Communication Exam 3
What is culture shock?
A Feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues. seven stages. reverse: culture shock experienced by travelers upon returning to their home country.
how do we manage relationships in digital contexts? examples for romantic, friendship, and work
Friendship: offer larger field of availables and overcome limits of time and space. potential parterns and friends, typiclaly much larger via cmc than f2f relationships. can come into more contact with many more people online than in person, and online have fewer reasons to dismiss someone as potential friend because inittial physical cues are not present. relationship that are intiateed or maintained through ne media overcoem limits of time and space. can be more fragile becaus eof skepticism of deception. Consider carfully how much and what type of info is posted. konw who has access to info, know how it will be used, know how much info want to share with othres. more trust is required for online friendships. so many people who develop friendhsips on discussion boards or in chat rooms also exchange email address or phone numbers to establish more trust. richer comm forms like webcam are helpful in creating first impressions, attracting acquaintances and building new freindships as provide maximum info flow. richness allows quick superficaila disclosure needed to build new relationships online can develop more intimacy quickker than f2f may be because in lean communicaten, participants place great importnace on cues that aren't filtered out. people received messages seem to fill in blanks about personality of sender. also make time to craft own message carefully. Romantic: many sites use scientific approach include compatibility and personality testing and cover all ages and income levels. some specialize in niche marketing focsing on religion, race, ethinicity or age. 3 qualities of internet comm that are particularly relevant to romantic relationships: ease of finding similar others, of "getting past the gates", and of achieving intimate exchanges. easier to find person with similar interests online. easier to get past gates that pepople sometimes close to each other because of eatures like physical appearane, shyness, lack of strong social skills. getting past can increase self esteem and condience leading to more ease in initiating relationships. give rise to easier, quicker self-disclosure and intimacy. profiles on daitng sites to reveal extensive info. most perfer to communicate with others by cell phone calls and with texts. email, social networking sties and messaging used but less frequently. Work: improve ability to do job, share ideas with coworksers and work in flexible ways, are some concerns. result in longer hours, increase stress, and work when not on clock. impact on work relationsips. superior=subordinate communication. status and boundary issues, surveillance issues, and confidentialtiyt issues. with email, anyone can have acccess to superiors but raise issues of boudaries. also tech give ways of checking on subordinates. monitor email and internet usage. decrease productivity fear of allowing social networking despite work benefits. employwers losing control of their image. worry about employees posting negative things online can lose job. leak confidential info or customer info or make inappropriate public statements about the company. Peer communication: access to info ofent decreases when one relies on online comm. if comm only online with coworker at different location, have little info about them than f2f. lack of info increases uncertainty as well as potential for disagreements and misunderstanding. to minimize and build trust some employers arrange periodic f2f meetings or promote social netwokring comm among coworkers.
Explain Social Penetration Theory including the 5 associated factors
diagram of onion. self disclosure part of it. norm of reciprocity part of it. People are an onion and slice open get lots of rings. everyone has multiple layers. surface everyone sees but inside person only some people know. Theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self disclosure. Gradually increase self disclosure as get to know one another and through process of reciprical disclosure, strangers become frinds or lovers. three dimension: breadth, depth, and frequency. breadth: number of topics dyads willingly discuss. depth: how deep or personal communication exchanges are. frequency: how often self-disclosure occurs. circular process. 1. Self-Disclosure/ Norm of Reciprosity 2. Breadth 3. Depth 4. Frequency 5. Valence: truthfulness. matters. how much get to know other, how much let other get to know you.
improve intercultural communication skills
increase motivation to be an effective communicator. increase knowledge of self and others. self knowledge is important. more one interacts across cultures, more noe learns about oneself and mroe prepareed to interact interculturally. cycle. avoid stereotypes.
Be familiar with strategies for initiating, maintaining, and terminating romantic relationships and friendships
Initiating Romantic Relationships: Test waters by flirting. crucial role and ambiguity. much is nonverbal because has less risk. women typically more active than men: use eye contact, smiles, brief touches, and grooming behavior to signal interest and attraction. men use these but only behavior engage in more is intimate touching. women engage in flirtation at onset of interaction, them men escalate through touch. once successfully convey interest and initate convo, if interest continues may begin dating. successful relationship development related to effective communication skills. know how much to disclose early on. also act interested in what others have to say, help others out, polite and positive. Initiating Friendships: initiate convo is most crucial comm skill in developing frindships. best way to approach is with nonthreatening comment or question which expresses interest in other person. if receptive, feel more comfortable to continue convo and if doesnt can easily move on. ask broad open-ended questions Maintaining Romantic Relationships: effective convo essential. as more intimate and move toward greater commitment, couples' ratings of comm satisfaction increase. effective comm increases happiness with relationships and satisfaction with relationship leads to more effective comm. Relational maintenance behaviors used. couples use 12 types of convo behaviors as they live their lives together including humor/joking, self-report, positivity, and talking about tv. found couples tend to engage in more conflict, humorn household task talk, and planning on weekends than work week. specific comm patterns like joking, spending time talking baout day, encouraging self-disclosure, and expressing commitment to realtionship help maintain it. Maintaining Friendships: effective communication. most of important functions that friends serve are communication based. convo important. many convo with friends last only about 3 minutes and these convo mostly small talk. people rate these convos as highly significant. intimate disclosures are important but so are daily, routine interactions which connect friends and reaffirm or maintain relationships. friends most satisfied when possess similar levels of comm skills. friends use assurances, positivity, open discussiona nd listening to maintain. spending time togehter is imporatn in maintence strategy. shared activities and ongoing interaction are necessary to sustain relationship. good conflict management skills vital. use of phone and email is essential to long distance Terminating Romantic Relationships: lack of autonomy, lack of similarity/ compatibility, lack of supportiveness and infidelity. insufficient shared time, inequality, absence of romance. characteristics become less appealing. either throug hpassing away or sudden death. passing away: process by which relationships decline over time. Sudden Death: process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant. 5 general catgories of disengagement strategies: most frequent to end is negative identity management: communicating in ways that arouse negative emotions or order to make other person upset enought to agree to break off the relationship. might ciritcize one's romantic partner or convey indifference to feelings and desires. De-escalation strategies used. cover broad range form promising some continued closeness to suggesting that couple might reconcile in future. convos that attempt to reframe or change the definition of the relationship. Justification strategies: attempt to provide reason or excuse for why the realtionhsip has failed and should end. explain positive consequences of ending relationshp or negative consequences of not ending it. Positive Tone stragegies address the feelings and concerns of the partner and try to make her or him feel better. Behavioral de-escalation involve avoiding partner. Terminating Friendships: vulnerable because few societal pressures encourage continuance and freinds may not expect to have consistant contact. decline wihtout either aware seometimes. once recognize decline may no longer be possible for relationship to recover. can end witout either dissatisfied. lack of proximity, decreased affection, inteference from other realtionships. lakc of comm skills, rule-breaking, deception, boredom, and other easons. withdrawl/ avoidance, Machiavellian tactivs, positive tone, and openness. Withdrawl/avoidane: spend less time together, dont return phone calls, avoid places likely to see other. Machiavellian tactics: use third party to communicate unhappiness about realtionship and one's desire to deescalate or end it. Positive Tone: communicate concern for rejected frind and try to make person feel better. Openness: one straightforwardly explain ot other why ending.
Preferred Personality
Value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to "do" or to "be" Doing is preferred value for many in US. doing mode means working hard to achieve material gain, even if it means sacrificing time with family and friends. other cultural groups like latinos prefer being mode- emphasizes importance of experiencing life and people around them fully and working to live rather than living to work.
What are "new" media?
a collection of mediated communication technologies that are digital and converging and tend to be interactive. 4 specific purposes: connecting iwht o thers, searching for and exchanging info, entertainment and financial transactions.
What are mass media?
mediated communicated intended for large audiences.magazines, movies, video games, books, newspapers.
Describe and give examples of the ways we reduce uncertainty
experience and observation: see other in action, how behave, way interact wit hothers. learn about who they are. URT Third parites tell about them URT. Talk with them URT: communicative strategis of ask questions- URT or share information- SD URT- we dont like to not know, hate uncertainty, do this in multiple ways: Passive: observe, Active: use 3rd parties. Interactive: engage with target to reduce uncertainty, ask quesitons
Explain social presence theory?
feelings of pshcyologial closeness or immediacy that people experience when they interact with each other. this closeness is communicated through nonverbal cues, like similing, leaning forward and relaxed body posture. suggessts that f2f communication is generally high in this kind of social presence and that media vary in the amoung of social presence they convey. telephone conveys less social presencee than f2f interaciton, but more than emal where all nonverbal cues are filterd out. implication is that media low in socal presence seems more impersonal, less sensitive, and less relationship focused
What does the Agenda Setting Theory explain regarding hte relationship between media and audience members?
the power of media coverage to influence individuals view of the world. focus on audience perceptions of reality and attempt to discover how or whether media coverage correlates with these audience perceptions. ex. correlate amount of tv news coverage with crime rates found amount of news coverage was more influential than actual crime rates in this change in public perception.
Explain the media deficit perspective
theoretical perspective that sees mediated communication as a less useful than face-to-face communication. two characteristics of early person to person mediated communication. some forms of new communication technologies are filtered and some are asynchronous in nature- delay may occur between time the message is sent and when it is responded to.
List and Give examples of hte four uses and gratifications
○ Media can fulfill needs and wants, gratify wants § Use it in purposeful and mindful way ○ Entertainment § Youtube, specific shows, social media ○ Info § Twitter § nyt ○ Socialization § Facebook § Twitter § Reddit § Snapchat § Use media to share info and talk and socialize with people § Watch shows that talk about with friends § Talk about what read and seen ○ Identify § Shape our own § Music, books help identify § Particular songs and artists and shows § Shows address topics in peoples lives that might not talk about Role in society ○ Issue of race bias in roles
What are the 7 stages of culture shock? What happens in each?
1. Honeymoon: exited and happy about being there, its a novelty and your interested in everything. 2. Hostility: you dislike new things and are missing your norms, being outside comfort zone all the time is draining and homesick. have value conflict with three choices. either leave, stick it out, or decide to make it work and engage. 3. Humorous: when decide to stay, make most of it. become more relaxed, laugh at yourself when things dont go right. 4. In Sync Adjustment: feel at home and comfortable, feel like you fit and have routine. feel accepted and happy. 5. Ambivalence. Starts to occur when approach departure. feel positive and negative about going home. 6. Re-entry. Reverse culture shock. have to readjust to origin culture. a bit depressed and stresssed. miss fun and people. want to talk about trip and others not interested. negative mode. 7. Resocialization: get comfortable and adjusted to normal routine and friends. Three things might happen: drop new, be old again. pick up new ideas abroad but go back to old self. or Become restless- dont want to drop new stuff, more inclined to travel, feel dont fit exactly in one place. Or Blend old and new. keep new things experienced and old self, use to shape and encourage and change other around you. agent of change in own culture.
What are the three primary factors associated with attraction?
1.Similarity: confirms who you are, gives you sense of acceptance and support. easier to be together. same values, interests, and backgrounds. discover during early stages of conversational interaction. 2.Attactiveness: physical appearance draws us to people, personality and behavior three categories: physical attraction, task attraction, social attraction. physica, peronsalities, and behavior. develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are. socail" how friendly, outgoing, sociable one is perceived to be, task: how desirable people are as work coworkers or task partners. qualities revealed through communication, those with good skills seem more attractive 3. Proximity: have to be near htem to form relationships, tech impacts a bit. facilitates informal relatively unplanned communication that provides opportunity to notice other attractive qualities. Attraction theory: thoery that explains the three primary forces that draw people together. dont guarantee lasting but set stage for relationshipps to develop.
Describe and give examples of the three internal and three external tensions (for each of these five theories, be sure you understand what it explains and how it does so. be sure you can explain any key concepts or ideas that make up the theory)
Autonomy/ connection. need to connect with othes while feeling independent and autonomous. early in relationship people have high need to feel connected to romantic partners and dont want to be separated. but as relationship develops neeed time away so dont feel stifled or overwhelmed. if too much autonomy, relationship may ceasel if too much connection, one may feel overwhelmed and withdraw from relationship. Expressiveness/ Privacy: nee dto be open and to self-disclose while also maintianing some sense of privacy. while reveal feelings about romantic partner to friend, may not discoluse was fired from first job. to maintain relationship need to manage effecitvely. if reveal too much info too early, may find comm behavior inappropriate and may shy away from you. if fail to open up and express yourself, amy perceive you as aloof or cold and wont continue. Change/ predictablitity: desire for events that are new, spontaneious and unplanned while simultaneously needing osme aspects of life to be stable and predictable. ant partner's affection to be stable and predictable bu tmight like partner to suprise you occasionally with a new acitivity or self disclosure. Dialecitcs are constantly in process. each day couples and firends managage the tensions. manner in which manage influences the continuance of their relationships. understanding is useful because it can help you respond to the competing feelings may experience in relationships.
What are the benefits of working in diverse groups?
Can lead to innovation, performance efficacy, groupu process, and group enjoyment. Innovation: groups with diverse membeship are more innovative than homogenous groups. higher quality ideas in brainstorming tasks. have different perspectives means having variety of info sources to apply to a problem or issues. broaden views and bility to evaluate.diverse workforce in rapdily changing world is better able to monitor, identify, and respond quickly and innovatively to external problems than homogenous one. Performance (efficacy): diverse groups work more effectively. sometimes. comm in diverse group smay be more challenging on onset so cultural differense in attidues and comm styles may lead to early conflict. but if handle well, oucome bay be good or better than homogenous groups. Group Processes: differ across cultures is in their preferencer for individulaism or collectiveism and has impact on group processes. ethnic, gender and age diversity had little effect on comm process, but those who preferred more interdpendent or collectivistic interaction participated more and cooperated more in the group, thus having a more positive impact on group processes. members who participate in cooperative manner likely to put forth substantial effort toward completing task and encourageothers. members more staisfied. Group Enjoyment: minority oriented groups more attentive to relational harmony. demographic diversity and deper cultural differences in attitues and values that play important role. culturally diverse groups may produce more innnovative ideas, may be more njoyable anc can be as productive as homegeous groups. enjoyment and productivity do not occur automatically in these groups; depend on comm skills of members. potential to be better with right educaiton
What is intercultural communication?
Communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different. 3 types of intercultural interaction: border dwellers through travel, socialization, and relationships.
Trait Leadership Theory
Leadership theory that suggests that leaders are born. Some of traits associated with effective leadership are physical and include being male, tall and good looking. Leaders more extroverted, open to experience, agreeable and conscientous. seem to be smarter than others as measured by standard IQ tests. Role of society oin forming our judgments about who we think makes good leader. examples challenge trait appraoch to leadership. many have developed leadership qualities out of a tragedy or a deep motivation to make the world a better place.
What is culture?
Learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people. Culture is dynamic, heterogeneous, and operates within societal power structures.
What is the digital divide? what are some potential consequences of the digital divide
Inequity of access between the technology haves and have nots. in global information society, infor is an important commodity that everyone needs to function. in addition, to function effectively in society, peopl eneed cultural capital, or certain bodies of cultural knowledge and cultural competencies. those with the most power in a society decide what constitute cultural captial and it is passed down from parents to children. cultural capital include ability to use new media in appropriate ways. ability is imiportant in increasingly networked society. without skills and knowledge, one can feel disconnected from the center of society. widenign digital divide based on income, educaiton, and urban-rural groups as well as a new configuration of the digital divide. some ethnic groups at disadvantage in updating resume, conducting job search online. socioeconomic status and educaiton level make tremnoud difference in internat access, smartphone onwerships and twitter use for all groups. people who make more are more likely to be online, own smartphone, be on titter than those who make less or are less educated. rural.urba, suburban didvide also growing. people most likely to have access to a nd use new media are young or middle aged, have college degree or dstudents, have comfotabel income, live in urban or suburban area, physicaly able. lack tech skills and resources that can keep them from moving up in society and getting better jobs. issues of who does and doesnt have techno capital and whose culture dominates it are relevent in current global economy increase tech and comm can lead to more democratic and equitable world. new media used by advocates of social change. new media [primarily benefit wealthy western nations promoting their ucltural values and tech and enriching their countries. english dominant language of internet and most software developed in english enven though on ly small percentage of pop speaks english as first language. domination nhances digital divide and impacts interpersonal comm across cultures, poorer countries left behind by new media revolution.
Group roles- what are they
The shared expectations groups members have regarding each individual's communication behavior in the group. roles can involve task communication or relational communicaiton or both. each group memeber knows his or her roles; they have developed this undertanding based on their individual and collective experiences in groups. often evolve as team work together, sometimes roles are assigned as part of a job description. effective group members contribute by filling roels that are of interest to them and compatible with their skilss, but they also fill roels that the group needs at a particular time. successful small group work depends on task and relaitonal communication, which in turn depends on individuals' effective performanc of task and raltional roles. can also perform third less productive role; individual role.
Functional/ situational theory
Theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned. can be learned by group members who are not leadership types. assumes whatever the group needs at a particular time can be supplied by a set of behaviors any group member can contribute. argues that the leader can change from time to time, depending on the changing needs of the group. Groups doesnt need a designated leader; any gorup member can serve as leader at any particular time by filling the required role. occassionally no leadership is needed.
What does Uncertainty Reduction Theory explain/help us understand?
argues relationship development is faciliated or derailed by participant's efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other. . assume people are uncomfortable with uncertainty about others and seek to reduce it in order to decide of the other person is safe, intersting and desirbale or not. Explains much of the behavior we engage in when we first meet people. what you do when first mee someone. most people provide a bit of info about yourself and ask questions about other. if like person based on superficial interaction, probably continue to talk with person. if find uninteresting likely to find someone else. if find others desirable based on early attempts to reduce uncerainty and continue to hae opportunities to interact, we tend to increase our levels of disclousr and to solicit more personal disclosure from the othe rperson. process continues until the two participants either form a relationship or cease to have opportunities to interact. Uncertainty drives us to communicate and more communication with someone that reduces our uncertainty leads to attraction with other person. want to find infor by using passive and active and interactive strategies to understand and get to know people.
How does Relational Dialectic Theory explain relationships?
dialectic refers to the tension people experience when they have two seemingly contradictory but connected needs. developing close relationships is associated with the ability to manage these contradictory but connected desires. Predictable but not boring, feel lonely when separated but suffocated when together, types of feelins arise when experience dialectal tension in all types of relationships. how respond to and manage tensions impacts how successfully you can develop and maintain relationships. Three primary dialiectical tensions: autonomy/ connection- need to connect with others while feel indpendent, more in intitail stages of development and extend to which dyads can effectively mange this tension influences ability to succesfully develop relationship , expressiveness/ privacy- need to be open and to self-disclose while also maintaing some sense of privacy.need to mangage tension effectivly to maintain relationshpi. important in initating stages and during development and maintaining stages change/ predictability delineates human desire for events that are new, spontatneous and unplanned while simultaneously needing some aspects of life to be stable and predictable.exists at all stages of relationship development but most prevalent during maintenace phase. understanding tensions is useful because it can help you respond to the competing feelings you may be experienceing in relationsihps.
encapsulated marginal people vs. constructive marginal peoplse
encapsulated marginal people: people who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures Constructive marginal people: people who thrive in border-dweller life, while recognizing its tremendous challenges.
ethics and intercultural communication
remember everyone include yourself is enmeshed in a cultura dn thus communicaiton through a cultural lens. recognize own cultural attitudes, values, and beliefs will make you more sensitive to others' cultures and less likely to impose own clutural attidues on other communication patterns. be aware of humanity and avoid to vew other cultural groups as an exotic other. more thiecal if open to other ways of viewing hte world.
Group Leadership: Make sure you understand and are able to explain each approach to/ thoery of leadership: list them
success often directly related to presence of good leadership. we can be both leaders and followers at different times in the same group or organization. leaders mostly made not born. good-quality leadership involves skilles that can be learned and require practice. Leadership: an influence relationship among leaders and followers who inted changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes. important is idea of influence relationship. influence is process that involves relationships between leaders and followers. good leaders know how to set example and how to follow other good examples. comm key to being an effective leader regardless of leadership style or context. build trust and commitment to vision through comm; bring people together for common cause. strategic comm: comm that is purpose directed. directs attention to leaders vision, values, and desired outcomes nad motivates people to take action to help achieve the vision. comm willingly and consistently. 1. Trait Leadership Theory 2. Functional/ situational Theory 3.Style Theory 4. Transformational Leadership Theory 5. Servant-leadership theory
Define/ explain synchronous vs. asynchronous communication
synchronous: communication in which messages are senta nd recieved at the same time asynchronous: communication in which messages are sent and received at different times. difference between f2f and new media is degree to which exchange of messages is synchronous or asynchronous. when asynchronous medium, almost impossible to know if received message. silences or non-responses can be problemetaic. f2f silences can be meaninfgul and usueally interpreted by nonverbal cues as heistaion, reflection or anger. but silence after posting or texting might mean anything from lack of interest to technology glitch. implications for relationships can be important. can have anxiety when post and wait for reacions. asynchonicity may also create a lack of shared reality. may impact personal relationships because the notion of friendship includes shared experiences, feelings and activities. tell news ayncrhonous doesnt have same impact as f2f convo.
What is media hegemony?
the process by which we consent to social constructinos, rather than havinging them imposed on us. process by which people consent to particular understandings as reflected in media representations. we come to understand what mother mmeans through often idealized images of mohters on tv programs, films, and other media. we consent to these images of motherhood and we expect mothers to engage in certain behaviors, such as throwing birtday parties for children. masculinity big for investigating how hegemony functions. participate in social construction of ourselves and others.
Transformational Leadership theory
A leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion. role of leader is to empower group members to work independently from leader by encouraging colaboration between members and group cohesion. 4 characteristics: high moral and ethical standards that engender high regard and loyalty from followers. strong vision for the future which stimulates enthusiasm and builds confidence among followers. challenge the status quo and encourage innovatin in an org. recognize unique strengths and capabilities of followers and coach and consult with them to help them devleop their full potnential. especially effective when can motivate followers to perform beyond standard expectations ofetn by inspiring them to put collective needs of group above individual needs. groups are then empowered, cohesive and effective.
What is Groupthink?
A negative, and potentially disastrous group process characterized by "excessive concurrence thinking." occurs when members arrive at a consensus before all alternative have been realistically assessed. occurs when group members feel a pressure to conform; they reject new info an dmay react negatively to individuals outside the group who volunteer info that contradicts their decisios. group members have illsion of invulnerability and unanimity. produce pressure on group memebrs to go along wiht favored group position, assumingnot only that hte group preferences will be successful but also just and right . can have bad consequences. influenced that could prevent disaster: unwillingness of individuals to step outside roles and question those in authority, questionable patterns of reasoning by key managers; ambiguous or misleading language that minimalized the perception of risk; failure to ask imporatn questions relevant to final decision. can be prevented. critical evalutaion of ideas to prevent premature decisions.
What is small group communication? Discuss the elements of the definition
Communication among a small number of people who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and who coordinate their behavior. 1. A Small number of people: three fewest and 5-7 is optimum upper limit. small groups closer to three experience better comm in terms of openness adn accuracy. as group size increases, people may feel more anonymous and discussions can feel unwieldy and unfocused as members tend t obreak into smaller groups. groups size does decrease quality of comm in face to face groups, it has less impact on gorups wokring virtually. 2. Common Purpose: purpose may be assigned by instructor or employer, sometimes groups from many orgs meet to solve a specific problem, having a clear purpose or goal is important and is direclty related to productiveity and increased team performance. 3. A connection with Each other: people in wrk groups need to experience a group identity and recognize their interdependece because when members dont feel a sense of connection, the group wont function as it should. challenge is to find ways to create a sense of group identity for all members and comm is often key to do this. 4. An influence on each other: need to coordinate their behavior and may exert influence on each other. influence can be positive or negative and each member contributes to success or failure of whole group. most groups aren't successful wihtout positive contribution of all members. ○ 3 to 7 people create a small group § Easier to leave people out if gets bigger, become anonymous, group could split into factions § Difficult to find time to coordinate when bigger § Logistics ○ Have a common goal/ purpose/ interest § Everyone Working towards same thing, at least overall big goal ○ Solidarity/ We § Groups function best when sense of solidarity, sense we are a group ○ There is a problem to be solved, addressed ○ Ultimately a decision and maybe action taken
Name and describe the stages in Knapp's Stages Model of relational development and termination
Conceptualizes relationship development as a staircase. staircase depicts relationship devleopment as being composed of five steps that lead upward toward commitment: initating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding. It also portrays relationship dissolution as occuring in five steps that lead downward: differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding and terminating. move up and down the staircase as move toward and away from commitment due to fluctuation of their relationships. communication model because it explores how individuals' communicaiton practices affect relationshipi development and decline.stage model assumes one can determine what stage a couple is in by observing what the two people say and do. Help us organize events so that we can better understand how relationships devleop; however stage models tend to be linear. assume people move from one stage to another in fairly orderly progression. argues that dyads can skip stages but have to go back to them at some point and move through them. argues over course of relationship, dyads move upa dn down staircase as people and events change 1. Initiate: both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable 2. Experimenting: both people seek to learn about each other 3. Intensifying: both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness 4. Integrating: both people portray themselves as a couple. 5. Bonding: characterized by public commitment. 6. Differentiating: relational dissolution in which couples increase thier interpersonal distance 7. Circumscribing: dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics 8. Stagnating: dissolution in which couples try to prevent change 9. Avoiding: dissolution in which couples try no to interact with each other 10. stage of dissolution in which couples end the relaitonship.
What does it mean to take a dialectic approach to intercultural communication?
Dialectic approach: Recognizes that things need not be perceieved as "either/or", but may be seen as "both/and". helps people respond to complextities of intercultural communication and to override any tendencies to stereotype people based on cultural patterns. emphasized the fluid, complex and contradictory natue of intecultual interactions. 6 dialectics can assist in communicating more effectviley in interculatural interactions: 1. cultural-individual: emphasizes some behaviors, such as ways of relating to others, are determined by culture, while others are simply idisoyncratic, or particular to us as individuals. not always easy to tell whether a behavior is culturally or individually based, one doesnt immediately assume behavior is culturally based. 2. Personal-contextual: importance of context or situation in intercultural communication. in intercultural encounter, both individual and situation are simultaneously important. 3. Differences-Similarities: real, important differences exist between cultural groups. however imporatnt commonalities exist as well. 4. Static-dynamic: some cultural patterns remain relatively stable and static for years, can also undergo dynamic change. 5. History/Past-Present/Future: an additional dialectic in intercultural communication focuses on present and past. one cant fully understand contemporary relations between arabs and jew, muslims and christians, without knowing histroy. at same time, cant ignore current events. 6. Privilege-Disadvantage: in intercultural interactions, people can be simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged. while americans may be privileged in having more money and luxury of travel, can also feel vulnerable in foreign countries. poor whites are priviled because white and disadvantaged due to economic plight.
What does it mean to be a "boarder-dweller"?
People who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patters. (may have to move between ethnicities, races, religions, languages, socioeconomic classes, or sexual orientations) Through travel, socialization, and relationships.
Human Nature Value
Perceived relationship between humans and nature. one end is view that humans are intended to rule nature. other end is nature ruling humans. third option, two exist in harmony. predominant value in US is humans ruling nature. golf courses in the desert. make own snow. middle east view nature as predominance over humans. belief that one's fate is held by nature is reflected in the comon arablic saying Allah Willing. many american indians and asians value harmony with nature. believe humans andd nature and one and nature enrichs human life.
New Media etiquette/skills for communicating effectively and ethically with new technology
Presentation of identity online: one general principal is :do no harm:. can alter identity but need to make sure wont harm people by doing it. inclivity of messages on bulletin boards and blogs. when disclose feelings and opinions become vulnerable to personal attacks viea comments by readers. set of guidleines for conduct be created and implemented to bring civility to the Web. suggest bloggers control if and when allow anonymous comments by strangers and make it knonw on page which behaviors will tolerate. interactive and reciprocal. takes both to engage in interaciton and have responsibility. duty to harbor certain amount of skepticism for messages that may be questionaable. focus on how people present identity. Privacy Issues: online privacy and general guidelines of doing no harm apply hear as well. ethica lne media use includes respecting others' priavy and not snooping around emails and texts not intended for you. if accidentally access private info, should consider consequences of sharing info with others if they would want it to be shared, if it owuld do harm by sharing it. Building online relationships: remember how some new media forms differ from f2f comm. when nonverbal cues are filtered, need to provide as much info as can to help reciever know who you are. need to present yourself as honestly and truthfully as you can and behave like would in real life. how act online may be most direct way people will perceive you. also need to give recipeints enough info to discern tone of message. emoticons. consider which form of comm is appropriate for your message. relevant factors are relationship with receiver and purpose of message. NEw Media Etiquette: email: increase effectiveness. think before writing message and hitting send. cant be unwritten. send only to those who will want or need it. dont forward latest joke or video to everyone you know. use appropriate subject. let know specifically what talking about. address recipeint appropriently. check spelling Phones: be respectful of others schedules, just cause you are awak or not busy doesnt mean person calling or texting is as well. ask permission to use phone when appropriate. in meeting inform others that expecting important call. in public places avoid talking where will distract others when talkin guse lower htan normal voice to allow be heard by caller and not by othres dont use phone when talking f2f with someone. rude. TExts remember they are informal and shouldnt be used for formal comm dont get upset if dont get a reply could have reasons for not responding be aware of tone. consider slang is appropriate or not Microblogging use real name. honoest. dont use automation tools. about being actively engaged. keep tabs on ratio. keep private whats private. be savvy. skeptical and careful not to get taken in by scams or deceptive info. dont pass info on unless check accuracy share others owkr and credit theem be considerate of others' time and convenience.
What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?
Primary Groups: groups that provide members witha sense of belonging and affection. most comon are family and social groups. purpose of these groups is to socialize and enjoy each ohter's company and social groups fill importnat function for many at different phases of life. many groups as there are interests. Secondary Groups: those that meet principally to solve problems or achieve goals, such as support groups or work groups. can involve long-term commitments like support groups. purpose is to bring together people who have a problem in common so they can provide and receive empathy and sympathy. long-term secondary groups aslo include standing comittees in business and civic organizations. most common are short-term project groupsl include work groups students belong to in various classes and work groups in business orgs.
Task roles: what are they generally. define and give examples of 3-4 specific ones.
Roles that are directly related to the accomplishment of the group goals' include behaviors such as leading the discussion and taking notes. communication roles often involve seeking, processing, and evaluating infor. gorup memers fill various task roles based on particular strenghts ans itnerests and needs of the group and change roles as needed. Recorder: Keeps a record of group activites and progress.- writes down what they are discussing and lets group know what have completed and what need to still do. Opinion Seeker: asks for opinions from others- ask how group feels about a certain idea they come up with Energizer: motivates group members to greater productivity- weve gotten a lot accomplished this evening. we only have a few more points left to discuss, we can do this.
Individual roles- what are they generally? define and give 3-4 examples
Roles that focus more on individuals' own interests and needs than on those of hte groups. tends to be dysfunctional to the group process. tend to be uninvolved, negative, aggressive, or constantly joking. can undermine group's commitment to gals and sense of cohesion ultimately resulting in decreased group performance and productivity. Blocker: is genearlly negative and stubborn for no apparent reason- the whole task is pointless, i dont see why we have to do it. Joker: lacks infovlement in the group's process, distracts others by telling stories and jokes. Self-confessor: uses group as an audience to report non-group related personal feelings- upset about soemthing boyfriend did last night.
Relational roles: what are they generally. define and give 3-4 specific examples.
Roles that help establish a groups social atmosphere members who encourage others to talk or mediate disagreements are filling relational roles. can fill both task and relationsal roles. Encourager: offers praise and acceptance of others' ideas Harmonizer: Mediates disgareement among group members Follower: Goes along with suggestions and ideas of groups members; serves as an audience in group discussion and decision making.
How does the "stages" model differ from the "turning point" model?
Stage models tend to be linear. assume people move from one stage to another in a fairly orderly progression. Number question whether all dyads follow sequentially organized stages, instead believed that relationships can follow number of different paths: some may be fiarly straight while others more winding. Relational trajectory models veiw relationsihp development as more variable htatn previously thought. Mos popular relationship development model is turing point model. A Model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of the relationship. nonlinear moedel that best caputes fact that relationship devleopment can be bidirctional- can move both toward and away from commitment over course of relaitonship. romantic has 14 turning points, friendship 13 turning points.
Style Theory
Theory asserts that a leaders' manner or style determines his or her success. describes 3 common styles: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-fiare Authoritarian: leader who takes charge, makes all the decisions, and dictates strategies and work tasks. this is appropriate in military, sports, or crisis situations. Democratic: leader whose style is characterized by considerable input from group members. qualities of leader summarized: "a good leader is one who talks little, when work is done his aim is fulfilled, they will all say, we did this ourselves. group discussion determines all policies, strategies and division of labor. members free to assume variety of roles to contribute when appropriate and share leaderhsip. most groups are more satisfied with democratic leadership than authoritarian Laissez-fiare: characterzied by complete freedom for the group in making decisions. leader partiicpated minimally and may supply materials and info when asked but makes no attempt to evaluate or influence the discussion. work well when little is at stake like book clubs.
View of Human Nature
Value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture. US on evil end although shift to good for some. middle east on good end. those see fundamentally evil emphasize punishment over rehabilitation.
Power Distance
Value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions ans organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power. equal distribution of power: denmark, israel, new zealand unequal distribution of power: mexico, philippines, india equality: most believe that inequality should by minimmized and that best leaders emphasize equality and informality in interactions with subordinates. expected to speak and contribute. societies that value large power distance structrued around hierachy in which each person has a rightful place, and interactions between supervisors and subordinates are more formal. seniority, age, rank, and titles emphasized more in these societies. people used to large power distances may be uncomfortable in settins where hierarchy is unclear or ambiguous. international students. vice versa of trat too informally. value orientations often represent a cultural ideal rather than a reality.
Types of Border Dwellers through Travel:
Voluntary short term travelers: study abroad students, corporate personnel, missionaries, and military. Voluntary long term travelers: immigrants who settle in other locations, usually seeking what they perceive is a better life. Involuntary short-term travelers: include refugees forced into cultural migration because of war, famine, or unbearable economic hardship. Involuntary long-term travelers: those forced to permanently migrate to a new location, include many diasporic groups from above.
Describe and explain the linear model. critique it.
an approach to studying the influence of media messages on the individual. portrays communication as a process that occurs in a linear fasion from media to the view or reciever directle. scholars focus on the sender, the medium, the audience, and the effect of the message. model views media communication as a process that moves from one source to many receivers. interested only in measuring the influence of media messages on the individual not vice versa. hope to assist public policy debates about media regulation. influences public policy decision making. help you select type of tv watch. simplicity cant account for the multiple ways people respond to media messages. viewers are not merely passive receivers of messages nor do they necessarily believe or imitate everything they watch or read. ○ Media->Audience § Early research thought of media in a linear way. Media produces message which gets in audience § Puts all of power in media side □ Who Is in charge of media has total control over what we think, how we behavie § Immediate and direct affect § Policies to limit media take linear approach § Studies on media and violence take this affect □ Media with violence makes you violent § Critique □ People have learned to be selective in media usage ® Messages selectively avoid ◊ Purposely choose sites and channels that share news that have opinions you agree with ◊ Purposely aovid commercials, certain tv types ◊ Genres □ Just because media says something, doesn't mean we believe it ® We are self aware ® Know who we are, beliefs, etc. ® Able to be critical of messages □ They need audience to buy the messages first. Have some say and control in what media is producing, give us what we want in vicious cycle • Model doesn't actively illustrate how we engage with media • We can be critical of messages and we make choices
managing identity and impression management online: what needs to be considered regarding anonymity
anonymity and pseudoanonymity. anonymity can be beneficial or detrimental depending on how it is used. three issues in complex relationship between anonymity and ideintity in online commmunication: informative aspect of identity, capcity to liberate speech, combination has generated a new set of group norms. informative aspect of identity: knowing something about person sending info gives a context for judging his or her messages. but because info on age, gender and race can form basis for stereotyping and prjudice, CMC can be remarkably free of prejudice. computer mediate communications. Capacity to liberate speech: without knowing who has issued a statement, the legal restrictions on speech are difficult to enforece. if someone is spoofing or misrepresenting oneself online, and makes racist or libelous statements, its alomst impossible to implement lagal sancitons. but anonymity can give people courage to express unpopular opinions or question convential wisdom which might be afraid to do in face to face interaction. new set of group norms: in some ways, freeedom people feel as result of anonymity may lead them to be less responsible communicators. while online, studenets are more participative but can also be more rude ane even aggressive than they would be in face to face classes. anonymity can lead to bad behavior in virtual worlds. facilitates email rumors and hoaxes. cyber bullying: differs from traditional bullying because of anonymity and can occur anywhere so infinite number of viewers can observe or particpate. can have many negative consequences for victims ranging from psychological problems like depression, anxiety, low self esteem to suicide. deception: 49% of young people use false info on social networking site. some to protect from unwanted advances from strangers or shield from watchful eye of parents. or find out what frineds think of you starting anoynmoyus convo. pseudoanonymity: projecting a false identity. can invent identites through online games in virtual worlds. multiplayer games. avatars digital alter egos versions of themselves like a second life. spoofing- misrepresenting oneself online spam- unwanted commercial messages and advertisemtents sent through email phishing- practice of trying fraudulently to get consumer banking and credit card information cyberbullying- deliberate and repeated misuse of commmunication technology by an individual or group to threaten or harm others.
What is the relationship between self-disclosure and relationship development?
as relationship progresses, self disclosure increases in breadth, depth, frequency, and valence and reciprosity. Use self deisclosure to reduce uncertainty. linked to URT. In each stage of Relational development, self disclosure changes. Initiating Stage: no self disclosure Experimenting Stage: Not too much depth, some breadth. Intensifying Stage: increase depth of key areas Integrating Stage: more depth and breath, could be topic still dont talk about Bonding: talk about any and everything. full breadth and depth. critique: relationships arent linear like this. go back and forth between stages. Share info about me helps me to get to know you. get other to share back. gauge their reaction to what you share. Norm of Reciprosity: assume people will reciprocate when share. if share a lot and other doesnt then will stop sharing or pursuing relationship. early in relationsihp expectaion this happens quickly because try to build trust.
What is the relationship between communication, uncertainty, and attraction according to URT? Critique it
assumption is that as we reduce our uncertainty about someone, we like the person more because we dislike uncertainty. Uncertainty drives us to communicate and the more communicate with someone the more that reduces uncertainty which leads to attraction. Critique: as learn more it may make attraction go down or increase uncertainty. level of uncertainty can keep you from communicating. communication doesnt always give info that makes other more clear, can make less clear. Built on assumption that you will engage, and when engage you learn more making uncertainty go down , makeing you mor attracted. you can learn more but become less attracted. com can lead to increase uncertainty. other has to want to comm as wel, give quality and truthful info. language barier keeps from reducing uncertainty. dont engage because of uncertainty. dont want to ask thinkgs that will make yourself upset or dissapointed.
Provide descriptions/ explanations of each of the cultural values
beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned. essential to understand because they so powerfully influence people's behavior, including their communication. intercultural interaction often involves confronting and responding to different set of cultural values. cultural values are predominant values preferred by various cultural groups, not values held by every person. values on a cultural level non individual. 1. Individualism and Collectivism 2. Preferred Personality 3. View of Human Nature 4. Human-Nature Value 5. Power Distribution 6. Long-term Vs. Short-term Orientation
Describe the 4 decision making phases
groups dont proceed through phases in linear fashion. may cycle through them or revert back . 1. Orientation: groups members usually orient themselves to the probem and to each other. uncertainty is common and is referred to as primary tension: the uncertainty commonly feld in beginning phase of decision making. might wonder how group will function. may experience unceratiny about task and how people contribute and if get it done. comm at htis phase is polite, tentative and focused on reducing uncertainty and ambiguity through clarification and agreement. importance of phase is that many relational and task norms are set ofr the future. regardless of norms established, groups often experience recurring primary tension if meet over extended period. 2. Conflict. Characterized by secondary (recurrin) tension. usually occurs after group members become acquainted, after some norms and expectations are set, and when decision alternatives ar the addressed. as members become more relaxed, become more animated and honest in comm. may interrupt each other, talk loudly, try on group roles, try to dominate, push own agendsas, form coalitions to increase influence, engage in isde covos, lose focus. important to follow suggestions of effective group comm. equal participation, consensus decision making, and respectful communicaiton. 3. Emergence: occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude. worked through primary and seocondary tensions and memebrs are cooperative. in successful groups, coalitions dissipate and members are less tenacious about holidng their positions. comments more favorable as compromise to reach consensus, discuss problem at lenght, consider alternative and eventually generate a group decision. recurring and sustained bouts of secondary tension or conflict can be problematic. 4. Reinforcment. members reach consensus, deicision solidifies, and members feel a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. members unify and stand behind solution. comments almost uniformly positive.
Explain Cultivation theory
idea that long-term immersion in a media environment leads to "cultivation" or enculturation into shared beliefs about the world. how tv influences those who are heavy viewers. those who watch tv news will share certain beliefs or distrotions about the world. media coverage shapes attitdues about one's own society and the issues it faces.
Explain selective exposure
idea that people seek media messages and/or interpret media texts in ways that confirm their beliefs and conversely, resist or avoid messages that challenge their beliefs.
What does Uses and Gratifications Theory explain regarding the relationship between mass media and audience members?
idea that people use media messages and find various types of gratifications in some media texts rather than in others. four general uses and gratifications audiences have for media texts: information, personal idetntity, integration and soical interaction, entertainment. audiences want to learn from some edia presentations as in the case of a news event. viewers may use media messages to afirm some aspect of their personal identity ex as mothers, consumers or politival. integration and social interaction underscores the role tha tmedia can play in helping people connect with others, as they do when discussing sports or the events on a soap opera. entertainment refers to use of media for pleasure, or desire simply to be entertained.
Servant-leadership theory
leadership style that seeks to ensure that other people's highest priority needs are being served in order to increase teamwork and personal involvement. must excel at 10 characteristics: awareness, listening, empathizing, presuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, healing, commitment to growth of othres, building community. emphasizes collaboration, trust and ethical use of power. at heart, individual is a servant first and makes a conscious decision to lead in order to better serve others, not to increase his or her own power. objective is to enhance the growth of individuals in the org and to increase teamwork and personal involvment.
Border Dwellers through Relationships
many live on cultural borders because they have intimate partners whose cultural backgrounds are different from their own. "quiet revolution" increasing number of people cross borders of nationality, race, and ethnicity. overall, partners in interethnic and interracial romantic relationships face greater challengers than those in inter religious, nationalites and class groups.challenge involve negotiating living on border between two religions, ethnicities, races, languages and sometimes value systems.
functions of being in close relationship
source of happiness. belonging, alieviate loneliness, central to psychological and physical health. reinforce the self safety and security task completion power and control
explain how the media confirm social identity
media represntations influence our understandings of social identities such as gender or age identity and identities of others. images on tv etc. shape our sense of what it is to be a man or woman. views oftne create or enforce a hierarchy of identites, often portraying men as more powerful tan women. shape way we understand social identies and show us which social identities are valued. ○ Media messages help us shape that ○ See through media what sons and daughters should be like ○ Sitcoms, movies, newscasters on what its supposed to be like for any role ○ Media shapes what society supposedly upholds as standard, right way of being for any aspect of identity and roll ○ How we are supposed to play roles ○ Learn from other means as well, but they still play big part ○ Would have to try hard to not be exposed to media messages
Explain the media augmentation perspective
mediated communication complements or augments face to face encounters. having prior info about person can be helpful when interpretating their mediated relational messages. in this way, email and text messages are less lean. several media augmentation scholars point out that asynchronicity of mediate messages can have positive effects. can give people time to formulate message. helpful when communicating in foreign language. reduced nonverbal cues can have positive effect as these cues can sometimes trigger stereotypes. may not be able to determine age, race, gender, ability disability and less likely to show prejudice or discirmination in online communication.
Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation
other 5 values criticized fro predominantly western euro bias. come up with this instead. dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth. short term orientation characterizes cultures in which people are concerned with possessing one funadmental truth, as reflected in monostheistic religions. other qualities include emphasis on quick results, individualism, and personal security and safetly. long-term orientation is a value orientaion in which people stresss the imporatnce of virute, reflected in eastern religions such as confucianism, hinduism, buddhism which are polytheistic. other qualities include thrift, perseverance and tenacity in whatever one attempts, and willingness to subordinate oneself for a purpose.
Border Dwellers through socialization
people who grow up living on the borders between cultural groups. include ethinc groups of minorities who live in predominantly white united states, and those who grow up negotiating multiple sexual orientations or religions. also multiracial people grow up negotiating multiple cultural realities. bi-racial or multiracial. typically, cultural minorities are socialized to the norms and values of both the dominant culture and their own; but often prefer to enact those of their own. may be pressured to assimilate to the dominant culture and embrace its values yet those in dominant culture still reluctant to fully accept them.
Individualism and Collectivism
range from highly individualistic to highly collectivistic. whether culture emphasizes the rights and needs of the individual or that of the group. North American and European cultural groups value individualism and independence, belive one's primary responsibility is to one's self. Individualist Orientation: A value orientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals. don't meddle in other's problems unless invited. children raised to be autonomous and live on own by late adolescence. South America and Asia more Collectivistic Orientation: value orientation that stresses the needs of the group. working class tend to be more collectivistic than middle or upper. primary responsibility is to relationships with others; interdependence in family, work and personal relationships viewed positively. value working toward realtionship and group harmony over remainign independent and self-sufficient. give money to family or friend in need than on yourself. children defer to parents when making important decisions.
How is interpersonal communication ( or communication in close relationships) defined?
relationships with friends, lovers, and family members. distinguished by their frequency, intensity, and diversity of contact, and level of intimacy, importance, and satisfaction. see each other as unique and irreplaceable. tend to disclose more personal details. communication in these relationships is influenced more by individual factors as opposed to societal factors than is usually true of casual relationships. know each othe rbetter, share more experiences so are better able to adapt their own communication and more effectivley inerpret their partner's communicaiton. lead to greater ease in communication and increased understanding and intimacy
What is filtering?
removing nonverbal cues. filtered means lack the capability of carrying nonverbal cues. most news media like texts and tweets are filtered. no longer able to consider all of those valuablle cues that help determine what is being communicated. 2 deficit theories help us understand the impact of filtering on some forms of new media; social presence htory and media richness theory
Predicted outcome theory
theory attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion. adaption of URT. during initial convo we attempt to determine whether continuing to interact iwht another is of value, whether worth time or energy. if predict future interacitons will be valuable, we continue to talk with person, if continue to predict psositive outcomes, we will form a relationship. however, if at any point we begin to predict negative outcomes for our interactions, then we will de-escalate or end the relationship. explains relationship devleopment- we form relaitonsihps with people based on consistant predictions that furture interactions will be positive and valuable. suggests uncertainty reduction is good and somthing to strive for.
Explain media richness theory
thoery that describes the potential information-carrying capacity of a communication medium. f2f communication is the richest medium for communicating because you can see facial expressions and body gestures as well as hear tone, speed and quality of a person's voice. all factors relay tremondous amount of info and allow to interpret nad respond to messages more accurately. some types of mediated comm allow for certain amount of richness. video/audio comm. webcam might miss some immediate context cues such as body posture or gestures but have benefit of seieng some of nonverbal behaviors of person communicaitng with. telephone less rich. convo parterns can process audioinfo and discern some paralinguistic cues but dont see facial expression etc. least rich aret ext based messages.
