T-shirt they were asked to wear as a part of the experiment

If a researcher examines rank order stability in personality traits, he/she compares

The patterns of traits (low to high) in a single person across two personality tests

According to social psychologists, each person's subjective awareness of, and ideas about, his or her own individual nature, characteristics, and very existence, is called

The self

According to basic emotion theorists, basic emotions are innate, entirely distinct, and can be compared to

The set of primary colors that can be blended to make other colors

The tendency to feel as if more people are observing and judging your behavior than actually are is called

The spotlight effect

According to proponents of this test, the test-taker, in creating the story that revolves around the picture shown, reveals important motives, drives, conflicts, emotions, and other psychological variables

Thematic Apperception Test

According to this theory, an organism is reproductively fit not only to the extent that it can survive and reproduce, but also to the extent that is passed on its genetic line to new generations

Theory of inclusive fitness

According to this theory, psychological attributes that motivate altruism will evolve under conditions where altruism is expected to be reciprocated at some point in the future

Theory of reciprocal altruism

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

Top-down

This perspective on personality, pioneered by Gordon Allport, was the starting point for the first attempts to build truly empirical, research-based theories of personality

Trait perspective

These are relatively stable personality characteristics, attributes, and motivations that can be commonly captured in adjectives such as honest, cheerful, conscientious, etc.

Traits

They study of individual differences in personality mainly focuses on characterizing people using

Traits

To say that personality traits are relatively enduring means that

Traits are stable over time

According to Allport's intergroup contact theory, prejudice is diminished when positive, constructive contact occurs between members of different groups.

True

According to research on the self-serving bias, people tend to believe themselves to be smarter, more athletic, more attractive, more ethical, and less prejudice than others.

True

According to tend-and-befriend theory, fighting or fleeting would not necessarily have been viable options for ancestral women under threat.

True

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, activating the muscles that form facial expressions associated with basic emotions can not only increase the intensity of the corresponding emotion if one already feels it, but can sometimes actually create the experience of emotion.

True

Although most of us prefer to experience pleasant emotions, the number of possible unpleasant emotional states greatly outnumbers the number of pleasant ones.

True

Although young children clearly do become possessive of their parents, no evidence has been found to substantiate the universal existence of an Oedipus complex as Freud described it

True

An attitude is a "feeling" experience, because it indicates like or dislike. A belief, in contrast, is a cognitive experience.

True

Beyond trait scores, Walter Mischel would say you most also understand each person's situation-behavior profile to understand personality

True

Critics charge that the standards for scoring the Rorschach are not valid and may cause psychologically normal people to appear to have serious psychological disturbances

True

Cross-cultural researchers found that the fundamental attribution error was much weaker and sometimes non-existent when tested among East Asians such as Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese.

True

Display rules are implicit standards and expectations that regulate the way emotion is displayed in a given culture.

True

Each of the basic emotions is entirely distinct- a person simply cannot confuse enjoyment/ happiness with fear, sadness with disgust, or contempt with surprise.

True

Feminine faces tend to have larger eyes, less developed brows, the appearance if high cheekbones, shorter and less pronounced chins and appear more fragile or graceful, and fuller lips.

True

High levels of happiness are possible among nations whose inhabitants are quite poor. For example, Nigeria and El Salvador are among the very poorest nations, but also among the happiest.

True

In Eysenck's model, introversion-extraversion means that degree to which a person is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful, versus assertive, outgoing, and sociable.

True

In Judith Harris;s account of peer influence on personality, the status system prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his/her unique identity and contributions

True

In general, personality is amenable to change, particularly in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.

True

In the Kitty Genovese investigation, it was later found that no one watched anything for anywhere near as long as hour. The first attack lasted only a few moments.

True

In the alarm phase of the GAS, "non-emergency" activity of the parasympathetic nervous system such as digestive activity and sleep are suppressed.

True

It may be that factors of the prison situation interacted with the personality factors of the volunteers to create the abuses during Zimbardo's experiment

True

Many of the lies you tell those to whom you feel close, including Mom, will be lies designed to spare the other person's feelings in some way, known as altruistic lies.

True

Mischel and colleagues found that children who were able to self-control in the laboratory wen to earn high SAT scores in high school and wend on to higher academic achievements

True

Most behavior genetics research suggests that it is the child's unique,, nonshared experiences in the world that contributes virtually all of the environmental influences on adolescent and adult personality.

True

People often attempt to create an impression that is consistent with the person they perceive themselves to be, but not the person that they "really are."

True

Personality consists partly of unique variations on the set of evolved mental and behavioral characteristics, which all human beings share to some degree as a result of our common evolutionary history.

True

Powerful correlational evidence now links chronic stress and certain personality factors with coronary heart disease.

True

Research on the spotlight effect has shown that people forgive social blunders and embarrassing acts to a much greater extent than we assume

True

Research suggests that forgiveness may improve physiological health, including beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

True

Researchers found that children trained in optimism had only half the rate of depressive symptoms of a group that had not experienced the training.

True

Researchers have found that people come to appreciate almost anything the more times they are exposed to it, be if letters, shapes, syllables, melodies, faces- or people.

True

Studies of energy conservation attitudes among Californians illustrated that people are often unaware of the normative influences to conform in their own lives.

True

The Big Five is currently the most widely accepted trait model of personality

True

The MMPI is used in a wide variety of psychiatric and non-psychiatric settings to objectively assess areas of personality vulnerability to psychological problems.

True

The humanists believed that people face problems in a generally rational manner, and try to make good decisions that will benefit themselves and others.

True

The tendency towards ingroup bias is so strong that researchers can create artificial groups by randomly assigning people to two categories by tossing a coin

True

The two-factor theory differs from the James-Lange theory in that James and Lange believed that the generation of emotion was a virtually automatic response to physiological arousal, without the necessity of "higher order" cognitive processes intervening.

True

There is no evidence that high self-esteem improves school performance, although there is some evidence that doing well in school might increase self-esteem.

True

Traits are more likely to predict behavior if behavior is examined on a number of occasions, not just one, and the results aggregated, or averaged.

True

True or False? Does stress make you more likely to get sick

True

True or False? Humanists believed that people face problems in a generally rational manner, and try to make good decisions

True

True or False? Personality consists of traits, characteristic adaptions, and self narratives.

True

Without emotion, we cannot truly learn from our mistakes, because these mistakes would not produce punishing consequences.

True

According to this theory of emotion, the emotional experience is a cognitive appraisal of the autonomic nervous system activity that preceded the emotion.

Two-factor theory

Researcher found that injecting people with stimulant drugs that stimulate the physiological fight-or-flight response led to different emotional experiences when participants were exposed to an agitated experimenter or a humorous experimenter. This is consistent with which theory of emotion?

Two-factor theory

These explanations describe how the effects for some behavior would have benefited the survival and reproduction of human beings over evolutionary time and therefore evolved through natural selection

Ultimate causes

This humanistic term means that the approval and love we receive from important people in our lives are freely and fully given, regardless of flaws in our own behavior or character

Unconditional positive regard

Freud used this term to refer to the part of the mind that was totally out of the range of a person's awareness

Unconscious

Though the term is sometimes used only to refer to the therapeutic techniques pioneered by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis, as a whole, is a theory of behavior that focuses on

Unconscious conflicts and motivations

According to Gordon Allport, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis often mistook ordinary motivations in personality and behavior for

Unconscious motivations

Members of all nationalities, cultures, and both sexes agree on this dimension of ideal affect, that is, we all want to "feel good" rather than "feel bad"

Valence

Critics charge that the standards for scoring the Rorschach may cause psychologically normal people to appear to have serious psychological disturbances, thus the tests are not

Valid measurements of personality

Over our lifetimes, the level of happiness we experience tends to

Vary around a "set point," similar to our baseline body weight

Research shows that people are more likely to experience pain relief from placebo pills if they believe that the pills are

Very expensive

One reason why wealthy people may not experience an enhanced level of happiness is because those individuals often judge their progress in terms of

Wealth compared to an ideal standard

Corey Keyes' "complete model of mental health" describes

a continuum running from mental illness to flourishing.

A used by psychologists, temperament refers to

a genetically-determined physiological disposition to respond to the environment in stable and typical manner.

Martin Seligman combines the major elements of hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives in describing a three-part analysis of happiness. According to Seligman the three components of a happy life are

a pleasant life, an engaged life, and a meaningful life.

What is the essential nature of mindfulness meditation? As described by Kabat-Zinn, mindfulness meditation is

a practical way to see life's problems through a clear mind.

Religion and spirituality have been shown to have

a small but consistently positive relationship to well-being.

Phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces

actor-observer bias

Terror management theory states that the evolution of human intelligence came with a price tag. Which is that

all humans are aware that they will eventually die.

Lyubormirsky has investigated the differences between very happy and unhappy people. Her studies show that unhappy people

all of the above

Recent studies by Brown and Ryan using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) have

all of the above

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

Dylan, 8-years old, has appeared to have had an epileptic seizure. He is rushed to the ER for treatment, and the admitting physician first orders some tests to be conducted on Dylan's brain to determine a diagnosis. They want to measure overall electrical activity in the brain. Dylan will most likely receive a (an) ________.

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Mindfulness refers to

an open and receptive, present-centered attention focused on the way things

What is the connection of death and materialism as shown in studies employing a mortality salience condition in which people are instructed to think about their own death? Studies of mortality salience show that

anxiety about death increased materialistic expectations and behavior, suggesting that money and possessions may provide a sense of safety and security.

The concept of depressive realism is supported by researching showing that mildly depressed people (compared to the non-depressed)

are more accurate in their judgments of themselves and their life, supporting a sadder-but-wiser effect.

According to Bryant and Verhoff, savoring refers to people

attend to, appreciate, and extend positive experiences.

Controls our internal organs and glands

autonomic nervous system

The concept of relative deprivation as an explanation for why more money doesn't necessarily bring more happiness suggests that people's satisfaction with their income and material possessions is

based on social comparisons rather than objective life circumstances.

What is the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior called?

behavioral endocrinology

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

biology

The tendency of people to be less likely to help strangers in need if there are other people present at the scene is called the

bystander effect

The details of the Kitty Genovese murder in Kew Gardens, Queens, New York, gave rise to interest in this social psychological phenomenon.

bystander non-intervention

Subliminal messaging

can mildly influence behavior

Brain and spinal cord

central nervous system (CNS)

Cosmides and Tooby used the Wasson selection task to gather evidence of these psychological mechanisms

cheater detection mechanisms

The major finding of the Nun Study was that

cheerful and upbeat nuns lived significantly longer that less cheerful nuns

Buckner and his colleagues studied resilience among disadvantaged youth (ages 8 to 17) living in poverty. Their sample included Caucasians, African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and other Latinos. Nearly a third (29%) of their sample was classified as resilient. What did these researchers find was the most powerful predictor of resilience among disadvantaged youth?

cognitive and emotional self-regulation abilities

Culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community

collectivist culture:

Most relationship researchers would affirm the implications of the Lauer's study of 351 couples married at least 15 years by arguing that enduring and happy marriages are built on

companionate love based on friendship rather than romantic

The virtue of transcendence

connects the individual to larger and deeper meanings of life.

The effects of marriage on individual happiness and well-being, as shown in large national sample surveys, is

considerable stronger than most other demographic variables.

Many social observers believe that the increasing emphasis on romantic love and emotional fulfillment in marriage

contributes to divorce because expectations are too high, which leads to disillusionment

Studies of negative affect across the life span consistently show that negative affect (emotion) __________________as we get older.

decreases

Research investigating the characteristics that define a wise person have found that wisdom is

defined by knowledge and judgment related to the conduct of a virtuous life.

The lessening of self-awareness or identity when in a group that may lead to reduced concern about how your behavior will be evaluated by others is referred to as

deindividuation

Walter Mischel's classic studies with children using what came to be called the "marshmallow test" showed that children who were able to_____________ went on to become more socially and academically competent teenagers.

delay gratification by resisting immediate temptations

Goals are defined as

desired states and outcomes that people expend energy trying to achieve.

Research by Carver & Scheier suggests that important factors determining the well-being effects of goal disengagement (giving up an important life goal) are

differences in people's ability to let go (disengage from a goal) and ability to reengage in new goals.

Describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

dispositionism

Positive psychologists argue that national statistics describing how we are doing as a society provide a misleading view of happiness and health because they

do not measure happiness and positive mental health or functioning directly.

Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to ________.

explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception

According to Allport, people who use their religion to provide security, comfort, social status, and support have what kind of religious orientation?

extrinsic

Which of the following are examples of the changes resulting from posttraumatic growth (PTG)?

feelings of personal strength, increased spirituality, less materialism, increased closeness to others.

Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety

fight or flight response

According to the matching hypothesis, goals that are most likely to increase well-being when pursued and achieved are those that

fit and express a person's needs, values, and self-concept.

Loudness is to amplitude as pitch is to ________.

frequency

According to research by Diener and his colleagues, happiness is built more on the 1.___________of positive emotions than on their 2.______________ .

frequency 2. intensity

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation

fundamental attribution error

Carstenson's socioeomotional selectivity theory predicts that older adults and the elderly shift their life priorities from the

future to the present.

The bottom line of your text's discussion of genetics, personality, and relationships as explanations for the weak money-happiness connection was that

genetic make-up, personality, and relationships are more important and not much affected by the money people make.

The deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire people, which is often present in intergroup conflict, is called

genocide

Seligman's three-part description of happiness describes a pleasant life, an engaged life, and a meaningful life. In his analysis a meaningful life derives from

going beyond self-interest through involvements in something larger than the self, such as serving others

Human resilience refers to

good outcomes despite serious threat or challenge.

Human resilience refers to

good outcomes despite serious threats and challenge.

In contrast to mindfulness, mindlessness refers to a state of consciousness

governed by rule and routine, with little awareness of what is happening "right now."

This special kind of conformity results from group members not wanting to adversely affect group morale, make waves, or appear disloyal to the group leader.

groupthink

Within positive psychology a trait is considered "positive" because it contributes to or is associated with

happiness, emotional health, physical health, or virtue.

Consistent with Carstenson's socioemotional selectivity theory, research shows that older married couples and the elderly

have more satisfying marriages and invest more in a smaller circle of established relationships rather than in meeting new people.

An essential theme within positive psychology, discussed at the beginning of Chapter 12 (section titled Positive Psychology Revisited), is that

health and happiness are more than the absence of illness and unhappiness.

According to your textbook authors, a basic difference between hedonic and eudaimonic approaches to understanding happiness and well-being is that

hedonic approaches are "research driven" and eudaimonic approaches are "theory driven."

A study of 200 college students (Wolfe & Johnson) examined the extent to which high school grades, SAT scores, and 32 different personality variables could predict students

high school grades was the top predictor and self-control was the second best predictor of college grades.

State of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels

homeostasis

Within psychology's recent history, ____________ psychology has been one of the stronger voices for a more positive approach to the study of human behavior.

humanistic

In their study of happiness and success in college, Sheldon and Houser-Marko evaluated freshmen students' reasons for attending college according to the extent to which their reasons reflected external, introjected, identified, or intrinsic motivations. What reason/motive type was most related to higher grades, personal goal fulfillment, better social and emotional adjustment, and personal development?

identified and intrinsic - consistent with self-concordance theory

Cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck to treat depression may have much in common with disidentification within meditative practice, because both cognitive therapy and disidentification involve stopping the tendency to

identify with one's thoughts rather than reality.

For positive psychologists, one problem with the disease model is that it

implies that the mental health is the simply the absence of mental illness.

In one of Fredrickson's studies, college students became very nervous after they were told they had one minute to prepare a speech to give in front of their peers. After preparing their speeches, students were assigned to different conditions to watch films with a neutral, positive, or negative emotional content. The findings of this study supports the value of positive emotions

in undoing the effects of negative emotions because of the faster rate of return to baseline heart-rate among students in the positive emotion film group.

Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called ________.

inattentional blindness

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

Culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

individualistic culture

According to the actor-observer bias, we have more information about ________.

influences on our own behavior You do have this access to this information as the actor. For example, if you slip and fall (i.e., you are the actor), you have a clear understanding of why you've fallen (e.g., because the floor is slippery or because you were being careless).

The brain's descending pain modulatory system ________.

initially increases the awareness of pain, but decreases its lingering effects

As used by psychologists, traits refer to

internal dispositions that influence how we look at the world.

Internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament

internal factor

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, different varieties of love are based on three essential ingredients. These are

intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Researchers have found that higher-quality family life, self-esteem, optimism, social support, and enhanced mental health are consistently linked to what type of religious orientation?

intrinsic

The corpus callosum

is a thick band of neural fibers enabling communication between the two brain hemispheres.

A basic premise of positive psychology is that the field of psychology

is out of balance with too much focus on negative human behaviors.

Ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

just-world hypothesis

In his classic book The Anatomy of an Illness, Norman Cousins describes what might be called his ______ cure for ankylosing spondylists, a painful disease of joints and connecting tissue.

laughing

Studies of the relationship between dispositional optimism and physical/emotional health find that compared to pessimism, optimism is associated with

less depression, less distress in the face of serious illness, faster illness recovery, and a longer life.

Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined and measured by

life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect.

An axon is a ________.

long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body

Baumeister and Exline argue that one of the most important functions of virtue and morality is to

maintain harmonious relationships with others by controlling selfish needs.

According to the research by Van Boven and Gilovich, many of the negative effects of materialism can be reduced if people would

make more experiential purchases that involve new experiences and learning opportunities.

"If a person had all the other qualities you desire, would you still marry this person if you were not in love?" American college students were asked this question in the 1960s and again in the 1990s. When researchers compared answers for the two time periods they found

many students (especially women) said C. many students (especially women) said "yes" in the 1960s, but in the 1990s the overwhelming response of both men and women was "no."

Posttraumatic growth seems to depend heavily on

meaning-making

If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?

mechanoreceptors

What is paradoxical about gender and happiness?

men and women are equally happy even though women experience more frequent negative emotions and show higher rates of depression.

Within-country comparisons of life satisfaction/happiness and per capita income show

moderate positive correlations among poor, but very small correlations among more affluent countries, consistent with the idea of basic need fulfillment

The "two-minded view" of money and happiness refers to surveys showing that most people seem to believe that

money is not a basis for happiness, but think that more money will make them happier.

The relationship between more education and higher levels of happiness probably results from the fact that

more education leads to more satisfying and financially rewarding jobs.

Stone and his colleagues had adult men keep a daily diary of their moods at work, home, and in leisure activities for 12 weeks. Each man in the study also took a harmless protein antigen pill every day. Results showed that the

more positive moods and events the men experienced the more antibodies to the antigen pill their immune systems produced.

According to the second author of your text (a practicing psychotherapist), psychotherapy is a form of mindfulness coaching because people in emotional trouble

need help in becoming aware of the feelings and undesirable aspects of their personality that they work so hard to suppress.

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

Studies of happiness across the life span, the mid-life crisis, and the empty nest syndrome suggest that

no age or stage of life seems to be happier or unhappier than any other.

Almost all evidence from behavior genetics research points to this aspect of experience as the main environmental influence on adolescent and adult personality.

non-shared environmental influences

In Wegner's research, the ironic effects of mental control refer to findings that attempts at self-control, such as trying not to think about a white bear,

often increases rather than decreases the occurrence of the unwanted thoughts or desire that we are trying to suppress.

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

One of the more noteworthy findings of survey researchers studying subjective well-being or happiness is that the connection between money and happiness is

overall, very weak except for the very poor.

Brown and Ryan make a connection between mindfulness and goal research. These researchers believe that mindfulness may be particularly important for

overriding automatic behaviors, increasing autonomous choices, and regulating goal directed behavior.

Associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body

parasympathetic nervous system

Buckner and his colleagues studied resilience among disadvantaged youth (ages 8 to 17) living in poverty. Their sample included Caucasians, African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and other Latinos. Nearly a third (29%) of their sample was classified as resilient. Which of the following parental factors differentiated resilient from non-resilient youths?

parental monitoring of youth activities and whereabouts

Research evaluating the importance of social comparison processes in people

people are not passive social comparison victims, but actively choose who to compare themselves to.

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

According to Waterman's studies, eudaimonic enjoyment results from activities that create feelings of

personal expressiveness, meaning, challenge, competence, and growth.

According to the research of Janoff-Bulman, what three assumptions or beliefs are shattered by trauma and loss (i.e., negative effects of trauma)?

personal invulnerability, meaningfulness, and positive view of self.

The difference between hedonic and eudaimonic conceptions of happiness boils down to the difference between

pleasure/happiness and meaning/personal expressiveness.

As shown in Watson's research, the strongest predictive component and the most defining feature of happiness within the subjective well-being conception is

positive affect.

The most recent studies in health psychology are of particular interest to positive psychologists because they suggest that

positive emotions may effect our health in ways that are essentially opposite from those for negative emotions.

The relationship between the traits of self-esteem and optimism to physical/emotional health may be based on the connection of these two traits to

positive emotions.

Based on studies of children and youth, Masten has described three general categories of protective factors that contribute to resilient responses: those within the child, within the family, and within the community. Which of the following have been identified as "within the child protective factors"?

positive self-image, optimism, easy-going temperament, and good intellectual and problem solving skills.

Which of the following is true concerning the effects of social relationships on well-being? Relationships

predict happiness across different cultures, are as important as smoking and obesity to physical health, and are a major contributor to mental health.

Research by Tice and Baumeister examined differences in performance and stress levels among college students who did or not procrastinate in completing term papers and major class projects. Overall they found that procrastination

produces short-term benefits, but longer-term costs.

Usually, when laypersons or scientists ask themselves why or how a person behaved the way he/she did, they are asking about

proximate causes

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to ________.

red, green, and blue

In laboratory studies of the bystander effect, the general rule is that the presences of groups

reduces the likelihood of any one individual offering aid

Psychologists believe and research suggests that forgiveness may be particularly valuable for

reducing the negative health effects of anger and for repairing relationships.

In a Chicago Tribune survey reported by Csikszentmihalyi, people at various yearly income levels (e.g., $30,000, $100,000) were asked whether more money would make them happier. Survey results showed that

regardless of their current income people believed more money would make them happier.

According to attachment theory, some of our most basic emotional responses to intimate relationships are shaped by

relationships with our parents.

If your goal is to do something nice for someone, you only have to think of one thing to do. If your goal is to avoid offending people, you have to be continuously on guard for signs of any offense in all your social interactions. This example highlights one reason that avoidance goals are more difficult to achieve. Avoidance goals

require constant monitoring and vigilance that may deplete our self-control resources.

What does Ann Masten mean when she describes human resilience as "ordinary magic"?

resilient responses are quite common and stem from normal and everyday capacities and conditions.

Which adult attachment style is associated with being a supportive partner, more intimate disclosures, more satisfying social life, and a higher level of emotional well-being?

secure

Baumeister and Exline argue that the Seven Deadly Sins (e.g., gluttony, greed, lust, anger) result from

self-control failure, suggesting self-control is the "moral muscle" behind virtuous behaviors and therefore the master virtue.

Research by Baumeister and his colleagues presented people with tasks that require self-control (like eating vegetables instead of available chocolates) have found that on subsequent self-control tasks people

self-control is a limited resource like a muscle that tires with repeated use.

tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes

self-serving bias

Making internal attributions for your successes and making external attributions for your failures is an example of ________.

self-serving bias The self-serving bias allows us to feel good about our successes (by thinking that we're directly responsible for them) and discount our failures (by attributing them to forces outside of our control).

According to Bryant and Verhoff, three preconditions must be met for a savoring experience to occur. These are

sense of here and now, setting aside self-esteem needs, and a mindful appreciation of the moment

Kunzman and his colleagues examined age-related differences in two types of positive emotions: pleasant affect and positive involvement. They also examined age differences in two lifestyles: a hedonic lifestyle and a more eudaimonic and growth-related lifestyle. Overall their findings suggest that the basis for positive emotions

shifts from pleasant affect and a hedonic lifestyle when young, to positive involvement and a growth-related lifestyle in older adulthood.

When Waterman had people rate their 5 most self-defining activities according to their level of hedonic and eudaimonic enjoyment, he found that the hedonic and eudaimonic ratings

showed substantial overlap (50 to 66%).

As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior.

situational factors

Collectivistic cultures would be more likely to understand ________ factors when analyzing behavior, whereas individualistic cultures would be more likely to emphasize ________ factors.

situational; dispositional

Describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists

situationism

The implicit or explicit agreement people make with one another that call for honesty and fairness are given this name by social psychologists

social contracts

Field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation

social psychology

The Stanford Prison study was constructed to examine the influence of these implicit rules for behaving in certain situations

social roles

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

somatic nervous system

involved in stress-related activities and functions

sympathetic nervous system

The influence that a group has on the judgment of an individual is called

the Asch effect. The Asch effect describes a situation in which the group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate. This term comes from the researcher Solomon Asch who was the first to study conformity through line judging tasks.

Studies of the wealthiest Americans and longitudinal studies examining the effects of increased and decreased income on happiness show that overall,

the amount of money people make is only weakly related to happiness.

According to the historical analysis of Solomon and his colleagues (developers of terror management theory), what does gold in ancient Egypt, the Temple of Juno Moneta in Rome, and the imagery on a U.S. dollar bill all have in common? These authors argue that each of these example show

the connection of money to the transcendence of death.

Diener and Fujita examined the relationship between personal resources (e.g.. intelligence, social skills, support) and personal goals, and well-being among college students. These researchers found that higher levels of well-being and happiness were related to

the degree of match or congruence between resources and personal goals.

In a series of studies, Laura King and her colleagues examined the relationship between positive affect (e.g., happiness) and sense of meaningfulness or life purpose. Overall, these studies found that

the experience of positive affect was consistently related to meaningfulness.

Positive psychologists argue that statistics on the objective facts of people's lives give a misleading view of well-being because

the facts of people's lives are not strongly related to their subjective interpretations

Justin is listening to the radio when he hears the sound of sirens, which he mistakes for the police turning on their sirens behind him. He immediately presses on the brakes, has an accelerated heartbeat and higher blood pressure, as well as sweaty palms. His reaction is known as

the fight-or-flight response.

According to self-discrepancy theory, what determines how people feel (e.g., good or disappointed) when they evaluate themselves relative to their own standards?

the magnitude of the discrepancy between their actual, ideal, and ought selves

In a study of his distinction between a hot and a cool control system Mischel used the delay of gratification marshmallow test. Which set of instructions described below led to longest delays in gratification? Children who were asked to think about

the marshmallow as a puffy cloud.

The emergence of positive psychology in the late 1990s had much to do with cultural trends, or zeitgeist, captured in the phrase

the paradox of affluence

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to the

the positive life lessons and changes that may result from a traumatic event.

Social psychologists have documented one of the most important contributions to well-being, which is

the powerful connection between relationships with others and personal happiness.

In Gottman and his colleagues's "love lab" studies, married couples are observed in an apartment where their verbal, nonverbal and physiological responses are carefully recorded. Gottman found that happy/stable couples were distinguished from those headed for divorce by

the ratio of positive to negative behaviors.

Which was the dependent variable in Jessica Witt's study?

the size of the circle drawn by the participant and the number of successful putts

Fantasia experiences vertigo and balance issues due to some damage to her inner ear. This is an issue with ________.

the vestibular sense

Longitudinal studies consistently show one potential difficulty with passion and romantic love as the primary basis for marriage, which is that

these positive emotions together with marital satisfaction decline over time.

According studies by Csikszentmihalyi, the flow experience is characterized by

total absorption, loss of self, and exhilaration

Both physiological and self-report studies suggest that positive and negative affect are best regarded as

two basic dimensions of our emotional experience.

Eudaimonic theories of well-being, such as self-determination theory, generally support a

universalistic view of well-being by positing basic needs shared by all human beings.

One of he ways that optimism "works" is that optimists

use more effective, active, and flexible coping strategies while pessimists use more passive strategies such as denial and withdrawal.

Multi-modal perception is the idea that ________.

various sensory modalities are integrated

Mirror neuron research has revealed that areas of the brain normally activated when one experiences pain were also activated when

viewing another person about to experience pain

The McGurk effect occurs when ________.

we combine information from speech and from the way the speaker's lips are moving to hear something different from either

Earnest Becker in his classic book The Denial of Death argued that everything from the Egyptian pyramids to modern skyscrapers to cultural heroes who triumph over adversity all communicate the symbolic message that

we don't really die.

When psychologists (e.g. Baumeister) examined the empirical evidence for the widespread cultural assumption that: a) low self-esteem was a significant cause of individual problems, such as school failure and drug abuse, and that b) raising self-esteem would "cure" these problems because of its many benefits, they found

weak support for either assumption.

The study by Schkade and Kahneman found that students living in California and the Midwest

were most affected by winter weather, with Californians showing higher life satisfaction during the winter, but not for the spring, summer, and fall.

Which of the following are the six "universal" virtues identified by the Values in Action Project?

wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

To measure wisdom, Baltes and his colleagues use trained judge's evaluation of people's responses to various life dilemmas. In one study using the life dilemma measure, Baltes and Kunzman asked whether wise people are happier than the less wise. Results from their study found that

wise people report both less negative and less positive emotional experiences suggesting skill at self-control.

Two things are important to keep in mind when we interpret national differences in the income-happiness relationship. These are that

within-country comparisons are heavily influenced by personality differences and between-country comparisons are influenced by co-variations in things like freedom, individual rights, and access to resources.