Communications 101- Study.com
Interview Preparation
Before you interview someone, conduct research on the area you want to talk about in your speech and to help you create targeted interview questions.
Creating an argument when you disagree with the point
Focus on using factual and verified information to build your argument, and refer to the sources.
Theoretical Approaches
For this approach, a speaker gathers information about issues that have not been concluded on, like research from ongoing studies about what could possibly happen surrounding a particular issue.
Informal audience analysis
For this type of review, the speaker takes a look at the reactions of the listeners while the speech is being given or when the speech is over
Formal audience analysis
For this type of review, the speaker takes information about what the listeners are accustomed to doing and uses the information to try to anticipate how they will respond to the speech
Manuscript speeches
For this type, the speaker has the speech already written and reads from the document. This type of speech can be helpful if the speaker has a hard time presenting the speech from memory.
Wilbur Schramm
He expanded the scope of linear public speaking because he wanted speakers to remember that listeners may lose concentration during a speech.
First-person observations in speech
If a speaker uses other people's accounts of their experiences but doesn't include examples from personal knowledge, they are probably giving a speech on things they haven't experienced.
Giving a Speech with a Time Limit
If you have limited time to speak about a topic, you can try to pinpoint one or two things about the topic, like an important thing someone did or an important event within a time period.
Using Limiters to Prepare a Short Speech
If you're giving a short speech about a broad time period, you can narrow the topic down by speaking about a decade or a number of years when something significant happened.
Interpreting
In this phase, the listeners take what they learned from listening to the speaker and they start to try to make sense of it.
Psychographics
Information about the background, experiences and personal ideals of people scheduled to listen to a speech
How to take good notes when you attend a speech
Make a note of any of the points that you considered important enough to want to remember after the speech, rather than try to write down almost everything the speaker covers.
Supporting Materials: Accurate Information
Making statements that address only one part of an issue or problem may result in the audience reaching the wrong conclusion after the information is given to them.
Online Research: Commands
OR: finds information about either topic; *: used as a wildcard; -: ignores the word following it; +: searches words on either side together; Quotes: searches the exact phrase inside quotes
Critical thinking to determine what the speaker's goal is
People evaluate a speech to figure out what the purpose of the speech is. For example, a speech about how helpful a product or service is may try to get you to purchase something.
Casual conversation versus public speaking
People in a conversation are speaking to each other, and public speakers address a large group of people.
Interactional public speaking
Public speech that engages listeners, who put their hands up to pose questions to the speaker Speaker gives message to audience -- >audience understands message -->audience responds to message
Audience analysis
Reviewing information about the audience can help speakers to create speeches about unfamiliar topics because they can try to make connections between the topic and the audience's experiences.
Credible Sources
Sources, such as an article from a research journal or other scholarly publication, that provide verified, unbiased information to be included in a speech.
Helping an audience to stay focused on the topic of a speech
Speakers can do this by talking a little bit more about the topic of the speech and by reviewing similar items noted in the speech.
What public speaking is used for?
Speech used to convince others of something or to deliver new information, which is not the same as speaking with others at work or in our personal lives
Oral Citation: Dates
Statements about the status of issues, such as a government report, should include dates to show that the information is current. A quote from a famous person does not need to have a date cited.
Preparing a speech that will deliver a lot of information
The speaker can make connections between what they think will matter to the audience and how the information will help them after they hear the speech
Creating a speech that the listeners will be open to hearing
The speaker can review information about the listeners to find similarities in their backgrounds and the speaker can learn more about the city or town where people will attend the speech
Preparing a speech that will be significant and interesting for the listeners
The speaker should think about the people who will listen to the speech and the purpose of the gathering while preparing to write the speech
Engaging the listeners
The speaker should try to use terms that the listeners attending the speech will understand and that will help to keep their attention
Using diction for younger audiences
The words a speaker chooses should be simple enough for very young listeners to understand, and it is better not to use more complicated words that only adults may understand.
Vocal traits
These are a person's habits and patterns of speech, including certain phrasing, pronunciations, and accents.
Mediums for presenting speeches
These are delivery techniques used to convey a speech's message to listeners. A speech can be conveyed by people or video and audio recordings.
Specific goals in a speech
These are goals related to the speech as a whole and are normally presented clearly as the problem the speaker wants to address. If the speaker addresses the problem, the speech is successful.
Inferences
These are ideas that people can draw about events or information, which can lead to certain conclusions.
Idioms
These are phrases that give a description of something using words and examples that aren't related. For example, if something is easy to do, some people say it's 'a piece of cake'.
Measurable goals in a speech
These are standards that you set for yourself when preparing a speech and include the points that you have to make during the speech to explain something or teach or inform the audience.
Broad Speech Topics
These are topics that cover too many subject areas at once. The speaker ends up with an amount of information that is too difficult to summarize or speak about within a short time frame.
Empathetic listeners
These listeners try to consider what they hear about from the speaker's point of view and then try to understand how the speaker feels about what they experienced.
Ineffective Thesis Statements
These types of thesis statements are not phrased to immediately inform the audience about the point of the speech.
Narrowing Your Topic
Think of subtopics to narrow down the search, and consider topics about things you like, things that you know a lot of people are interested in, or issues you have strong feelings about.
Arched eyebrows during a speech
This facial expression indicates that you are shocked about something or that you have a hard time accepting that something is true.
Crossing your arms while giving a speech
This gesture gives the audience the impression that you are not enthusiastic about the speech or that you are not at ease while giving the speech.
Pseudo listening
This happens when a person appears to listen to another person but does not completely follow or retain information about what they were talking about.
Puffery in speech
This happens when a speaker includes material that can stir up feelings in the audience members and uses colorful words and phrases more than material that will inform.
Critical listening
This happens when the listener has to think about the information then try to determine if the speaker is being honest.
Remembering
This happens when the listeners try to recall what they heard during the speech.
Source Bias
This happens when the writers have strong feelings about the topic about which they are writing and have difficulty being objective.
Appreciative listening
This happens when what we hear gives us a pleasant experience. This type of listening gives us good feelings when we hear new things or when we hear familiar things from the past that we liked.
Describing the Thesis Statement
This is a sentence with the goal of the speech that explains how the information discussed in the speech can enhance the listeners.
Secondary Source
This is information someone other than yourself gathered to include in a document; examples include books, newspapers, and statistical sources.
Frame of reference
This is something that is only used for the transactional type of public speech. The speaker includes it to help listeners from different backgrounds understand and focus on one message.
Sponsoring Organization
This is the association that manages the website where the information is available. It can be an educational or government system or a company.
Peer Review
This is the procedure scholarly journals and other publications use to have several professionals in the field review and evaluate articles before they are published.
Self-inventory for speakers
This is the process speakers use to assess their own delivery of a speech to determine if they presented the information effectively and in such a way that the audience could grasp it.
Identifying the Specific Purpose Statement
This is the statement that clearly describes the topic of the information that will be presented to the audience.
The General Purpose Statement
This is the statement that tells the audience what the overall goal of the speech is. The goal can be to inform, entertain, or persuade the audience.
Articulation
This is what we do when we actually say words out loud and try to make the appropriate and expected sound for each part of the word.
Connotative language
This language uses words to help the listeners understand that the speaker has observed something about them based on their reactions.
Including jargon in a speech
This means that a speaker is including complicated words that a specific type of person would understand instead of simple and more commonly understood words.
Attending
This means that someone listening to a speech is making a mental note of the series of words they hear.
Breaking the rules for creating ethical speeches
This occurs when a speaker makes negative comments about points they do not agree with during a speech or includes false information
Primary Resource
This resource gives a firsthand account of a person's experiences, such as personal research conducted or a diary or personal interview.
The Specific Purpose of a Speech
This specifically identifies what information you are giving the audience, what you want to persuade them to do, or how you are going to entertain them.
Comprehensive listening
This type of listening happens when people hear information about a series of steps leading to a result, like talks about how to do things.
Transactional public speaking
This type of public speech engages both the speaker and the listeners and requires both to make an effort to reach a conclusion about the material being presented.
Linear public speaking
This type of public speech is compared to a recorded message being relayed to someone.
Why concept speeches are harder to create than others
This type of speech includes points about thoughts and concerns rather than concrete information about a topic. Speakers are encouraged to put the points in order by topic, date or relationship.
Concept speeches
This type of speech is created to give the listeners more information about issues that people think about, like freedom and love.
Informational speeches
This type of speech is designed to present new information to the listeners about specific processes, concepts, events or objects they may be interested in.
Impromptu speeches
This type of speech is given at an event where the speaker says a few words without planning the speech or writing the speech beforehand, such as at a birthday party.
Memorized speech
This type of speech is given by a speaker who recalls the speech from memory. This allows the speaker to present the speech without looking at note cards or reading from a script.
Supporting Materials: Expert Testimony
This type of supporting material is declaration from a person who is a respected and trusted authority in a field of study or a professional in an industry.
Brainstorming to Create Talking Points
To choose a few talking points to include in your speech, you can research the topic and then try to identify search terms and topic headings.
Extemporaneous speeches
To deliver this type of speech, a speaker creates notes that he or she can glance at to remember key points. The speaker talks freely rather than reading from a script.
Judging Source Reliability
To determine this, you must check that the information contained in the source can be verified elsewhere and that the information has been published recently.
Holding the interest of the listeners during a speech
To do this, a speaker can try to use example of things that will help them to understand the items being discussed in the presentation
Oral Citation: Visual Aids
To do this, include statements, both verbal and labeled, to give the audience information about the source of your presentation chart or image.
Creating Thesis Statements
To do this, you can think of a way to describe the entire speech that you have prepared in one statement, and you can incorporate a description of the main points you plan to discuss.
Personal Inventory
To do this, you can write down the things you have done, the things that you enjoy doing or want to do, and what your views are about important issues.
Judging Source Credibility
To do this, you have to find out what degrees the author holds and in what field they specialize.
Communicating with your audience using body language
To make your speech better, keep looking at the audience members, put a pleasant expression on your face, and move your hands to emphasize what you are saying.
Supporting Materials: Statistics
To present numerical information for a particular issue, converting the information into a diagram like a graph or table/pie chart is a good way to present it.
Credibility Criteria for Internet Sources
To use this resource, you must find out the author's name. You also need to judge the reliability of the site - for example, it does not incorporate a lot of pop-up ads and the links all work.
Keeping dialect in mind
When preparing to give a speech a speaker has to keep in mind that the language and slang used by people in a geographic area may be different.
Way to evaluate your speech after you present It
You can ask the people who attended the speech to answer a number of questions that you can include in a survey.
How to know if a speaker is trustworthy
You can check the speaker's sources to see if they are reliable and you can also consider when the source information was written and who wrote it.
Oral Citation: Phrasing
You can let the audience know where you got the information by using an introductory sentence identifying the source, such as 'In X, the results of the study pointed to . . .'.
Overcoming anxiety when you deliver a speech
You can try to get an idea of how you will appear to the audience by making a video recording of yourself to take a look at your poise and to hear the sound of your voice during the speech.
Being prepared to take questions before speech day
You can try to give the speech to close relatives or acquaintances beforehand, and this can help you to identify what types of questions the real audience might have.
Narrowing Your Speech Topic
You can use limiters on your topic to cover only a specific period of time in history, a specific geographic area, a group of people, one person, or one event.
Effective Thesis Statement
An effective thesis statement presents a summarized topic, gives the audience an idea of the overall message, and focuses on the main point of the speech.
How to handle a question you are not prepared for
Answer positively and minimize your lack of knowledge E.g., Tell the audience you aren't sure about the answer at the moment but will make a note of their question and get the answer for them.
Citing Speech References
At the end of the document, you can attach a list of all of the sources you used, known as a bibliography or the works cited, depending on the formatting style you use.
Effective listening
Audience members listen effectively when they identify and understand important elements from the material and then are able to let the speaker know that they understood the information.
Results of reviewing the psychographics of a group of listeners
A review of the psychographics can give the speaker information about the group members' ages, religious beliefs and interest in the subject matter of the speech
Helping the audience to remember the theme of a speech
A speaker can keep making comments about the theme of a speech throughout the speech to help the listeners to remember what the speech is about.
How to create a speech for listeners that do not know much about the topic
A speaker can learn more about the audience and try to make comparisons to situations with which they may already be familiar
Using psychographics to appeal to the people listening to a speech
A speaker who appears to have reached the listeners has probably reviewed and used the psychographics for the group.
Audience-centered speech
A speech based on the audience's background so they can identify with the material. For example, a heart doctor speaking to senior citizens may speak about the health benefits of being active.
Responding
During the speech, listeners show that they have been paying attention by making body movements and gestures like moving their heads in agreement and making positive facial expressions.
How to evaluate a speech given by another person
Try to figure out what led to the speaker choosing the main points included in the speech, and ask yourself whether you find the speaker credible and believe the information presented.
Online Research: Keywords
Use short phrases, Combine different wording, Be creative, Use several search engines
