Combo with APUSH: AMSCO Chapter 22 Key Terms and 1 other

Muckrakers

1880s-1910s Journalists who wrote about the dirty realities of party politics and scandalous conditions in factories and slums. Muckraking declined for many reasons: 1. writers found it more and more difficult to top the sensationalism of the last story 2. publishers faced economic pressures from backs and advertisers 3. corporations became more aware of the public image =developed public relations. Exposed inequalities, educated the people about corruption in high places and prepared the way for corrective action.

Pan-American Conference

1889- Blaine's efforts to establish closer ties between U.S. and southern neighbors. The Representatives from the Western Hemisphere created a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade. The reductions in tariff rates were not achieved. the foundation established for larger goal of hemispheric cooperation on economic and political. This conference still continues today as part of the Organization of American Studies, established in 1948.

Jacob Riis

1890- most popular series of muckraking articles were usually collected and published as best-selling books. Articles on tenement life by Riis (one of the 1st photo journalists) were published as "How the Other Half Lives".

Spheres of Influence

1890s- Russia, Japan, Great Britain, and Germany had established spheres of influence in China. They could dominate trade and investment within their sphere (a particular port or region of China) and shut out competitors.

Progressivism

1890s-acquired momentum with President Roosevelt; Progressives didn't cure all of America's problems but they improved the quality of life, provided a larger role for the people in their democracy, and established a precedent for a more active role for the federal government. Progressivism ended due to U.S. entry into WW1 which diverted public attention away from domestic issues and brought the era to an end. Reform movement that included a wide range of groups and individuals with a common desire to improve life in the industrial age.

McClure's Magazine

1893- founded by Samuel Sidney. Magazine became a major success by running a series of muckraking articles by Lincoln Steffens and another by Ida Tarbell. Articles set standard for the deluge of muckraking that followed. Magazines such as McClure's, Collier's, and Cosmopolitan competed fiercly to outdo their rivals with shocking exposes of political and economic corruption.

DeLome Letter

1898- Spanish diplomat's letter that was leaked to the press and printed on the front page of Hearst's New York Journal. It was written by the Spanish minister to the U.S., Dupuy de Lome, the letter was highly critical of President McKinley. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against the U.S. national honor.

city commissions

1900-1920s Progressive innovation= new type of municipal government. Commission plan: voters elected heads of city departments, not just the mayor. More effective than commission plan was a system in which an expert manager was hired by an elected city council to direct the work of the various department of city government (1st employ in 1913). By 1923, more than 300 cities had adopted the manager council plan of municipal government.

Frank Norris

1900s- many muckraking books were novels, Norris wrote two fictional novels "The Octopus" (on the tyrannical power of railroad companies) and "The Pit" (grain speculation) were more effective than many journalistic accounts in stirring up public demands for government regulation.

Theodore Dreiser

1900s- many muckraking books were novels, two of Dreiser's novels, "The Financier" and "The Titan" portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist.

Tom L. Johnson

1901-1909 City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses (trolly lines and utility companies) were the first target of progressive leaders. Johnson devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland. Cleveland's mayor from '01 to '09; fought with out success for public ownership and operation of the city's public utilities and services (water, electricity, and trolleys).

anthracite coal strike

1902- 1st economic crisis of labor during Roosevelt's president but Roosevelt demonstrated that he favored neither businesses nor labor but insisted on Square Deal. Strike of miners scared Americans that they would freeze to death in the winter with out coal. Roosevelt tried to mediate this strike but coal mine owner was stubborn and refused to agree to terms- Roosevelt threatened to use troops and owners finally agreed and granted a 10% wage increase and a 9 hour work day.

Square Deal

1902- Roosevelt (unlike previous presidents who favored businesses in business v. labor conflicts) demonstrated that he favored neither but insisted on Square Deal. Strike of Coal Miners- Americans fear that with out coal they would freeze to death when winter came; Roosevelt tried to mediate by calling union leader and coal mine owners to the white house but they were stubborn and refused. Roosevelt then threatened to takeover the mines with federal troops= they finally agreed to accept a special commission which granted a 10% wage increase and 9 hour day = Roosevelt increasingly popular.

Ida Tarbell

1902- made McClure's Magazine a major success by a series of muckraking articles (The History of the Standard Oil Company). Combining careful research and sensationalism, these articles set a standard for the deluge of muckraking that followed. McClure's, Collier's, and Cosmopolitan magazines competed fiercly to outdo their rivals with shocking exposes of political and economic corruption.

Hepburn Act

1906- Roosevelt took initiative in persuading a Republican majority in Congress to pass two laws that significantly strengthened the regulatory powers of the ICC. Under this Act, the commission could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

Upton Sinclair

1906- wrote "The Jungle" a muckraking book that described in horrifying detail the conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. Public out cry of this book caused Congress to enact 2 regulatory laws: 1. the Pure Food and Drug Act, 2. The Meat Inspection Act.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913- required all U.S. senators be elected by popular vote. Before 1899, senators had been chosen by majority vote of hte state legislatures. Progressives believed this was a principle reason the senate had become dominated by big business. Progressives advocated a number of methods of increasing the participation of hte average citizen in political decision-making. Less successful were the progressives' efforts to reform the state legislatures remained under control of political bosses and machines.

Nineteenth Amendment

1920- dedicated efforts of women on the home front in WW1 persuaded a majority in Congress and President Wilson to adopt a women's suffrage amendment; ratification as the 19th amendment in 1920 guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels.

Trust Busting

1st president since passage of 1890 to enforce law. Roosevelt broke up railroad monopoly in 1904 and directed his attorney general to take action against standard oil and 40 more corp.. He did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts" which harmed the public and stifled competition and regulation "good" trusts which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market.

Platt Amendment

Army appropriations bill required Cuba to 1.never to sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, 2. never to build up an excessive public debt, 3. to permit the U.S. to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, 4. to allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. Cuba added terms to the new constitution. It made foreign policy subjected to U.S. oversight and control.

International Darwinism

Charles Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest applied to competition among nations. Only the strongest would survive, and depending on interests of various groups it meant that the U.S. had to be strong religiously, militarily, and politically. The U.S. had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. This was the extended idea of Manifest Destiny.

Hammer v. Dagenhart

Child Labor Act. Long favored by settlement house workers and labor unions alike, was enacted in 1916. Prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old. Supreme Court found this act to be unconstitutional in the 1918 case of Hammer v. Dagenhart.

American expeditionary Force

Commanded by General John J. Pershing; the first U.S. troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the French and British lines, but by the summer of 1918, as American forces arrived by the hundreds of thousands, the AEF eventually assumed independent responsibility for one segment of the Western Front.

Teller Amendment

Congress passed a joint resolution on April 20 authorizing war. Part of the resolution declared that the U.S. had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restore to the island, the Cuban people would control their own government.

Irreconcilables

Could not accept U.S. membership in the League, no matter how the covenant was worder.

Valeriano Weyler

Cuban nationalists had been fighting for 10 years to overthrow the Spanish. In 1895, Weyler adopted sabotaging and laying waste on Cuban plantations in order either to force Spain's withdrawal or involve the U.S. in revolution. Spain responded by sending the autocratic General Valeriano Weyler and over 100,000 troops to supress the revolt.

Big Four

David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy met with Wilson almost daily as the Big Four. After months of argument, the president reluctantly agreed to compromise on most of his Fourteen Points.

Great White Fleet

Demonstrate U.S. naval power to Japan and other nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the -world cruise in 1907-1909. The great white ships made sight. Japanese government welcomed the U.S. arrival in Tokyo Bay.

Insular Cases

Did provisions of U.S. Constitution apply to whatever territories fell under U.S. control, including the Philippines and Puerto Rico? William Bryan and anti-imperialists argued in the affirmative (in negative direction). The issue was resolved in favor of imperialists in a series of Supreme Court cases (1901-1903) known as the insular or island cases. Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Greatly strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. Most important for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

Dollar Diplomacy

Growing anti-imperialism both in U.S. and overseas. Wanting U.S. bankers to be included in a British, French, and German plan to invest railroads in China. Taft succeeded in securing American participation in an agreement signed in 1911. Russia and Japan agreed to treat Manchuria as a jointly held sphere of influence. Protect investments, U.S, intervened in Nicaragua's financial affairs in 1911, sent marine in 1912 til 1933.

Open Door Policy

Hay was alarmed that Chinese empire, weakened, by political corruption and failure to modernize, was falling under the control of various powers. 1890s- Russia, Japan, Great Britain, and Germany had established spheres of influence in China. The Open Door Policy stated that all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. 1930s- the Open Door Policy for China would strongly influence U.S. relations with Japan.

Root-Takahira Agreement

Important executive agreement was concluded between the U.S. and Japan in 1908. Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador Takahira exchanged noted pledging 1. mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions and 2. support for the Open Door Policy in China.

Sussex Pledge

In March 1916, a German torpedo struck an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, injuring several American passengers. Wilson threatened to cut off U.S. diplomatic relations with Germany - a step preparatory to war. Germany's reply to the president promised not to sink merchant or passenger ships without giving due warning.

Direct Primaries

In late 1800s, common practice of Republicans and Democrats to nominate candidates for states and federal offices in state conventions dominated by party houses. This new method of direct primary (introduced by Robert La Follete) nominating process directly in hands of voters and nominated party candidates by majority vote. 1915- some form of direct primary used in every state. System's effectiveness in overthrowing boss rule was limited as politicians devised ways of confusing the voters by splitting the anti-machine vote.

Strikes; Race Riots

In the postwar period, a series of strikes in 1919 as well as fear of revolution turned public opinion against unions. The migration of African Americans to northern cities during the war increased racial tensions.

Venustiano Carranza

Led democratic regime in Pancho Villa. Raids across U.S.-Mexican border. Wilson and fleet failed to capture Pancho Villa. President Carranza protested that American presence in Mexico.

David Lloyd George; George Clemenceau; Vittorio Orlando

Met with Wilson almost daily as the Big Four.

Alice Paul

Militant approach to gaining the vote was adopted by women, who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes. Leader, Alice Paul of NJ, broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form the National Women's Party. Beginning, Paul focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.

Zimmermann Telegram

On March 1, U.S. newspapers carried the shocking news of a secret offer made by Germany to Mexico. Intercepted by British intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. This aroused the nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that Germany fully expected a war with the U.S.

Russian Revolution

On March 15, Russian revolutionaries overthrew the czar's government and proclaimed a republic.

Manila Bay

On May 1, shortly after war was declared, Commodore Dewey's fleet opened fire on Spanish ships in Manila Bay. Spanish fleet was soon pounded into submission by U.S. naval guns. The fight on land took longer than anticipated. Allied with Filipino rebels, U.S. troops captured the city of Manila on August 13.

Sinking of the Maine

One week after the de Lome letter made headlines on February 15,1898, the U.S. battleship Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba when it suddenly exploded. 260 Americans were killed on board. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship, even though experts later concluded that the explosion was an accident.

Emma Goldman

Outspoken radical; deported during the Palmer raids.

Annexation of Hawaii

Pacific island of Hawaii had been settled by American missionaries and entrepreneurs. U.S. expansionists had long coveted the islands and , in 1893, American settlers had aided in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani. President Cleveland opposed the annexation of Hawaii. War and the fight for the Philippines gave Congress and McKinley the right to annex Hawaii in 1898 ( U.S. territory in 1900 and 15th state of Union in 1959).

Treaty of Paris

Peace Treaty signed on December 10, 1898. It provided recognition of Cuban independence, U.S. acquisition of two Spanish islands -Puerto Rico and Guam, U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20 million. Avowed purpose of U.S. war effort was to liberate Cuba, Americans accepted the treaty. However, they were not prepared for taking over the Philippines.

McKinley's War Message

President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it agree to a ceasefire in Cube (agreed). Because U.S. newspapers clamored for war, McKinley sent a war message to Congress in April. The four reasons that the U.S. wanted to intervene in the Cuban Revolution was: 1. to put an end to barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba, 2. protect lives and property of U.S. citizens in Cuba, 3. end the very serious injury to commerce, trade, and business, 4.end constant menace to peace arising from disorders in Cuba

Moral Diplomacy

President Wilson Philippines- won passage of Jones Act of 1916, 1. full territorial status to country 2. bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino 3. independence. Puerto Rico- 1917 granted U.S. citizenship to all inhabitants and provide limited self government. Panama Canal- 1914 to repeal an act that granted U.S. ships an exemption from paying the standard canal tolls charged other nations. Wilson's commitment to the ideals of democracy.

Neutrality

President Wilson protested British seizure of American ships as a violation of a neutral nation's right to freedom of the seas.

Edward House

President Wilson's chief foreign policy adviser; was sent to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement before the election in 1915. This mission had been unsuccessful.

George Creel

Progressive journalist; took charge of a propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information, which enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars to depict the heroism of the "boys" (U.S. soldiers) and the villainy of the kaiser.

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Progressives respected the chief of the Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot, as a dedicated conservationist. They distrusted Taft's secretary of the interior, Richard Ballinger, after he opened public lands in Alaska for private development. 1910- Pinchot criticized Ballinger, Taft stood by his cabinet member and fired Pinchot for insubordination. Conservatives applauded, Progressives protested.

Sedition Act (1918)

Prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the U.S. government.

Palmer Raids

Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, these raids were conducted by the Justice department to root out communists, socialists, and anarchists, who they believed were trying to overthrow the government. Led by Mitchell A Palmer 6000 people were arrested, most of them foreign born; 500 including Emma Goldman were deported. Ended when the predicted huge riots on May Day did not take place and people became concerned with abuse of civil liberties.

Espionage Act (1917)

Provided for imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operation of the draft.

Federal Reserve Act

Rejecting republican proposal for a private national bank Wilson proposed a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board. After months, congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1914. Americans have purchased goods and services using the Federal Reserve Notes (dollar bills) issued by the federally regulated bank system.

Election of 1900

Republicans renominated President McKinley with Theodore Roosevelt as vice president. Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan, who argued for free silver (1896). Americans accepted the recently enacted gold standard, while Bryan attacked the growth of American imperialism. Philippines was an accomplished fact. The growing national economic prosperity gave McKinley a victory.

Josiah Strong

Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were "the fittest to survive" and that Protestant Americans had a Christian duty to colonize other lands for the purpose of spreading Christianity and Western civilization. He expressed the thinking of many Protestant congregations, "superior civilization".

Elkins Act

Roosevelt took initiative in persuading a Republican majority in Congress to pass laws that significantly strengthened the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Under this Act, the ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers.

Panama Canal

Roosevelt was frustrated that Colombia controlled this isthmus and refused to agree to U.S. terms for digging the canal through its territory. Supported revolt in Panama in 1903. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 allowed U.S. to begin digging the canal without British involvement. The Panama Canal began in 1904 and finished in 1914. George Goethals and Dr. William Gorgas eliminated mosquitos in the canal and yellow fever. In 1921, $25 million was given to Colombia for their loss of Panama.

Reservationists

Said they could accept the League if certain reservations were added to the covenant.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed at a peace conference in the Palace of Versailles outside of Paris; included the following terms: (1) Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa. It was also forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to Great Britain and France. (2) Applying the principle of self-determination, territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland, and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (3) Signers of the treaty would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Article X of the covenant (charter) of the League called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations.

Election of 1912

Taft (republican) and Debs (socialist) not fit for presidency, left down to Theodore Roosevelt (new Progressive party) and Woodrow Wilson (democrat). Roosevelt, new nationalism, government regulations, women's suffrage, social welfare programs. Wilson, new freedom, limit big business/ government, reform by ending corruption and revive competition. Wilson voted president, Democrats took control of Congress.

Central Powers

The Irish Americans hate britain because of its oppressive rule of Ireland. Their sympathies were openly committed to the Central Powers.

Venezuela Boundary Dispute

The Monroe Doctrine concerned a boundary dispute between Venezuela and neighboring territories. Cleveland and Olney argued that the Monroe Doctrine applied to situation and if the British did not arbitrate, the U.S. stood ready to back up its argument with military force. The arbitrators ruled mainly in favor of Britain and not Venezuela. This was the turning point of the U.S.- British relationship.

William H. Seward

The Secretary of State, he helped Lincoln prevent Great Britain and France from entering the war on the side of the South. He achieved annexation of Midway Island in the Pacific and gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua. The Monroe Doctrine was invoked stating that the U.S. would take action unless the French withdrew. The U.S. bought Alaska for $7.2 million, becoming known as "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox".

Schenck v. United States

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in a case involving a man who had been imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. In 1919, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to the public safety.

Red Scare

The anti-German hysteria of the war years turned suddenly into anti-Communist hysteria known as this.

Lusitania

The first major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality and peace was the torpedoing and sinking of this British passenger liner, on May 7, 1915. Most of the passengers drowned, including 128 Americans.

Jeannette Rankin

The first woman to be elected to Congress; antiwar activist.

Rough Riders

The most celebrated event of the war was a calvary charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba by the Rough Riders. A regiment of volunteers led by Roosevelt, who had resigned his Navy post to take part in the war. Roosevelt's volunteers were aided in victory by veteran regiments of African Americans. U.S. Navy in destroying the Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay on July 3.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The people of the Philippines were outraged that their hopes for national independence from Spain were now being denied by the U.S.. Filipino nationalist leader, Aguinaldo, had fought alongside U.S. troops during the Spanish- American war. He led bands of guerilla fighters in the a war against U.S. control. The U.S. troops were their for 3 years and cost thousands of lives on both sides before the insurrection end in 1902.

Mobilization

U.S. mobilization for war in 1917 was a race against time. It was understood that Germany was preparing to deliver a knockout blow to end the war on German terms.

Selective Service Act

Under this act, about 2.8 million men were eventually called by lottery. The draftees provided over half the total of 4.7 million Americans who were issued a uniform during the war.

War Agencies

Wilson created war agencies that would be staffed by volunteers in order for America to contribute supplies to the Allies. Agencies included the: War Industries Board-set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices Food Administration-encouraged Americans to eat less meat and bread so food could be shipped abroad for troops Fuel Administration-efforts to save coal; nonessential factories shut down and daylight savings time went into effect National War Labor Board-helped mediate disputes between labor and business

Referendum

a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

Sixteenth Amendment

ratified by the states in 1913, authorized the U.S. government to collect an income tax (this reform was originally proposed by the populists in their 1892 platform). Progressives heartily approved the new tax because at first it applied only to the very wealthy.

conservation

1. Roosevelt repeated use of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve, could not be sold to private interests. 2. 1902, Roosevelt won passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act, a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in west. 3. 1908- need for conservation by hosting a hite house conference on the subject. A National Conservation Commission established under Grifford Pinchot of PA, Roosevelt had appointed to be first director of U.S. Forest Service.

Australian Ballot

1888-1910 Political parties could manipulate and intimidate voters by printing list of party candidates and watching voters drop them into the ballot box on election day. Massachusetts 1st state to adopt system of issuing ballots printed b the state and requiring voters to mark their choices secretly with in privacy of a curtained booth. By 1910 all states voted this way. Advocated by Progressives.

Pragmatism

1900s- philosophy that people should take a more practical approach to morals, ideas, and knowledge; two leading advocates of this philosophy were William James and John Dewey argued that the good/true could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals. Instead people should experiment with ideas and laws and test them in action until they found something that seemed to work well for the better order of society. Progressive adopted philosophy be it enabled them to challenge fixed nations that stood in way of reform.

Fourteen Points

A detailed list of war aims presented to Congress by President Wilson; several of these were related to specific territorial questions. Of greater significance were the following broad principles for securing the peace: Recognition of freedom of the seas An end to the practice of making secret treaties Reduction of national armaments An "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims" Self-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian empire "A general association of nations...for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party led by Conkling in the end of the 1800s. Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who opposed civil service reform.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A leading Senate Republican; lead the reservationist faction in the Treaty of Versailles.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Preparedness

Greater defense expenditures; clamored for by eastern Republicans that recognized that the U.S. Army and Navy were hopelessly unprepared for a major war, soon after the European war broke out. Leading the campaign was the National Security League, organized by a group of business leaders to promote preparedness and to extend direct U.S. aid to the Allies, if needed.

Tampico Incident

Aid a revolutionary faction fighting General Huerta, Wilson asked for an arms embargo against Mexican government and sent fleet to blockade the port of Vera Cruz. 1914- Tampico, American seamen arrested were soon released. Ordered the U.S. Navy to occupy Vera Cruz. War between Mexico and U.S. adverted when South America's Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC) powers offered to mediate the dispute. Joint mediation solved the issue.

Carrie Chapman Catt

An energetic reformer from Iowa became the new president of the National Women Suffrage Association of 1900. Argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, enabling them to more care for families in industrial society. Catt continued NAWSA's drive to win votes for women at the state level before changing to seek a suffrage amendment.

George Dewey

Anticipating war and recognizing the strategic value of Spain's territories in the Pacific, Roosevelt ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines. The large group of islands had been under Spanish control ever since the 1500s. On May 1, Dewey's fleet opened fire on Spanish ships in Manila Bay and on August 13 it was captured.

Bolsheviks

Communists; a second revolution in Russia by them took that nation out of the war.

Allied Powers

Even though the United States was officially a neutral nation, its economy became closely tied to that of the Allied powers, Great Britain and France.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Friction between Japanese and U.S. concerned laws of California, which discriminated against Japanese Americans. Japanese American children attended segregated schools which stood as a national insult to Japan. 1908- Roosevelt arranged a compromise by informal understanding or "gentlemen's agreement". Japanese secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. in return for Roosevelt to repeal discrimination law in California.

Propaganda

Fully recognizing the importance of influencing U.S. public opinion, the British government made sure the American press was well supplied with stories of German soldiers committing atrocities in Belgium and the German-occupied part of eastern France.

Pancho Villa

General Huerta fell from power in 1914, replaced by democratic regime led by Venustiano Carranza. New government challenged by a band of revolutionaries loyal to Pancho Villa. Villa led raids across U.S.- Mexican border and murdered people in Texas and New Mexico. 1916- Wilson and fleet failed to capture Villa. President Carranza protested American presence in Mexico. 1917- Wilson withdrew from war.

Submarine Warfare

Germany's one hope for challenging British power at sea lay with a new naval weapon, the submarine.

Roosevelt Corollary

Involved Latin American nations that were in deep financial trouble and could not pay their debts to European creditors. The policy = Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. U.S. would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts. U.S. sailors and marines would occupy major ports to manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied.

Jane Addams

Leader of the social justice movement; found that they needed political support in the state legislature for meeting the needs of immigrants and the working class. Lobbied vigorously and with success for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws and safety regulations for tenements and factories. Reformers fought for such measure as a system of parole, separate reformatories for juvenile, and limits on the death penalty.

Big Stick Policy

Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy. It attempted to build the reputation of U.S. as a world power (imperialists applauded while critics disliked). Roosevelt was eager to build the Panama canal. The independent Panama was to sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 granting the U.S. long term control of the canal. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 stated that the U.S. could begin to dig the canal without British involvement. East Asia (war and agreements), and peace efforts.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

U.S. Navy Captain, he wrote a book in 1890 that argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power. The book was widely read by citizens and by leaders in Europe and Japan. U.S. naval strategists persuaded Congress to finance the construction of steel ships and encourage U.S. gain of overseas islands to be used as stations.

initiative

a method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

recall

enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term had expired