Comm Final
An example that neglects intersectional thinking and analysis would be: 1. The feminist icon Rosie the Riveter depicted as a white woman 2. Black women recognizing their battles against both racism and sexism 3. The LGBT movement working toward including trans people in their activism
1
Which of the following does NOT illustrate the concept of fandom as pathology: 1. Fans of theater who give standing ovations at performances of Hamilton 2. Obsessed loners who undergo plastic surgery in order to look more like their favorite star 3. Crowds of young girls who faint with hysteria at the sight of their idol
1
Which of the following is an impact that literacy had on our society as a whole: 1. People were able to communicate with one another without being face-to-face in the same location. 2. We started to question the truth value of drawings and paintings that were rendered by professional artists. 3. It affirmed the significance of oral communication, which has been used to pass down stories from one generation to another.
1
Which of the following shows the way that the ideology of capitalism is upheld structurally: (Select all that apply) 1. Textbooks in our school systems that reinforce the idea that capitalism is superior 2. Laws that assume capitalism is natural and normal 3.Individual people who challenge capitalist assumptions through anti-consumer beliefs
1 and 2
Which of the following is an example of upholding technological determinism: (Select all that apply) 1. Our classification of eras by their technology, like the Stone Age or the Steam Age 2. 2001: A Space Odyssey, where the monkey learns that a bone is a tool and gains power 3. the development of the electric car, which was stunted by lawmakers and oil companies 4. The impulse behind the One Laptop One Child program, where it's assumed laptops will cure poverty
1, 2, 4
Some examples of a paratext for a movie include: (check all that apply) 1. interviews with actors and directors 2. the trailer 3. movie posters 4. the whole movie itself
1,2,3
What impacts has literacy had on society?
1. Books allow for built-upon knowledge that is no longer dependent on an individual person knowing something 2. The phonetic alphabet moved communication from pictographic representations to a more efficient system that could represent the unrepresentable. 3. Books distance the speaker from the listener, allowing for physical distance between them. 4.education became more important because it was now knowledge based
What are ways that media companies make money?
1. Corporations paying media companies to run their ads 2. Licensing their films to theaters for screenings 3. Audiences paying for movie tickets
Match the genre to its characteristics noir horror soap operas 1. Shaky hand held camera mirror perspective of fearful character 2. detective stories that use darkness to invoke mystery and suspense 3. shot in a domestic space that confines characters to engage with one another
1. Horror 2. Noir 3. Soap opera
What impacts did photography have on society?
1. It was used to convey narratives about things like war or natural disasters to people who couldn't see them with their own eyes. 2. It conveyed multiple meanings within a single frame, creating a historical document that was far richer than writing could capture. 3. Its visuality challenged the authority of written or spoken accounts, which had previously been seen as very trustworthy. 4. Recorded visual history
The influence of advertisers on media content can clearly be seen in ?
1. The promotion of high-end products, such as luxury fashion and hair products 2. Television shows telling us that "the good life" is one filled with consumer products that you can purchase 3. A fear of criticizing tobacco and lack of reporting on the dangerous effects of tobacco use
What impacts did print and mass communication have on society?
1. We saw the rise of journalism, where people could communicate the news to a broad audience. 2. Knowledge became something that you could put into a book and then sell--a commodity. 3. Everyday people could have access to reading and writing their own books. 4.rise of public education 5. Knowledge is seen as a commodity
What are the 3 ways of classifying audience's reading of the text?
1. dominant- preferred way. encoding matched decoding 2. oppositional- reader resists dominant reading and takes away a resistant reading of the text. dominant reading doesn't line up with their own beliefs or they can see through it 3. negotiated-some dominant ideas are accepted, some rejected ex.water bottles
Match the quote from Stuart Hall to the kind of identity formation it describes: 1. A fully centered, unified individual...whose 'center' consisted of an inner core which first emerged when the subject was born 2. The subject was formed in relation to 'significant others', who mediated to the subject the values, meanings and symbol 3. The subject assumes different identities at different times, identities which are not unified around a coherent 'self' postmodern subject the enlightenment subject sociological subject
1. enlightenment subject 2. sociological subject 3. postmodern subject
Match the audience rating system with its potential flaws: Nielsen People Meters Nielsen Diaries Arbitron Diaries Arbitron Portable People Meters 1.The Tv could be on with no one watching 2.people might forget what they watched on tv 3. people could be embarrassed to report they never listen to news radio 3. listeners have to wear it on their body
1. nielsen people meters 2. Neilsen Diaries 3. arbitron diaries 4. portable people meters
Separate the strengths and weaknesses of the "Call for Positive Images" 1. We should provide role models for Black children in media representations 2. We should recognize that villains can be just as interesting and lovable as heroes 3. We should be concerned when media images affirm that criminals are always people of color 4. We should be concerned about merely "flipping the script" and making all heroes Asian
1. strength 2. Weakness 3. Strength 4. Weakness
What was the first important use of photography?
1837 of the Civil War. It shaped the way the war was viewed and acted as a mirror
Identify the "three looks" as theorized by Laura Mulvey (select 3) 1. Animals look at human actors 2. Women look beautiful on television 3. Within the diegesis, the actors look at each other 4. The audiences who are looking at the screen 5.The camera that looks at the actors
3,4,5
Which of the following is a reason to horizontally integrate? 1. To streamline by owning all parts of the production process 2. because it is more effective than relying on cultural workers 3. to produce more successful programming through defamiliarization 4. to reduce risk by buying up your competition
4
Lev Manovich's principle of Modularity can be seen in?
A PowerPoint presentation, because each object maintains its independence
An example of someone benefiting from "monopolies of knowledge" would be:
A doctor who speaks in medical jargon, which conveys his professional expertise to his patients and reminds them he is elite
Jason Mittell argues that genre are: 1. A format that is rigidly defined and unchanging over time 2.A product of cultural practices and contested cluster of assumptions 3.A self-evident category that helps us to point to the defining elements of a text
A product of cultural practices and contested cluster of assumptions (they are a complicated set of categories that shape audience expectations and evaluations, industrial practices and ideologies)
Web content can be called "sticky" when it: 1. Aggregates people to certain content and makes them want to linger and spend time with it 2. Has a message attached to it, and that message is meaningful enough that people want to share it with friends 3. Never changes, so people who return to it are reassured by finding the same content over and over
Aggregates people to certain content and makes them want to linger and spend time with it
How do experts and amateurs differ?
Amateurs- have unique points of view, unlimited labor experts- credentials, expertise, and experiences
Which parts of the internet are available using search engines?
Amazon, Wikipedia
Mobile privatization is?
An increase in the ability to feel at home even while traveling, thanks to the use of your mobile device.
What is Ideology? and how is it upheld? How to we see it in the media?
An interconnected set of ideas that work together. It is embedded into society, formed by society, and how we make sense of the world. They are upheld by law, government, churches, and media. We see ideology repeated over and over again in the media for example dating shows.
Criticisms of the Hypodermic Needle Theory included the idea that: 1. Audiences are passive and respond the same to all media 2.Audiences receive media in a linear fashion, from the sender to the receiver 3. Audiences are complicated and respond to media in multiple ways
Audiences are complicated and respond to media in multiple ways
How are signs arbitrary?
Behind the study of signs is the idea connection between signs and language is arbitrary. There is no natural connection between word dog and cat between actual animal.
What does Marshall McLuhan argue is the most important thing about the medium being the message?
Being aware of how media itself is shaping our world. ex. it isn't important what you say on the phone, but the telephone technology.
Uses and gratifications research aligns with active audience research in that they both: 1. Can be measured using experimental design and behavioral codes 2.Help us to understand the way that individuals respond with aggression to violent images 3. Believe people actively seek out media to meet individual needs
Believe people actively seek out media to meet individual needs
In her chapter on Representation, Lisa Henderson says "emotional realism" is important because: 1. Beyond mere resemblance, it can also help viewers to close the emotional distance between a media representation and themselves 2. It requires that minority producers create images that look like themselves AND feel like themselves
Beyond mere resemblance, it can also help viewers to close the emotional distance between a media representation and themselves
How do industries influence technology?
Big corporations can shut down movements, ex the electric car. Internet is no longer a place just of shared wealth, but now is a place for people to buy and sell. It is not a linear development
Product placement and hypercommercialized texts are similar because they both?
Blur the line between commercial messages and the mediated content audiences enjoy
Multi-directional flows can be illustrated through: 1. Bollywood films, because they participate in worldwide distribution to and from various countries 2. McDonalds, because it leads to a global village marked by standardization 3. Any diasporic nation that positions itself as the central hub from which culture originates
Bollywood films, because they participate in worldwide distribution to and from various countries
According to Adorno and Horkheimer, how are car companies like movie companies?
Both try to make money in the same way, through repetition with variation
Articulation is represented by a Tinkertoy or articulated doll in that they:
Can be assembled at the joints, but also can be pulled apart
One ideological function of reality televison "judge shows" can be described as: 1. Citizenship training by judges whose identities reflect that people of color and other minorities can overcome all adversity 2. Criticizing the ideology that people of color are more likely to commit crime and other deviant behaviors 3. Reminding viewers that systematic oppression can turn into internalized oppression, which leads to moral downfall
Citizenship training by judges whose identities reflect that people of color and other minorities can overcome all adversity
The concept of "least objectionable programming" refers to?
Creating shows that people won't be annoyed enough to change the channel (lot of the same and standardized show to ensure this)
Explain the difference between the cult value and exhibition value of viewing works of art.
Cult value is when you encounter the piece of art in a museum; exhibition value loses that aura.
What are the two types of ideologies?
Dominant- the dominant view, very common (ex. men have all of the power) Non-dominant- ex. women are against men
The shift from Fordism --> Post-Fordism can be described as:
Efficiency and standardization --> flexibility and customization
the enlightenment subject
Everyone has a unified inner core that remains the same over time, since birth. Something continuous about you that remains essentially the same
Who has control of broadcasting? What is believed about airwaves? and what did the Fairness Doctrine do? What ended it?
FCC. everyone who have access to the airways, they belong to everyone. Fairness Doctrine required that broadcasters cover controversial issues of public importance, in a fair and balanced way. Deregulation ended it.
The idea that fans poach texts as "an impertinent raid on the literary preserve" shows that: 1. Fans are active in searching for the meanings that mean the most to them 2. Fans take pleasure in following the pathway set out by the author of their favorite text 3. Fans go too far in their obsession with a text, and could possibly be considered diseased
Fans are active in searching for the meanings that mean the most to them
The documentary Miss Representation includes discussion of how:
Female politicians are portrayed as overly emotional and there is too much focus on their bodies
When people "satisfice" during internet searches, this refers to the fact that they?
Have limited processing capabilities and are inclined to settle after a short amount of time
What is the gaze?
How media invites us to Gaze or oggle at women, often scope them up and down in slow motion. Their body parts are often objectified
The burden of representation means that: 1. It's the responsibility of minority groups to alleviate their own cultural baggage and burdens 2. Minorities are free from the burden of needing to live up to representations, because they are so often misrepresented 3. How minorities are represented in media matters a lot, because they are so rarely represented at all
How minorities are represented in media matters a lot, because they are so rarely represented at all
What is Hegemony? How is it upheld?
How we make sense of media representations of ideology. Upheld through: Repressive state apparatus- government, police, courts, violence, coercion, force Ideological state apparatus- schools, communities, families, media, consent, theres a choice
When analyzing video games as interactive texts, the aspect of scroll and explanation can be important because: 1. How you are allowed to move through the world is one set of restrictions and rules that shapes the degrees of control a player exerts. 2. Branching narratives show us that video games ultimately serve to "dumb down" reality for its players. 3. It is helpful to know what point of view your character embodies and how it interacts with other characters.
How you are allowed to move through the world is one set of restrictions and rules that shapes the degrees of control a player exerts.
Literacy is related to new media literacy in the sense that:
In order to make sense of digital environments, it helps to already understand print and the written word
Our network society is similar to a subway in the following ways?
Information flows from one node to another, like passengers moving from one stop to another
If a gay man starts to feel like he should act more effeminate and take an interest in fashion, this represents which part of the Cycle of Oppression?
Internalized Oppression
Ascription
Is how others attribute identities to you. Identities are partly determined by the way other people see us
What is remediation and what is an example?
Is the representation of one medium in another medium. Taking something old and making it new. It is a defining characteristic of new media.ex. digital textbook, digital newspaper
What is hypertext?
Is when the text is a link that takes you to more text. The web is built on this. Allows for the disruption of linearly reading practices
What is semiotics and what does it do?
It is the science of signs. It makes meanings out of shortcuts (ex. Emoji) and it representative (how one object comes to stand in for an idea)
What are some of the negative aspects of the call for positive images?
It makes it seem like there is no more racial problem or misrepresentation, skews our image of the world, thinking that there is no problem
Transmedia storytelling relies on convergence culture because:
It moves stories from one medium to another because audiences are used to accessing content this way
How is Orientalism really about "the Occident"?
It positions The West as dominant and superior to those in The East (orient seen as exotic, strange, less modern)
Dismemberment in images of women is problematic because:
It reduces them to just one body part, rather than allowing them to be whole persons
We might say media convergence is top down and bottom up because: 1. It's the idea that producers create media across different platforms and sources, and users seek out the kinds of entertainment that works for them 2. Powerful filmmakers are only interested in making films, and then users have to go to them for film stories
It's the idea that producers create media across different platforms and sources, and users seek out the kinds of entertainment that works for them
Name one of the common ways of studying technology that Jennifer Daryl Slack disagrees with: What is a perspective on technology that she denounces?
Jennifer Daryl Slack doesn't think that the division between humans and technology needs to be looked at, instead, we need to understand technology as acting independently. She denounces technological agencies.
What effect did the print have on public education?
Literacy rates grew exponentially and it contributed to the rise of science and the scientific method
What is intersectionality?
Looks at different aspects of identity such as gender, race, and class and examines how they are connected.
What and how did arbitron measure ratings?
Measured radio listeners through the same two ways of Nielsen measures and a third way of portable people meters
When McLuhan discusses the way that media are "extensions of man," this refers to the fact that?
Media extend the physical, social, and intellectual functions of our human bodies, allowing us to touch and see and think things in an extended way (things we wouldn't otherwise have access to)
How powerful in the US media? What are the two most powerful shows in the world?
Most of the popular media is from the US. Because it is a very large country and produces a lot of media, it doesn't rely o the revenue from other countries buying their media
What are stereotypes?
Natural psychological impulses to categorize the world into recognizable groups (created subconsciously)
What is the principle of numerical representation?
New Media is either analog (object is still the same object when you look at it closely) or digital (when looking closely you see digital code expressed as I's and O's
What is the principle of modularity?
New media object is a collection of discrete units that can be combined without losing their independence. each object maintains its independence even as it's inserted into new media object. ex. inserting image into powerpoint
Is identity concrete?
No answer changes over time and in different contexts (context shapes which aspects we are more aware of or that matter more)
What are codex books?
Normal books that we use today
What are Lev Manovich's 5 Principles of New Media?
Numerical representation, modularity, automation, variability, transcoding
What is representation and what is a possibly harmful effect?
One thing can stand for a lot of things, media images represent people, events, situations, and other real things by standing in for them. When things are represented in the same pattern over and over again there are social consequences.
Spreadability is a more accurate term than "going viral" because the term "going viral" implies that: 1. We should not try to contain the way that online content disperses, when it actually is very important to contain it 2. The spreading of online content happens as a result of the intentional intervention of human agents 3. Online content is a dangerous disease that spreads without reason or thought
Online content is a dangerous disease that spreads without reason or thought
What is vertical integration?
Owning businesses across industries, controlling production and distribution
Hype for a movie, which tells us why we should get excited about its release, combines the power of: 1. Hypermediation and interactivity 2. Convergence and allusion 3. Paratexts and synergy 4. Spinoffs and intertextuality
Paratexts and synergy
what is an impact that literacy had on our society as a whole?
People were able to communicate with one another without being face-to-face in the same location.
Who are the users of Web 2.0?
Produsers- hybrid between users and producers, collaboration, sometimes we aren't even aware of it for ex. trending topics
One reasons Jurgen Habermas' idealized vision of a "public sphere" has been critiqued is that: 1. The public sphere wouldn't work globally because people are speaking different languages 2. In order to have a functioning public sphere, the government would need to step in and police those conversations 3. Realistically, women and other less privileged members of society don't necessarily have access to the public sphere 4. It is open to everyone, and gives everyone an equal chance to debate important topics
Realistically, women and other less privileged members of society don't necessarily have access to the public sphere
A representation of a Native American deputy who participates in policing his own people is an example of: 1. Regulation 2. Ridicule 3. Non-Recognition 4. Respect
Regulation
How do we know meanings of signs are'nt fixed and have multiple interpretations?
Semiotic Warfare. people intentionally rework the meaning of certain signs or texts. ex. punk and safety pins or hipsters and clothing items
What are genres and why are they important?
Set of conventions and codes that the style of text is easily recognizable. Knowing genre can help show what is important or what makes the text unique, some visual styles of some genres play role in shaping meaning
The practice of "slash" embodies participatory culture because the queer texts that can emerge are: 1. Sometimes actually authorized by the text's author, who also saw the characters as queer but didn't want to say it outright 2. Created by someone who is marginalized and uses this practice to affirm his or her identity 3. Shared by a community of fans who actually care about what is created and the people who created them
Shared by a community of fans who actually care about what is created and the people who created them
Trailers
Show what you can expect out of a movie, and frame understanding of the film ex. blaire witch project and all of the paratext with it
Strategic essentialism reminds us that: 1. Sometimes we have to form temporary alliances with others who are actually different from us 2. There is something innate in all of us that connects us to each other 3. We can easily get rid of flawed categories like "woman" and "disabled"
Sometimes we have to form temporary alliances with others who are actually different from us
The ethnographic tradition is premised on researchers collecting data through:
Spending time with people in their natural surroundings
What does Susan Douglas mean by "the turn within" and how does it counter "the global village"?
Susan Douglas argues that instead of technology creating a global village, a society that is connected on a global scale because of access to information, news, and communication, society has made " the turn within," where it has lead to a more egocentric view. We are spending the most time learning about our culture's news and life instead of looking at others.
Intertexuality
Texts are always in conversation with other texts. Media makes sense because we have seen other texts like it or recognize the work that came before it
Which of the following are described by McAllister as being the 7 effects of TV advertising? 1. The "plugola" effect 2. "don't bite the hand" effect 3. The "having a cow" effect 4. The "stupid consumer" effect 5. The "pardon the interruption" effect 6. The "don't rock the boat" effect
The "plugola" effect , The "don't bite the hand" effect , The "pardon the interruption" effect , The "don't rock the boat" effect
What was the first thing that the printing press printed and published? What did this lead to?
The Bible, and as a result the Gutenberg revolution began and the church lost its power.
Which served to regulate the film industry?
The Hays Code, which was more like self-regulation from within the film industry itself State censorship boards that would decide if a film could be shown in that state
The Sign consists of:
The Signifier and the Signified
Allusion is a kind of paratext because:
The author makes intentional reference in their text to another text
One of the historical ways that the concept of the public originated was in opposition to: 1. The disorderly or passionate arousal of opinions that could lead to mobs and protests 2. Print publications where citizens could express their pronouncements to an audience 3. The idea that men could create connections to others via a social formation outside the family
The disorderly or passionate arousal of opinions that could lead to mobs and protests
Convergence
The flow of media (top-down) from one platform to another. ex. tv, ipad, and computer all connect.
What is the principle of transcoding?
The idea that when info is stored in digital form, it takes on characteristics that originate from computer. media and culture are being shaped by the logic of a computer, example music and auto tune.
What is heteronormativity? and how is it reinforced?
The ideology that being straight is what is considered right and that anything else is "weird." It is reinforced by law, churches, traditions, etc
Parody is a kind of intertextuality because: 1. The joke depends on the viewer creating meaning from one text being in conversation with another text 2. The joke can only be successful if it makes a social commentary
The joke depends on the viewer creating meaning from one text being in conversation with another text
Cultural imperialism can happen through media when: 1. The media produced by indigenous creators is able to influence Western media across the globe 2. The media of a more powerful country spreads its culture to less powerful countries 3. Media flows from one country to another and is adapted to fit their own culture
The media of a more powerful country spreads its culture to less powerful countries
A production studies perspective might look at: 1. The ideological meanings that readers interpret from media productions 2. The media workers who actually participate in creating media texts
The media workers who actually participate in creating media texts
When US programs like Baywatch and Star Trek are popular all over the world, it demonstrates: 1. Contra-flows to disrupt globalization narratives 2. The flow of media from the less powerful countries to more powerful countries 3. Localism and regionalism as necessary incentives for media production 4. The power of the center over the periphery
The power of the center over the periphery
The Panopticon is a kind of prison design where:
The prisoners feel like they're being watched all the time, but they don't know for certain (metaphor for the gaze- we live in a surveillance society and it modifies our behavior)
The phrase "counter-hegemony can be absorbed" means that:
The status quo is always shifting in order to maintain its dominance
What is the long tail?
The theory that there are a small number of products that are extremely popular and in high demand and there is a long tail of all other products but only a small amount want them. there is a larger share of population under long tail= more money
The Cabin in the Woods can be said to reflect hegemonic notions of the Male Gaze because: 1. The women are required to perform for male characters within the film, as well as for assumed male viewers 2. The virgin is required to die, but she is actually able to resist this convention 3. The meta-level commentary allows viewers to watch what is happening through the lens of the control room
The women are required to perform for male characters within the film, as well as for assumed male viewers
When we say that media companies have a "profit motive," it means that?
Their goal is to make a commercial product that they can sell for money
A screenwriter is traditionally considered above-the-line because:
Their work costs more money and is seen as a creative profession, rather than a technical trade
What are the regulations on the press?
There are few regulations because value of freedom of speech. They want people to feel comfortable writing about the government.
Zuckerman's example of the Galvao bird prank illustrated
There are more Brazilians on Twitter than Americans realize, because Americans don't always think globally
Is it better to produce vs consume?
There is value in consuming, while watching one can evaluate, appraise, critique, and recirculate content.
Public radio and public access television are within the category of alternative media because:
They are both non-commercial and offer community members the chance to participate in media production
Why are TV openings important?
They are packed full of information and meaning. Introduce characters, genre, tone, etc
Cultural proximity serves to counter assumptions about globalization causing homogenization because: 1. It is productive for people to see media that reflects cosmopolitan ethics of sampling from outside cultures 2. If viewers all over the world could see a slower-paced, more thoughtful form of media content they might like it too 3. They remind us that viewers appreciate media that features local culture, knowledge, and themes
They remind us that viewers appreciate media that features local culture, knowledge, and themes
Hipsters are a good example of semiotic warfare because:
They rework the meaning of a handlebar mustache to give it new meaning in its contemporary context
Fans of "low culture" can be said to challenge hierarchies of cultural value because: 1. They take pride in loving objects that are not traditionally valued, or that don't cost a lot of money to engage with 2. They remind us that even opera and art museums can be mocked and challenged for their assumed value 3. They spend a lot of money on their fan objects, and sometimes sell objects to their friends
They take pride in loving objects that are not traditionally valued, or that don't cost a lot of money to engage with
How are digital audiences defined?
They used to be viewers, but now are considered users, consumers, and producers.
What two things does media compress?
Time and Space. Time because you can access people, info and ideas immediately. Space because you can interact with someone very far away.
Two qualities of stereotypes that make them dangerous are:
We actually believe them, and they harm marginalized groups more than powerful groups
What is an imagined community?
We all have common interests and we can all come together and belong to something. sense of connection. ex, the Olympics
What does uses and gratifications look at?
What draws people to specific media. Looks at what social and psychological needs are satisfied through media consumption and produce gratification. assumes that people are goal-oriented and people use media to satisfy needs. Media users have an active role in choosing media
what is connotation?
What you interpret from a sign, and adding emotional associations or cultural meanings.
Tim O'Reilly's term "Web 2.0" can be seen as a specific business model in the sense that: 1. Users have to pay to participate in the kinds of websites that actually hold their attention and are meaningful 2. When users spend time in free online environments producing content, it is their identities and habits that can be sold for a profit 3. The infrastructure of online designs today supports participation without needing constant updates
When users spend time in free online environments producing content, it is their identities and habits that can be sold for a profit
A good example of the way that McLuhan would say "the medium is the message" might be:
When we developed the ability to record televison onto VCRs, the real message was a shift in society away from organizing our time around live viewing practices.
What do fans do?
Write fan fiction, create artwork, dress up (cosplay), go to conventions
Can the stereotype "Black men are natural athletes" be harmful?
Yes, because it still puts them in a box and makes it seem like they are only valued for their bodies
What is cultural citizenship?
a feeling of belonging and that your identity is accepted, but you are not actually a legal citizen.
What does it look like when media has the public's interest?
a strong functioning media= strong functioning democracy, media should be accessible and open, provides freedom of speech and expression and press
What is participatory culture and what are its five characteristics?
a type of culture where we are making media and consuming it. 1. low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement 2. strong support for creating and sharing creations with others 3. informal mentorship where most experienced passes along info to others 4. members believe that their contributions matter 5. members have a social connection with one another (they care about what others think about what
agency
ability of someone to act on their own power. One idea is that one's identity has already been decided from the moment they are born. Another idea is you can be whoever you want to be and nothing can stand in the way
What is the difference between above the line people and below the line people in production?
above the line: cost a lot of money for a few of these, they are primary creative people and owners Below the line: doesn't cost a lot for more of them. They are tech craft workers
What is a Paratext? What does it do?
additional textual elements beside or adjacent to the text, that frame the main text. Helps us to shape interpretations of meanings and tells us what to expect. ex. videogames, websites, podcasts
What are things that make someone a fan?
affect/emotional connection, loyalty and frequency of engagement, depth of engagement, activities surrounding fandom
The phrase technological determinism refers to?
an understanding that technological developments are the primary driver of social change in our world (determines how society develops)
digital networks
are the systems of interconnected computers that allow individuals to virtually share data instantaneously.
What is culture capital?
are things that benefit you outside of money, such as having a good education, knowing how to talk and dress, having "good taste." The more social benefits one has the more cultural capital. ex. going to UW or seeing Hamilton
re-articulation
articulation is stable when they are reinforced over and over. Many parts come together to create a social formation. ex. articulated doll
What are active audiences? and what type of research are they similar too?
assumes that audiences are made up of people who play an active role in making sense of the media. play an important role in interpreting meaning. Similar to Uses and gratification, opposite needle and media effects.
What taste category are fans in?
bad, there is a fear of them taking over
Why does immediacy increase with technology?
because the more ways that we have for capturing the world the representations can more easily reflect reality
Why was the Hays production code created? Is this still what we use today?
because the state was banning too many movies. it was self-regulation by the film industry and it banned things like interracial romance,drugs, use of firearms. The Hays code was too intense and so today we have the ratings system.
What is Consolidation and what did it lead to?
big companies buying smaller companies. Led to an oligopoly where a small amount of sellers have control over the market. This caused little competition, and is our media today. example the studio system in Hollywood
imagine cosmopolitanism,
citizens of the world who should be learning about others in the world. They should unite as one society. it is not happening
What is immediacy in new media and what is an example?
communication that is free from mediation, you have a window onto the real. As transparency increases immediacy increases.
What elements fall under mise-en-scène?
composition, lighting, costuming, staging, cinematography, film stock, makeup and hair, acting style, lighting, costume
What is fandom often about?
connecting to like-minded viewers and sharing a mutual fascination and frustration. They do activities together such as watching things or creating things.
What is an interface?
connects 2 distinct components within communication process. it helps to make tech accessible and useable and shapes how we engage and understand technologies. Shapes how we find info which is mostly done through online search engines
What is othering?
constructing another group of people to be our opposite. Fabricate groups in order to flatter a certain group. You put your culture at the center of your framework and see other societies and groups as different. Just assumes
what is meaning of a sign dependent on?
context
What are the types of media flow in regard to heterogeneity?
contra-flows- media flows in opposite direction, toward the dominant power. US is on receiving end of things like Anime and telenovelas diaspora- countries can create media from the homeland that is intended for the diaspora, directed all over the world multi-directional flow- not just from the US to the US, it is a complex flow. ex. The Korean Wave is spreading all over the world because Korean government is putting a lot of money into media industry in order to help spread culture.
What do stereotypes do?
creates generalizations of social groups, flattens differences, become normalized, sometimes based on true evidence.
What is market franchising? what are some benifits?
cultural industries using an already successful property to support expanded cultural production. example batman- comics, movies, tv shows, video games. allows for diversification of production and useful for niche marketing by tailoring different things to different segments
The Echo Chamber is:
dangerous because it can lead to more extreme views instead of tolerance toward difference
How do media representations uphold Democracy?
decides what topics are chosen for discussion, how it is presented, who is presenting, and where
allusions
deliberately make reference to other texts. Help us make connections. ex. costumes
What is mise-en-scene?
describes how things are visually staged
What is hypermediacy in new media and what is an example?
describes the experience of being repeatedly brought back into contact with the interface. Is the tension of looking at and looking through. ex. smart phone of desktop
strategic essentailism
describes the way that we intentionally come together under a single identity for political reasons. Serves to fight for freedom and social justice
What are benefits of globalization?
diversity, cosmopolitanism, cultural sharing, economic growth, education, technological access
What does P stand for? What does p stand for?
electoral politics (things connected to elections) cultural politics (race in politics, gender in politics)
What is the ideology of Web 2.0? Is it overly optimistic?
empowering for everyday users (everyone has a say), shifts the power to the people. Must remember that there are still companies controlling internet and there are people who use it to hurt others
What is fan labor?
fans creating media content, ex. mashups or remixes. They race-bend and gender-bend to appeal to other demographics. ex. making Ariel a boy
Which two things work together to produce meaning for the viewer, setting up expectations through delivery of patterns?
form and content
In regards to homogenization, how does media flow? What does it lead to?
from the center (more powerful country) to periphery. Leads to media imperialism-media invading other countries that causes a domination and a destruction of local media. ex. america's next top model
Ethnographic tradition
fully emerging one's self into the lifeworld of a culture for researcher, by observing, interviewing, focus groups. Aims to look at the way audiences understand media in everyday life.
What does production research look at?
goes behind the scenes of media production. visiting sets, attending casting calls, sitting in post-production studies
How are going viral and spreading different?
going viral-spreading everywhere, keeps replicating, no choice if you get infected spreading- the choice audience makes when they decide to recirculate content
legal citizenship
granted citizenship through the government. belong to a state, have rights, and are protected
What is counter-hegemony? and is it absorbed?
groups who fight against the norm. ex. pride parade. elements of resistance slightly shift the dominant ideology but overall the status quo is maintained.ex. will and grace still focuses on will and grace's friendship and karen and jack's.
What does a resistant audience do?
have the opportunity to create new media messages that can distort the intended message and allowing oppositional messages to be spread. ex. chevy commercial
Why does Bourdieu argue that the concepts of "good" and "bad tastes" are not natural?
he argues that they are culturally constructed categories and they relate to hierarchies of socioeconomic class
What is the different between high culture and low culture?
high- opera, art museums, wine, classical music low- nascar, BBQ, reality TV, Top 40 music
Monopolies of Knowledge
hoarding/ protecting technology from the masses (found mostly among elites)
What is considered the private sphere?
homes
What are hypercommercialized texts and what are examples?
hybrid of advertising and media. Product placement- featured products to create emotional connection and increase consumer awareness. advertorial-advertising and editorial ex. lucky mag
burden of representation
idea that it matters more how minority groups are represented because of history of underrepresentation. Stereotypes are representations
What is essentialism and how is it an attribute of stereotypes?
idea that there exists a quality of a person that makes a person who they are. you think that you know everything about someone based on one attribute
Postmodern subject
identity is always shifting and changing, nothing is fixed about a person. unified coherent identity is a fantasy
mimesis
images mimic or imitate real life
What was the purpose of the state censorship boards and why?
in the early 1900s they could ban movies for not being appropriate.
Moblile Privatization
individuals are able to increase mobility even when at home
What are some restrictions of networks?
info cant all flow freely in any direction and to all people. there are inequalities
echo chamber
info is shared in a closed space and only repeats, never encountering outside information. Biases stay afirmed, unchallenged, amplifies topic and there is no new info or opinions
How does the copying process of media work? and what are some of the things that result from it?
innovation to imitation to saturation. you get sequels, spinoffs and as a result no opportunity for social struggle or revolution and indoctrination through entertainment
what is niche marketing and what are some advancements that made it beneficial?
instead of targeting a mass audience, it targets smaller, specific, audiences. Satellite tech, video games, remote control, rent movies, VCRs
Hype
intense promotion for a short period of time. Utilizes synergy, agenda sets and creates meaning
What are the key components of videogames?
interactivity, play is able to manipulate the flow of action and determine outcome, and rules and restrictions. geography (designed space or geography), scroll and exploration (movement), graphical style (photorealistic or hypermediated), and narrative (story or plot bottleneck)
networks
interconnected system that allows flow between a set of nodes. ex. subway system
What are possible difficulties of media effects research?
interfering variables (then you control setting), controlled settings aren't true
Gossip Girl makes use of transmedia technologies to:
invite viewer participation and allow fans to become digital authors
Define the fordism view
is an economic system that is based on industrialized and standard models of production. it is thought you should produce one thing really efficiently and then convince everyone they want it.
Matthew Arnold's view of Culture as "the best that had been thought and said" helps us to challenge "the canon" of excellent texts and artistic works is one of the reasons we always read Shakespeare, and serves to exclude many works from being seen as valuable
is one of the reasons we always read Shakespeare, and serves to exclude many works from being seen as valuable (leads to the idea of "the classics")
encoding
is the intended message that is put into a text by producers. you need to know your audience
decoding
is the message that is taken from a text by readers or how an audience makes sense of a message. Audience doesn't always get intended meaning.
What are drawbacks of globalization?
it happens unevenly. More powerful countries benefit more, exasterbates gap between powerful counties vs. less powerful countries
If something has cult value what does this mean?
it has authenticity, originality, aura
if something has exhibition value what does this mean?
it has mechanical reproduction, see it everywhere (mugs, t-shirts, etc), no aura, context (meaning comes from the mug instead of the original), distraction, emancipation (can see it out of its original context)
How does projection contribute to dystopianism?
it is easy to attribute blame. projection is diverting feeling of one source to another. ex. a kid shoots Grandma, blame the videogame
How is fandom sen as pathology? What two groups are apart of fandom?
it is seen as a disease, something that is excessive and even deranged. Comprised of obsessed individuals (a loner who has intense fantasy relationships with a celebrity and has no relationship with real people ex. movies about fans killing star) and hysterical crowds (girls who cry when they see their favorite stars and crowds that stampede ex. Beatles concerts)
The "ether" where radio channels live is believed to be part of "The Commons" because?
it's a shared aspect of society that should be open to everyone, and protected
deep web
large quantities of data that are not discoverable through search engines
what does participatory culture lead to?
learning, education, mobilization, social support networks, developing skills
Why do people seek media?
learning, to feel emotions, to escape real life, mood management.
What did the telecom act of 1996 do?
lifted caps on ownership, opened the doors to consolidation, lead to rise of conglomerates.
psychographics
look at personality values and attitudes. used by companies to access how you feel about products
call for positive images
looking for role models and good guys to promote positive, uplifting, images. ex. fresh prince of Bel-Air shows that a black family can have wealth and that hiphop can be embraced
What is formal analysis and what are its parts?
looks to understand how the different components of art work together to impact the audience. Parts are mise-en-scene, structure of the text, materials and techniques of the medium, the producers and their interventions into the text
What is the main source of funding for TV? Who is the Seller and the buyer and what is the product?
main source of funding for TV. Seller is media corporation, buyer is advertiser, product is viewers
counterpublics
marginalized communities can create their own public spheres. There can be multiple communities so minorities can talk about issues that are important to them
symptomatic meaning
meaning is more abstract and general getting at the film's deeper, even involuntary meaning
implicit meaning
meanings that are not stated directly, but instead the viewer needs to work to produce an interpretation of the films meaning. may rely upon the explicit or referential but are more below the surface.
What and How do AC Nielsen measure ratings?
measured tv ratings. diaries (writing down what you watched) and people meters( installed into tv sets)
What is the 2 step theory and who are opinion leaders?
media flows to opinion leaders and opinion leaders share information to everyone else. ex. facebook "power users" Opinion leaders do a lot of research and talk about it among different groups in the community. People trust them and listen to them
What is techno-dystopianism? Give examples.
media is bad, it turns you into a zombie, it harms children, makes it impossible for real communication and is distracting from real life.
egocasting
media is extremely personalized, narrow, and tailored just for us. we have a lot of control over our media today
How does advertising influence media content?
media producers shape content in a way that is pleasing to advertisers. Media sensors itself by not creating programs on topics they don't think advertisers will support
What is stickiness?
media that grabs your attention and holds it. individuals are motivated to stay with content and explore it. It is getting an audience to stick with certain medium or media franchise. ex. a complex story, never know who will die next so it keeps you tuning in, people write fan fiction and it invites you to spend time with characters in real work and people are interested in what the author will come up with now.
Who has the visual power?
men are the lookers, women act for mens pleasure.
What is the male gaze? Why is it done?
men audiences get pleasure from looking at women and so do men in films. Films use this to maintain power over women
According to Mulvey, who had the power to control the direction of a film?
men because they are the active ones, the camera is male, audiences is male, everything is seen through a male perspective
who portrays the bad guys in society?
minorities
The FCC was originally responsible for:
monitoring and limiting the ownership of radio and television stations
The FCC was originally responsible for: 1. monitoring and limiting the amount of profanity in the movies 2. regulating the commercial influence on public radio and television 3. regulating the mechanical reproduction of art 4. monitoring and limiting the ownership of radio and television stations
monitoring and limiting the ownership of radio and television stations
When television executives must please advertisers, we are likely to see:
more images of affluence, less images of farm villages
What is the principle of automation?
new media objects are created through automation that is subject to manipulation. example: computers use built in algorithms instead of people making decisions. NM can have artificial intelligence like Siri
define the post-forism view
new way of thinking based on flexibility and customization. encouraged by technology. ex. snookie. begin to see TV networks producing shows to reflect changes
What is new media?
newness is a matter of perspective and a moving target. all media was once new
Put the Evolutionary Stages of Minorities in the Media into the correct order: Ridicule, respect, non-recognition, regulation
non-recognition, ridicule, regulation, respect (minorities can slip backwards at any point)
What is the principle of variability?
once digitized, info can be presented in many ways
sociological subject
one's inner-self is formed and then is modified by continuous dialog with outside culture. this type of identity shifts over time
What is the design of Web 2.0?
open to participation, low barriers to entry (to use), always updating
Out of literacy, oral story telling, the internet, photography, television, and the printing press, what order did they develop in?
oral story telling, literacy, printing press, photography, television, and the internet
generational chauvinism
our generation is the best generation. Causes bias in other generation
How is the public sphere mediated?
over the internet, other digital media, newspaper, etc. Makes sharing information easier and give people f a common identity- a sense of belonging to the conversation
What is horizontal integration?
owning competitors within the same market. example viacom owning MTV and VH1. it cuts down risk for small business
How can audiences/users influence technology?
people can choose what they do with the media, they can do what they want
What is the cult of amateurs?
people who spread user generated content and this can be seen as dangerous. The more people we invite to use web, the more junk that is produced. People can't distinguish between quality content or true content.
What are the 11 skills to make sense of new media?
play, performance, stimulation, appropriation, multitasking, distributed cognition, collective intelligence, judgment, transmedia navigation, networking, negotiation
What is spectatorship?
practice of looking or thinking about the ways that we all participate in becoming spectators
An example of a repressive state apparatus is ? and an ideological state apparatus is?
prisons and military schools and churches
algorithms
process or set of rules to followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer. They help us to sift through info and data. They can be bias, example google gives higher rank to english and us news.
What are effects of narrowcasting?
production of more extreme content to speak to certain demographics, loyal audiences, appointment tv
Why is profit important? and what are 3 ways for media business to survive?
profit is one of the motives that shape content. 1. direct audience payments (audience pays for the media and money goes directly to the company, ex. movie tickets, magazines, cds) 2. payment between media companies (licensing of product to other companies ex. movie theater pays movie producer to show their film) 3. advertising revenue
Why is there a techno-dystopianism attitude toward media?
projection, generational chauvinism, and elitism/paternalism
demographics
quantifiable statistics about a population such as age, gender, geographic location, primary info source and easy to access
What is the public sphere according to Habermas? What are benefits and critiques?
realm of social life where the exchange of information and views on questions of common concern an take place so that a public opinion can be formed. Benefits: allows for discourse, allows for people of different status to communicate Critiques: doesn't include everyone, cultural barriers, youth get left out
referential meaning
refers to things or places that already have significance in the real world so that viewer can readily make senes of them
What are the three things that semiotic analysis examines?
role of the language (how it is used and what it means), level of denotative and connotative meaning, and the extra layer of cultural meanings/ myths
Who is Kimberle Crenshaw
scholar who called attention to intersectionality with a rap group and their sexually explicit lyrics. Brings to attention that black women don't have a place in argument and it pints anti-racism against anti-sexism
When magazines avoided printing stories about the dangerous effects of tobacco, it was an example of:
self-censorship
What is a myth?
sign that has additional meaning that are not done arbitrarily, have reason for being there.
What makes up a sign?
signifier (the word/image) + signified (the actual concept)
polysemy
signs make it possible to decode texts. multiple ways of decoding sign
What is the business Model of Web 2.0?
sites are free to users, users produce content, sites sell ads to companies because they have captive audience ex. Twitter
What is women's media? and how is it, along with minority media and gay media looked at?
soap opera's daytime talk shows, rom coms, they all possess very low social status and are seen as less important and less intellectual. all three categories are not taken seriously
Ron Becker defines the niche market demographic "slumpy," which stands for:
socially liberal, urban minded professionals
How do time and space matter?
some sources like radio and film are then and now. Things mean different things are are received differently in different parts of the world. example titanic in the U.S vs. Europe
what is Defamiliarization and how does in connect with the idea of media being art?
something that's familiar becomes unfamiliar ex. leaf under a microscope. Art may redefine the ordinary but if media is just trying to make money probably not art
What is denotation?
something with literal meaning and without a lot of interpretation. example dictionary
Whereas Fordism is about mass-producing the same product, Post-Fordism is about:
specializing production by addressing niche audiences or consumers
How have audiences progressed over time?
started as live audience such as a theater performance, moved to mediated audience such as a movie- collectively viewing something just not live, moved to tv audience, could watch in own home, then fragmented- people could watch what they wanted, wherever and whenever, then to active audience were audience can engage with producers and produce things and now the digital audience
stages of the cycle of oppression
stereotypes, prejudice (judging someone before you know them), discrimination, oppression (isms), internalized oppression (minorities buy into the system of oppression by believing stereotypes)
What is media effects?
studies social behavioral and psychological responses to media and technology use. Looks for correlations between level of exposure and variation in behavior or beliefs. Helps us to understand our relationship to media ex topic: relationship between violent media and aggressive behavior
Parody
taking pieces from different texts and putting them together by stealing other styles putting them into a new context. Changes the original meaning. ex. Drake hotline bling video
voyeurism
taking pleasure from secretly looking and not being seen looking. Person does not have permission to do so. The looker has the power
Technological agency
technologies ability and power to act on its own. Reminds us that technologies are just like any other agent in being able to take actions that cause responses in humans, do tasks that humans used to do, shape human behavior and make connections
humans evolved based on their relation to the development of?
technologies. ex. the stone age or the commuter age. We connect technology with national identities
Soft determinism
technology is just one factor in shaping society
Transmedia storytelling
telling one big story but telling different parts on different platforms. It extends the narrative across multiple delivery channels, and can add something new. ex. Matrix video game and movie
What does Marshall McLuhan argue in his idea of the medium is the message?
that all media entails mediation. The content of any medium is just another medium. For example the content of tv is moving images and sound
What did Radway's ethnographic work about romance novels find?
that women say them as an escape from their responsibilities, a way to learn about the world, and a diversion of time. The books were used to criticize their own conditions and promote feminism
What is globalization? What are factors that drive it?
the ability to connect with those all over the world and have increase access to information. Factors: technology leads to easier communication, multinational companies. 1846 the associated press was founded as an international news service
judgment
the ability to evaluate the credibility and reliability of different information sources
distributed cognition
the ability to interact meaningfully with tools that expand mental capacities
appropriation
the ability to sample and remix media content
Mulitasking
the ability to scan one's environment and shift focus as needed on salient details
What did Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer compare the movie industry to?
the auto industry, all just business. decrease in innovation and and increase in standardization. Everything is the same
what is articulation?
the form of the connection that can make a unity of two different elements. It's about connecting things together for unity but they can be broken. Media is like a matchmaker. ex. black and poor or wealth and taste
What is the digital divide? what are factors?
the gap between those individuals and communities that have and do not have access to the info technologies like computer and internet. tech does not spread evenly. geographic location, race, income level, education, age
synergy
the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
An example of something that demonstrates "the long tail" is:
the large number of sales of less popular books on Amazon
What is scopophilia?
the pleasure of look at things or be looked at. ex. models, actors, weddings
semiology
the study of signs
What is the hypodermic Needle Theory? What is a famous example?
the theory that mass media had a direct, immediate, and powerful effect on its audience. Media messages are "injected" directly into the brains of audiences. Assumes that all audiences are the same and respond in the same way and are passive. ex. War of the Worlds
what is techno-utopianism?
the view that media is really good and that it can improve life. people frequently withdraw into closed communities with technology
Avowal
the way you see yourself, the identity you have claimed for yourself. Comes from own power to decide who you are
What is spreadability?
the widespread sharing of media based on decisions made by people. Motivating a massive audience and share it. ex. salt bae- people motivated to share it because it is relatable, funny, short and simple, people can add their own personal take
how are fans poachers?
their work can be separated from commercially produced work and it is unauthorized and they can face legal threats/ They have a say as to what the texts mean
Who contributes to stereotypes?
they are made by in-groups about out-groups in order to understand groups that are different from you
Matthew P. McAllister thinks it's important to study television commercials because? 1. they are importantly linked to government messages about how to be a good citizen 2. they cultivate effects beyond their immediate purpose that may have profound implications
they cultivate effects beyond their immediate purpose that may have profound implications
what do fans voice and why?
they voice things that normally don't get voiced and they do this because of their own marginalized identity.
explicit meaning
this is the obvious point that the film is trying to make, the more overt, obvious levels of meaning
How does hegemony excel?
through consent
Good taste is an artificial category, but how does it gain meaning and power?
through what it is articulated or connected to
shipping
two or more people or fictional characters who are paired romantically. names are referred to side by side. ex. betty and jughead
slash
type of fan story that creates a romantic pairing between a same-sex couple that doesn't exist in actual text
What are characteristics of a good citizen?
uphold social contract, take care of the community, civically responsible
What are things that are apart of a formal analysis of Gravity?
use the point of view shot, structure of film is broken down into phases (explorer is damaged, the Chinese station/calm, fire, solving problem and getting back to earth), mobile camera to mimic space, weightlessness, and a long-take (shot made from far away and shows distance)
elitism/ paternalism
we want to control media, because we need to take care of eachother.
symbolic anninalliation
when a group's entire social existence is evodicated through invisibility
dismemberment
when just one body part stands for the whole body. Often a problem for women who are gazed at
What is cultural imperialism?
when powerful countries extend authority over other countries by imposing their beliefs, values, knowledge, and behavioral norms
global village
world is shrinking because of technology; however, this is not what is actually happening.
What is fan fiction and who is it linked to?
writing about a show or movie to keep it going. it is usually tied to women
ethnocentrism
your culture is the best and don't like others
What is alternative media and what does it aim to do? What are types of alternative media?
• Provide content that differs from the mainstream media • Offers alternate modes of production that are more democratic or participatory • Employ innovative uses of available or cutting- edge technology • Use alternative means for distribution • Transform the social structures of media-making organizations public and community radio aims to teach not make money public access tv people make the content ethnic media, blogs, podcasts,
