Comm 101

guidelines for nonverbal communication

-ask clarifying questions -don't assume others understand -control your nonverbal reactions -use situationally nonverbal expressions -learn cultural differences in meaning

using delivery to encourage dialouge

-check pronunciations before you speak -engage with your audience -practice -choose presentation aids to increase understanding -choose interesting vocal delivery methods

4 characteristics of dialogue

-civility -presentness -unconditional positive regard -mutual equity

proxemics

-intimate distance: foot and a half apart -personal distance: a foot and a half to about 4 feet -social distance: from 4 to 12 feet apart -public distance: from twelve feet on

dialogic public speaking

-keep an open mind -respect differences -strive for audience understanding -talk with, not as, your audience -identify with your audience

what is not considered dialogue

-monologues -debate

4 attitudes for true dialogue

-open-mindedness -genuineness -agreeableness -ethical integrity

delivering information dialogically

-provide multiple examples -notice audiences nonverbal cues -achieve understanding, not agreement -ask clarifying questions -maintain interest throughout speech -provide clear points and references

strategies to help audience understand

-repetition -rewards -show and tell -build on what your audience already knows -use humor -check for understanding

using organization to encourage dialouge

-use an interesting + ethical attention getter -use personal credibility wisely -provide credentials for all sources -leave the evaluation to the audience -acknowledge disagreement

good dialogic conversation

-use inclusive speech -don't use profanity -avoid hate speech -use culturally appropriate metaphors -use familiar language -be specific and concrete -use descriptive, not evaluative language

Patterns of Organization for Informative Speeches

Spatial Pattern; Chronological Pattern; Cause-Effect Pattern; Problem-Solution Pattern; Topical Pattern

presentness

a commitment to the moment and the other person in the moment with us; giving your undivided attention

generalized other

a composite mental image we use to bounce our potential statements or behaviors off of before we actually enact them

transitions

a connecting statement that lets your audience know you are moving on from one part of your speech to the next

informant

a contact person within the organization or group you can talk with to obtain information about the audience you will be speaking to

metonym

a metaphor that is identified by its use of tangible objects to refer to intangible things

synecdoche

a metaphor that uses one part of something to refer to the whole thing

interaction model of communication

a model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context

specific purpose statement

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

thesis statement

a one-sentence summary of your speech that is written the way you will say it out loud to your audience during your speech

extemporaneous speech

a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking outline

impromptu speech

a speech presented with little or no preparation

manuscript speech

a speech the speaker writes out word for word in an essay format and delivers by reading from the manuscript

internal preview

a statement that previews what is coming up next and can even be an overview of the elements of the next main point

internal summary

a statement that reviews or sums up what you just finished telling the audience

dialogue

a style of communication that respectfully encourages others to want to listen, while also listening in a way that encourage other to want to speak

signpost

a word that catches the audience's attention and indicates where you are in the speech

sign

an arbitrary symbol; something that can be interpreted as having meaning

elucidating explanation

an explanation that helps an audience understand the definition term by distinguishing the essential characteristics that are always present from the associated characteristics that are only sometimes present in the objects, concepts, or processes that are examples of the term you are defining

quasi-scientific explanation

an explanation that helps the audience get an overall picture of a phenomenon and see relationships among the parts

full sentence preparation outline

an outline that includes everything you plan to say in your speech and is written somewhat like a manuscript in an outline format

state CA

anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicating

characteristics of language

arbitrary, abstract, ambiguous, negative

demographics

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation

principles of nonverbal communication

conveys emotional and relationship information -maintains a relationship with verbal messages -relies on context for its meaning

vocal delivery

everything that affects how your voice sounds when you speak

transformative explanations

explanations that help audience members transform their everyday ideas about how something works into a more scientifically accurate understanding of the phenomenon

narrative coherence

feature exhibited by a story with content that hangs together and makes sense

types of nonverbal communication

gestures, posture, open posture, closed posture, mirror, oculesics, proxemics, haptics, chronemics, olfactics, volalics, artifacts

artifacts

in terms of public speaking, objects that indicate something about the values, beliefs, practices, history, and the norma of a group of people

informative speech purposes

inform: make audience aware of something & explain: to deepen the audiences understanding of that

5 canons of rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

signposts

key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another

monochromic

liking to do things one at a time, breaking time up into small, manageable chunks

connotative menaing

meaning that comes from a set of associations a word brings to mind

Forms of delivery

memorized, manuscript, extemporaneous, impromptu

dead metaphors

metaphors that have lost the creative element from which they initially drew their power and now are just accepted as true terms, rather than the metaphor they are

archetypal

metaphors that use common human experiences to help describe another object

abstract

not tangible or concrete

presentation aids

objects, models, demonstrations, charts, line graphs, bar graphs, histograms, pie graph, scatter plot, photographs, multimedia technology

types of information we explain

objects, processes, events, concepts

Action Model of Communication

one-way process, in which the sender sends a message to a receiver, who decodes it

mixed metaphors

phrases that make use of two different metaphors that do not logically fit; compare two things that have no inherent connection with each other, creating incongruous comparisons

Why do we communicate?

physical needs, instrumental and task needs, relational needs, identity needs, spiritual needs

open-ended questions

questions that ask audience members for more elaborate written responses

Functions of nonverbal communication

repeating, accenting, complementing, substituting, regulating, conflicting

presentation aids

resources that engage one or more of the five senses of the audience better understand the message

haptics

study of touch

semantic differential scale questions

survey questions that ask participants to choose their position on a continuum between two polar opposites

Likert Scale Questions

survey questions that provide statements and then ask respondents to circle a number that measures their level of agreement with the statement

semantic triangle

symbol, thought, referent

narrative fidelity

term for describing how well a story reflects the values and beliefs of its audience

arbitrary

term that describes symbols themselves having no direct connection with the things they represent

ambiguous

term that describes words as being without absolute meanings

communication competence

the ability to effectively and appropriately interact in any given situation

cognitive compexity

the ability to recognize multiple potential ways in which a situation or message could be understood or interpreted

civility

the ability to treat others with respect so that we can have a lasting, peaceful, and positive interaction

Trait CA

the amount of communication you were born with and naturally have due to genetics

politeness

the art of showing consideration for others in accordance with social expectations

chronemics

the branch of nonverbal communication that involves how people treat, value, react and structure time

general purpose

the broad intent of what your speech should accomplish; the three types of general purpose are to inform, to persuade, and to commemorate

encoding

the creating a message using symbols

antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast

communication aprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others

negative

the idea that language separates things from their natural state, thus telling us not only what something is, but what it is not

integrity

the maintenance of a consistent application of our values in every situation

denotative meaning

the meaning prescribed to a sign without understanding its history of usage and application; its dictionary, or literal, definition

signified

the meaning we associate with the sign, or rather the combination of the sign and the thing it is meant to represent

key word speaking outline

the outline you will put on a notecard and use during your speech; it should include only key words to remind you of your main points and subpoints, as well as source citations, statistics, and direct quotations you want to make sure you say in a particular way

signifier

the physical thing as we perceive it in the world around us

principle of mutual equality

the premise that each person can make an equal contribution to the interaction

subordination

the principle of outlining that creates a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first followed by more specific ideas

coordination

the principle of outlining that states all information on the same level has the same level of significance

division

the principle of outlining that states if a main point is divided into subpoints, it must be divided into two or more subpoints

self-monitoring

the process of being attuned to how your actions and messages impact others

decoding

the process of interpreting the symbols within a message

articulation

the process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word

systematic desensitization

the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication -examples: emblems, illustrations, affect displays, regulators, adapters

oculesics

the study of eye behavior

olfactics

the study of the sense of smell

semiotics

the study of the social production of meaning from sign systems like language

unconditional positive regard

the tendency to accept other people attitude, having an open mind for the potential good in other people

transactional model of communication

the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver

polychromic

trying to do several tasks at the same time and having a more fluid approach to scheduling time

spatial pattern of organization

used to describe an object by explaining how parts physically relate to one another in a defined space

topical pattern of organization

used to divide your speech into categories or subtopics

components and forms of delivery

vocal delivery, pronunciation, articulation, volume, pitch, rhythm, rate, tone, vocalized pauses, physical delivery, physical appearance, posture, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact

pronunciation

what a word should should like when it is spoken according to a rule or standard