COMG 151 Exam 2
7 Nonverbal Communication Codes
1 - 2 Kinesics (most important) - concerned with motion (head movement, facial expression, posture, gestures, how one stands or walks vocalics - use of voice, pitch level, tempo (slow or fast speaking), voice quality (tense or breathy voice), stutters 3-4 Proxemics - use of space and distance, how close people sit or apart, how furniture is arranged in a classroom Haptics - use of touch, how we communicate comforting people / identifying who is in a power position 5-6 Physical appearance (self-presentation) - how people dress themselves, their level of grooming, weight, height, skin color (artifacts - jewlery, tattoos, piercings, eyeglasses, cologne) 7. Chronemics - role in time of communication
The seven nonverbal communication codes
1. Appearance 2. Kinesics 3. Eye contact 4. Facial expressions 5. Touch 6. The voice (paralanguage or vocalics) 7. The physical environment, space (proxemics)(territoriality)
5 Conflict Management Styles
1. Avoidance (withdrawing) 2. Accommodation 3. Competition (forcing) 4. Compromise 5. Collaboration
Six elements that reveal the nature of nonverbal communication - Nonverbal communication is:
1. Culture bound 2. Rule governed 3. Ambiguous 4. Continuous 5. Nonlinguistic 6. Multichanneled
The human face exhibits 6 primary emotions
1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Surprise 4. Fear 5. Anger 6. Disgust / contempt *Certain movements, signs, facial expressions convey words, phrases, and emphasis
Two questions always ask yourself when engaging interpersonal conflict:
1. How important is the goal? 2. How important is the relationship?
Consequences of Aggressive Behavior
1. Hurt feelings 2. Unsatisfying relationship
Albert Mehrabian found that we synthesize and interpret nonverbal cues along three dimensions:
1. Immediacy 2. Arousal 3. Dominance
Three tensions are critical to relational dialectics perspective
1. Integration-seperation: autonomy versus connection 2. Stability-change: predictability versus novelty 3. Expression-privacy: openness versus closedness
Three tensions in relationships
1. Integration-seperation: autonomy versus connection 2. Stability-change: predictability versus novelty 3. Expression-privacy: openness versus closedness
5 Dimensions of Touch
1. Intensity - soft/hard 2. Location - where (lower back, shoulder, knee) 3. Duration (speed of touch; fast/slow) 4. Frequency - Repetition (how many times you touch or are touched) 5. Instrument - Body Part (using hand, food, leg, to touch somebody else is the instrument)
Interpersonal communication has three attributes:
1. Involves quality (people are treated as objects or are communicated with based on the roles they hold 2. Involves mutual influence 3. Helps manage relationships of choice and circumstance
5 Types of Family Groups (primary)
1. Nuclear Family 2. Single-parent families 3. Single Parent Extended 4. Blended Group 5. Mixed Family
4 Stage of Group Development
1. Orientation 2. Conflict 3. Emergence 4. Reinforcement
5 Elements of interpersonal Attraction
1. Physical Attraction 2. Sexual Attraction 3. Similarity 4. Proximity 5. Complementarity
Five stages of Relational Escalation
1. Preinteraction awareness 2. Initiation Stage 3. Exploration Stage 4. Intensification stage 5. Intimacy Stage
3 Properties of Self-Disclosure
1. Reciprocity 2. Appropriateness 3. Risk
Consequences of Passive Behavior
1. Resentment 2. Unmet needs 3. Damage to the relationship
Interactive Strategy
A strategy of communicating directly with the source who has the greatest potential to reduce one's uncertainty
Perception checking
A strategy that helps us interpret others nonverbal cues
Groupthink
A faulty sense of agreement that occurs when members of a group fail to challenge an idea; a false consensus reached when conflict is minimized and group members do not express concerns or reservations about an idea or a proposal
One reason nonverbal communication is considered more believable than verbal communication is beacuse
A great deal of nonverbal communication is generated subconsciously
Secondary group
A group formed to accomplish a specific task or goal
Kinesics
Human movement, gesture, and posture
Types of Groups: Primary
A group that exists to fulfill basic human needs; needing to connect with other human beings on a personal level Sense of belonging 2 types - Family & Social *Strong ties, loyalty, trust that makes up a family group
The Johari Window
A model that explains how self-disclosure varies from relationship to relationship; the model reflects various stages of relational development, degrees of self-awareness, and other's perceptions
Attraction
A motivational state that causes someone to think, feel, and behave in a positive manner toward someone
Touch Ethic
A persons own guidelines or standards as to appropriate and inappropriate touch
The culture-bound nature of nonverbal communication is best explained by
A positive "thumbs up" gesture in one country is interpreted as a foul insult in another
Physical Attraction
A powerful nonverbal cue; the degree to which we find another person's physical self appealing *based on height, size, skin tone and texture, clothing, hairstyle, makeup, vocal qualities
______ refers to the nonverbal dimension that communicates liking and pleasure
Immediacy
Communication that treats people as objects or that only responds to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people is called ______
Impersonal communication
The Unknown Quadrant
Information about yourself that you as well as other people have yet to discover or realize (STDS)
The Blind Quadrant (Johari Window)
Information that another person knows about you but that you fail to recognize is in your Blind quadrant (body odor)
The Hidden Quadrant
Information that you know about yourself, but haven't shared with another person, fairly large (deep thoughts)
Which type of strategy is frequently used in online relationships, because starting an online conversation or exchanging emails tends to evoke less uncertainty than face-to-face first conversations?
Interactive strategy
Culture bound
Interpret nonverbal cues within a cultural context
Orientation
Introductions, discomfort, and uncertainty Formation of group Communication is polite, create positive impressions May have some discomfort while experiencing uncertainty and anxiety figuring out the dynamic of the group
What is the hallmark of constructive conflict?
It transforms the issue of disagreement into a topic for discussion and relational adjustment
Multichanneled
Nonverbal cues register our senses from a variety of sources simultaneously, but we can attend to only one nonverbal cue at a time
Arousal
Nonverbal cues that communicate feelings of interest and excitement *increased eye contact, closer conversational distances, increased touch, animated vocal expressions, smiling
Immediacy
Nonverbal cues that communicate feelings of liking, pleasure and closeness - why we are drawn to some people but not others *watch for eye contact, smiling, pleasant facial expressions, head nods, rise in voice, appropriate touch, leaning forward
Dominance
Nonverbal cues that communicate power, status, and control *People who are high in status tend to have relaxed body posture, less direct body orientation toward lower-status people, head nodding, bigger offices, and communicate their sense of power through clothing, possessions, and use of time
People are able to attend how many nonverbal cues at a time?
One
Digital immigrants
People who discovered and adopted technology along the way
Which of the following is a strategy that helps us interpret others nonverbal cues?
Perception checking
Aggressive Communication
Self-serving communication that does not take a listener's feelings and rights into account
The relational de-escalation stage in which individuals make an intentional decision to minimize or eliminate further interpersonal interaction is the ___ stage
Seperation stage
Reciprocity
Sharing information about oneself with another person, with the expectation that the other person will share information that is similar in risk or depth
Relational dialectics
a perspective that views interpersonal relationships as constantly changing rather than stable and that revolves around how relational partners manage tensions
Social Role
a role that helps a group manage and affects the group climate
Aggressive behavior
a style in which you belligerently or violently confront others with your personal preferences and rights *People use this style to attack others self concept and/or expressing hostility towards others to inflict psychological pain *People who use this style lack emotional control and value themselves over others
Group Dynamics: ELABORATOR
add / extend comments from other people
Friendships are among our most valued relationships, even though they may be few in number in
adulthood
Perception checking can be used to counteract the _____ nature of nonverbal communication
ambiguous
Relationship
an ongoing connection made with another person
Serial Arguments
argumentative episodes focused on the same issue that occur at least twice
Group Dynamics: OPINION SEEKER
ask members about their personal points of view and personal opinions
Verbal Messages
asking questions, listening responsively
Group Dynamics: INFORMATION SEEKER
asks for information that is task related
Stability - change
at the beginning of a relationship people are happy with the status quo emphasizing a partners positive points and glossing over less desirable traits- when the novelty wears off people may have more accepting one another as who they are
Task roles (initiator/contributor)
behaviors that help the group achieve its goal and accomplish its work (gathering and sharing research conclusions, writing ideas on a board)
I messages do NOT:
blame or attack, criticize, name call, bring up past grievances, assume the other party knows how you feel, accuse (more objective way of bringing up conflict)
Your face tends to express which kind of emotion you're feeling, while your _____ reveals the intensity of the emotion you're feeling
body
Appearance
body size, shape, skin color and texture, hairstyle, clothing
Signpost
brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas
Group Dynamics: HARMONIZERS
helps manage conflict within the group, mediate the conflict
Group Dynamics: SOCIAL
helps manage the interpersonal relationships within the group members
Kinesics
human movements, gestures, and posture
Responding to a mass text or e-mail message is an example of ______ communication because you likely don't know all the receivers of your message
impersonal communication
The stage in which partners define their lives more as individuals and less as a couple is called the ____ stage
individualization stage
An individual who is high in status in a relationship will
initiate less direct eye contact
The relationship development stage in which partners begin to depend on each other for self-confirmation is ____ stage
intensification stage
Touch (haptics)
is the most powerful nonverbal cue but also the most complex because of the potential for misunderstanding
Relationship dissolution
is the research term for relationship ending
Before interpreting the meaning of a single nonverbal behavior, you should
look for clusters of corroborating nonverbal cues
Characteristics of healthy work groups: ACCOUNTABLE
members are accountable, responsible and held responsible for their actions within the group
Homogenous Group
members have a lot in common lots of similarity in age, ethnicity, major, cultural background have similar ideas and opinions
Heterogeneous Groups
members have differences in attitudes and interests, depending on the nature of the task or problem trying to be solved its better to have a heterogenous group because solving a problem we need different backgrounds, needs, perspectives to solve a problem
Interpersonal communication involves
mutual influence
Paralanguage is
nonverbal aspects of voice
Communication, other than written or spoken language, that creates meaning for someone is known as
nonverbal communication
The continuous nature of nonverbal communication is demonstrated by the observation that
nonverbal communication doesn't conform to the patterns of spoken language
Comforting Guidelines: Reframe the situation
offer ideas, explanations, other solutions so the other person can see a situation in another light Give advice
Cyberinfedility
online sexual activity outside of one's in person monogamous relationship
Characteristics of healthy work groups: COHESIVE
overall there is a force that brings the group together, that force is usually trust and respect
Characteristics of healthy work groups: ETHICAL GOALS
overall they adhere to underlying values, morals, and principles
Blended Group -
parents living together with children from different relationships (example - Bready Bunch)
Monochronic time perspective
people who prefer to do one thing at a time, pay attention to deadlines and schedules and use time efficiently
Depth of information
personal significance of what is discussed
Bona Fide
perspective suggests that you need to be aware that the people who work with you have multiple roles and multiple jobs focuses on how groups actually operate within organizations
Voluntarily providing information to others that they would not learn if one did not tell them is called
self-disclosure
Nonverbal Messages
sitting closer, increasing eye contact, smiling
Manifestations that Integration take place:
social circles mesh (family, friends) intimacy trophies (pins, rings, necklaces) similarities in manner, dress, and talk common property (joint bank account, our song, dogs together, a house) sexual intercourse - about relational closeness in this stage
Solution
something that solves the problem by addressing the interests of both parties
The type of nonverbal communication that provides the most information about status, power, and intimacy is
space
norms
standards of what is normal or expected
Transition
statement indicating that a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another
Internal Preview
statement indicating what speaker will discuss next
Nonverbal dominance cues are behaviors which communicate
status and importance
Power
the ability to influence others
Post-interaction stage
the bottom or final stage in a relational de-escalation which represents the lasting effects of a relationship on the self
Group Dynamics: ROLES
the consistent way a person communicates with others in a group, roles emerge from the way we communicate with our group members
cohesiveness
the degree of loyalty and attraction the group members feel toward one another
The most significant source of emotional information is
the face
Group Dynamics: RECORDER
the person who says "oh I got this i'll take notes", very important role!
Social Penetration Theory
theory that suggests that interpersonal communication in relationships moves gradually from superficial to more intimate
Group Dynamics: TASK
these people who assume these roles help the group accomplish the task
Secondary tension
this conflict occurs over group norms, leadership, and differences in opinion among group members
Small group
three to fifteen people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and exert influence on one another
Reinforcement
trust, motivation and positive feelings members express positive experiences overall group becomes cohesive, a sense of "we"
Competition (Forcing)
trying to win or make others lose (win-lose relationship) (Example - Debate)
The first stage of relational de-escalation is the ___ stage
turmoil
Breadth of Information
variety of topics
Feedback
verbal and nonverbal responses (cross your legs, roll your eyes)
Group Dynamics: EMOTION EXPRESSER
vocalizes how the group is feeling "woah woah, I know we have all been working on this for 8 hours and I can see that everyone is frustrated"
Self-disclosure
voluntarily providing information to others that they would not learn if one did not tell them *deepens relationships *validate our perceptions of reality *clarifies our understanding of ourselves *manages stress
Avoidance (withdrawing)
walking away from the conflict (not very effective style, only effective when there are a lot of emotions that are uncontrollable and you take space to calm down)
Characteristics of healthy work groups: SYNERGISTIC
we combine our efforts in a group to maximize that outcome, putting all of our efforts together to make sure to have the best outcome possible
Comforting Guidelines: Encourage understanding
we do this through other centered messages - other centered messages encourage the other person in the relationship to talk about their emotions / communicate
positive communication climate
where partners feel valued and supported
Aggressive communication
yelling, name calling, put-downs, taunting, sarcasm
Communication interaction pattern
a consistent patter on who talks to whom
Focus group
a group that is asked to discuss a particular topic or issue so that others can better understand how to respond
Passive Strategy
a noncommunicative strategy for reducing uncertainty by observing others and situations
Status
a persons importance or pretige
Conversational Narcissism (self absorbed communicator style)
A dominating communication style in which one focuses attention on oneself
Uncertainty-Reduction Theory
A driving human motivation to increase predictability by reducing the unknown in one's circumstances
Uncertainty-reduction theory
A driving human motivation to increase predictability by reducing the unknown in one's circumstances
Sexual Attraction
"the desire to engage in sexual activity with someone" *you may be physically attracted to someone but not sexually attracted
Passive-aggressive behavior
- A style in which you submit to others' demands and conceal your own preferences while indirectly expressing hostility toward them *People use this style when they are uncomfortable with using the assertive communication *People who use this style is considered manipulative and disrespectful
Nonverbal Communication
- Communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone - certain movements, signs, and facial expressions convey words, phrases, and emphasis (eye contact, someone's appearance, face, voice, use of space, use of objects) - Nonverbal communication is subconscious - we act and react to stimuli in our environment
Identify the universal facial expressions
- Facial and eye expression - Posture / gestures / body movement - Touch - most powerful form of nonverbal *Your face tends to express which kind of emotion you're feeling whereas your body reveals the intensity or how much emotion you're feeling *To interpret someone's facial expressions accurately, you need to focus on what the other person may be thinking or feeling
Disconfirming messages - negative
- signal lack of regard for our partner
As we act and react to stimuli in our environment, a significant portion of our nonverbal communication is
generated subconsciously
Group Dynamics: OPINION GIVER
give group members their personal points of view and personal opinions
What is the importance of nonverbal messages?
1. Sharing Feelings - Nonverbal communication is our primary means of communicating feelings and attitudes toward others. 2. Promoting Trust - Nonverbal messages are usually more believable than verbal messages. 3. Developing Relationships - Nonverbal communication is critical in the initiation, development, and termination of relationships. 4. Enhancing Words - Nonverbal messages function to substitute for, complement, contradict, repeat, regulate, and accent verbal messages. - To further reveal self (awareness that helps you understand yourself - how and why you behave as you do) - particularly in situations when talking is inappropriate, impossible or inadequate - To affect how you connect with others as you initiate and build relationships (Your heightened awareness will lead to a more skillful use of nonverbal communication and accuracy in interpreting others nonverbal cues) - Primary tool for conveying our feelings / attitudes / detecting the emotional states of others -Nonverbal actions carry the truer message most of the time - Nonverbal messages are critical to successful relationships - - A person who can read other's nonverbal communication with sensitivity and skill makes a memorable impression on other people
What are the 6 functions of nonverbal messages?
1. Substitute - Nonverbal cues can substitute for verbal messages (example: peace sign, middle finger) 2. Compliment -Nonverbal cues delivered simultaneously with verbal messages complement, clarify, or extend the meaning of the verbal cues, conveying more information and allowing for a more accurate interpretation. (Example: When someone waves, makes eye contact, and says "Hello," the gesture and eye contact are nonverbal complements to the verbal greeting, providing context and revealing emotions and attitudes) 3. Contradict - In most instances when verbal and nonverbal cues contradict each other, the nonverbal message is the one we should believe. (Example: When someone says they aren't angry but arms are crossed, they roll their eyes or scoff - nonverbal messages indicate how someone truly feels) 4. Repeat - We use nonverbal messages to repeat our verbal messages (Example: You yell to a friend to hurry up but they can't hear you so you use your hands to signal to speed up and hurry - nonverbal cues repeat the message to create greater understanding) 5. Regulate - Nonverbal cues regulate our participation in conversation. When talking with people, we rely on such nonverbal cues as eye contact, facial expressions, audible intakes of breath, vocalizations such as "um," shifts in posture or seating position, and movements closer to or farther away from others. 6. Accent - We may use nonverbal cues to accent or reinforce a verbal message. (Example - We MUST move out of the way of the car or we will get hit - such a vocalization and gesture serve to accent or add intensity to the verbal message)
LAYER OF ONION
1. Superficial Layer (outside) - likes/dislikes in clothes music etc 2. Middle Layers - political views, social attitudes 3. Inner Layers - 4. Core Personality
Five stages of relational de-escalation
1. Turmoil 2. Stagnation 3. Intensification 4. Individualization 5. Seperation 6. Post-interaction
Consequences to Passive-Aggressive behavior
1. Undercuts mutual respect 2. Relationship termination
In managing conflict it is important to
1. manage your emotions 2. manage the information surrounding the dispute at hand 3. manage the problem rather than the emotion of the situation or the people involved in the conflict
Three general styles of managing conflict
1. nonconfrontational 2. confrontational 3. cooperative
4 stages of group and team development
1. orientation - group members get acquainted with both the task and one another (members become adjusted to one another) 2. conflict - occurs when group members recognize that they differing ideas and opinions about both the groups task and its procedures for accomplishing the task 3. emergence - evident when the group begins to make decisions and starts to complete the task (conflict or disagreement is managed, decisions made, group problems begin to solve) 4. reinforcement - occurs when the group has accomplished its task and takes some time to recognize and confirm the groups actions (group members express positive feelings towards one another and the group)
The five stages of relational escalation
1. pre-interaction awareness 2. initiation 3. exploration 4. intensification 5. intimacy
3 categories of group roles
1. task roles 2. social roles 3. individual roles
The six stages of relational de-escalation
1. turmoil 2. stagnation 3. de-intensification 4. individualization 5. seperation 6. post-interaction
Active Strategy
A communicative strategy for reducing uncertainty by getting information from a third party
Passive Behavior
A style in which you do not express your personal preferences or defend your rights to others *people us this style to submit to others demands or conceal their own desires needs expectations and rights *people who use this style are considered insecure and value others before themselves
Assertive Behavior
A style in which you express your personal preferences and defend your rights to others while respecting their preferences and rights *People use this style when they want to express your personal *People who use this style are considered socially adept, respectful, and affective communicators
5 keypoints about nonverbal communication
Adapt Aware Verbal Nonverbal Listen & respond
At which point in our development are peer relationships the most important social influence on our behavior?
Adolescence
Conflict
An opportunity for positive change, opportunity to engage in a healthy conver
Coming together: Bonding
Announcing commitment Institutionalized of relationship (marriage) Stabilizes relationship Increases social and institutional support (can rely on laws, rules, procedures Example: tax break)
Coming Apart: Differentiating
Becoming distinct in character Not always a negative or bad thing Experience disengagement (distinguishing yourself from your partner, becoming I again) Increase in fighting and conflict Circumscribing - constricting communication Decrease in quality and quantity Affects of public social performance - to prevent conflict by not talking about certain topics Affects public social performance (don't want others to perceive that there is conflict in the relationship) Stagnating - just existing, not doing anything to fix the relationship (becoming inactive or motionless) Assume we know how interactions will unfold Decrease in experimentation Avoiding - Avoiding interactions closing communication channels disengagement (hiding things about yourself) cognitive dissociation (disregarding messages)
Interests - (why we want what we want)
Causes of your position Your motivation and values Your underlying need
Constructive Conflict
Characterized by cooperation in dealing with differences, helps build new insights and patterns in a relationship
Characteristics of healthy work groups: PRODUCTIVE NORMS
Checks emails, comes on time, effective and productive, relates to helping the group achieve their goal
Artifact
Clothing or another element of appearance (jewelry, tattoos, makeup, perfume)
Social
Come together to enjoy a certain activity or have a common interest or just like to be around each other (Friend Groups) Communication is about encouraging each other / protecting each other / provide support
Mediated Communication
Communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in face-to-face encounters
Interpersonal Communication
Communication that occurs between two people who simultaneously attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships *involves quality *involves mutual influence - both people in the relationship is affected *helps manage relationships - use interpersonal communication to help start, maintain, and manage relationships *IS SUPERIOR TO IMPERSONAL COMMUNICATION *form of communication we experience most often in our lives (emailing / texting)
Mediated interpersonal communication
Communication that occurs when two people attempt to mutually influence each other through the use of a medi-ated channel, usually for the purpose of managing relationships
Mediated Interpersonal Communication
Communication that occurs when two people attempt to mutually influence each other through the use of mediated channel, usually for the purpose of managing relationships
Impersonal communication
Communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people
What issue did Julius Fast's theory about nonverbal communication fail to consider?
Complex differences exist in individual, contextual, and cultural nonverbal communication
Destructive Conflict
Conflict characterized by a lack of cooperation in dealing with differences; dismantles relationships with out restoring them
Constructive Conflict
Conflict characterized by cooperation in dealing with differences; helps build new insights and patterns in a relationship
Simple Conflict
Conflict over differences in ideas, definitions, perceptions or goals
Pseudoconflict
Conflict stemming from a lack of understanding
Assertive messages:
Describe the behavior/event Explain your interpretation of behavior / event Name feelings you have as a result Identify potential consequences of all parties Suggest your intentions regarding how you will act or what you expect in the future
Conflict
Disagreements and power plays Group members experience some degree of disagreement about social and task issues May see other members pull power plays (groups form alliances)
Avoid Groupthink
Don't agree with someone because of status Consider asking an outsider Assign someone to be devils advocate Break into teams and consider pros/cons
Coming Together: Initiating
Establishing contact with others: make judgements, determine availability, search for opening (how are we going to open the lines of communication? howz it?" Ritualistic Interaction Impression Management Discovering the unknown: exchange demographic information, determine commonalities, determine degree of interest Small talk: uncovering information (superficial information - weather talk), auction for a future relationship, a safe way to reduce uncertainty (not disclosing a lot of personal information), maintain a sense of community, this is how you being to form relationships Intensifying: becoming close friends, increase intimacy, exchange personal disclosures (deeper information, insecurities) Verbal: informal address (babe, hun), engage in "we" talk, private symbols (inside jokes), verbal shortcuts, direct expressions of commitment Nonverbal: Postural congruence (subconscious, adopt the patterns of people around us), coordinated clothing Developing interdependence: experience coupling, minimize independence
Ambiguous
Exact meanings for nonverbal cues are difficult to determine but perception checking can help decipher the meaning of a nonverbal message
Rule governed
Expectancy violations theory suggests taht you may not know that you have rules or expectations governing appropriate nonverbal communication until those expectations are violated
Relationships of circumstance
Form situationally, simply because our lives overlap with others' lives in some way or because a situation brings us into contact (family members, teachers, classmates, coworkers
Compromise
Giving up something in order to get something (seeking middle ground) (not fully satisfied with the outcome, doesn't take as much brain power as other conflict styles, when feelings are more neutral this is an effective strategy)
Trait Conversational Narcissism
Habitual use of a narcissistic or self absorbed communicator style in which one focuses attention on oneself
The study of human touch is known as
Haptics
Why should you think about yourself when choosing a speech topic?
Having a strong interest or experience with a topic can help you develop a better speech
Mixed Family -
May not be related by blood, different people coming together to live under a roof, shows a sense of family, intimate relationships (trust) (Example - Boarding school?)
Paralanguage
Nonverbal aspects of voice (pitch, rate, volume, use of silence)
Family groups and social groups are two types of ___ groups
Primary
Conflict in groups (Pseudo, Issue, Personality)
Pseudo: fake or non existent, occurs when people agree on something they believe but disagree because of poor communication Issue - occurs when two or more group members ideas goals and opinions about the topic are incompatible Personality - when two or more group members become defensive because they feel like they are being attacked
Self Disclosure
Reciprocity Appropriateness Risk
What properties characterize self-disclosure?
Reciprocity, appropriateness, risk
Healthy Relationships
Relationships in which the interactions are satisfying and beneficial to those involved
Interpersonal Relationships
Relationships that are defined by sets of expectations two people have for their behavior based on the pattern of interaction between them (sister/brother, boyfriend/girlfriend, employee/boss)
Relationships of choice
Relationships that we seek out and intentionally develop (friends, lovers, spouses)
What are two models of self-disclosure that helps us understand how relationship progress toward intimacy?
Social Penetration & Johari Window
Interpersonal Conflict
Struggle that occurs when the needs of one person are in opposition to the needs of another (incompatible goals between people)
Types of Secondary Category Groups -
Study groups Support groups (Example: AA - bolster each other by providing a lot of encouragement, honesty, and safe environment) Interest groups (come together to share a common concern, hobby, or activity) Service groups - include people that come together to do hands on charitable work (Example - Habitat for Humanity) Work group - a group who solves a problem or accomplish a specific task (Example - college classes group projects)
Termination Dialogue
Summary statement (provides a history of why the relationship is ending) Messages indicating future interactions (discuss how future interactions will unfold)
T or F : Nonverbal cues can substitute for verbal messages
TRUE
A model that explains how self-disclosure varies from relationship to relationship is called
The Johari Window
Role
The consistent way you communicate with others in a group
Cohesiveness
The degree of attraction group members feel toward one another and toward their group
Complementarity
The degree to which another person's different abilities, interests, and needs balance or round our one's own *if you're highly disorganized you may be attracted to somebody who is very organized because you appreciate that person's sense of structure
Complementarity
The degree to which another person's different abilities, interests, and needs balance or round out one's own
Interpersonal Attraction
The degree to which one desires to form or maintain an interpersonal relationship with another person
Interpersonal attraction
The degree to which one desires to form or maintain an interpersonal relationship with another person
Similarity
The degree to which one's characteristics, values, attitudes, interests, or personality traits are like those of another person
Similarity
The degree to which one's characteristics, values, attitudes, interests, or personality traits are like those of another person *Similarity appears to be a more important factor in highly committed, long term relationships than in short term noncommitted relationships
Interpersonal Attraction
The degree to which you desire to form and possibly maintain an interpersonal relationship with another person
The Initiation stage
The first contact with a person with whom one desires a relationship; usually characterized by asking and answering questions
Pre-interaction awareness
The first stage, the stage of becoming aware of one's attraction of one's attraction to another person and observing that person but not actually interacting
Interaction
The give and take discussion and responsiveness to other group members
Proximity (relationships)
The likelihood of being attracted to people who are physically close rather than to those who are farther away *You are more likely to form relationships with the classmates sitting on either side of you than those at the opposite end of the room
The Open Quadrant (Johari Window)
The part of yourself that you know and have revealed to another person is the Open quadrant. As a relationship becomes more intimate, the Open quadrant grows larger
Perception Checking
The skill of asking other observers or the person being observed whether your interpretation of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate
Intensification stage
The stage in which partners begin to depend on each other for self-confirmation; characterized by more shared activities, more time spent together, more intimate physical distance and contact and personalized language
Intimacy Stage
The stage in which partners provide primary confirmation of each other's self concept; characterized by highly personalized and synchronized verbal and nonverbal communication
The pre-interaction awareness stage of relational escalation is defined as
The stage of becoming aware of one's attraction to another person and observing that person but not actually interacting
Turmoil Stage
The stage of relationship de-escalation characterized by increased conflict, less mutual acceptance, a tense communication climate, and an unclear relationship definition
Stagnation Stage
The stage of relationship de-escalation in which relationship loses its vitality, partners begin to take each other for granted, and communication and physical contact decline
Seperation Stage
The stage of the relationship de-escalation in which individuals make an intentional decision to minimize or eliminate further interpersonal interaction
Exploration Stage
The stage that involves more in-depth interactions
Proxemics
The study of how close or far away from people and objects we position ourselves
What are proxemics?
The study of how close or far away from people and objects we position ourselves
Territoriality
The study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space
Haptics
The study of human touch
Expectancy violations theory
The theory suggests that we develop expectations or rules for appropriate nonverbal behavior in ourselves and others and react when those expectations are violated
Matching Hypothesis
The theory that one tends to seek out individuals who represent the same level of physical attractiveness as oneself
Structure
The way a group is organized, focusing on the groups agenda and goal
Expectancy Violations Theory
Theory that suggests that we develop expectations for appropriate nonverbal behavior in ourselves and others, based on our cultural backgrounds, personal experiences, and knowledge of those with whom we interact *when someone stands too close to you'll react to the nonverbal rule infraction according to the credibility, status, and attractiveness of the person who's violating your space
Continuous
Unlike verbal messages that start and stop, nonverbal cues are ongoing
Nonlinguistic
Verbal communication consists of language with patterns, grammar, and regularities; nonverbal communication is more complex and does not operate like language
Position (what we want)
What you have decided upon What you say you want Preferred solution
On-again/off-again relationship
When people repeatedly return to a partner out of habit or because the relationship is comfortable or known
Collaboration
Working together in order to satisfy the needs of BOTH people | needs aren't partially met they are fully met, the most difficult conflict style - time, effort, self awareness, listening, empathy, understanding
I Messages
clear, assertive, and non-threatening messages that tell another person 1. how you feel, 2. what you want, 3. why you want it *I messages clarify how you feel, what you hope to accomplish, your goals, your needs, your interests*
Secondary Category
coming together for a specific reason, to complete a specific task or for a specific goal
Single Parent Families
consist of 1 adult parent living with his/her children. (Example - Gilmore Girls)
Nuclear Family -
consist of 2 parents living together with their biological or adopted children. Typically consist of 2 people that are married and sharing their home with their children (Example - the Simpsons)
Single Parent Extended -
consists of 2 parents living together with extended family (Example - Adams Family)
Confirming messages - positive
convey that we care about our partner
Eye contact
conveys interest and credibility and is an important nonverbal cue within most cultures
team
coordinated group of people organized to work together to achieve a specific common goal
Group Dynamics: EVALUATOR
critical thinker, assessing the information other people are giving ("How recent was this published")
Emergence
decision making / decisions emerge conflict or disagreement is managed group conflict is solved realization of common point of view or goal norms / rules / or leadership patterns are established to get work done
Terminating
ending the relationship - you have to determine what you want (enemy or friend) Terminate the relationship with positive results is a face to face conversation! Distance (psychological and physical barriers, making excuses, ghost away) Disassociation (emphasizing the differences, preparing your life without that person)
Relational dialectics perspective
examines sets of tension that emerge in ongoing relationships especially romantic or intimate ones
Informal settings tend to cause us to _______ our nonverbal behavior
expand and relax
Comforting Guidelines: Buffer face threats
face is the perception we want others to have of our worth positive face needs : honored, liked, desired || negative face needs: desire to be free from imposition / intrusion
Of all the relationships we experience in our lifetimes, the most complicated are
family relationships
Internal Summary
first part of a transition, statement summarizing preceding points
Individual Roles (aggressor)
focus attention on the individual rather than the group
Social roles (encourager)
focus on behavior that manages relationships and affects the group climate; these roles help resolve conflict and enhance flow of communication
Reward power
power that comes from the ability to provide rewards or favors
Coercive power
power that stems from being able to punish others
Group Dynamics: ENCOURAGER
praising other group members
Polychromic time perspective
preferring to do many things at once, place less emphasis on deadlines and consider relationships to be more important than work and meeting deadlines
Monochromic time perspective
preferring to do one thing at a time, to pay attention to deadlines and schedules and to use time efficiently
Group Dynamics: INFORMATION GIVER
provides information related to task completed
Conflict stemming from a lack of understanding
pseudoconflict
Accommodation
putting aside one's own needs/concerns in order to satisfy the needs of another (lose / win situation) (in a relationship that is unbalanced)
Group Dynamics: Tension Reliever
realizes when people are incredibly stressed out
Group Dynamics: GATEKEEPER
regulates the conversation among group members ( Example - encourages quieter group members to speak up)
Characteristics of healthy work groups: INTERDEPENDENT
relying on each other to achieve the goal or complete the task, relying on other peoples strengths to compensate for my weaknesses
Facial expressions
reveal our emotions
The expectancy violations model is an example of the __________ nature of nonverbal communication
rule-governed