Combo with Amsco AP US History Chapter 17 and 1 other

Aroostok War

"Battle of the maps" Conflict between lumbermen on the Maine-Canadian border.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt used his millions earned from a steamboat business to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad (1867)

Henry Clay

"Great Compromiser". Statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. Leader of warhawks.

Act of Toleration

(1649); The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland

Frame of Government

(1682-1683); this was provided to the Pennsylvania colony. It guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners

Charter of Liberties

(1701); this was provided to the Pennsylvania colony It guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.

California; Bear flag republic

(1846) short-lived California republic established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico; once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States

Reasons for Westward settlement

1) acquisition of Native lands 2)Economic pressures- eco difficulties from North East from the embargo and war. S- tobacco planters soil was exhausted 3) Improved transportation- roads canals steamboats RR 4) Immigrants- US offered cheap lands they were attacted

Zachary Taylor

12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. Taylor was the last President to hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election. Served as general in many important wars including war of 1812 and US-Mexican war.

Millard Fillmore

13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the office of president. Being Zachary Taylor`s Vice President, he assumed the presidency after Taylor`s death. He opposed the proposal to keep slavery out of the territories annexed during the Mexican-American War (to appease the South), and so supported the Compromise of 1850

Franklin Pierce

14th president of US. Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. Later, Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general.

James Buchanan

15th president of US. Last to be born in 18th century.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the US and member of the Republican Party. Led America into its worst conflict ever: the Civil war. He was against slavery and believed America could not be both free and slave holding.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher and political theorist, who, in his Two Treatises of Government, reasoned that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow "natural laws" based on the rights that people have simply because they are human. He argued that sovereignty ultimately resides with the people rather than with the state. Furthermore, he said that citizens had a right and an obligation to revolt against whatever government failed to protect their rights

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811, Harrison destroyed the Shawnee HQ and put and end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy; Britain blamed for instigating the rebellion

Thomas Macdonough

1814, defeated British fleet on Lake Champlain

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

1817 disarmament pact between US and Britain; strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes; the agreement was extended to place limits on border fortifications; border between US and Canada is the largest unfortified border in the world

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 Court case-New Hampshire had attempted to make Dartmouth College a public instituition by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Court case-The Supreme Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. **

Texas

1823 - After Mexico recently won independence from Spain, it wanted to populate its territory. White settlers starting settling the land of Texas

The American Scholar

1837 address at Harvard College which evoked the nationalistic spirit of Americans by urging them not to imitate European culture but to create an entirely new and original American culture.

John C. Fremont

1846 - overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic with a bear on its flag. the bear flag republic.

gold rush; silver rush

1849 California gold rush caused a gold-fever. Massive western settlement of California, Nevada, Dakotas, and other western territories

Reservation Policy

1851 Councils assigned the tribes of the Great Plains large reservations. Most refused.

Ten Percent Plan

1863 Lincoln's plan to prevent secessionists from governing the South. In the Proclomation of Amnesty and Reconstruction a state's government will be reestablished and accepted as legitimate when 10% of voters took the loyalty oath.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Congress passes for a stronger Ten Percent Plan. It required 50% of voters to take the loyalty oath and prevented ex-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 (Bureau of Refugees Freedmen and Abandoned Lands). Was a welfare agency providing food, shelter, and medical aid; established schools, and distributed land.

Johnson's Vetos

1866 Johnson vetoed 2 bills. 1 increased the services and protection offered by the Freedmen's Bureau. 2 Civil Rights Bill to nullify Black Codes and give equal rights to A. A.

Radical Republican

1866 Republicans who championed civil rights for A. A. Shifted to fear that the Democratic Party may become dominate. Lead by Charles Sumner.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

1867 Congress passes Tenure of Office Act. In response Johnson dismisses Stanton. The House's response is issue of impeaching Johnson for 11 crimes. The impeachment failed.

Grange

1868 Oliver Kelley had created a social aid and educational orgaization for famers and families. It defended members against middlemen trusts, railroads, and owned cooperations.

Fourteenth Amendment

1868 Ratified. Declared all people born or naturalized U.S. citizens made state recognized and upheld equal protection of laws.

Fifteenth Amendment

1869 Forbad states the right to revoke the rights to vote based on race.

Sioux War

1870's in the West led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876 had the war over by 1877.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 prohibited immigreation to the U.S. by Chinese laborers.

Interstate Commerce Act

1886 It set reasonable railroad rates and curtailed destructive competition

Dawes Act

1887 Dawes Severalty Act. Broke up trebal orgaizations to prevent lwas abiding citizens. It divided 160 acres for the U. S. citizens to settle for 25 years.

Literacy Tests

1898 court allowed tests to determine if you were a citizen to allow you to vote.

Enlightenment

18th century European movement in literature and philosophy, whose leaders believed that the "darkness" of past ages could be corrected by the use of human reason in solving most of humanity's problems

Lowell Mills

19th-century mills for the manufacture of cloth, located in Lowell, Massachusetts, that mainly employed young women.

Edmund Randolph

1st Attorney General, A delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional convention. He proposed the large state compromise of a bicameral legislature

Rail Roads

1st built in 1820's faster than water

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

A Frenchman who wrote about the "new people" of America in 1782.

J. Pierpont Morgan

A banker who quickly moved in to take control of the bankrupt railroads and consolidate them.

David Walker

A black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt

King Caucus

A closed-door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress. The common people had no opportunity to participate

Royal Colony

A colony under the control of a king or queen; Virginia became England's first royal colony due to its charter being revoked in 1624.

national bank

A commercial bank chartered by the federal government. Hamilton hoped to create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes to provide a basis for a stable US currency. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Nation-State

A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture & common political loyalties toward a central government. Began to develop in the 15th century in Europe - Spain, Portugal, France, England, & the Netherlands.

Anne Hutchinson

A dissident who questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities. She believed in antinomianism, and later founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638

rice plantations

A distinct characteristic of South Carolina, which was worked by African slaves and resembled the economy and culture of the West Indies

Margaret Fuller

A feminist, writer, and editor who lived at Brook Farm

Panic of 1893; J. Pierpont Morgan

A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J. Pierpont Morgan and other bankers quickly moved in to take control of the bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. With competition eliminated, they could stabilize rates and reduce debts. By 1900, seven giant systems controlled nearly two-thirds of the nation's railroads. A positive result was a more efficient rail system

Dorothea Dix

A former schoolteacher from Massachusetts, who was horrified to find mentally ill persons locked up with convicted criminals in unsanitary cells. She dedicated the rest of her adult life to improving conditions for emotionally disturbed persons. In the 1840s, her travels across the country and reports of awful treatment caused one state legislature after another to build new mental hospitals or improve existing institutions. As a result of her crusade, mental patients began receiving professional treatment at state expense

Proclamation of 1763

A further measure for stabilizing the western frontier, which prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. This was intended to help prevent future hostilities between colonists and Native Americans. However, the colonists reacted to this proclamation with much discontent as their future was believed to lie in western lands.

writs of assistance

A general license to search anywhere, which gave an official the ability to provide for the search of private homes for smuggled goods

William Dawes

A leader of the Sons of Liberty who rode with Paul Revere to Lexington to warn them that the British where coming.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

headright system

A method for attracting immigrants. Virginia offered 50 acres of land to immigrants who paid for their own passage or plantation owners who paid for an immigrant's passage

Great Awakening

A movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people in the 1730s. It resulted in major divisions between Congregational and Presbyterian churches.

Gospel of Wealth

A number of Americans found religion more convincing than social Darwinism in justifying the wealth of successful industrialists and bankers

Mountain People

A number of small farmers that lived on frontier conditions in isolation from the rest of the South, along the slopes and valleys of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. These people disliked the planters and their slaves.

Auburn system

A penal experiment in New York, which enforced rigid rules of discipline while also providing moral instruction and work programs

Henry Highland Garnet

A radical abolitionist, who with David Walker, advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. They argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their "masters"

Renaissance

A rebirth of classical learning & an outburst of artistic & scientific activity. The Renaissance was at its height in the late 1400s & early 1500s. THere was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge & technological change. Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others.There were also major improvements in shipbuilding & mapmaking.

Lucretia Mott

A reformer who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Roger Williams

A respected Puritan minister who went to Boston in 1631. He believed, however, that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. His teachings on this point placed him in conflict with other Puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment from the Bay colony. Later, he founded the settlement of Providence in 1636

Knights of Labour

A second national labor union, the Knights of Labor, began in 1869 as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers. Because the Knights were loosely organized, however, he could not control local units that decided to strike. The Knights of Labor grew rapidly in the early 1880s and attained a peak membership of 730,000 workers in 1886. It declined just as rapidly, however, after the violence of the Haymarket riot in Chicago in 1886 turned public opinion against the union

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

A secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents. Members sometimes tarred and feathered revenue officials and destroyed revenue stamps

Delaware

A separate colony that was created when, in 1702, Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly. This colony had the same governor as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. Like the first, it also caused new divisions in society between the newer, evangelical sects and the older Protestant churches. It affected all sections of the country. But it was only in the northern states from Massachusetts westward to Ohio that had a significant role in social reform

transcendentalists

A small group of New England writers and reformers, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau who questioned the doctrines of established churches and the capitalistic habits of the merchant class. They argued for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature. Their views challenged the materialism of American society by suggesting their artistic expressions was more important than the pursuit of wealth. Although this group was highly individualistic and viewed organized institutions as unimportant, they supported a variety of reforms, especially the antislavery movement

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

slavery

A system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Africans initially held the same status as white indentured servants, but the Virginia House of Burgesses later discriminated between blacks and whites

pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States

Theodore Parker

A theologian and radical reformer who lived at Brook Farm

King Philip's war

A vicious war (1675-1676), in which thousands on both sides were killed, and dozens of towns and villages were burned. Eventually, the colonial forces managed to prevail, killing King Philip and virtually ending Native American resistance in New England

Patrick Henry

A young Virginia lawyer who expressed the sentiments of many when he stood up in the House of Burgesses to demand that the king's government recognize the rights of all citizens, including no taxation without representation

George Washington

A young colonel who was in charge of a small militia that was sent to win control of the Ohio River Valley and stop the French from completing work on Fort Duquesne

William Penn

A young convert to the Quaker faith. His father had been a victorious admiral in the service of the king. Although the elder Penn opposed his son's religious beliefs, he respected his sincerity and upon his death he left his son considerable wealth.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

A. A. left white chuches to go to these churches with A. A. ministers as the leading figures.

Hiran Revels

A. A. who was a senator from Mississippi.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin)

Abolitionist woman who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin to emphasize the abuse of slavery.

election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln was elected which essentially made the war inevitable.

Townshend Acts

Adopting Townshend's program in 1767, Parliament enacted new duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper. This law required that the revenues raised be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, thus making them independent of the colonial assemblies. These acts also provided for the search of provided for the search of private homes for smuggling

feminists

Advocates of women's rights

William Still

African American abolitionist and author; 18th son of ex-slaves; wrote The Underground Railroad which chronicles how he helped 649 slaves escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad

Crispus Attucks

African American who was killed in the Boston Massacre; he was the first casualty of the American Revolution

New Zion

After Brigham Young migrated to the far western frontier, this religious community was established on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Their cooperative social organization helped the Mormons to prosper in the wilderness

halfway covenant

After a generation had passed since the first Puritan colonies in New England, the new generation were less committed to religious faith and were more interested in material success. In an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership, this was offered so that people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

After failing to curb trusts on the state level, reformers finally moved Congress to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." Although a federal law against monopolies was now on the books, it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts in the 1890s

Stamp Act Congress

After the initiation taken by James Otis, representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 to convene this meeting. They resolved that only their own elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes

Transatlantic Cable

After the war, Cyrus W. Field's invention of an improved transatlantic cable in 1866 suddenly made it possible to send messages across the seas in an instant's time. By 1900, cables linked all continents of the world in an electronic network of instantaneous, global communication.

Jay Treaty (1794):

Agreement that provided England would evacuate a series of forts in U.S. territory along the Great Lakes; in return, the United States agreed to pay pre-Revolutionary War debts owed to Britain. The British also partially opened the West Indies to American shipping. The treaty was barely ratified in the face of strong Republican opposition.

Religious Toleration

All of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions, but with different degrees of freedom.

Grandfather Clause

Allowed men to vote if grandfather had cast ballots before Reconstruction.

George Calvert

Also known as Lord Baltimore, he was granted control of the Chesapeake colonies. His twin ambitions were to achieve great wealth in his colony while also providing a haven for his fellow Catholics

Tariff of 1828

Also known as the "Tariff of Abominations", this tariff was passed in 1828, toward the end of Adams' presidency, which generally satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Also known as the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, this treaty settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. Issue- Spain had Florida- but was unable to govern it properly- led to choas in FL. Seminols(runaway slaves)raided US terr, then retreated back to FL. Monroe sent General Jackson to take FL- He succeeded. Treaty- Spanish ceded Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars, Spain also gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory. In return, the US gave up all rights to Texas.

Mormons

Also known as the Church of the Latter-Day Saints, this religious group was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. They escaped persecution but their practice of polygamy aroused the hostility of the U.S. government

Sugar Act

Also known as the Revenue Act of 1764, this act placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. Its chief purpose was to raise money for the crown, and a companion law also provided for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop smuggling. Those accused of smuggling were tried in vice-admiralty courts

common man

Also known as the self-made man, this was a concept that characterized the equality of opportunity in America, which allowed the young man of humble origins to rise as far as his native talent and industry would take him

Social Darwinism

Although it offended many, Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology played a role in bolstering the views of economic conservatives

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press.

Sylvester Graham

American clergyman whose advocacy of health regimen emphasizing temperance and vegetarianism found lasting expression in graham cracker

Loyalists (Tories)

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Stephen Kearney

American general who led a force of 1500 and succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the new mexico territory and southern California.

Winifield Scott

American general who was ordered by Polk to drive an army of 14,000 into central mexico, taking the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in Sept 1847.

Zachary Taylor

American general. Led force of 6000 men into Mexican army from Texas, crossed Rio Grande into northern mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista (1847)

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of president of the U.S.

Stephen A. Douglas

American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860. He lost to the Republican Party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in a Senate contest following a famed series of debates. Nicknamed "Little giant"

George Fitzhugh (Sociology of the South)

American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child"

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820)

James Fenimore Cooper

American writer who wrote fiction using American settings. His Leatherstocking Tales were a series of novels written from 1824 to 1841, that included The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, and The Deerslayer, whch glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman

French Revolution

Americans argued over the ideologies of the Europeans ideologies. Urban artisans supported the end of the monarchy in France. They formed clubs and called each other "citizen" Americans with strong religious beliefs condemned the new French government for closing Christian churches. Wealthy Americans feared a social revolution. many did not know where their alliance stood, because it was originally with the monarchy.

XYZ Affair

Americans were pissed that the French kept seizing their ships so they sent a delegate to make a compromise but the delegates, known as Z Y and Z because they didn't release their names, wanted to make the compromise off of bribes but the Americans said no. Word got back to America and everyone was in an uproar and they wanted to go to war with France hoping hat they could get French and Spanish land. But President Adams was like no we're weak and they're strong and y'all are stupid.

Survival of the Fittest

An American social Darwinist, Professor William Graham Sumner of Yale University, argued that help for the poor was misguided because it interfered with the laws of nature and would only weaken the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive

David Ruggles

An anti-slavery activist who was active in the New York Committee of Vigilance and the Underground Railroad. He claimed to have led over six hundred people, including friend and fellow abolitionist Frederick Douglass, to freedom in the North.

Henry Clay; American System

An economic system that wanted support for a 1)high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government, maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue, 2)National Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks, 3)internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues The internal improvements to be funded by the national government were not approved because Monroe felt that the Constitution did not provide for that kind of use of federal money.

Alexander Graham Bell

Another huge leap in communications technology was the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

George Westinghouse

Another remarkable inventor, George Westinghouse, held more than 400 patents and was responsible for developing an air brake for railroads (1869) and a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current (1885). The latter invention made possible the lighting of cities and the operation of electric streetcars, subways, and electrically powered machinery and appliances

James Monroe

Apart of Virginia Dynasty. was Madisons- sec of state. The fifth President of the United States. Younger generation of Amerians supported him.(1817-1825).His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britian (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Freeport Doctrine

Articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois

George Caleb Bingham

Artist who depicted the common people in various settings: riding riverboats, voting on election day, and carrying out domestic chores

William S. Mount

Artist who won fame and popularity for his lively rural compositions

Thomas Cole

Artist, who along with Frederick Church, emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes, especially in uplifting dramatic scenes along the Hudson River in New York state and the western frontier wilderness

Horace Mann

As secretary of the newly founded Massachusetts Board of Education, he was the leading advocate of the common (public) school movement. He worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation

Environmental Damage

As settlers moved into an area, they would clear entire forests and after only two generations exhaust the soil with poor farming methods which led to this.

Horatio Alger

At first, Americans tended to ignore the widening gap between the rich and the poor by finding comfort in the highly publicized examples of "self-made men" in business. They also thought there might be some truth in the popular novels by Horatio Alger, Jr., which sold more than a million copies. Every Alger novel portrayed a young man of modest means who became rich and successful through honesty, hard work, and a little luck

John Dickinson

Author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

executive departments; cabinet

Authorized by Constitution that president can appoint chiefs of departments as long as they are approved by Senate; 4 Heads of Departments; Jefferson as Secretary of State, Hamilton as secretary of treasury, Knox as secretary of war, and Randolph as attorney general These cabinet meetings were a basis for obtaining advice and information from key leaders.

millennialism

Based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ. This belief was started by the preacher William Miller who gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date (October 21, 1844) when the second coming would occur. There were obvious disappointments when nothing happened on the appointed day, but the Millerites would continue as a new religion, the Seventh-Day Adventists

Protestant work ethic

Because he diligently applied the Protestant work ethic (that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor) to both his business and personal life, John D. Rockefeller concluded that "God gave me my riches."

Deism

Belief that God had established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal

rationalism

Belief that human reason could solve many problems of life and society

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Book in which John Dickinson agreed that Parliament could regulate commerce but argued that because duties were a form of taxation, they could not be levied on the colonies without the consent of their representative assemblies. Dickinson argued that the principle of no taxation without representation was an essential principle of English law

Germans

Both economic hardships and the failure of democratic revolutions in 1848 caused over 1 million of these people to seek refuge in the United States in the late 1840s and 1850s.

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

Francis Scott Key, "The Star Spangled Banner"

British also attempted to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out after a night's bombardment-an event immortalized by Francis Scott Key in the words of "The Star Spangled Banner"

Chesapeake-Leopard affairs

British ship Leopard fired on the US Warship Chesapeake; anti-British feeling at highest point ever

Navigation Acts

British way of implementing a mercantilist policy, which established three rules for colonial trade: 1. Trade to and from colonies could be carried only by English colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. 2. All goods imported into the colonies, expect for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3. Specified or "enumerated" goods form the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original "enumerated" good, but eventually more

Samuel Slater

British-born textile producer; one of the first industrialists in America; brought the cotton spinning machine; oversaw construction of nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill (1790-1793)

Stephen Austin

Brought 300 American families to Texas. By 1830 white settlers and black slaves outnumbered Mexicans 3 to 1

New York Central RR

Built in 1867, a line that ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4500 miles of track.

Mexican Cession

California and New Mexico, historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

Gold Rush of 1849

California prospectors would look for traces of gold. Rich strikes would create boom-towns and mining-towns.

Battle of Lake Erie

Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared proudly, "we have met the enemy and they are ours"; Perry's naval victory prepared the way for General William Henry Harrison's military victory at the Battle of Thames River where Tecumseh was killed

Vertical Integration

Carnegie employed a business strategy known as vertical integration, by which a company would control every stage of the industrial process, from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. By 1900, Carnegie Steel had climbed to the top of the steel industry. It employed 20,000 workers and produced more steel than all the steel mills in Britain

Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)

Carried pitchers of water to the troops, who gave her the nickname. Took her husband's place when wounded.

Haymarket Bombing (1886)

Chicago, with about 80,000 Knights, was the site of the first May Day labor movement. Also living in Chicago were about 200 anarchists who advocated the violent overthrow of all government. On May 4, workers held a public meeting in Haymarket Square, and as police attempted to break up the meeting, someone threw a bomb, which killed 7 police officers. The bomb thrower was never found. Even so, 8 anarchist leaders were tried for the crime and seven were sentenced to death. Horrified by the bomb incident, many Americans concluded that the union movement was radical and violent. The Knights of Labor, as the most visible union at the time, lost popularity and membership

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by John Adams(1801-1835); Federalist who favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Even when he was outnumbered in the Supreme Court, Republican justices sided with Marshall

John Marshall

Chief Justice under Adams after his Midnight Appointments

Metacom

Chief of the Wampanoags, who united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers, who were constantly encroaching on the Native Americans' lands

Compass

Chinese sailing invention adopted by Arab merchants & used by Europeans.

second American Revolution

Civil War transformed American into a complex modern industrial society of capital, technology, national organizations, and large corporations; Republicans able to stimulate the industrial and commercial growth of US

Tariff of 1816

Clays American System. 1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Chesapeake colonies

Colonies that were located on either side of the Chesapeake Bay under the control of Lord Baltimore. These colonies were Maryland and Virginia.

corporate colonies

Colonies that were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colonies' early years (e.g. Jamestown)

royal colonies

Colonies that were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's government (e.g. Virginia after 1624)

proprietary colonies

Colonies that were under the authority of individuals granted chanted charters of ownership by the king (e.g., Maryland and Pennsylvania)

Patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain.

Plymouth Colony

Colony established by Separatist Puritans known as Pilgrims who landed too far north but decided to stay; their attempted destination was Virginia, though the Mayflower dropped anchor off the Massachusetts coast, a few hundred miles to the north of the intended destination in Virginia after a hard & stormy voyage of 65 days. Half their number perished after a first winter, but they were helped to adapt to the land by friendly Native Americans. They celebrated a good harvest at the first thanksgiving in 1621. Captain Miles Standish & Governor William Bradford led the colony. Fish, furs, & lumber became the mainstays of Plymouth's economy.

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)

Colony founded by a group of Puritans (who were not Separatists) seeking religious freedom that gained a royal charter for a new colonizing venture in 1629. About a thousand Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for the Massachusetts shore populated the colony along with the 15,000 other settlers that migrated out of England because of the civil war going on at the time.

Connecticut

Colony that was formed in 1665 when New Haven joined with the more democratic Hartford settlers. Its royal charter granted it a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor

Andrew Jackson

Commanded troops in the South

Foreign commerce; exports and imports

Commerce started becoming more and more global.

Brook Farm

Communal experiment in Massachusetts launched by George Ripley in 1841. Living here at different times were some of the leading intellectuals of the period. Emerson went, as did Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. A bad fire and heavy debts forced the end of the experiment in 1840. But it was remembered for its atmosphere of artistic creativity and an innovative school that attracted the sons and daughters of New England's intellectual elite

Crittendon compromise

Compromise proposed by john Crittendon. Goal was to placate the South by reestablishing their rights and the Fugitive slave law.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Congressional Reconstruction

Congress imposed on the South. It was harsher to white citizens and more protective towars A. A.

Sumner-Brooks incident

Congressman Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner with a cane while he was seated at his desk in the Senate chamber. Sumner was beaten into unconsciousness, rendering him incapable of resuming his duties for more than three years. As a mark of how deep the divide was between the two sections, "Bully" Brooks became an instant hero in the South. He was the honored guest at testimonial dinners and amassed a large collection of canes sent to him from admirers. Sumner, for his part, was lauded as a near martyr in the North. Massachusetts re-elected him while he was still unable to take his seat in the Senate.

The Old Northwest

Consisted of six states west of the Alleghenies that were admitted to the Union before 1860: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

Fugitive Slave Law

Constitutional law that stated that slaves weren't free if they left the South and provided that Northerners should help catch slaves and made it illegal to help escapees.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies (Georgia didn't go) that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Three-fifths Compromise; slave trade

Counted each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining the population of a state, which would be used for taxes and representation; Guaranteed no slaves imported for 20 yrs, at which time Congress could vote to abolish slave trade

Portugal

Country to the West of Spain, ruled by Henry the Navigator. One of the first two countries to lay claim to the lands in the Americas. First country to open a sea route around the Cape of Good Hope for trade with Asia.

Plessy Vs. Ferguson

Court stated seperate but equal was allowed. Followed by Jim Crow Laws.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

nationalism: cultural, economic

Cultural: new generation was interested in expanding west and patriot themes were everywhere in society (schools and paintings of war heroes). Economic: Congress levied taxes to protect new U.S industries after the War of 1812 (Tariff of 1816). Henry Clay's American system which included protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements

Webster-Hayne debate

Debate in 1830, when Daniel Webster of Massachusetts debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal Union under the Constitution. Webster attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the Union

US Steel

Deciding to retire from business to devote himself to philanthropy, Carnegie sold his company in 1900 for over $400 million to a new steel combination headed by J. P. Morgan. The new corporation, United States Steel, was the first billion-dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people and controlling over three-fifths of the nation's steel business

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Declaration of US policy toward Europe and Latin America. Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas or the Western Hemisphere . 1)any attempt towards W- hemisphere was an attack on US 2)If you have a colony here you can keep it 3)Amer wont interfere w/ Europe

electoral college system

Delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule

"Fifty-four forty or fight!"

Democratic slogan that appealed strongly to western and southern Americans in an expansionist mood.

Redeemers

Democrats who came to power after Reconstruction

sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada. Resolved the conflict. Left Iron-rich mesabi range on US side of border.

Samuel Gridley Howe

Doctor who founded a school for the blind

Mayflower Compact

Document drew up & signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. This document represented both an early form of colonial self-government & an early (though rudimentary) form of written constitution, establishing the powers & duties of the government.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

Document issued by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775, to explain why the Thirteen Colonies had taken up arms in what had become the American Revolutionary War.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Bill of Rights; amendments

Drafted by Madison in 1791; guarantees that Anti-Federalists wanted against possible abuses of power by the central (or federal) government

Railroad Strike of 1877

During an economic depression, when the railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. A strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down two-thirds of the country's rail trackage. Railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500,000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since the 1830s, a president (Rutherford B. Hayes) used federal troops to end labor violence. The strike and the violence finally ended, but not before more than a hundred people had been killed

Transcontinental Railroads

During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinental railroad to tie California to the rest of the Union. Before 1900, four other transcontinental railroads were constructed across different sections of the West

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads; South less affected; led to increased confidence.

Republican Party

Emerged in 1854 to combat the threat of slavery's extension to the territories, and to promote more vigorous modernization of the economy. It had little presence in the South, but in the North it enlisted most former Whigs, Know-Nothings and former Free Soil Democrats

Stamp Act

Enacted in 1765, this act was a British effort to raise funds to support their military forces in the colonies. This act required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements. It was also the first direct tax paid by the people in the colonies.

Tea Act

Enacted in 1773, this act made the price of the company's tea - even with the price included - cheaper than that of smuggled Dutch tea

John Davenport

English puritan who founded a second settlement in the Connecticut Valley in 1637 and called it New Haven

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding A. A. from juries. This went un-enforced.

John Rolfe

Established a tobacco industry which allowed the Jamestown colony to survive. Developed a new variety of tobacco, which became very popular in Europe & brought financial prosperity to the colony.

Established Church

Established churches taxed the people to support one of the Protestant denominations. There were two established churches, the Church of England (or Anglican Church) in Virginia and the Congregational Church in Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. Anglicans tended to be plantation owners. Congregationalists tended to be found in New England.

Martin v. Hunter's Lease(1816)

Established that the Supreme Court was the ultimate authority and superior to state courts in matters involving constitutional rights

Printing Press

European development in the 1450s that aided the spread of knowledge across Europe.

Immigrants

European immigrants came to America to escape religious persecution and wars, and sought economic opportunity. In the 1700s, fewer immigrants headed to New England. Germans settled in mostly Pennsylvania and made up of 6% of the colonial population. The Scotch-Irish settled around Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, making up 7% of the colonists. Other Europeans such as the Swedes and French Protestants were 5% of the population by 1775. Africans were the largest group of immigrants that didn't come of their own free will. They made up 20% of the colonial population.

New World

European name for the Americas, alluding to their previous ignorance of the continent.

Henry Hudson

Experience English seaman hired by the Dutch government to seek a northwest passage in the 1600s; sought a northwest passage. In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up a broad river (later named for him as the Hudson River), and established Dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become New Amsterdam (and later New York).

Robert de La Salle

Explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana (after the French king, Louis XIV).

Father Jacques Marquette

Explored the upper Mississippi River for France in 1673 along with Louis Jolliet.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who sought Asia by sailing west, sponsored by Isabella & Ferdinand, reached the Caribbean, & believed he had found a route to Asia. Discovered lands across the Atlantic Ocean (the Americas).

Farmer's Alliance

Farmers pushed for education, new methods, economic, and political action of support.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Samuel de Champlain

First Frenchman to establish a colony in North America (Quebec in 1608); known as the Father of New France; strong leadership in establishing the colony.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Barbary pirates

First major challenge in Jefferson presidency to protect US Merchant ships from being seized by Barbary pirates; fought in Mediterranean

Jamestown

First permanent English colony in America; founded in 1607; the first settlers suffered great hardships from Indian attacks, famine, & disease & their own mistakes; survived because of tobacco.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in America established in Virginia's Jamestown.

revivalism

First started in New York by Charles G. Finney in 1823. Instead of delivering sermons based on rational argument, Finney appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation and persuaded thousands to publicly declare their revived faith. He preached that all were free to be saved through faith and hard work - ideas that strongly appealed to the middle class

Susan B. Anthony

Following the Seneca Falls Convention, she and Stanton led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women

Compromise of 1877

For Hayes to be president, he needed to end federal support of Republicans in the South and support the Southern Transcontinental Railroad.

Liberty party

Formed in 1840 by a group of northerners, this group believed that political action was a more practical route to reform than Garrison's moral crusade. They ran James Birney as their candidate for president in 1840 and 1844. The party's one campaign pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means

Frederick Douglass

Former slave who could speak about the brutality and degradation of slavery from firsthand experience. An early follower of Garrison, he later advocated both political and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice

Booker T. Washington

Former slave. Established Tuskegee School to educate A. A. He focused on the economic standing of A. A.

Joseph Henry Noyes

Founded the Oneida community in 1848 after undergoing a religious conversion

James Oglethorpe

Founder of the Georgia's first settlement, Savannah in 1733. He acted as the colony's first governor and put into effect an elaborate plan for making the colony thrive. There were strict regulations, including an absolute ban on drinking rum and the prohibition of slavery. Still, partly because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, the colony did not prosper. Even after becoming a royal colony, George remained the smallest and poorest of the 13 colonies

Neutrality

France and Britain both attempted naval blockades of enemy ports; seized ships of neutral nations and confiscated cargoes

Father Junipero Sera

Franciscan who established nine missions along the California Coast in the late 1700s. (1784)

Denmark Vasey

Free black slave who led a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s

Jacques Cartier (1534-1542)

Frenchman who explored the St. Lawrence river extensively.

Credit Mobilier Affair

Gave stocks to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of profits making 348% from government subsidies. This hurt Grant.

Sherman's March

General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

General who made himself dictator of Mexico.

Prohibitory Act (1775)

George III's dismissal of the Olive Branch Petition which declared the colonies to be in rebellion. Later forbade all trade and shipping between the two areas.

Mt. Vernon Conference

George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD, where the states might be represented

Patronage

Giving jobs and government spoils to their supporters.

Black Hills

Gold miners would invade Indian reservations. Revoking the treaty.

Colonial Governors

Governors were either appointed by the king, proprietors, or elected by popular vote.

Right of deposit:

Granted by Spain to America so that Americans could transfer cargo in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government

salutary neglect

Great Britain's policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain.Generally Britain had allowed its navigation laws regulating colonial trade to go unenforced

Battle of Wounded Knee

Happened in Dakota. The U. S. Army gathered 200 N. A. and killed them. This ended the wars.

Sectarian; Nonsectarian

Harvard and Yale were sectarian colleges. The University of Pennsylvania was nonsectarian.

George Whitefield

He preached in barns and fields, attracting large audiences. He taught that God could save those who professed their belief in Jesus Christ, and people could understand the gospels without ministers leading them.

Thomas A. Edison; Research Laboratory

He started out as young telegraph operator and patented his first invention (a machine for recording votes) in 1869. The success of his early inventions gave Edison the resources to establish a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, for the purpose of inventing new technologies. This was the world's first modern research laboratory. It introduced the concept of mechanics and engineers working on a project as a team rather than as lone inventors. Out of Edison's lab came more than a thousand patented inventions, including the phonograph, the incandescent lamp, the dynamo for generating electric power, and the motion picture camera

Jonathan Edwards

He started the Great Awakening with a series of sermons, the most famous called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God". He said that God was angry with human sins and people could be saved through deep penitence.

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory.

John Adams

He won the 2nd Presidency and he was a Federalist

Seneca Falls Convention

Held at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 in which the leading feminists convened at. At its conclusion -the first women's rights convention in American history - they issued a document closely modeled after the Declaration of Independence. Their "Declaration of Sentiments" declared that "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them

Homestead Strike (1892)

Henry Clay Frick, the manager of Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel plant near Pittsburgh, precipitated a strike in 1892 by cutting wages by nearly 20 percent. Frick used the weapons of the lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers' walkout after five months. The failure of the Homestead strike set back the union movement in the steel industry until the New Deal in the 1930s.

corrupt bargain

Henry Clay's influence in the House of Representatives enabled John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts with enough votes to win the election of 1824. When President Adams appointed Clay his secretary of state, Jackson and his followers were certain that the popular choice of most voters had been foiled by secret political maneuvers

Great Plains

Here some Native Americans still lived in villages and grew crops as farmers.

Elias Howe

Howe invented the sewing machine in 1845 and patented it in 1846. The sewing machine allowed clothing to be stitched in factories very quickly, contributing to the transition from handmade garments to inexpensive, mass-produced clothing.

utopian communities

Ideal communities which reflected the idea of withdrawing from conventional society in a fresh setting. These were not novel ideas but never were they so numerous as during the middle decades of the 19th century. Although many of these were shortlived, they reflected the diversity of the reform ideas of the time

Declaratory Act

In 1766, Grenville was replaced by another prime minister, and Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act. However, the Stamp Act was replaced by this act, which asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." This would lead to a renewed misunderstanding and conflict between the American colonists and the British government

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Russel Conwell

In a popular lecture, "Acres of Diamonds," the Reverend Russell Conwell preached that everyone had a duty to become rich. Andrew Carnegie's article "Wealth" argued that the wealthy had a God-given responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy for the benefit of society. Practicing what he preached, Carnegie distributed over $350 million of his fortune to support the building of libraries, universities, and various public institutions

Rebates

In a ruthless scramble to survive, railroads competed by offering rebates (discounts) and kickbacks to favored shippers while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers such as farmers

Middle Class

In addition, industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespersons. In turn, these middle-class employees increased the demand for services from other middle-class workers: professionals (doctors and lawyers), public employees, and storekeepers. The increase in the number of good-paying occupations after the Civil War significantly increased the income of the middle class

Colonial Legislatures

In every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. The assembly was elected by eligible voters. The upper house was appointed by either the king, proprietor or elected by the people.

Washington's farewell address

In late 1796, Washington wrote a farewell address, which he posted in the newspapers. He had four major points: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties, and to avoid sectionalism

Upward Motility

In reality, opportunities for upward mobility (movement into a higher economic bracket) did exist, but the ragsto-riches career of an Andrew Carnegie was unusual. Statistical studies demonstrate that the typical wealthy businessperson of the day was a white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant male who came from an upper- or middle-class background and whose father was in business or banking

The West

In the 1600s, this was referred to the lands not along the Atlantic Coast. In the 1700s, this meant lands on the other side of the Appalachian Mountains. By the mid-1800s, this lay around the Mississippi River and reached as far as California and the Oregon Territory on the Pacific Coast.

revival (camp) meetings

In the South and on the advancing western frontier, Baptist and Methodist circuit preachers, such as Peter Cartwright, would travel from one location to another and attract thousands to hear their dramatic preaching at these locations. They converted many of the unchurched into respectable members of the community

Trunk Line

In the early decades of railroading (1830-1860), the building of dozens of separate local lines had resulted in different gauges (distance between tracks) and incompatible equipment. These inefficiencies were reduced after the Civil War through the consolidation of competing railroads into integrated trunk lines. (A trunk line was the major route between large cities; smaller branch lines connected the trunk line with outlying towns.)

popular election of president

In the presidential election of 1832, only South Carolina used the old system whereby its electors for president were chosen by the state legislature. All other states in the Union had adopted a new and more democratic method of allowing the voters to choose a state's slate of presidential electors

County Government

In the southern colonies, local government was carried on by a law-enforcing sheriff and other officials who served a large territorial unit called a county.

In re Debs (1895)

In this case, the Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions. After serving a six-month jail sentence, Debs concluded that more radical solutions were needed to cure labor's problems. He turned to socialism and the American Socialist party, which he helped to found in 1900

Gaspee incident

Incident frequently discussed in the committees' letters. The British customs ship (Gaspee) had been successful in catching a number of smugglers. Then, in 1772, the ship ran aground off the shore of Rhode Island. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship. The British ordered a commission to investigate and bring guilty individuals to Britain for trial

Boston Tea Party

Incident that occurred in December 1773, when a group of Bostonians disguised themselves as Native Americans, boarded the British ships, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor. However, some colonists thought the destruction of private property was far too radical

Technology

Increased as a result of the renaissance & new scientific knowledge.

Trade

Increased economic motives for exploration, especially important regarding Africa, India, & China; once achieved over land.

Native American Removal

Indian removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river.

Pocahontas

Indian wife of John Rolfe who helped him develop a new variety of tobacco.

Virginia Plan

Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with the power to repeal state laws, power to the people, and a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states because the representation would be decided by population

Committees of Correspondence

Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, this was a principle device for spreading the idea that British officials were deliberately conspiring against colonial liberties. Adams began the practice of organizing committees that would regularly exchange letters about suspicious or potentially threatening British activities

Samuel Morse

Invented telegraph

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow.

Industrial technology

Invention of sewing machine and telegraph made industry geared more towards consumer goods than large-scale textile manufacturing.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free.

Giovanni de Verrazano

Italian navigator sponsored by the French monarchy in 1524; explored part of North America's eastern coast, including New York harbor in hopes to find a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian sailor for whom the Americas were named; explored the east coast of South America.

John Cabot

Italian sea captain who was the first to explore the coast for England; under contract to England's King Henry VII. Cabot explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497.

role of the president

Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abuses of power by the rich and the privileged. He was a frugal Jeffersonian, who opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt. He interpreted the powers of Congress narrowly and therefore vetoed more bills (12) than the total vetoes cast by all 6 preceding presidents

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's election which showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828)

Martin van Buren

Jackson's loyal vice president who was a master of practical politics. Just as he took office, however, the country suffered a financial panic as one bank after another closed its doors

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

Jackson's reaction to South Carolina's resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs within the state. This stated that nullification and disunion were treason

rotation in office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

John Bartram

John Bartram was a botanist who was self-taught.

Harpers Ferry raid

John Brown and his men attacked the U.S. Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

Henry Clay

KY Congressman

War Hawks

KY, TN, OH young congressmen in 1810 who wanted to go to war with Britain eagerly; had significant influence; war with Britain would defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier

Ferdinand & Isabella

King of Aragon & queen of Castile who united their kingdoms, drove out the Moors, & sponsored the first voyages to the New World.

George III

King of Britain who aided the Whigs in persuading a colonial policy aimed at solving Britain's domestic financial problems

Panic of 1819

Largely fault of 2nd Bank of the US1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to overspeculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights.

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779. Secured the Northwest Territory for America

John Winthrop

Leader of about a thousand Puritans who sailed to Massachusetts in 1630 & founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Andrew Carnegie

Leadership of the fast-growing steel industry passed to a shrewd business genius, Andrew Carnegie, who in the 1850s had worked his way up from being a poor Scottish immigrant to becoming the superintendent of a Pennsylvania railroad. In the 1870s, he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh and soon outdistanced his competitors by a combination of salesmanship and the use of the latest technology

Daniel Webster

Leading statesman during antebellum period. Influential leader of whig party.

Sam Houston

Led American settlers to revolt against Mexico and declare Texas as independent (1836). Later became president of the republic of Texas.

Parliament

Legislative assembly in Great Britain

election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

David Ricardo; Iron Law of Wages

Low wages were justified by David Ricardo (1772-1823), whose famous "iron law of wages" argued that raising wages arbitrarily would only increase the working population, and the availability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery and starvation. Real wages (income adjusted for inflation) rose steadily in the late 19th century, but even so most wage earners could not support a family decently on one income. Therefore, working-class families depended on the additional income of women and children

slave trade

Lucrative practice, in which numerous New England merchants entered after the Royal African Company's monopoly expired

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Made A. A. citizens and provided legal protection against Black Codes. It could be revoked if Democratic Party took control.

War of 1812

Madison's strategy was based on an Attack of Canada and Napoleon's continued success in Europe

Rio Grande

Major River that was considered the US-Mexican border (America's perception)

urban frontier

Major cities like Salt Lake and San Francisco grew rapidly.

National (Cumberland) Road

Major highway to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois; built using state and federal money (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries.

Nueces River

Major river that was considered the US-Mexican border (Mexico's perception - it meant less loss for Mexico)

Edward Braddock

Man who led an expedition from Virginia in 1755, which ended in a disastrous defeat, as more than 2,000 British regulars and colonial troops were routed by a smaller force of French and Native Americans near Ft. Duquesne

Reasons for Growth of industry

Manufacturing surpassed agriculture by 1820, 1) Mechanical inventions 2) Corporations- Stock, limited liability 3) Factory System- Samuel Slater (Father of American Factory System), New England- had most b/c waterpower for driving machines/ easy port access factories 4)Labor- 5) Unions- trade/ craft unions in major cities obsticles- cheap immigrant labor taking their jobs, eco depressions w/ high unemployment

Cotton Mather

Massachusetts minister whose religious tracts were widely read.

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds.

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends, who believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. They further believed that religious authority was found within each person's private soul and not in the Bible or any outside source. In the 17th century, such views seemed to pose a radical challenge to established authority. Therefore, this group of people was widely persecuted and jailed for their beliefs

triangular trade

Merchant ships would follow this common trade route. First, a ship loaded with barrels of rum would start out from a New England port like Boston and cross the Atlantic to West Africa; the rum would be traded for hundreds of captive Africans. Second, the ship would set out on the horrendous Middle Passage. Third, completing the last side of the triangle, the ship would return to a New England port where the sugar would be sold to be used in making rum

trail of tears

Most Cherokees repudiated the settlement of 1835, which provided land in the Indian territory. It was not until 1838, after Jackson had left office, that the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia. The hardships on this trail were so great that 4,000 Cherokees died on their tragic westward track

Copperheads

Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group.

English Cultural Domination

Most of the colonists were English in origin, language, and tradition.

Great Migration (1630)

Movement of about 15,000 settlers from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony; driven by the English civil war.

women's rights movement

Movement that was characterized by the women reformers who resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the antislavery movement and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions

asylum movement

Movement which called attention to the increasing numbers of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers. Often these people were forced to live in wretched conditions and were regularly either abused or neglected by their caretakers. To alleviate the lot of these unfortunates, reformers proposed setting up new public institutions - state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. They hoped that the inmates would be cured of their antisocial behavior as a result of being withdrawn from squalid surroundings and treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Moors

Muslims living in Spain who were driven out in 1492 by Isabella & Ferdinand.

Alexander Hamilton

Nationalists/Federalists. He was a part of the Continental Convention, 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

James Madison

Nationalists/Federalists.The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.

Adena; Hopewell; Mississippian

Native American mound-building cultures which evolved in the Mississippi & Ohio River valleys & elsewhere. Supported by hunting, fishing, & agriculture, many permanent settlements developed. Cahokia, the largest, had as many as 30,000 inhabitants. Mississippian culture began to decline in the 15th century for unknown reasons.

Pueblo

Native American tribe in the Southwest, lived in multistoried buildings & developed intricate irrigation systems for farming.

Incas

Native American tribe of Central America located in modern-day Peru.

Aztecs

Native American tribe of Central America located in modern-day central Mexico with a capital at Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs' capital of Tenochtitlan was equivalent in size & population to the largest cities of Europe.

Mayas

Native American tribe of Central America which flourished between A.D. 300 & 800 in the Yucatan Peninsula. Built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, & southern Mexico).

Sioux; Pawnee

Native American tribes which followed the buffalo herds on the Great Plains.

Assimilation

Native Americans were put in schools to educate them in English, and to convert them to Christianity.

Treaty of Gaudelupe Hidalgo (1848)

Negotiated in Mexico by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and provided that 1) Mexico recognizes Rio Grande as border and 2) America takes possession of California and New Mexico (Mexican Cession). America would pay Mexico $15 million and assume claims of American citizens against Mexico.

Restoration colonies

New American colonies that were founded in the late 17th century during a period in English history known as the Restoration

two-party system

New system under Jackson, in which there were two political parties that were present. Supporters of Jackson were known as Democrats, while supporters of his rival, Henry Clay were called Whigs. The Democratic party harked back to the old Republican party of Jefferson, and the Whig party resembled the defunct Federalist party of Hamilton. At the same time, the new parties reflected the changed conditions of the Jacksonian era. Both parties were challenged to respond to the relentless westward expansion of the nation and the emergence of an industrial economy

Jay Gould; Watered Stock

New technologies and industries tend to be overbuilt. Certainly this was the case with the railroads built in the 1870s and 1880s, many of which were unprofitable. In addition to overbuilding, the railroads frequently suffered from mismanagement and outright fraud. Speculators like Jay Gould went into the railroad business for quick profits and made their millions by selling off assets and watering stock (inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public)

Horace Greeley

Newspaper editor who became interested in the theories of Charles Fourier

Franklin Pierce

Next President (1852) ho adopted pro-southern policies and dispatched three American diplomats to Ostend, Belgium, where they secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain.

"King Cotton"

Nickname of South's greatest economical asset.

Carpet Baggers

Northern Republicans. Setting up buisnesses missionaries teachers with humanitarian goals.

Limited Democracy

Not all the colonists were allowed to vote (women, slaves, free blacks). The common in every colony tended to depend on their "betters" to make decisions for them.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament.

Interlocking Directorates

On the negative side, however, the system was controlled by a few powerful men like Morgan, who dominated the boards of competing railroad corporations through interlocking directorates (the same directors ran competing companies). In effect, they created regional railroad monopolies

Henry David Thoreau

One of Emerson's close friends who lived in the same town (Concord, Mass.). He was also a transcendentalist and tested his philosophy by conducting a two-year experiment of living by himself in the woods outside town. There he used his observations of nature to discover essential truths about life and the universe. His essay and actions would inspire the nonviolent movements of both Mohandas Gandhi in India and Martin Luther King Jr. (US)

James Otis

One of the colonial leaders from Massachusetts who argued forcefully against the new duties imposed by the Townshend Acts. He worked with Samuel Adams in writing the Massachusetts Circular Letter

Samuel Adams

One of the colonial leaders who argued forcefully against the new duties imposed by the Townshend Acts. He was also a co-author of the Massachusetts Circular Letter

Shakers

One of the earliest religious communal movements, which had about 6,000 members in various communities by the 1840s. They held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate (forbidding marriage and sexual relations). For lack of new recruits, these communities virtually died out by the mid-1900s

House of Representatives

One of the two parts of Congress, considered the "lower house." Representatives are elected directly by the people, with the number of representatives for each state determined by the state's population.

New Jersey Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. the smaller states didn't want to be bullied by larger states. this plan gave more power to the states and less to the government.

Industrial Revolution

Originally, this event centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830s, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods from farm implements to clocks and shoes.

Captain John Smith

Outstanding leader of Jamestown; helped the colony to survive with his forceful leadership.

Panic of 1873

Overspeculations by financers and industries led to buisness failures. Demand for greenback paper money came to an end.

Continentals

Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.

Greenbacks

Paper money. Easy money. Sought by debtors.

infant industries

Part of Hamilton's financial plan. Hamilton proposed to protect the young nation's new and developing industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods, supporting the interior economy

Coercive Acts

Passed in 1774, this consisted of four acts. These were directed mainly at punishing the people of Boston and Massachusetts and bringing the dissidents under control

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, this act forced the resettlement of many thousands of Native Americans. By 1835 most eastern tribes had reluctantly complied and moved west. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to assist the resettled tribes

Deborah Sampson

Patriot who disguised herself as a man and served in the Continental Army.

Joseph Galloway

Pennsylvania delegate to First Continental Congress in 1774 who proposed a plan of Union between England and the colonies. The plan was defeated by one vote.

Colonial Families

People married at a young age and raised more children. Over 90% of the people lived on farms. Men dominated politics and landowning. Women raised children, did housework, and worked next to her husband in the shop or plantation.

"Sodbusters"

People who build homes of sod bricks to settle land. Harsh enviroments had ruined them.

Puritans

People who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic influences by changing the ceremonies & hierarchy; James I viewed the Puritans as threat to both his religious & political authority & ordered some of them arrested & jailed.

Matthew C. Perry; Japan

Perry convinced Japan to open its ports to American traders. Trade between the two countries began.

Phillis Wheatley

Phillis Wheatley was a slave who wrote poetry.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Pierce bought what would later be southern sections of New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico for 10 million.

phalanxes

Places where people would share work and living arrangements in communities. This movement died out, however, almost as quickly as it appeared. Americans proved too individualistic to adapt to communal living

Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise

Plan which provided for a two house Congress; the Senate with two representatives per state and the House of Representatives with representatives based on population

Workingmen's party

Political party that emerged because presidential campaigns now needed to be conducted on a national scale. It was the first Marxist-influenced political party in the United States, when a congress of socialists from around the United States met in Philadelphia in an attempt to unify their political power. Seven societies sent representatives. They represented socialistic ideas

Anti-Masonic party

Political party that emerged because presidential campaigns now needed to be conducted on a national scale. This party attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, antidemocratic elite

Ostend Manifesto (1852)

Polk wanted to buy Cuba for 100 million from Spain, but Spain refused to sell the last part of its former empire. Provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of congress

Whiskey Rebellion (1794):

Popular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.

Joint-Stock Company

Practical method devised by the English for financing the costly & risky enterprise of founding new colonies; pooled the savings of people of moderate means & supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable. Allowed various colonies on the North Atlantic Coast to attract large numbers of English settlers in the 1600s.

spoils system

Practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty. This was seen in Jackson's campaign, as he believed in appointing people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had actively campaigned for the Democratic party. Any previous holder of the office who was not a Democrat was fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat

James Polk

President after Tyler. Commited to expansion and manifest destiny. Protege of Jackson.

John Tyler

President after Van Buren. Southern Whig who was worried about growing influence of the British in Texas. He worked to annex Texas but the US senate rejected his treaty of annexation.

John Quincy Adams

Presidential candidate who went against Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William Crawford in the presidential election of 1824. He ended up winning the presidency due to what was thought to be a "corrupt bargain." He further alienated Jacksonians when he asked Congress for money for internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, and even a national university and an astronomical observatory

Specie Circular

Presidential order that was hoped to check the inflationary trend caused by both Jackson's financial policies and feverish speculation in western lands. This order required that all future purchases of federal lands be made in gold and silver rather than in paper banknotes

Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who sponsored explorations of the African coast in hopes of finding a southern sea route to Asia.

penitentiaries

Prisons which took the place of crude jails and lock-ups, which were erected in Pennsylvania. These experimented with the technique of placing prisoners in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on their sins and repent. These prison reforms reflected a major doctrine of the asylum movement: structure and discipline would bring about moral reform

Land Bridge

Probable method of arrival for the first people to arrive in the Americas. Connected Siberia & Alaska around 40,000 years ago. Now submerged under the Bering Sea.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Proposed by Henry Clay. Congress wanted sectional balance b/t N and S The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. Therefore the Senate would be unbalanced. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30')saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. Further estab that federal gov;t can determine where slaves can exist

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed that slavery be banned in land acquired from the Mexican War. The proviso pushed the country closer to civil war; it raised questions about slaves that had not been asked previously. Did NOT pass Senate.

mining frontier

Prospect of mining valuable ore encouraged much westward settlement.

George Ripley

Protestant minister who launched a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts. His goal was to achieve "a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor"

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Provided that neither nation (Us or Britain) would attempt to take exclusive control over a canal through central America.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Pullman manufactured the famous railroad sleeping cars that bore his name (Pullman cars). In 1894, he announced a cut in wages and fired the leaders of the workers' delegation that came to bargain with him. The workers at Pullman laid down their tools and appealed for help from the American Railroad Union whose leader, Eugene V. Debs, directed railroad workers not to handle any trains with Pullman cars. The union's boycott tied up rail transportation across the country. Railroad owners supported Pullman by linking Pullman cars to mail trains. They then persuaded President Cleveland to use the army to keep the mail trains running. A federal court issued an injunction forbidding interference with the operation of the mails and ordering railroad workers to abandon the boycott and the strike

Separatists

Puritans who rejected the idea of simply reforming the Church of England; wanted to organize a completely separate church, one that was independent of royal control. Migrated to Holland, but due to economic hardship & cultural differences, many of the Pilgrims seeked another haven for their religion, leading to the founding of the Plymouth colony later on.

Abilene, Kansas

Rail stop had created stockyards to ship cattle to Chicago. Other cities had followed in this footsteps.

Railraods; federal land grants

Railroads connected west to the east. Important for westward expansion and shipping of goods.

Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellion against Berkeley's government, organized by Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon and an army of volunteers in 1676 conducted a series of raids and massacres against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier. Two lasting problems were revealed: sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers, and colonial resistance to royal control

Albany Plan of Union

Recognized the need for colonial defense, a plan was organized by seven colonies at a congress in Albany, New York in 1754. This plan was developed by Benjamin Franklin and provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the various colonies for the common defense. However, each colony was too jealous of its own taxation power and the plan never took effect. It was important because it served as a precedent for more revolutionary congress in the 1770s

Federal Land Grants

Recognizing that western railroads would lead the way to settlement, the federal government provided railroad companies with huge subsidies in the form of loans and land grants. The government expected that the railroad would make every effort to sell the land to new settlers to finance construction. Furthermore, it was hoped that the completed railroad would both increase the value of government lands and provide preferred rates for carrying the mails and transporting troops. However, the land grants and cash loans (1) promoted hasty and poor construction and (2) led to widespread corruption in all levels of government

public school movement

Reform movement started in the Jacksonian era which focused on the need for establishing free public schools for children of all classes. Middle class reformers were motivated in part by their fears for the future of the republic, which were posed by growing numbers of the uneducated poor. Workers

Thomas Gallaudet

Reformer who founded a school for the deaf

Amnesty Act of 1872

Removed restrictions on ex-Confederates except for the leaders. Allowed conservatives to vote and Deomcrtas to take control of state governments.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Renowned American writer who is known for The Scarlet Letter (1850). He questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Republicans argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment, but there was no judicial review at that time. The Kentucky legislature adopted a resolution that had been written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia legislature adopted a resolution introduced by James Madison. Both resolutions declared that the states had entered into a "compact" in forming the national government, and, therefore if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law. Only Kentucky and Virginia adopted their plans but eventually it was widely used in another crisis in the 1830s.

Ghost Dance Movement

Restance to white domination. Used to drive whites from ancestoral lands. Sitting Bull led. This ended in the Massacre at Wounded Knee.

Black Codes

Restricted rights and movements of African Americans. They couldn't rent land, borrow money to buy, forced freedmen to sign contracts, couldn't testify against whites. Made it virtually indifferent than slavery.

Timothy Dwight

Reverend who was the president of Yale's college in Connecticut, who began the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals motivated a generation of young men to become evangelical preachers

Protestant Reformation

Revolt by certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, & other northern European countries in the early 1500s against the authority of the pope in Rome.

Glorious Revolution

Revolution of 1688 that deposed James and replaced him with two sovereigns, William and Mary. His fall from power brought the dominion to an end, although mercantilist policies still remained

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain.

Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller took charge of the chaotic oil refinery business by applying the latest technologies and efficient practices. At the same time, as his company grew, he was able to extort rebates from railroad companies and temporarily cut prices for Standard Oil kerosene to force rival companies to sell out. By controlling the supply and prices of oil products, Standard Oil'sprofits soared and so did Rockefeller's fortune. By eliminating waste in the production of kerosene, the Standard Oil monopoly was also able to keep prices low for consumers. Emulating Rockefeller's success, dominant companies in other industries also organized trusts

absolute monarch

Ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

Harriet tubman

Runaway slave who bravely saved over 200 slaves by leading them through the underground railroad.

Farming frontier

Rural communites developed. Based on agriculture.

John C. Calhoun

SC Congressman

Samuel Gompers

Samuel Gompers, who led the union from 1886 to 1924, went after the basics of higher wages and improved working conditions. He directed his local unions of skilled workers to walk out until the employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining. By 1901, the AF of L was by far the nation's largest union, with 1 million members. Even this union, however, would not achieve major successes until the early decades of the 20th century

Alamo

Santa Anna attacked the town of Alamo in San Antonio, killing every one of its American defenders.

Lecompton Constitution

Second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. Written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution ofJames H. Lane and other free-state advocates

Henry Knox

Secretary of War under Washington, he was a trusted general of the American Revolution; he was entrusted to protect the nation from enemies.

Mayflower

Ship which was aimed for Virginia & carried Pilgrims to the New World; landed too far north & led to the founding of Plymouth. Fewer than half of the 100 passengers on this ship were Separatists; the rest were people who had economic motives for making the voyage.

New Jersey

Since New York was too large to administer, James II gave a section in 1664 to his 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. This section was located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay (West Jersey and Easy Jersey). However, land titles changed hands repeatedly, and inaccurate property lines added to the general confusion. To settle matters, these two sections were combined in 1702 into a single royal colony

Battle of Little Big Horn

Sioux destroyed Colonel George Custer in 1876. This ended the war in 1877.

Sarah Grimke

Sister of Angelina Grimke, she objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities

Angelina Grimke

Sister of Sarah Grimke, she objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities

tobacco farms

Small and self-sufficient, these were distinct of the North Carolina region

American Antislavery Society

Society formed in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison condemned and burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Garrison also argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves

American Peace Society

Society founded in 1828 with the objective of abolishing war. It influenced some New England reformers to oppose the later Mexican War

American Colonization Society

Society that intended to combat slavery. The idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony originated in 1817 with the founding of this society. The idea appealed to antislavery reformers with moderate views and especially to politicians, in part because large numbers of whites with racist attitudes hoped to remove, or banish, free blacks from U.S. society. In 1822, this society established an African-American settlement in Monrovia, Liberia. Colonization never proved a practical option, since between 1820 and 1860, the slave population grew from 1.5 to nearly 4 million, while only about 12,000 African Americans were settled in Africa during the same decades

Washingtonians

Society, which began in 1840 by recovering alcoholics, who argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment

Scalawags

Southern Republicans former Whig Party. Interested in exonomic development and peace between sections.

Hinton R. Helper (Impending Crisis of the South)

Southern US critic of slavery during the 1850s. In 1857, he published a book which he dedicated to the "nonslaveholding whites" of the South that argued that slavery was economically detrimental to non-slave holding whites.

Walker Expedition

Southern adventurer, Walker, tried unsuccessfully to take Baja California form MExico. 1855 he led a force of mostly southerners and took over Nicaragua. Wanted to establish a pro slavery Central American Empire. He failed. Was executed by Honduran authorities.

nullification crisis

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Pinckney Treaty (1795):

Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida.

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish conquistador who captained the first ship to circumnavigate the world.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico.

Francisco Pizzarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish conquistador who journeyed across the isthmus of Panama.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers & conquerors who established Spain's initial supremacy in the New World. The conquistadores sent ships loaded with gold & silver back to Spain from the New World. They increased the gold supply by over 500%, making Spain the richest & most powerful nation in Europe.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Split Confederate states into five military districts. Set the requirement to rejoin the Union was to ratify 14th Amendment and placed ranting of franchise to adult males regardless of race.

Mexican War (1846-47)

Started when Polk ordered general Taylor to the Rio Grande. Mexican army met them and killed 11. Polk sent war message to Congress. It was approved.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Statement written by Samuel Adams and James Otis, which urged the various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. Consequently, British officials in Boston ordered the letter retracted, threatened to dissolve the legislature, and increased the number of British troops in Boston. Responding to the circular letter, the colonists again conducted boycotts of British goods. Merchants increased their smuggling activities to avoid the offensive Townshend duties

border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Clermont

Steamboat developed by Robert Fulton you can go up and down bodies of water

The New South

Still had poverty because poor whites were sharecroppers and couldn't prosper. Railway jobs encouraged growth. There still was discrimination.

Federalists

Supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution. they tended to be most numerous along the Atlantic and in large cities

Cohens v. Virginia

Supreme Court case which asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decision of state supreme courts

Asiento System

System in which the Spaniards brought captured African slaves to the New World to work; required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas.

Encomienda System

System in which the king of Spain gave grants of land & Indians (Native Americans) to individual Spaniards. These Indians had to farm or work in the mines. The profits were returned to Spain.

Underground railroad

System of anti-slaveryites who helped runaway slaves reach the north.

Poll Tax

Taxes to prevent A. A. from voting

Tecumseh; Prophet

Tecumseh is the warrior and Prophet is the religious leader; Shawnee brothers who attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Miss. River; General William Henry Harrison took aggressive action

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

The 1831 Supreme Court case, in which the Cherokees challenged Georgia because Georgia and other states passed laws requiring the Cherokees to migrate to the West. The Supreme Court ruled that Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court

Worchester v. Georgia

The 1832 Supreme Court case, in which the Supreme Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory. In this clash between a state's laws and the federal courts, Jackson sided with the states. He said defiantly, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it"

Andrew Jackson

The 7th president of the United States, who won the election of 1828. A strong leader, he not only dominated politics for 8 years but also became a symbol of the emerging working class and middle class. Born in a frontier cabin, he gained fame as an Indian fighter and as a hero of the Battle of New Orleans, and came to live in a fine mansion in Tennessee as wealthy planter and slaveowner. He chewed tobacco, fought several duels, and displayed a violent temper. He was also the first president since Washington to be without a college education

Nicholas Biddle

The Bank of the United States' president who managed it effectively. He was also known to be arrogant, which contributed to the suspicion that the bank abused its powers and served the interests of the wealthy

Commercial compromise

The Commercial Compromise allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce( including foreign imports) yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.

Herbert Spencer

The English social philosopher Herbert Spencer was the most influential of the social Darwinists who thought that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace. Spencer concluded that the concentration of wealth in the hands of the "fit" was a benefit to the future of the human race

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Federalists wanted to make laws that would restrict the Democratic-Republicans political power. They passed the Alien Acts which authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in time of war. They also passed the Sedition Act which made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and impose heavy penalties for editors who violated the law

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1774 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

Charles Fourier

The French socialist who advocated people share work and living arrangements

Georgian Style

The Georgian style of London was imitated in the colonial architecture.

Subsistence Farming

The New England colonies' farming was limited to providing just enough for the farm families. Most of the work was done by family members or hired help. The middle colonies grew wheat and corn and had indentured servants to do the farming. The Southern colonies had cash crops such as rice, indigo, and tobacco. A shortage of indentured servants led to the increased use of slaves.

Pennsylvania

The Penn family owed the father a large debt, which was paid to William Penn in 1681 in the form of a grant of land in the Americas for this colony, which means "Penn's woods"

Roger Taney

The Secretary of the Treasury under President Jackson

secession

The South wanted to break away, or secede, from the Union because of the conflict over slavery.

"Peculiar Institution"

The South's uneasiness with slaves being human beings and the need continually to defend slavery caused them to refer to slaver as this.

Battle of Fallen Timbers:

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

national debt

The U.S.'s national debt included domestic debt owed to soldiers and others who had not yet been paid for their Revolutionary War services, plus foreign debt to other countries which had helped the U.S. The federal government also assumed all the debts incurred by the states during the war. Hamilton's program paid off these debts.

The Liberator

The abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison. This publication marked the beginning o f the radical abolitionist movement. The uncompromising Garrison advocated immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensating the slaveowners

Planters

The aristocracy of the south. The large landholders who owned more than 100 slaves. Looked down upon the lower "white trash"

holy experiment

The attempt Penn made in testing his ideas he had developed based on Quaker beliefs. He wanted his new colony to achieve three purposes: provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The best-known transcendentalist who was among the most popular American lecturers of the 19th century. His essays and lectures and lectures expressed the individualistic mood of the period. His essays and poems argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones. As a northerner, he became a leading critic of slavery in the 1850s and then an ardent supporter of the Union (Civil W.)

popular campaigning

The campaigning method used in the election of 1828, which swept "Old Hickory" (Jackson) into office. This was largely a mudslinging campaign in which Jackson's party accused Adams' wife of being born out of wedlock. Adams' supporters, in turn, accused Jackson's wife of adultery. Three times the number of voters participated than in the previous election

Revolution of 1800

The change from Federalist rule to Democratic rule, a.k.a. the Election of 1800. During Adams' presidency, the Federalists lost a lot of popularity, so in the election of 1800, the Democratic-Republicans won the executive and legislative branches. However Jefferson and Burr got the same amount of votes for he Democrats so there was another vote in the House of Reps. (the Federalists were still in charge) and they chose Jefferson to be president

New York

The colony granted to the Duke of York, future James II. This region was originally occupied by the Dutch, but was easily regained by James II's forces. In this renamed colony, James ordered his agents to treat the Dutch settlers well and to allow them freedom to worship as they pleased and speak their own language. Although initially there were taxes, duties, and rents and no representative assembly, English settlers were later granted broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly

Rhode Island

The colony that was formed when Roger Williams, in 1644, was granted a charter from the English Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth

Professions

The common practice for treating ailments was to bleed the sick. Physicians had little to no formal medicine training. Lawyers were commonly seen in the colonial courts in the 1600s.

Spain

The country that emerged from the united Castile & Aragon; sponsored Columbus' voyage.One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.

federal courts

The courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress

Declaration of Independence

The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.

Town Meetings

The dominant form of local government in New England was the town meeting, where people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues.

Whigs

The dominant political party in Parliament

Panic of 1837

The economic depression due to Jackson's opposition to the rechartering of the Bank of the United States

mercantilism

The economic policy that most European kingdoms and adopted in the 17th century, which looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength. According to a mercantilist doctrine, a government should regulate trade an production to enable it to become self-sufficient. Colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that country's industries. Colonies existed for one purpose only: to enrich the parent country.

Adam Smith

The economist Adam Smith had argued in The Wealth of Nations that business should be regulated, not by government, but by the "invisible hand" of the law of supply and demand. This was the origin of the concept of laissez-faire. If government kept its hands off, so the theory went, businesses would be motivated by their own self-interest to offer improved goods and services at low prices. In the 19th century, American industrialists appealed to laissez-faire theory to justify their methods of doing business—even while they readily accepted the protection of high tariffs and federal subsidies

Intolerable Acts

The epithet given to the various laws including the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act as a result of the Boston Tea Party

Native Americans

The first Americans, may have arrived as much as 40,000 years ago; waves of migrants from Asia crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia & Alaska (a bridge now submerged under the Bering Sea). Adapted to the varied environments of the regions that they found. Divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, & practiced different cultures. Estimates of the Native population in the Americas in the 1490s vary from 50 to 75 million persons.

National Labour Union

The first attempt to organize all workers in all states—both skilled and unskilled, both agricultural workers and industrial workers—was the National Labor Union. Founded in 1866, it had some 640,000 members by 1868. Besides championing the goals of higher wages and the eight-hour day, the first national union also had a broad social program: equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives. Its chief victory was winning the eight-hour day for workers employed by the federal government. It lost support, however, after a depression began in 1873 and after the unsuccessful strikes of 1877.

Pontiac's Rebellion

The first major test of the new British imperial policy in 1763, when Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier. The Native Americans were angered by the growing westward movement of European settlers and by the British refusal to offer gifts as the French had done. Pontiac's alliance of Native Americans in the Ohio Valley destroyed forts and settlements from New York to Virginia. The British sent regular troops to deal with the "rebellion"

Virginia

The first of England's colonies that struggled with a number of problems in the 17th century, including a rebellion against colonial government

Samuel F.B. Morse

The first radical change in the speed of communications was the invention of a workable telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse, first successfully demonstrated in 1844. By the time of the Civil War, electronic communication by telegraph and rapid transportation by railroad were already becoming standard parts of modern living, especially in the northern states.

John C. Calhoun

The first vice president of Andrew Jackson advanced the nullification theory. He responded to Jackson's toast, saying "The Union, next to our liberties, most dear!" In 1832, he turned up the war of words by holding a special convention to nullify not only the hated tariff of 1828 but also a new tariff law of 1832. This convention passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs within the state

Joseph Smith

The founder of the Mormons who based his religious thinking on a book of Scripture - the Book of Mormon - which traced a connection between the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel. He gathered a following and moved from New York State to Ohio, Missouri, and, finally, Illinois. There, he was murdered by a local mob

French and Indian War

The fourth and most decisive war in the series of wars between Great Britain, France, and Spain. From the British perspective, the French provoked the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley to halt westward growth of the British colonies.

Framers of Constitution

The framers of the constitution were 55 white male delegates who went to Philadelphia for the convention in the summer of 1787, most were college educated and relatively young., George Washington was the chairperson; Ben Franklin was the elder statesman who unified the people; the direct Framers were James Madison (director, "father of the Constitution"), Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, and John Dickinson

Self-Government

The government of each colony had a representative assembly that was elected by eligible voters. The governors in Rhode Island and Connecticut were elected by the people, while the other governors were either appointed by the crown or proprietor.

Sir Edmund Andros

The governor of the Dominion of New England, who made himself instantly unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles

White-Collar Workers

The growth of large corporations introduced the need for thousands of white-collar workers (salaried workers whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. Middle management was needed to coordinate the operations between the chief executives and the factories

Oneida community

The highly controversial community founded by Joseph Henry Noyes in Oneida, New York. Dedicated to an ideal of perfect social and economic equality, members of the community shared property - and later even shared marriage partners. Critics attacked this system of planned reproduction and communal child-rearing as a sinful experiment in "free love." Even so, the community managed to prosper economically by producing and selling silverware of excellent quality

Middle Passage

The horrendous journey for the African Americans from Africa to the West Indies. Those who survived would be traded as slaves in the West Indies for a cargo of sugarcane

the Carolinas

The huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida that was granted to eight nobles who helped Charles II gain the throne

Laissez-faire capitalism

The idea of government regulation of business was alien to the prevailing economic, scientific, and religious beliefs of the late 19th century. The economic expression of these beliefs was summed up in the phrase "laissez-faire."

antinomianism

The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation

Manifest Destiny

The idea that something is ordained by God and is therefore destined to happen (in this case, America's westward expansion)

Popular Sovereignty

The ideal that everything is determined by the will of the majority of the people. People are the source of all political power.

Consumer Goods

The increased output of U.S. factories as well as the invention of new consumer products created a need for businesses to find ways of selling their merchandise to a large public. R. H. Macy in New York and Marshall Field in Chicago made the large department store the place to shop in urban centers, while Frank Woolworth's Five and Ten Cent Store brought nationwide chain stores to the towns and urban neighborhoods. Advertising and new marketing techniques not only promoted a consumer economy but also created a consumer culture in which "going shopping" became a favorite pastime.

Hudson River School

The institution which expressed the romantic age's fascination with the natural world

Bank of the United States

The institution which was to be rechartered during Jackson's presidency. It was privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy

Sharecropping

The landlord provided seed and supplies in return for half of the harvest. It did not help poor class move in the social hierarchy.

Far West

The lands located in the far western stretches of America.

New Hampshire

The last colony to be founded in New England. It was originally part of Massachusetts Bay, and consisted of a few settlements north of Boston. Hoping to increase royal control over the colonies, King Charles II separated this colony from the Bay colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony

Second Industrial Revolution

The late 19th century witnessed a major shift in the nature of industrial production. Early factories had concentrated on producing textiles, clothing, and leather products. After the Civil War, in what some scholars have termed a "second Industrial Revolution," the growth was in heavy industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and the industrial machinery to produce other goods

legislative branch

The lawmaking branch of government:Congress

Eugene V. Debs

The leader of the American Railroad Union who directed railroad workers not to handle any trains with Pullman cars. For failing to respond to this injunction, Debs and other union leaders were arrested and jailed. The jailing of Debs and others effectively ended the strike

Congress

The legislative branch of government, as described in Article I of the US Constitution, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. Primarily responsible for making laws.

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. Only Rhode Island refused to send delegates

New England Confederation

The military alliance, formed in 1643, between four New England colonies. It was directed by a board comprised of two representatives from each colony. It had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with the Native Americans. This lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and renewed control by the English monarch brought this first experiment in colonial cooperation to an end

romantic movement

The movement in Europe, during the early years of the 19th century, which stressed intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. At the same time, in the U.S. from 1820-1860, these themes were best expressed by transcendentalists

temperance

The movement to stop consumption of alcohol because it was thought to be the cause of social ills. This was relatively easy to understand, given the high rate of alcohol consumption (5 gallons of hard liquor per person in 1820). This was the most popular of the reform movements. By the 1840s, the various societies had more than a million members, and it was becoming respectable in middle-class households to drink only cold water. This had become a path to middle-class respectability

Lord Frederick North

The new British prime minister, after Grenville. He urged Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts because their effect was to damage trade and to generate only a disappointing amount of revenue

Boston Massacre

The people of Boston generally resented the British troops who had been quartered in their city to protect customs officials from being attacked by the Sons of Liberty. On a snowy day in March 1770, a crowd of colonists harassed the guards near the customs house. The guards fired in the crowd killing 5 people, including an African American, Crispus Attucks. The shooting incident was denounced by Samuel Adams as a "massacre"

antebellum period

The period before the Civil War, in which a diverse mix of reformers dedicated themselves to such causes as establishing free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or abolishing the sale of liquors and beers, winning equal legal and political rights for women, and abolishing slavery

Supreme Court

The pinnacle of the American judicial system. The court ensures uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflicts among states, and maintains national supremacy in law. It has both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction, but unlike other federal courts, it controls its own agenda.

Thomas Hooker

The reverend who led a large group of Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Valley and founded the colony of Hartford in 1636

Concentration of Wealth

The richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled nine-tenths of the nation's wealth. Industrialization created a new class of millionaires, most of whom flaunted their wealth by living in ostentatious mansions, sailing enormous yachts, and throwing lavish parties. The Vanderbilts graced the waterfront of Newport, Rhode Island, with summer homes that rivaled the villas of European royalty. Guests at one of their dinner parties were invited to hunt for their party favors by using small silver shovels to seek out the precious gems hidden in sand on long silver trays

Sir William Berkeley

The royal governor of Virginia (1641-1652; 1660-1677), who adopted policies that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf. He antagonized backwood farmers because he failed to protect their settlements from Indian attacks

Henry Clay

The secretary of state appointed by John Quincy Adams, as a result of the "corrupt bargain"

Providence

The settlement founded by Roger Williams after he was banished. The new colony was unique in 2 aspects. First, it recognized the rights of the Native Americans and paid them for the use of their land. Second, Williams' government provided for complete religious toleration

Dominion of New England

The single unit that was formed in 1686 by king James II in order to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them intro larger administrative units and doing away with their representative assemblies. It consisted of New York, New Jersey and the various New England colonies

Valley Forge

The site where George Washington and his troops endured a harsh winter without proper food, shelter, or clothing

American Temperance Society

The society formed in 1826 by Protestant ministers and others, who were concerned with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the effects of such excessive drinking. Using moral arguments, it tried to persuade drinkers not just to moderate their drinking but to take a pledge of total abstinence

Women's Christian Temperance Union

The society that allowed the temperance movement to gain strength again in the late 1870s after it was overshadowed by the issue of slavery

Immigration

The surge of this from 1830-1860 was the result of the development of inexpensive and relatively rapid ocean transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, and the growing reputation of the United States as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedom.

Union and Central Pacific

The task was divided between two newly incorporated railroad companies. The Union Pacific was to build westward across the Great Plains, starting from Omaha, Nebraska, while the Central Pacific took on the formidable challenge of laying track across mountain passes in the Sierras by pushing eastward from Sacramento, California. General Grenville Dodge directed construction of the Union Pacific using thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. Charles Crocker recruited 6,000 Chinese immigrants, who at enormous risk, blasted tunnels through the Sierras for the Central Pacific

Bessemer Process

The technological breakthrough that launched the rise of heavy industry was the discovery of a new process for making large quantities of steel (a more durable metal than iron). In the 1850s, both Henry Bessemer in England and William Kelly in the United States discovered that blasting air through molten iron produced high-quality steel. The Great Lakes region, with its abundant coal reserves and access to the iron ore of Minnesota's Mesabi Range, soon emerged as the leading steel producer

Georgia

The thirteenth colony that was chartered in 1732. It was both the last of the British colonies and also the only one to receive direct financial support from the home government in London. There were two principal reasons that the British wanted to start a new southern colony. First, Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous South Carolina plantations from the threat of invasion from Spanish Florida. Second, thousands of people in London and other cities were being imprisoned for debt.

horizontal integration

The trust that Rockefeller put together consisted of the various companies that he had acquired, all managed by a board of trustees that Rockefeller and Standard Oil controlled. Such a combination represented a horizontal integration of an industry, in which former competitors were brought under a single corporate umbrella.

Antitrust Movement

The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s. Middleclass citizens feared the trusts' unchecked power, and urban elites (old wealth) resented the increasing influence of the new rich

Peggy Eaton affair

The wife of Jackson's secretary of war, Peggy O'Neale Eaton, was made the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, much as Jackson's recently deceased wife had been in the 1828 campaign. They refused to invite her to their private parties because they suspected her of being an adulteress. When Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept her socially, most of the cabinet resigned. The controversy also contributed to the resignation of Jackson's vice president, John C. Calhoun

Hereditary Aristocracy

There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. They had a narrower class system based on economics.

Free African Americans

There were 250,000 of these people by 1860 in the South.

McGuffey readers

These people extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety - the kind of behaviors needed in an emerging industrial society. They were inspired by McGuffey, a Pennsylvania teacher, who created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools

new cities

These places like Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago served as transfer points, processing farm products for shipment to the East, and also distributing manufactured goods from the East to different parts of the region.

party nominating convention

These replaced caucuses in the 1830s. Party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates. The Anti-Masons were the first to hold such a convention. This methods was more open to popular participation, hence more democratic

Pools

They also attempted to increase profits by forming pools, in which competing companies agreed secretly and informally to fix rates and share traffic

Political parties

They came from colonial times. When a legislature would have to decide on something it would usually break up into factions and then after they voted on the issue and it was resolved they would go back to being one big happy family and there would be no factions. The two main political parties at this time were the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists wanted a strong central government and believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution. While the Democratic-Republicans believed in more state than federal powers and had a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. . The Antifederalists helped to have Bill of Rights passed as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. they tended to be more small farmers and western settlers.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

They organized the Continental Army, and called on the colonies to send troops. Selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

Administration of Justice Act

This act allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of in the colonies

Port Act

This act closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for

Quartering Act

This act expanded the Quartering Act to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes. It applied to all colonies

Massachusetts Government Act

This act reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor

Quartering Act (1765)

This act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies

The North Star

This antislavery journal was started in 1847 by Frederick Douglass

The Federalist Papers

This collection of 85 essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

Judiciary Act (1789)

This established a federal district court in each state and 3 circuit courts to hear appeals, with the Supreme Court having the final say. It also specified that cases arising in state courts involving federal laws could be appealed to the Supreme Court. This ensured that federal judges would have the last say on the meaning of the Constitution.

Second Bank of the United States

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

Ocala Platform

This platform addressed: direct election of US senators, Lowered tariff rates, graduated income tax, banking system controlled by federal government.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

On Civil Disobedience

Thoreau's essay which established himself as an early advocate of nonviolent protest. The essay presented his argument for not obeying unjust laws. Thoreau's own act of civil disobedience was to refuse to pay a tax that might be used in an "immoral" war - the U.S. war with Mexico. For breaking this law, Thoreau was forced to spend one night in the Concord jail

Walden

Thoreau's writings which were published in this book (1854). described his observations of nature and the essential truths he discovered about life and the universe when he lived by himself in the woods outside town

Nativists

Those reacting most strongly against the foreigners, who also created the "Know-Nothing" party.

Peace of Paris

Through this treaty, signed in 1763, Britain extended its control of North America, and French power on the continent virtually ended. Great Britain acquired both French Canada and Spanish Florida. France ceded to Spain its huge western territory, Louisiana, and claims west of the Mississippi River in compensation for Spain's loss of Florida

Brigham Young

To escape persecution, the Mormons sought leadership under this leader who migrated to the far western frontier

tariffs; excise taxes

To pay the interest on this huge debt and to run the government Hamilton imposed a tariff. Tariff income depended on strong foreign trade another important link to the overall economic strategy of the new nation. Hamilton wanted additional income, in 1791 he secured from Congress an excise tax on a few domestic items, most notably whiskey.

Lexington & Concord

Town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought.

Mountain men

Trappers and explorers who roamed America's uninhabited rocky mountains and surrounding area.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Treaty signed by the two disputing kingdoms of Portugal & Spain which moved the line a few degrees to the west.

Iroquois

Tribes that formed a political confederacy, the League of the Iroquois, which withstood attacks from opposing Native Americans & Europeans during much of the 17th & 18th centuries.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Sears; Roebuck; Montgomery Ward

Two large mail-order companies, Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers everything from hats to houses ordered from their thick catalogs, which were known to millions of Americans as the "wish book."

Terence vs. Powderly

Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the union went public in 1881, opening its membership to all workers, including African Americans and women. Powderly advocated a variety of reforms: (1) worker cooperatives "to make each man his own employer," (2) abolition of child labor, and (3) abolition of trusts and monopolies. He favored settling labor disputes by means of arbitration rather than resorting to strikes

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist who was born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825).

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia.

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816). Authored most of the Preamble to the Constitution.

American Federation of Labour

Unlike the idealistic, reform-minded Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) concentrated on attaining practical economic goals. Founded in 1886 as an association of 25 craft unions, the AF of L did not advocate a reform program to remake American society

Senate

Upper house of the legislature, each state elects two reps.

Oregon territory

Vast territory on the Pacific coast that originally stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Disputed territory.

Papal Line of Demarcation

Vertical, north-south line drawn on a world map by the pope determining the ownership of newly discovered lands between Spain & Portugal. All lands to the west of the line were given to Spain & all lands East of the line were given to Portugal.

Nat Turner

Virginia slave who in 1831 led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of blacks in brutal fashion and managed to put down the revolt. Before this event, there had been some antislavery sentiment and discussion in the South. After the revolt, fear of future uprisings as well as Garrison's inflamed rhetoric put an end to antislavery talk in the South

John Brown; Pottawatomie Creek

Was against slavery. On the night of May 24, 1856, John Brown and his company of Free State volunteers murdered five men settled along the Pottawatomie Creek in southeastern Kansas. The victims were prominently associated with the pro-slavery Law and Order Party, but were not themselves slave owners.

Shay's Rebellion

Was led by Daniel Shays it was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had worked so hard to get rid of.

Benjamin Franklin

Was the successful writer of "Poor Richard's Alamanack" which was a collection of witty advice. He also worked with electricity and invented the Franklin stove. He founded a nonsectarian university in Pennsylvania.

"permanent alliances":

Washington warned American not to have "permanent alliances" in his farewell address because he thought that it could lead to wars and America already had enough trouble

Two-term tradition:

Washington was president for two terms so everybody else was like hey that's a cool idea

Jim Crow Laws

Wave of segregation laws that kept A. A. oppressed by whites.

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the secular (nonreligious) experiment in New Harmony, Indiana. He hoped his utopian socialist community would provide an answer to the problematic of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. The experiment failed, however, as a result of both financial problems and disagreements among members of the community

Benjamin West

Went to England to be trained in painting to establish himself as a prominent artist.

John Copley

Went with Benjamin West to England to be trained in painting to establish himself as a prominent artist.

Great American Desert

Western part of Great Plains, East of Rockies.

universal male suffrage

Western states recently admitted to the Union (Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri) adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Absent from these were any religious or property qualifications. Most eastern states followed suit, eliminating such restrictions from their constitutions

Marbury v. Madison

When Jefferson wanted to block Federalist appointments made at the last minute by Adams, he ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the commissions for those appointments and one of those appointments, William Marbury, sued for his commission; made the Judiciary Act unconstitutional and it gave the court greater power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed; Marbury didn't get paid

Quebec Act

When it passed the Coercive Acts, the British government also passed a law in 1774 organizing the Canadian lands gained from France. This plan was accepted by most French Canadians, but it was resented by many colonists

Irish; potato famine

When the potato blight destroyed the Irish potato crop that they relied so heavily upon, many immigrated to America.

The Frontier

Where settled and undeveloped land met.

White settlers

White people who sought new land and a new life. worked hard and settled vacant land to the west.

Poor white people

Whites who had hardship but owned some land and maybe a few slaves. Wages of whiteness kept their spirits up.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Scab; Lockout; Blacklist; Yellow-Dog Contract; Injunction

With a surplus of cheap labor, management held most of the power in its struggles with organized labor. Strikers could easily be replaced by bringing in strikebreakers, or scabs—unemployed persons desperate for jobs. Employers also used all of the following tactics for defeating unions: (1) the lockout: closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized (2) blacklists: names of prounion workers circulated among employers (3) yellow-dog contracts: workers being told, as a condition for employment, that they must sign an agreement not to join a union (4) calling in private guards and state militia to put down strikes (5) obtaining court injunctions against strikes

Social Mobility

With the major exception of the African Americans, everybody in colonial society had an opportunity to improve their standard of living and social status by hard work.

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes

Written by Sarah Grimke in 1837 and promoted feminist principles. This denounced the injustice of lower pay and denial of equal educational opportunities for women. This pamphlet also expressed outrage that women were "regarded by men, as pretty toys or as mere instruments of pleasure." Men and women, she concluded, should not be treated differently, since both were endowed with innate natural rights.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Written in 1639, this was the first written constitution in American history, which established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote Significance of Frontier in America History (1893) said the frontier defined American character

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States.

indentured servant

Young people from the British Isles who agreed to work for a specified period-usually between 4-7 years- in return for room and board, who were under contract with a master or landowner who paid for their passage. At the expiration of their work period, they gained their freedom and either worked for wages or obtained land of their own to farm

John Peter Zenger

Zenger was a New York publisher and was brought on trial for criticizing New York's royal governor. Andrew Hamilton was Zenger's lawyer and argued that his client had printed the truth about the governor. The jury voted to acquit Zenger.

cotton gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Battle of New Orleans

a major British effort to control the Mississippi River was halted at New Orleans leading a force of frontiersmen, free blacks, and Creoles

Know-Nothing party

a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants. Especially hostile to catholic Irish immigrants.

Confederate States of America

a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

protective tariff

a tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition

Judicial review

ability of Supreme Court to exercise power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the President was or was not allowed by the Constitution

House-divided speech

address given by Abraham Lincoln (who would later become President of the United States) on June 16, 1858, in Springfield, Illinois, upon accepting the Illinois Republican Party's nomination as that state's United States senator. It basically stated that the US cannot stand if divided on the issue of slavery.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

labor union

an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members.

James Madison

became President in 1808

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

court ruled Congress could not legislate against racial discrimination. protected by private citizens.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries

William Vanderbilt

customers and small investors often felt that they were the victims of slick financial schemes and ruthless practices. Railroad moguls seemed to affirm this ruthlessness. William Vanderbilt, who had inherited his father Cornelius Vanderbilt's transportation empire, reportedly responded to critics, "The public be damned."

Era of Good Feelings

described Monroe's presidency; during 1817-1825 people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, b/c of demise of Federalists -one political party was present (Democratic-Republicans), on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath wasnt good- debates over- tariffs, national bank, internal improvements,public land sales, and slavery- Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on those good feelings

Public Land Act (1796):

established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices

Conscience whigs

faction of the Whig Party in Massachusetts noted for their moral opposition to slavery

Roger Taney

fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold that office or sit on the Supreme Court of the United States. Delivred majority opinion of Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Compromise of 1850

five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose following the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Drafted by Clay, brokered by Douglas. Ducked the issue of secession for the time being.

Impressment

forcing soldiers to serve in British army

Alexander H. Stephens

former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress

John D. Rockefeller

founded a company that would come to control most of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating its competition.

Napoleon Bonaparte

got land back from Spain in an attempt to recreate the empire in America but was unsuccessful in doing so, so he sold the land

Lewis Cass

governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, a U.S. Senator representing Michigan. He was the losing nominee of the Democratic Party for president in 1848. Advocated for popular sovereignty.

Free soil movement

greatly influenced U.S. politics during the 1850s. The movement's chief issue was their opposition to the extension of slavery in the western territories, and the Free-Soil party attracted enough votes to swing the 1848 presidential election to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the prewar boundary between Canada and the US

Proclamation of Neutrality(1793)

he gathered and encouraged American support of France in the war; withdrawn and replaced in response

Treaty of 1818

improved relations between US and GB.Treaty between US and Britain; shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, and setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

in Alabama, ended the power of the British allies, the Creek nation; opened new lands to white settlers;

Louisiana Purchase

land from Mississippi to Missouri rivers, purchased from France for 15 million

Thomas Jefferson

limited central govt, reduced size of military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed the excise taxes, lowered national debt

Erie Canal

linked Western farms and Eastern Cities in NY state canal allows you to go W and E Meant stronger eco ties b/t sections

Sectionalism

loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.

Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts

mass production employing interchangeable parts; Whitney first put it into practice, who was known for his cotton gin; wanted to be able to produce great numbers of muskets quickly; made it possible for owners of damaged objects to send away to a factory for the needed part, confident that the new one would precisely substitute for the old

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities.

abolitionism

movement to end slavery

"Old Ironsides"

nickname of 1812 US Warship Constitution that defeated a British ship the coast of Nova Scotia

barnburners

opposed expanding the public debt, and the power of the large corporations; they also generally came to oppose the extension of slavery. More radical faction of the New York state Democratic Party

"Quids"

opposition in Jefferson's Dem-Repub party

insurrection

organized opposition to authority

Aaron Burr

plotted against Jefferson; wanted to win governorship in NY and then get NE states to secede from union; then planned to take Mexico and unite it with Louisiana; tried for treason and acquitted

executive power

power of the President of the United States, delegated or implied by the Constitution, to implement and enforce laws.

Embargo Act (1807)

prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port; backfired and hurt US more than Britain; depression developed

Tallmage Amendment

proposed solution to the Missouri Compromise; forbid slavery in Missouri and said that all black children should be free after becoming 25 years old; isn't passed and offends the South

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

provided that Americans could now trade with all nations but Britain and France

Hartford Convention (1814)

radical Federalists in NE urged that the Constitution be amended and called for a vote of secession at this in 1814; Delegates rejected the radical calls for secession

Toussaint L'Ouverture

rebellion led by him on Santo Domingo resulted in heavy French losses and serves as one of the impetuses for French selling of the Louisiana Territory

Lowell system

recruited young farm women and housed them at the Textile mill

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

restored trade with Britain and France but that if one country agreed to respect neutral rights than the US would prohibit trade with that nation's foe

Dred Scott v. Sandford

ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants, (whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens. The court also held that the U.S. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and that, because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court

Lewis and Clark expedition

scientific exploration of the Mississippi West and they set out from St. Louis in 1804, crossed the Rockies to the Oregon coast on the Pacific Ocean, then made the return journey back in 1806; increased geographic and scientific knowledge of previously unexplored country, strengthened US claims to the Oregon Territory, improved relations with Native American tribes, developed maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers

Confiscation acts

series of laws passed by federal government designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Lincoln-Douglas debates

series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for Senate in Illinois, and Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate

"bleeding Kansas"

series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858

Democratic-Republican party:

the Democratic-Republicans believed in more state than federal powers and had a strict interpretation of the Constitution

United States vs. E.C. Knight (1895)

the Supreme Court in United States v. E. C. Knight Co. ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing. As a result, the U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strengthened during the Progressive era

states' rights

the belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority. This was favored by Jackson but not if it would lead to disunion within the nation

habeas corpus

the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment

Thirteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Antietam

the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

"Citizen" Edmound Genet

the french minister to the united states who began recruiting men from South Carolina for France, appealing directly to the American people to support the French Revolution

market revolution

the process that took place in nineteenth-century America in which an economy dominated by small farms and workshops was transformed into an economy in which farmers and manufacturers produced for a distant cash market' it was also characterized by the emergence of a permanent "working class". These changes had significant consequences for American social institutions, religious practices, political ideology, and cultural patterns.

log cabin and hard cider campaign

this characterized the campaign of 1840, in which the Whigs popularized the popular war hero, William Henry "Tippecanoe" Harrison. To symbolize his humble origins, they put log cabins on wheels and paraded them down the streets of cities and towns. They also passed out hard cider for voters to drink and buttons and hats to wear. Name-calling and propaganda device also marked the 1840 campaign. The Whigs attacked "Martin van Ruin" as an aristocrat with a taste for foreign wines

Federalist era:

this was during the 1790s

Overland trails

trails, like the Oregon trail, designated for settlers.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

transportation company created to transport immigrants to the Kansas Territory to shift the balance of power so that Kansas would enter the United States as a free state rather than a slave state

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

draft riots

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War