COMM 27: Public Speaking - Exam #2

Delivery cues -> According to Lucus, regardless of the situation, members' today expect Public speakers to use_____that is respectful to different groups that make up the American society a) personalization b) connotative language c) language intensity d) inclusive language

d) inclusive language

inclusive language

language that does not stereotypes, demean or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

Distinguishing Characteristics of Speeches to Inform

- Presenting ideas accurately and clearly - Gaining and sustaining audience attention - Developing ideas from balanced/impartial perspectives - Helping

Appropriateness to the Occasion

Adjust your language to different occasions

PowerPoint Minuses

1- it may dominate their talks, wowing the audience with their technical proficiency while losing the message in a flurry of sounds and images 2- virtually reading the speech to the audience as the words appear on screen

factors of attention

1. Activity: A method by which you maintain the audience's focus. 2. Reality: detailed info about real people, places, events 3. Proximity: a reference to something close at hand in time/space 4. Familiarity: readily identifiable brief examples 5. Novelty: new info, dramatic advances, unusual developments 6. Suspense: stories/events involving uncertainty about what will happen 7. Conflict: stories/events involving struggles 8. Humor: must be good taste 9. The vital: health, happiness, safety

Short Answer According to Lucus, what are the four factors of the speaker must consider when trying to use the appropriate language?

Audience, topic, occasion, the speaker

passing out visual aids

Avoid it! - they will be paying more attention to the aid than to you - keep the copies until after you've finished talking and distribute them at the end

Appropriateness to the Speaker

Every public speaker develops his/her own language style - become language-conscious (read and listen to effective speakers and seek to become the best possible you)

It is generally acceptable to show your VA to the audience before explaining them in your speech. T/F

False

Simplicity, as a characteristic of an effective style includes the using of concise and colorful language.

False (simplicity refers to words which are very concrete)

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language -check a dictionary

Format of VA When preparing a VA for a speech, what is the keyword criteria, that describes how the VA should appear?

Professional

Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. - it usually results in parallelism - it unifies a sequence of ideas, emphasizes an idea by stating it more than once, and helps create a strong emotional effect

Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. - Ex: Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for peace. OR Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause. - by highlighting the sounds of words, it catches the attention of listeners and can make ideas easier to remember

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

Articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

speeches about concepts

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like *they are more abstract than objects, processes or events - topical order and focus on the main features or aspects of your concept - define the concept you are dealing with, identify its major elements, and illustrate it with specific examples *avoid technical language, define terms clearly, use examples and comparisons to illustrate the concepts

extemporaneous speaking

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes (prepared and practiced in advance)

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Language Intensity

the quality of language which indicates the degree to which the speaker's attitude deviates from neutrality

personalizing your ideas

to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

Technical language/jargon

*don't be too technical-The subject matter is too specialized for the audience *even when the subject matter is not technical, the language used to explain it may be. Every activity has a jargon

planning to use powerpoint

- A clear idea of exactly why, how, and when to use it - rather than putting everything you say on screen for the audience to read, you need to choose which aspects of your speech to illustrate 1) Deciding where you can use powerpoint, Keynote, or some other program to the greatest advantage 2) Think about where well-chosen slides will clarify or strengthen your ideas. Rather than using slides to illustrate every thought, look for spots where they will enhance your message

Movement Away from the Podium

-Move away on a transition -Take a step forward for emphasis -Move back on a transition -Movements must be controlled

Characteristics of Effective Eye Contact

-Use direct eye contact-visual bonding -look at the entire audience -look at audience 80-90% of speaking time

Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience 3. Display visual aids only while discussing them 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 5. Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid 6. Practice with your visual aids 7. Check the room and equipment

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids

1. Prepare visual aids well in advance; 2. Keep visual aids simple; 3. Make sure visual aids are large enough; 4. Make labels easy to see 5. Use bold color effectively 6. Professional appearance 7. Use a limited amount of text; 8. Use fonts effectively; 7. Use images strategically;

Four steps for an impromptu speech

1. State the point you are answering 2. State the point you wish to make 3. Support your point with appropriate statistics, examples, or testimony 4. Summarize your point

When you're out for lunch with a friend, he mentions a word about terrorism, sneaking out to the United States. You think of the September, 11 attacks, from Osama Bin Laden. Your thoughts about September, 11th and Bin Laden represent________meaning of the word terrorism.

Connotative

reciting from memory

If you want to memorize a speech, be sure to memorize it so thoroughly that you will be able to concentrate on communicating with the audience, not on trying to remember the words

Factors of Intelligibility

Loudness level Articulation Pronunciation

length of video clips

No more than 30-seconds It can illustrate your ideas in a memorable way, anything much longer will distract attention from the speech itself

EXAM: According to Lucus, what are the 4 steps when responding to the previous speaker?

State the point you are answering State the point you want to make Support your point with information for materials using anecdotes, statistics, facts, and then summarize. (Say what you responding to, state your point in opposition to it, support your point with evidence, summarize your point.)

Intelligibility, as a characteristic of vocal delivery, deals with how clearly the audience can understand the speaker's voice.

TRUE

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure. - Ex: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. - it is a fine way to give your speeches a special touch if a class.

Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. - think about ways you can use the rhythm and flow of language to enhance your meaning - four basic stylistic devices employed by Churchill and other speakers to improve the rhythm of their prose: Parallelism, Repetition, Alliteration, Antithesis

Parallelism (Not in the exam)

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

Speeches about Processes

a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product - explain how smth is made, how smth is done, how smth works Kind of speeches 1. a process that listeners will understand it better 2. a process so listeners will be better able to perform the process themselves Chronological order, topical order,

EXAM: Which of the following are examples of speech topics about "objects"? -Grand Canyon, Mars Rover, Elizabeth Cady Stanton -How hurricanes develop, how Oriental rugs are made, how to use free weights -The Holocaust, figure skating, Battle of Little Big Horn -Existentialism, Confucianism, religious beliefs

a) Grand Canyon, Mars Rover, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

EXAM John F. Kennedy's famous words from his Presidential Inaugural Address, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country," is an example of a. Onomatopoeia b. Antithesis c. Alliteration d. Parallel construction

b. Antithesis (two opposing ideas)

inflection

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

Manuscript Speech -> According to Lucus, what are common problems of delivering a speech from a manuscript: a) the speaker might read too quickly or slowly or speak on a monotone b) the speaker might come across as reading to the audience, rather than talking with them c) instead of starting a conversation, the speaker might come across as wooden and artificial d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The physical projection of a particular speaker's sound is known as: a) dialect b) pronunciation c) vocal variety d) articulation

d) articulation

EXAM: (Advantages of Extemporaneous speech) An Extemporaneous speech is: a) is prepared on the spot with no or little preparation b) is reserved for speech occasions in which exact word choices are very important c) is prepared for delivering practice d) is prepared in practice but not totally written word by word or completely memorized

d) is prepared in practice but not totally written word by word or completely memorized

Verbal fry: "you know", in other linguistic patterns of today can give the listener an impression that the speaker is: a. credible b. sincere c. adapt at public speaking d. less intelligent e. a,b,c

d. less intelligent

Methods of Delivery

manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous

using language appropriately

occasion, audience, topic, speaker

Factors of Vocal Quality

pleasantness (conversational, but little faster), smoothness, conversational, supports verbal message

Pause—Definition & Purposes

- a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech Purposes: - It can signal the end of a thought unit - Give an idea time to sink in - Lend dramatic impact to a statement *do not use vocalized pauses such as uh, er, um, they create negative perceptions about a speaker's intelligence

Principles for inclusive writing

- avoid the generic "he" (the use of he to refer both women and me) - avoid the use of "Man" when referring to both men and women - avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender - use names that groups use to identify themselves *using inclusive and respectful language is not a matter of political correctness, but is a matter of personal courtesy

Appropriateness to the Audience

- be careful to avoid language that might offend your audience A different audience needs a different language

From the perspective of the speaker, what are two advantages of using visual aids in a speech?

- enhance the speaker's credibility - decrease the speaker's anxiety

Advantages of Extemporaneous Speaking

- it gives more precise control over thought and language than does impromptu speaking - it offers greater spontaneity and directness than does speaking from memory or from a full manuscript - it is adaptable to a wide range of situations - it encourages the conversational quality audiences to look for in speech delivery

Characteristics of Effective Gestures

- relaxation - timing - definiteness (extended gestures)

simplicity

- use familiar words, simple definitions - precise words eliminate clutter (cliches, verbal fillers, vocalized pauses)

Types of Imagery

- visual: (sight) flash, clear, sharp, bright, light. - auditory: mental imagery (These are words easy for them to imagine in their head.) - olfactory: the sense of smell. - gustatory: the sense of taste - tactile: the sense of touch - organic: internal sensations ex: dizzy, sleepy

Appropriateness to the Topic

- you would not use metaphor, antithesis, and alliteration when explaining how to change a bicycle tire; instead, it is suggested using straightforward description and explanation

Factors of Vocal Variety

-Changes in rate, pitch, and volume -use of emphasis or vocal stress -use of effective pauses

PowerPoint slides

-Check equipment in advance -keep slides simple -use consistent colors for backgrounds and text -use bulleted points, not full sentences -don't use annoying sounds/flying graphics -limit the number of slides

Guidelines for Selecting Visual Aids

-must clarify an important idea -limit the number of visual aids

Advantages of using visual aids

1. Clarity: clarity of the message 2. Interest: makes the audience want to pay attention 3. Retention: helps the audience retain ideas 4. Credibility: enhances the speaker's credibility 5. Persuasiveness: may decrease speaker's anxiety

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation - pay close attention to what the other speakers say - maintain eye contact with the audience, use signposting

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience - come across as reading to their listeners, rather than talking with them

EXAM: Distinguishing Characteristics of Speeches to Inform (Short answer question) -> Accurate and clear presentation of ideas, gaining and sustaining the attention of the audience, balance and the impartial of the development ideas, and assisting the audience with retaining important ideas

accuracy ACCURATE gaining and retaining the attention ATTENTION balance and impartial IMPARTIAL assisting and retention RETENTION

speeches about events

anything that happens or is regarded as happening - pick a specific purpose you can accomplish in a short speech chronological order, topical order

speeches about objects

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form - choose a specific purpose that focuses on one aspect of your subject - chronological order, spatial, topical