COMM 1110 FINAL

metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. (America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.)

interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

what are the traits of a good acceptance speech?

Brevity (short and to the point), humility, and graciousness thank the people who are bestowing the award, acknowledge the people that helped the recipient win the award

vocal variety

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

eye contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

gestures

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.

analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

causal reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. (If you want wellness with wealth, come to India. If you want health and wholeness of life, come to India. If you want prosperity and peace, come to India.)

alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. (I will use every possible opportunity to persuade, prod, and push for progress.)

pronunciation

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

pitch

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. (Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country)

volume

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.

channel

The means by which a message is communicated.

feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.

speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

The person who receives the speaker's message.

articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

definition of persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

parallelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences (Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.)

rate

The speed at which a person speaks.

frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

concrete words

Words that specific and can be pointed to or physically experienced. A rock.

how to deal with nervousness

acquire speaking experience, prepare, think positively, use the power of visualization (positively), know that most nervousness isn't visible, don't expect perfection

what does your body produce in response to physical or mental stress?

adrenaline

when should one begin working on the wording of one's introduction?

after you have written out the body of your speech, so that you know where your speech is going

movement

an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed.

what are the four types of listening?

appreciative listening (Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.) empathic listening (Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.) comprehensive listening (Listening to understand the message of a speaker.) critical listening (Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.)

Steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

attention (gain attention of audience in intro), need (show serious problem with existing solution, need for change), satisfaction (present plan and show how it will work), visualization (show what will happen if you don't do the plan), action (say what you want the audience to do)

what are the three criteria for judging reliability of documents found online?

authorship (credibility), sponsorship (in the absence of an author what organization is putting out the information), recency (is it current and up-to-date)

3 types of examples

brief example (A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.), extended example (A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.), hypothetical example (An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.)

strategic order of main points

chronological order, spatial order, causal order, problem-solution order, topical order

difference between connotative and denotative meaning?

connotative is the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase, BUT denotative is the literal or dictionary definition of a word or phrase

After choosing a topic, what is the next step of speech preparation?

determining a general purpose (to inform/persuade) and a specific purpose (to inform my audience about the three steps of composting)

guidelines for informative speaking

don't overestimate what the audience knows, relate the subject directly to the audience, don't be too technical, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas, be creative

difference between egocentric and empathetic?

egocentrism is the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being, BUT empathy is the capacity to understand and share the feelings of each other

how is evidence used in a speech, how does it work, tips for using it?

evidence can be examples, statistics or testimony recited orally in a speech; it works to establish your credibility and the credibility of your claim; use specific, novel, credible evidence, make the point of your evidence clear

types of testimony

expert (Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.), peer (Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.)

what is the best way to pull listeners into a speech?

extended examples (A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.)

problem-solution order

first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

what is the introduction of a speech?

first part of your speech: introduces your topic, gets attention of audience, establishes credibility, and previews body

what are the three types of plagiarism?

global (Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.), patchwork (Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.), incremental (Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.)

what are the types of fallacies and how do we identify them? (

hasty generalization (jumps to a general conclusion with very little evidence), false cause (one event following another means that the first event caused the second), invalid analogy (two things being compared are not essentially alike), bandwagon (because something is popular it means it's good), red herring (introduces irrelevant issue to distract from the subject), ad hominem (attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute), either-or (forces audience to choose between only two alternatives when there are more than two out there), slippery slope (taking the first step will lead to many more that cannot be prevented), appeal to tradition (because something is new it's better than the old), appeal to novelty (because it is new its better than the old)

what is the difference between listening and hearing?

hearing is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. (purely physiological); listening is paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. (caring)

what are the types of credibility?

initial credibility, (before she or he starts to speak.), derived credibility (produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.), terminal credibility (at the end of the speech)

types of special occasion speeches

introduction (A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.), presentation (A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.), acceptance (A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition), commemorative (A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.)

what are the parts of a speech?

introduction, body, conclusion

what are flaws in a specific purpose statement?

is not a single infinitive phrase, does not include the audience (gets confusing as to whom you are addressing), is a question, includes figurative language, is vague, includes more than one idea

how do you identify the main and subpoints in an outline?

main points (roman numerals), subpoints (uppercase letters)

Guidelines for ethical speaking

make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language, put ethical principles into practice

mean, median, mode

mean (average), median (middle), mode (most frequent)

pauses

momentary breaks in the vocal delivery of a speech.

how do you analyze persuasive speeches?

need (Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?), plan (If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?), practicality (Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?)

what is the type of communication based off of the speaker's body and voice?

nonverbal communication

what are the four causes of poor listening?

not concentrating (have spare brain time), listening too hard (concentrating on details), jumping to conclusions (assumptions), focusing on delivery and personal appearance (judging a book by its cover)

what are the types of informative speeches?

objects (include anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form, may have moving parts or be alive; they may include places, structures, animals, even people.), processes (how something is made, how something is done, or how something works), event (Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.), concept (more abstract, A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.)

what are the different kinds of visual aid?

objects and models; photographs and drawings; graphs (used to show statistical trends and patterns' bar-comparison and pie-distribution); charts; videos; the speaker (body language and movement)

types of rhythm (pattern of sound created by words)

parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

speaker's body

personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

what is the difference between a preparation and a speaking outline?

preparation outline (A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.), speaking outline (A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech)

what are the guidelines for prepping visual aids?

prepare them well in advance (familiarity), keep them simple, make sure they are large enough, use limited amount of text, use fonts and color effectively, use images strategically

how do you organize persuasive speeches?

problem-solution order, problem-cause-solution order, comparative advantages order, monroe's motivated sequence

differences between public speaking and conversation?

public speaking is more highly structured, public speaking requires more formal language, public speaking requires a different method of delivery

what are persuasive speeches (questions of fact, value, policy)?

questions of fact (A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion, partisan view), questions of value (A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action, justify their choice.), questions of policy (A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.)

what are ways to gain interest and attention of audience in your introduction?

relate the topic to the audience, state the importance of your topic, startle the audience, arouse their curiosity, question the audience, begin with a question, tell a story, use visual aids, begin with a quote, story, question, statement

types of imagery

simile, metaphor, concrete words, rhythm (created by choice and arrangement of words)

what are the parts of the speech communication process?

speaker, message, channel, listener, frame of reference, feedback, interference, situation

how to write an informative specific purpose statement?

specifies the topic and what you want the audience to know/learn (to inform my audience about how venomous snakes inject their venom, how it works, and how to treat the bite.

how to write a persuasive specific purpose statement?

specifies topic/problem and what you hope to persuade the audience of (To persuade my audience to take a stand against the illegal exotic pet trade)

how to be a better listener?

take listening seriously, be an active listener, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgement, focus listening (for main points, evidence, technique), take notes

what are the four tips for taking efficient research notes?

take plenty of notes, record the notes in a consistent format, make a separate entry for each note, distinguish among direct quotations; paraphrasing; and your own ideas

what is the longest and most important part of a speech?

the body

what is the conclusion of a speech?

the end of your speech: let's your audience know the speech is ending, reinforces the central idea

persuasive speeches and mental dialogue that listeners engage in during your speech

the interaction between speaker and audience when trying to persuade (mental dialogue is the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.)

topical order

the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics; say your topic is a person, then the subtopics would be the main points of that person's life, achievements, etc.

spatial order

the main points follow a directional pattern; top and bottom, front and back, left and right, inside and outside, east to west in regard to subject

chronological order

the main points follow a time pattern; in the order they occurred

causal order

the main points show a cause-effect relationship; one main point about the causes and one main point about the effects

what is the body of a speech?

the middle of your speech: includes your main points (which reinforce the central idea) and examples and subpoints that reinforce/explain your main points

how can visual aids be useful to the speaker?

the speaker is better prepared, more credible; can even help you combat stage fright, heighten audience interest, shift attention away from the speaker, and give the speaker greater confidence in the presentation as a whole

what are the different types of connectives?

transitions (moving from one thought to another), internal preview (a statement in the body that lets the audience know what the speaker will be talking about next), internal summaries (in body that summarizes preceding points), sign posts (indicates where the speaker is in the speech: first, second, now, next, finally)

speaker's voice

volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

personal appearance

way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically

how many points should a typical speech include?

2-5

how much time do people spend speaking versus listening?

30% speaking, 45% listening (90% in class listening)

central idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. (the most important point an author makes)

dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. (Walking into my grandparents' home when I was a child was like being wrapped in a giant security blanket.)