Communications Exam #1 (Quiz 15)

Propositional policy:

Significant change; "smoking should be changed in all public spaces"

Identification is a relatively weak persuasion strategy. 1) True 2) False

2) False

According to research, attitudes that are formed from direct (personal) experience usually conform more closely to actual behavior. 1) True 2) False

1) True

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, we can be persuaded when we are in a mindful and/or a mindless state. 1) True 2) False

1) True

Attitudes formed indirectly through media images tend to be inconsistently related to behavior. 1) True 2) False

1) True

Credibility is the same as ethos. 1) True 2) False

1) True

Listeners must feel vulnerable for a fear appeal to work. 1) True 2) False

1) True

Research shows that listeners who are relatively uninvolved in an issue are more influenced by speaker credibility than are listeners who are highly involved in an issue. 1) True 2) False

1) True

Resistance to counterpersuasion (attacks from an opposing side) can be induced by forewarning an audience that an attempt to change their attitudes and behavior will occur. 1) True 2) False

1) True

A learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some object is a/an 1) attitude 2) counterpersuasion 3) latitude 4) opinion

1) attitude

The degree to which an issue is relevant or important to a person is 1) ego involvement 2) commitment 3) degree of acceptance 4) anchor

1) ego involvement

The overriding claim for a persuasive speech is called a 1) proposition 2) warrant 3) qualifier 4) claim

1) proposition

You present strong arguments to college students to support your claim that college textbooks are too expensive. You strongly encourage audience members to boycott buying textbooks for fall term. It is unlikely that many students, if any, will follow your suggestion because 1) the effort required to find alternatives to buying textbooks so they can get good grades in classes is too great 2) behaviors are rarely consistent with attitudes 3) student's don't care enough about the cost of textbooks 4) student's have little direct experience with the problem presented.

1) the effort required to find alternatives to buying textbooks so they can get good grades in classes is too great

"All teachers in elementary, secondary, and higher education should be allowed to have a concealed weapon permit and to carry a gun" is a proposition of fact. 1) True 2) False

2) False

"Continuing education after high school is important for personal fulfillment" is a proper topic for a college-level speech class. 1) True 2) False

2) False

A speaker who is credible is trustworthy. 1) True 2) False

2) False

According to the Anger Activism Model anger provokes the desired behavior change when the target audience initially disagrees with your persuasive message 1) True 2) False

2) False

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, we can only be persuaded when we are in a mindful state. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Adopting an informal speech pattern is an example of using the substantive similarity approach to identification. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Attitudes always predict behaviors. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Because of the saturation of mass mediated messages worldwide, effective persuasive strategies are universal; that is, persuasive strategies do not have to be adapted to a particular culture of the audience. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Conversion is a realistic and worthwhile goal for most persuasion speeches. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Conversion often happens from a single persuasive attempt 1) True 2) False

2) False

Credibility of a speaker is part of the central route to persuasion 1) True 2) False

2) False

Emotional appeals are ethical as long as they complement the peripheral route of persuasion. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Emotional appeals are ethical as long as they complement the peripheral route to persuasion. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Essentially emotional appeals are unethical. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Fear appeals are effective when listeners perceive the personal threat to be high and view the solution as too difficult to implement. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Fear appeals that provide solutions that are perceived as too difficult to implement increase the fear on the part of the audience. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Identification uses the central path to persuasion. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Pathos is the credibility assigned to the speaker. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Presenting arguments to support your case is called refutation. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Presenting arguments to support your case is called refutation. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Research shows that because fear appeals operate on the emotions they are effective whether or not they are combined with high-quality arguments. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The contrast effect works well as a persuasive strategy when used to present your solution to a problem. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The goal of maintaining the current attitudes and/or behaviors of an audience is more appropriate to an informative speech than a persuasive speech. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The goal of most persuasive speaking is to change audience members' attitudes. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The higher the fear appeal the greater the persuasive impact on audiences of every kind. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The ultimate goal of all persuasion is to change the attitudes and beliefs of listeners. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The ultimate goal of persuasion is to change the attitudes and beliefs of listeners. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Trustworthiness is always a more important dimension of credibility than competence or dynamism. 1) True 2) False

2) False

The affiliation and connection between speaker and listeners is 1) credibility 2) identification 3) competence 4) persuasion

2) identification

Another word for emotional appeals is 1) logos 2) pathos 3) ethos 4) unethical

2) pathos

In Toulmin's model of argument, backing supports the 1) rebuttal 2) warrant 3) data 4) qualifier

2) warrant

"America faked the moon landing" is an example of a proposition of 1) value 2) policy 3) fact 4) change

3) fact

"Lack of education is a primary cause of poverty" is a proposition of 1) value 2) policy 3) fact 4) change

3) fact

Building arguments based on reasoning and evidence is Incorrect Response 1) ethos 2) pathos 3) logos 4) proposition

3) logos

A "process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of others" is 1) conversion 2) coercion 3) persuasion 4) competence

3) persuasion

"The sale of candy and sugared beverages should be banned from elementary schools" is a proposition of 1) fact 2) value 3) policy 4) refutation

3) policy

Which of the following is not a part of ethos according to Aristotle? 1) competence 2) trustworthiness 3) sentiment 4) dynamism

3) sentiment

When a speaker emphasizes the similarities in values and attitudes she shares with her audience she is incorporating which of the following strategies: 1) propositional similarity 2) stylistic similarity 3) substantive similarity 4) parallel similarity

3) substantive similarity

The elaboration likelihood model claims all of the following EXCEPT 1) listeners use both central and peripheral routes to persuasion 2) the peripheral route to persuasion is most frequently used by those individuals with little or no direct personal experience with an issue or problem presented 3) the central route to persuasion is most frequently used by listeners when the message is very complex and requires technical knowledge from a lay audience 4) central processing is what skeptics do when presented with a persuasive message

3) the central route to persuasion is most frequently used by listeners when the message is very complex and requires technical knowledge from a lay audience

You present strong arguments to college students to support your claim that tuition and fees at state colleges are too high. You strongly encourage audience members to make a trip to the state capital and petition legislators to lower tuition rates. It is unlikely that many audience members, if any, will follow your suggestion because 1) you've used the peripheral route to persuasion 2) you've created cognitive dissonance 3) the effort required to visit legislators is too great 4) behaviors are almost never consistent with attitudes

3) the effort required to visit legislators is too great

The anchor in the social judgment theory is the 1) latitude of rejection. 2) latitude of neutrality. 3) the preexisting attitude on an issue that serves as a reference point for a range of positions and attitudes. 4) peripheral route to persuasion that includes likability, attractiveness, and other traits of a speaker.

3) the preexisting attitude on an issue that serves as a reference point for a range of positions and attitudes.

In a collectivist culture such as China, which of the following statements would likely be chosen to convince students in an adjacent dorm room to turn down their loud music? 1) "Your music is too loud." 2) "Turn down your music!" 3) "Turn your music down, or I'll start pounding on the walls!" 4) "Your loud music is disturbing many people on this floor."

4) "Your loud music is disturbing many people on this floor."

Cognitive dissonance is 1) the unpleasant, uncomfortable feeling a person experiences when an apparent inconsistency in attitudes occurs. 2) the tension one experiences when holding two contradictory viewpoints at the same time. 3) a persuasion strategy that hypothesizes that persuasion is unlikely to occur unless attitudinal inconsistency is demonstrated. 4) all of the above

4) all of the above

Goals of persuasion include 1) modification 2) maintenance 3) conversion 4) all of the above 5) a and b only

4) all of the above

The elaboration likelihood model claims that 1) listeners use both central and peripheral routes to persuasion 2) the peripheral route to persuasion is most frequently used by those individuals with little or no direct personal experience with an issue or problem presented 3) central processing is what skeptics do when presented with a persuasive message 4) all of the above

4) all of the above

Which of the following generalizations is valid from the perspective of social judgment theory? 1) Persuasive messages that fall within a person's latitude of rejection almost never produce a change in attitude. 2) Listeners with high ego involvement will likely change their attitudes and behavior. 3) The further away a position advocated is from the anchor attitude of listeners, the more likely persuasion attempts will be successful. 4) all of the above

4) all of the above

Research on the persuasive effects of the quantity and quality of arguments used to support a proposal reveals that 1) those most affected by the proposal were influenced more by good quality than by high quantity of arguments 2) those least affected by the proposal were influenced more by high quantity than by good quality of arguments Incorrect Response 3) those least affected by the proposal were influenced more by good quality than by high quantity of arguments 4) both a and b

4) both a and b

Some of the short cuts used in the peripheral route to persuasion include all of the following EXCEPT 1) credibility and likeability of a persuader 2) how others react to the message 3) possible consequences from agreeing to disagreeing with the persuader 4) evaluating counterarguments

4) evaluating counterarguments

"Judgments made by a perceiver concerning the believability of a communicator" is 1) substantive similarity 2) identification 3) credibility 4) logos

4) logos

According to social judgment theory the degree to which an issue is relevant or important to a person is known as: Incorrect Response 1) latitude of acceptance 2) latitude of rejection 3) latitude of non commitment 4) none of the above

4) none of the above

Refutation involves which of the following steps 1) state the opposing argument 2) stating your reaction to the opposing argument 3) supporting your response with reasoning and evidence 4) indicating what effect the opposing arguments have had on the strength of your case. 5) all of the above

5) all of the above

Ways to encourage identification between a speaker and his/her audience include 1) dressing and speaking similarly to our audience 2) establishing common ground between the speaker and the audience 3) dressing more formally than the audience to promote respect 4) speaking with enthusiasm so the audience knows you are committed 5) both a and b

5) both a and b

Under which of the following conditions might a fear appeal produce a constructive action? 1) when listeners perceive that they can perform the actions recommended. 2) when the appeal emphasizes the negative effect of the opposing argument 3) when listeners feel vulnerable 4) all of the above 5) both a and c

5) both a and c

Propositional fact:

Alleges a truth; "Open carry gun laws would provide significant protection against criminals".

Propositional value:

Calls for judgment; "Abortion is immoral"

Parallel processing:

Degree at which a receiver uses central or peripheral is the motivation and ability to think about and carefully asses the quality of a persuasive message.

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion is what?

Overarching explanation for how listeners cope with bombardment of persuasive messages.

Overriding claim is a:

Proposition

Answering opposing arguments is called?

Refutation

The peripheral route:

Relatively mindless; little attention is given to processing a persuasive message. Peripheral when it effects are interests.

The central Route is what?

Requires mindfulness; the content of the message is scrutinized for careful reasoning and substantial, credible evidence. Central route when it effects us personally.

Toulmin structure of argument.

Suppose you want to date a super model: Claim, Grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier.