Comm Exam 3

The study of the structure and meaning of words is called_________. By contrast, the study of sentences and structure is called ______.

The study of the structure and meaning of words is called semantics. By contrast, the study of sentences and structure is called syntax.

Provide an example of when you would use Discriminative Listening. (This type of listening can be refined and honed.)

Walking alone at night

We primarily receive information needed for listening through ________ and ______channels.

We primarily receive information needed for listening through auditory and visual channels.

When ________ _____________combines with ___________________, which are messages communicated in an open, honest, and nonconfrontational way, people are sure to come together.

When frequent communication is combined with supportive messages, which are messages communicated in an open, honest, and nonconfrontational way, people are sure to come together.

The second statement is an example of what? "You're making me crazy!" VS "I'm starting to feel really anxious because we can't make a decision about this."

"I" Statement/" I" Language/" I" Message

Using Paralanguage, say this phrase with two different meanings: "come back here."

- COME BACK HERE! - Hey come back here.

What are the six verbal tactics/unsupportive messages that can lead to feelings of defensiveness and separation?

- Global Labels - Sarcasm - Dragging Up the Past - Negative Comparisons - Judgmental "You" Messages - Threats

Provide three examples of words that are Neologisms.

Karaoke, keyboard, brunch, gay, ex-husband, kitchenette, chic, etc.

________ refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face movements.

Kinesics

Language Expresses Our __________. People are usually comfortable with the language they use to describe their own__________ but may have issues with the labels others place on them.

Language Expresses Our Identities. People are usually comfortable with the language they use to describe their own identities but may have issues with the label's others place on them.

Language is a system of words represented by __

Language is a system of words represented by symbols.

Language is ______ (We use verbal communication to initiate, maintain, and terminate our interpersonal relationships.)

Relational

__________ entails sending verbal and nonverbal messages that indicate attentiveness and understanding or a lack thereof.

Responding

During the interpreting stage of listening, we combine the visual and auditory information we receive and try to make meaning out of that information using...?

Schemata

_____ refers to new or adapted words specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; and representative of people's creative play with language.

Slang

______________ is an innate drive to take up and defend spaces.

Territoriality

Recalling We forget about ____ of what we hear immediately after hearing it.

half

We can engage in ________ ________, making good use of our intrapersonal communication, to become a better listener. Three possibilities for ________ ________include covert coaching, self-reinforcement, and covert questioning.

internal dialogue

A ______ is something that stands in for or represents something else

symbol

__________ refers to the study of how time affects communication.

Chronemics

Language is performative ( _________ a speaker is committed to a certain course of action) • I do • I pledge • I guarantee

Commissive

What are the four classifications of time as related to Chronemics?

Biological Personal Physical Cultural

refers to definitions that are based on emotion- or experience-based associations people have with a word.

Connotation

List four ways we non-verbally express our identities.

-The way we set up our living and working spaces -The clothes we wear -The way we carry ourselves -The accents and tones of our voices -Our physical bodies give others impressions about who we are -Height, for example, has been shown to influence how people are treated and perceived in various contexts -Attractiveness also influences our identities and how people perceive us -The way we carry and present ourselves through posture, eye contact, and tone of voice can be altered to present ourselves as warm or distant

A primary function of nonverbal communication is to _____________ by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal communication.

A primary function of nonverbal communication is to convey meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal communication.

______-________ listeners prefer well-organized, precise, and accurate information. They can become frustrated with the perceived communication to be unorganized or inconsistent, or a speaker to be "long-winded."

Action-oriented

______ _________ refers to the process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices.

Active Listening

Kinesics/ Gestures - This is an example of the most common ________. (Texting on phone)

Adaptor

What are the three main types of gestures?

Adaptors Emblems Illustrators

_______-________ listeners are analytic and enjoy processing complex messages.

Content-oriented

Language is a means of ______ (_______ is a word that has negative connotations, but our use of it here can be positive, neutral, or negative). • Verbal Communication can be used to reward and punish • Can take the form of positive reinforcement to praise someone • Can be used in a critical, aggressive, or hurtful way as a form of negative reinforcement

Control

What Type of Listening is being shown here? (Speaking with an investigator)

Critical

________ _________ involves evaluating the credibility, completeness, and worth of a speaker's message.

Critical Listening (Some scholars note that critical listening represents the deepest level of listening.)

he following are examples of what? -Distinguishing between facts and inferences -Evaluating supporting evidence -Discovering your own biases -Listening beyond the message

Critical Listening Skills

Provide an example of Contradicting.

Crying while smiling

___________ help us narrow the meaning of particular symbols, which also narrows a symbol's possible referents. They also provide more words (symbols) for which we must determine a referent.

Definitions

refers to definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole, or the dictionary definition of a word.

Denotation

The four main types of listening we discussed are:

Discriminative Informational Critical Empathetic

Kinesics/ Gestures - These are examples of ________. (Thumbs up)

Emblems

__________ _________ is key for dialogue and helps maintain interpersonal relationships.

Empathetic Listening

True or False You're either a good listener, or you're not. We must accept our strengths and weaknesses.

False

True or False: Deception is always malevolent, mean, or hurtful.

False

True or False? Listening is a process with a clearly defined start and finish.

False Listening is a process. There is no defined start and finish. Listening is cognitive, behavioral, and relational. Listening is not linear. Elements of the Listening Process may be skipped or repeated.

_______ is the study of communication by touch.

Haptics

Kinesics ____ _________ and _______ are both used to acknowledge others and communicate interest or attentiveness.

Head movements and posture are both used to acknowledge others and communicate interest or attentiveness.

Provide an example of Reinforcing.

How was your weekend?

What are: -Largely involuntary and seemingly natural gestures flow from us as we speak -Vary in terms of intensity and frequency based on context -You might use hand gestures to indicate the size or shape of an object

Illustrators

These are examples of what: -Verbal/nonverbal behaviors that lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators -Smiling, nodding, eye contact -Social, polite, or professional touch

Immediacy Behaviors

_________ is the learned process of receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages.

Listening

______ ____ have only one use in a language, which makes their denotation more straightforward.

Monosemic words

Borrowing (taking), changing structure, creating new meaning, joining two already known words, adding something, subtracting something, or blending words together, are examples of how we create what?

Neologisms

____________ is the vocalized but nonverbal part of a spoken message, such as speaking rate, volume, and pitch.

Paralanguage

Rephrasing the message in your own words, asking clarifying questions, or asking a standalone question are all different ways to do what?

Paraphrase

Calculate comes from the Latin word Calculus which means...?

Pebble

What are the four styles of Listening?

People-Oriented Action-Oriented Content-Oriented Time-Oriented

______-________ listeners are concerned about the needs and feelings of others and may get distracted from a specific task or the content of a message in order to address feelings.

People-oriented

Language is _____ (We the jury find the defendant...)

Performative

-_____ is a form of Paralanguage -Helps us cue others into our conversational intentions -Rising _____ typically indicates a question -Falling _____ indicates the end of a thought or the end of a conversational turn

Pitch

Provide an example of a Mnemonic Device.

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

Provide an example of Substituting.

Pointing for directions.

Why is the knowing the pebble important?

Prior to humans settling in one place, illustrations/representations were very literal. When humans began to settle in one place, a calculation system became necessary, thus the symbol (a pebble) was born.

_________ refers to the study of how space and distance influence communication.

Proxemics

When we are content with and attracted to someone, we say we are "close" to him or her. When we lose connection with someone, we may say he or she is "distant." This is an example of _________.

Proxemics.

What are the five stages of the Listening Process?

Receiving Interpreting Recalling Evaluating Responding

What are the three elements of the Triangle of Meaning?

Thought = I want to get a dog Symbol = D-O-G Referent = An actual dog which can be a Jack Russell terrier mix, or mutt from the pound, etc.

___ _____ are nonverbal cues that communicate intimacy and signal the connection between two people These relational indicators can be objects such as wedding rings or tattoos that are symbolic of another person or the relationship, actions such as sharing the same drinking glass, or touch behaviors such as hand-holding.

Tie Signs

List the three ways Nonverbal Communication Affects Relationships

Tie Signs Immediacy Behaviors Expressions of Emotion

____-________ listeners are concerned with completing tasks and achieving goals.

Time-oriented

True or False? Although recall is an important part of the listening process, there is no direct correlation between being good at recalling information and being a good listener.

True

True or False? Being an active listener starts before you begin receiving a message.

True Active listeners make strategic choices and take action to set up ideal listening conditions such as reducing physical and environmental noises, manipulating the lighting, temperature, or furniture, choosing a time of day best for physiological state, etc.

Verbal Expressions help us communicate our ____________,________, ________, and _____.

Verbal Expressions help us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs.

Verbal and nonverbal communication include both _____ and _________elements.

Verbal and nonverbal communication include both vocal and non-vocal elements.

________ is the study of paralanguage, which includes the vocal qualities that go along with verbal messages, such as pitch, volume, rate, tone, and verbal fillers.

Vocalics

_____ are symbols that and characterize ideas, people, places, or concepts.

Words

While verbal communication is our primary tool for solving problems and providing detailed instructions, nonverbal communication is our primary tool for_____________ ________.

communicating emotions.

People make assumptions about your___________ based on how you speak and what you say. You must use language clearly and be accountable for what you say to be seen as trustworthy.

credibility

Nonverbal communication can be used to influence people in a variety of ways, but the most common way is through _________.

deception

Since the words we use do not have to correspond directly to a "thing" in our "reality," we can communicate in abstractions. This property of language is called___________ and specifically refers to our ability to talk about events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation.

displacement

To be a better __________ ________, we must suspend or at least attempt to suppress our judgment of the other person or their message so we can fully attend to both.

empathetic listener

When we _______ something, we make judgments about its credibility, completeness, and worth.

evaluate

A ________ is the smallest unit ofmeaning in a language.

morpheme

The sounds of a language are called ________.

phonemes

Since both pupil and bright have multiple meanings, they are considered _________ _____.

polysemic words.

Kinesics What are the core group of facial expressions?

• Happiness • Sadness • Fear • Anger • Disgust

Name three times (scenarios/ sources) when we use Informational Listening.

• News Reports • Voice Mail• Briefings at Work • Teaching and Learning • Driving Directions • Procedural Instructions

Proxemics -Proxemic Distances Scholars have identified four zones for US Americans:

• Public • Social • Personal • Intimate Distance

Kinesics What are the seven ways we use eye contact?

• Regulate interaction and provide turn-taking signals • Monitor communication by receiving nonverbal communication from others • Signal cognitive activity (we look away when processing information) • Express engagement (we show people we are listening with our eyes) • Convey intimidation • Express flirtation • Establish rapport or connection

Kinesics What are the four general types of posture?

• Standing • Sitting • Squatting • Lying Down

List four Active Listening Behaviors.

◦ Steady eye contact ◦ Smiling ◦ Slightly raised eyebrows ◦ Upright posture ◦ Body position that is leaned in toward the speaker ◦ Head nods ◦ "OK," "mmhum," "oh" ◦ Lack of distracting mannerisms like doodling or fidgeting