Comm 3740 Exam 3 Review

Ethically delivering findings

Ethical researchers carefully consider the way their research will be read, understood, and used by outside audiences.

Secondary Coding

Examining the codes already identified in primary cycles and organizing, synthesizing, and categorizing them into interpretive concepts.

Meso

Formal Texts Participant Observations

What is manual coding?

Gathering hard copies of all the data, preferably with wide margins and lots of white space, then marking up the text with pens, pencils, highlighters, and markers, and finally cutting, pasting, hole-punching, piling, and stringing together the data.

Metaphor analysis

Gathering metaphors from participants by directly asking them about the metaphors they use.

Visual data display

Graphical representation of information and data.

What are qualities of good writing?

Ideas, Organization, Voice, Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions

Aesthetic Merit

In other words making it imaginative, artistic, beautifully written, and capable of emotionally affecting the reader.

Convergence

In which two or more different stories overlap and parallel each other in order to illustrate a larger story.

Hierarchical Codes

Includes systematically grouping together various codes under a hierarchical "umbrella" category that makes conceptual sense.

Thick description

Is achieved by explicating contextual meanings specific to the cultural group at hand (Geertz, 1973), and by providing lush material details about people, processes, and activities.

Self reflexivity

Is an honest and authentic awareness of one's own identity and research approach, and an attitude of respect for participants, audience members, and other research stakeholders.

Writing

Is an integral activity throughout the data collection and analysis process.

Why is transcribing useful?

It's useful because it facilitates the close examination of data, which is so imperative for interpretation.

Micro

Localized Texts Participant observations Formal Interviews Informal Interviews

Negative Case Analysis

Seeking out deviant data that do not appear to support the emerging hypothesis, and revising arguments so that they fit all the emerging data better

Exemplar

Significant examples capturing multiple codes that the researcher identifies in the data

Constant comparison methods

Sorting and organizing excerpts of raw data into groups based on attributes and organizing those groups to formulate a new theory.

What does it mean to say that we learn through the process of writing?

Speaking of the writer's unconscious and conscious creativity and the process that most writing textbooks define structurally.

Rich rigor

Which refers to the care and effort taken to ensure that the research is carried out in an appropriate manner.

Codebook

A data display that lists key codes, definitions, and examples that are going to be used in your analysis.

Theoretical Saturation

A state in which new data add little, if any, new value to the emergent analysis

Analytic Memos

"sites of conversation with ourselves about our data" and a place to "dump your brain" about the ongoing investigation.

What are the differences between spoken and written communication?

-Spoken words is verbal communication that refers to the use of our voice tone and or spoken language. -Written Communication refers to the interaction through words we choose to write.

Organization

A body of people with a particular purpose, especially a business, society, association, etc.

Typology

A classified category system for ways of doing something.

Vignette

A focused description of a series of events taken to be representative, typical, or emblematic.

Discourse tracing

A method designed for qualitative researchers who want to critically analyze data from multiple structural levels (micro, meso, macro) and how events or situations change over time

Poetic Inquiry

A method in which the author extracts key words from the data and strategically truncates these words into poetic structures.

What is an iterative analysis?

A method of data analysis that alternates between emic, or emergent, readings of the data and an etic use of existing models, explanations, and theories

What is grounded theory?

A systematic inductive analysis of data that is created from scratch. An etic method is one in which the researcher begins by collecting data, engaging in open line-by-line analysis, creating larger themes from the data, and then linking these into a broader story.

Dramatistic approach

A tool introduced by Kenneth Burke, which asks researchers to pay attention to act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose in order to understand persuasion and action.

Separated Text

A writing format in which the theoretical information and analysis are presented separately from a more descriptive story, for instance a case study.

What is computer coding?

Advanced computers that is easily accessible to word-processing and spreadsheet software that makes analyzing the data more efficient.

Public Scholarship

Aims to develop scholarly work that is distributed to, discussed among, and debated by a variety of public and non-academic audiences.

Member Reflections

Allow participants to give an opinion and shape the emerging analysis.

Transparency

Being honest and open about the activities by which the research transpired

Fracturing

Breaking down data into smaller parts

Worthy topic

Can stem from disciplinary or scholarly theories, relevant or timely social events, or priorities of the particular sample or context of study.

What choices would you make when transcribing different kinds of data and why?

Choices that I'll make when transcribing data is making sure that their is expression because when transcribing a conversation it's important to catch emotion and expression in a conversation.

What are different ways to organize data?

Chronological and By Source

Why is each piece of data helpful?

Chronological is helpful because it shows the trajectory of your analysis, illustrating how the data were collected and interpreted over time. Source is helpful because if the demographic attributes of a certain participant are salient, such as gender, race, age, profession, or region, organizing the data according to these attributes could make sense.

In vivo codes

Codes that employ language and terms used by the participants themselves.

Primary codes

Coding activities that occur more than just a single "first" time.

What are the different transcription symbols?

Colon(s) : ::, Italics, (.) parens surrounding period, (#) parens surrounding number of seconds of pause, ((words)) double parens around comment, (unclear word) parens around the unclear word, . Period, ? Question mark, Exclamation point!, (SOUND OF NOISE) parens around all caps, = Equal sign, [ Single left bracket, - Hyphen, CAPS, and hhh (the longer the more hs)

White paper

Concept that has traditionally referred to government-issued papers that identify a key problem and then lay out policy that solves the problem.

Media Relations

Considering the media that venues most commonly accessed by members of their key audience and forge relationships that will encourage their research to be covered by such outlets.

What is the definition of transcribing?

Creating typewritten records from audio recordings.

Ethical Research Practice

Obtaining informed consent from potential research participants.

Chronology

Organization of the reported data according to the time sequence in which events occurred also see life-story

Themes

Particular categories or themes that arise from the scene or from extant literature/theory and around which the reported data are organized

Staged Performances

Performance offers an excellent way to engage audience members who might otherwise be unlikely to hear a message. Performance can be a theoretical approach and a way of knowing just as much as it is a representation.

Lumping

Putting data together into larger parts.

Credibility

Refers to dependability, trustworthiness and expressing a reality that is plausible or seems true.

Crystallization

Refers to such a practice while avoiding the realism associated with the term "triangulation."

Significant contribution

Requires familiarity with the broad literature, delving deeper into a particular issue, reading and learning as much as possible about that issue, finding its boundaries, and then pushing those limits to see how the area might benefit from more research.

Meaningful Coherence

Requires that researchers demonstrate their understanding that certain ways of writing

Prospective conjecture

Researchers borrowing from other fields, models, and assumptions.

Web Relations

Researchers can make their findings readily available online by posting web-based white papers and by creating hyperlinks to scholarly resources for already developed web pages.

Theoretical Sampling

Researchers return to the field repeatedly in order to collect data to fill in the blanks and strengthen the emerging contextual theory.

Data Immersion

Researchers talking to others about their data and emerging findings.

Puzzle

Strategy, which opens with a paradox, enigma, puzzle, or absurdity

Macro

Supplemental Texts Media Sources Pop Culture Texts

Messy Texts

Text that juxtaposes different time periods or topics to create evocative ruptures and to hijack the reader's assumptions oftentimes sections are separated by asterisks * * * * * see also layered text.

Layered texts

Text that juxtaposes different time periods or topics to create evocative ruptures and to hijack the reader's assumptions oftentimes sections are separated by asterisks * * * * *; also see messy text

Creative Tale

The ability to communicate those ideas and thoughts in the most effective manner.

Resonance

The feature of the text that meaningfully reverberates and impacts an audience.

Multivocality

The inclusion of multiple voices. This means analyzing social action from a variety of participants' points of view and highlighting divergent or disagreeable standpoints.

What are reasons to include more detail in a transcript? Less detail?

The more detailed the transcript is, the better it is for someone to understand the conversation. If less, the conversation won't be as much detailed with expression.

Realistic Tale

The most common form of research representation. In such tales the author is largely absent, in favor of an institutional or objective-sounding voice - almost like a "third party scribe"

Loose Analysis Outline

The outline served to focus the analysis, and it identifies the codes that were actually most interesting or promising to pursue in the final cycles of coding.

Consulting

The process of designing research so as to meet typical organizational or social issues, of interacting with members of the community, and of hearing a variety of responses to the research helps build the reach of the scholarship.

Transferability

The researcher engages in randomized sampling and "objective" scientific practices to generate context-free and formally generalizable knowledge.

What do the symbols indicate?

The symbols indicate a conversation that is played out with different types of expression within the conversation.

Sincerity

This means that good qualitative research is genuine and vulnerable.

What does it mean to Show...then tell in your findings section?

This means that qualitative essays should be heavy and lush with data excerpts. Every claim should be accompanied by examples to support it. Furthermore, show don't tell has much to do with the chronological ordering of claims and data

How does iterative analysis relate to your project?

This relates to my project because when we collect data we can use our coding process to help explain our transcript.

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Confessional Tale

Usually accompany other types of tales - as part of a section on methods, for instance, or in a book chapter that deals with topics like "how I got access," or "my timeline of the research."

What are examples of good writing?

Well written stories

How does grounded theory relate to coding?

When you take your textual data and break it up into discrete parts.

Explanation and causality

Which consists of the local events and processes that have led to specific outcomes in a specific context.

What are the advantages of having a detailed transcript with a lot of symbols?

You can go back and fourth and listen back to the transcription using the pedal which allows the user to stop, pause, and start the conversation.

What is our data?

field notes, scratch notes, transcripts, and observations

What is coding?

refers to labeling and systematizing the data.