CompTIA A+ 901 Vocabulary Terms

Revolutions Per Minute(RPM)

A factor which determines overall disk performance. Higher speeds mean faster access time.

Hyperthreading

A processor can only execute one thread of data at a time, This allows the processor to execute two threads at a time

Lucent or Local Connector(LC)

A small form factor connector with a tabbed push/pull design. LC is similar to SC but the smaller size allows for high port density

Segment

A small group of PC's where there is no boundry

VGA - Video Graphics Array

A standard resolution for computer displays, specifies, 640x480. Uses 16 colors (4-bit color).Its currently obsolete, was further developed, to create SVGA, increased to 800x600 @ 4 bit or 8 bit color. Quickly extended the capabilities of graphics cards.

Thread

A stream of instructions

Domain Name System(DNS)

A system for resolving names to IP addresses. It uses a distributed database that contains information on domains and hosts within those domains

Multicore

A system in which a single CPU contains more than one execution core

Multiprocessors

A system which contains more than one CPU

Station

A wireless node

Full Duplex

Able to transmit and receive data at the same time.

Half Duplex

Able to transmit and receive data but not at the same time.

Very High Bitrate DSL

Achieves high bit rates at the expense of range. It allows for symmetric and asymmetric modes. Over 300m(1000ft), an asymmetric link supports 52 Mbps download and 6 Mbps upload, while a symmetric link supports 26 Mbps in both directions.

Physical Bus Topology

All nodes attach directly to a single main cable.

Router

Allows local and remote networks to be joined together. This device makes distinctions between logically seperate networks.

Transmission Media

Allows nodes to be linked together. Can be wired or wireless

Wireless Access Point (AP)

Allows nodes with wireless network cards to communicate and joins wireless networks to wired ones

Dual Channel Memory

Allows two pathways to the CPU, Therefore making the system more efficient.

Repeater

Amplifies the signal to extend the maximum allowable distance for a media type

Node

Any device that can communicate on the network via one or more network interfaces

Edge lit

Arranged around the edges of the monitor, and are diffused evenly across the screen. Thinner than other backlit monitors.

WiMAX

Brand name for the IEEE 802.16 standard. This defies various uses of fixed and roaming broadband wireless technologies. The goal is to provide Wi-Fi services over a much greater range. Proposes frequency bands of 2.3, 2.5, or 3.5 GHz`

Chipset

Built into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded, the type built into the motherboard can affect the choice of processor and multiprocessing support, type and amount of system memory supported, and type of system bus supported.

Intel LGA 2011

Called Socket R Replaces the LGA 1366 and LGA 1567 Released in November 2011 High-end desktop and server Used with Sandybridge-E/EP and Ivy Bridge-E/EP(Enthusiast and Xeon Class) CPUs

Intel LGA 775

Called Socket T Circa 2004 - Seen in later version pentium 4, Intel Core 2 Duo, Xeon, and Celeron

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Can be used to allocate an IP address and subnet mask dynamically

Multimeter

Can be used to measure voltage, current, and resistance. Voltage readings can be used to determine whether, for example, a power supply unit is functioning correctly. Resistance readings can be used to determine whether a fus or network cable is functioning correctly.

System Monitor

Can be used to provide early warning of problems, such as device, temperature, fan speeds, voltage fluctuations, clock and bus speeds, disk failure, chassis intrusion, component failure, etc.

Small Form Factor

Case designed to be semi-portable, usually used in small home or office, look cube or slimline

Trusted Platform Module (TPM)

Chips on the computer motherboard, which is a specification for hardware based storage of digital certificates, keys hashed passwords, and other user identification information.

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2(WPA2)

Compliant with the 802.11i WLAN. Uses the AES encryption standard.

Analog Modem

Connects a computer to another computer over a telephone line. It converts digital signals to an analog carrier signal and transfers it over the telephone cable. When received at the other end, its converted back to analog and processed

Backbone

Connects two seperate segments. A high speed connection between segments

Media Access Control(MAC)

Consists of 48bits (6bytes) Used to identify unique hardware or a physical address. Used to identify a node

CD Drives:

Consists of a spindle, laser and lens, consists of a tracking system. The mechanism for inserting a CD is either tray or slot based. Slot loading mechanisms have rollers that grabs the disc.

System Firmware

Consists of both physical chip (hardware) and programs coded into it (software).

Resistive Panel

Converts Applied Pressure to electronic signals

Resistive Panel

Converts pressure to electrical signals. This is the cheapest method. However dims the screen by up to 25%

Switching

Forwards the information from one device to another

Capacitive Touchscreen

Has a panel with a small electrical charge, when the user touches the panel, charge is dissipated. Circuitry detects this charge and creates the coordinates of a touch. These have up to 90% clarity, but require a conductive pointer.

Smartphone

Have a screen size of 3" to 5.5". Generally have fast multicore CPUs 1-2GB of system memory

Protocol

How we communicate with eachother. The rules that you communicate with.

USB Mini

4 or 5 position plugs, currently deprecated. However plenty of devices still require it. 5 plug also transfers power.

Mini-ITX

6.7" by 6.7" with one expansion slot

Micro-ATX

9.6" by 9.6" square motherboard

AMD Socket FM2

904 Pins Released in 2012 "Piledriver" CPU archtiecture Similar to FM1, however not compatible

AMD Socket FM1

905 pins 2011 Release "AMD 10h" CPU architecture AMD A-series processors Faster Speeds DDR3 Support Integrated PCIe2.0 Controller

AMD Socket FM2+

906 pins Micro PGA-ZIF package Not compatible with FM2 motherboards Released in January 2014 "Steamroller" CPU architecture

AMD Socket AM3

941 Pins on socket PGA-ZIF package Replaces AM2/AM2+ Released in 2009 Able to be used in AM2/AM2+ with a BIOS update

AMD Socket AM3+

942 Pins on socket PGA-ZIF package Released in 2011 Able to use an AM3 Processor in this motherboard socket type

Basic Rate Interface

A class of ISDN, also called 2B+D. Provides two kbps "B" channels for data, and one 16 kbps channel for link management and control signals. This form of ISDN is intended for SOHO users

Memory address

A concept used by software and hardware to access computer memory. It allows the CPU to track the location of each byte of memory.

Bit Cell

A device in memory that holds a charge (1 if there is a charge, 0 if there is not)

Modem

A device that converts between digital and analog signal transmissions

MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

A device which exchanges information about how to play a sound.

Ps2 ports

connect keyboards and mice to the PC. They are 6 pin female connectors. Green is for the mice and purple is for the keyboard.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

fixes most of the security problems with WEP and adds the ability to authenticate the network using the RADIUS security model. Uses TKIP to make it stronger.

TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)

guarantees orderly transmission of packets. This is used by application protocols as lost or out-of order packets can cause some serious data errors.

DVI - Digital VIdeo Interface

is a device designed for flat panel display equipmemnt Single link, has a gap for connectors 3.7 Gbps, good for HDTV (1920x1200) 60FPS Dual link, no gap for connectors 7.4 Gbps, good for HDTV, 85FPS

SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

is the standard means of attaching internal storage drives to a desktop PC. It has superseded the legacy Parallel ATA (PATA) technology. Flexible cables up to 1m(39") Uses 7-pin connectors.

Internet Protocol

provides packet addressing and routing. It provides best effort delivery of an unreliable and connectionless nature.

UDP(User Data Program)

provides unreliable, non-guaranteed transfer of packets. This is faster and more efficient and is used in time-sensitive applications, such as speech or video, where a few missing or out of order packets can be tolerated.

USB 1.1

speed is either 12Mbps (Full speed), or 1.5Mbps (Low speed).

DVI-I(Digital Video Interface - Integrated)

supports analog and digital(DVI - Interface)

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

when TCP/IP is being used with a physical data link specification such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, there must be a mechanism to deliver messages from IP at the Network layer to computers addressed at the Data Link Layer. ARP finds the MAC address associated with an IP address.

LGA(Land Grid Array)

Intels socket type. The pins are located on the CPU.

PCI Bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Bus

Introduced in 1994, allowed greater adapter card provisions. Introduced with the Pentium Processor

Solid State Storage

Is any type of persistant storage digital storage that does not use mechanical parts. This is based on flash memory.

DIMM - (Dual Inline Memory Module)

It's a RAM chip on a small circuit board that connects it to the motherboard. It has twice the data transfer rate as a SIMM. This has 168 pins and have a data transfer rate of up to 64 bits. The electrical contacts are different on each side

PCI-X (Peripheral Component Interconnect eXtended)

It's an update of the original PCI, used mainly in servers, It's a 64 bit parallel interface. It's also backward compatible with PCI. With supported clock speeds of 66, 133,266, and 553 MHz.

Flash Memory

It's non-volatile, meaning it does not get erased when the computer is shut off. It's a type of RAM, increasingly used in place of, or along side hard disks for persistent storage data

RAM(Random Access Memory)

It's the working memory of the PC. Program code is loaded into it so that it can be accessed and used by the processor. Unlike Hard Drives, its volatile, meaning it loses its data when the PC is shut off. This memory is normally packaged as DIMM

Network adapter(NIC)

Joins a host computer to network media. and enables it to communicate over the network

Bridge

Joins two network segments while minimizing the performance reduction of having more nodes on the same network. Used to divide an overloaded network into separate collision domains

RTC(Real Time Clock)

Keeps track of the current date and time.

Backlit

LEDs are positioned in an array behind the screen, lighting it more evenly.

Aspect Ratio

Length divided by the Height of the monitor

SATA 1 - Supported speeds of 1.5 Gbps SATA 2 - Supported speeds of 3 Gbps SATA 3 - Supported speeds of 6 Gbps

List the speeds of: SATA 1 SATA 2 SATA 3

Volitile

Loses power when shut off

Tape Drives

Magnetic storage Stored sequentially Various sizes 100GB to multiple terabytes per cartridge Inexpensive long-term backup Easy to ship and store LTO Common form of drive standard

RAID 0

Main purpose, speed and performance, requries at least 2 discs Striping without parity(Splits data across multiple disks) IF ONE DISK CRASHES, DATA IS LOST, BACKUP IS REQUIRED Different size disk, only will use up to max amount of smallest disc

Network Address Port Translation

Mapping several private IP addresses into a single public IP address

Drive Encryption

Meaning the entire contents of the drive are secure, including system files, and folders.

Dial up access

Method of connecting to a network using an analog modem and the PSTN(Public Switch Telephone Network). The bandwidth for this is very low.

System Case

Plastic/Metal box, that houses the second class of components (Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, Memory, etc)

Twisted Nematic (TN)

Produces response times, slower response times = more blurry.

BIOS(Basic Input Output System)

Programs industry standard program code that operates the essential components of the PC and ensures that the manufacturers motherboard is PC compatible. This often described as system firmware

Host Bus Adapters

Provide a connection point for internal mass storage devices such as hard drives, optical drives, and tape drives. The interface between the drive, host adapter and the rest of the system is a type of bus.

Primary Rate Interface

Provides 23 or 30 "B" channels or(1.5 - 2 Mbps) depending on location in the world, and one 64 kbps D channel. This form of ISDN is intended for larger companies and is commonly used to provide a link between two company locations.

UEFI - (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

Provides support for 64bit CPU operation, at boot, better boot security, better GUI and mouse operation support.

Instruction set

Providing commands to the processor, telling it what it needs to do

Seperation Pad

Pulls the top sheet from the paper tray

Transistor

Reads the content of the capacitor, to determine if there is a charge or not

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

Released in 2004 by Intel, as a replacement to PCI architecture. This PCI expansion used point to point serial communications, meaning each component can have a direct connection to any other component. These connections are made via a switch, which routes data between components. v1: 250MB/s v2: 500 Mb\s v3: 1GB/ps v4: 2GB/s Per lane throughput per lane

Hard Disk Drive(HDD)

Remains the primary method of persistant storage for PC data.

Hybrid Drive

SSD Portion functions as a large cache, containing data that is accessed frequently. The magnetic disk is only spun when non-cached data is accessed.

Mini PCI Type II

Same design as a Type I but, designed to be placed on the chassis (with an integrated RJ45 port for example)

Phablets

Screen size of 5.5"-7". First popularized by Samsung. These devices usually come with a stylus. Can make phone calls and use cellular data.

Audio out(Black)

Signal for rear speakers in a surround sound system.

Audio(Orange)

Signal for the subwoofer in a surround sound system.

Jumpers(Motherboard)

Small plastic clip containing a metal conductor that fits over two contacts on the motherboard. The position of the clip completes a circuit that configures the motherboard in one way or another. (Can alter a motherboard circuit)

Firewall

Software or Hardware that filters traffic coming in and out of the network

USB Micro

Specified in 2007, These connectors are half the thickness of Mini ones, there are 5 pins to support USB OTG(On The Go) Connectivity. What type of USB connector is this?

Access Control List

Specifies inbound and outbound rules allowing or denying particular applications

eSATA (external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

Standard attachment for external drives, with a 2m(78") cable. The main drawback compared to USB or Firewire is that power is not supplied over the cable.

The Laser Printing Process

Step 1: Processing - Build the entire page in memory. Step 2: Charging - Prepare the drum with a negative electrostatic charge Step 3: Exposing - Write the image with a laser. Step 4: Developing - Add negatively-charged toner to the imaging drum. Step 5: Trasferring - Move the toner from the drum to the paper. Step 6: Fusing - Uses heat and pressure to stick toner to the paper. Step 7: Cleaning - Remove excess toner

Registers

Store information and data the CPU is processing

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

Stores each data bit as an electrical charge within a single bit cell. A bit cell consists of a capacitor to hold a charge, and a transistor to read the contents of the capacitor.

Cache

Super fast high speed memory, that preloads code from slow memory passing it to the cpu at high demand.

NAS(Networked Attached Storage)

Support Ethernet connections, designed to host multiple disk units, possibly configured in a RAID array to provide better data security.

Shader Units

Support the special effects built into games and other software. These units perform calculations that allow for 3D shading, realistic shadows, lighting, textures, and so on.

DVI-A(Digital Video Interface - Analog)

Supports only analog(DVI Interface)

DVI-D(Digital Video Interface - Digital)

Supports only digital(DVI - Interface)

InfraRed

Supports speeds up to 4mbps. This type of communication requires line of sight. Can be interrupted by loss of line of sight or bright sunlight. Not widely supported among peripherals and computer systems

Port Forwarding

Takes requests from the internet for a particular protocol. and sends them to a designated host on the LAN

e-Ink technology

Technology in which displays have low power consumption but facilitate high contrast reading in a variety of conditions. This technology doesn't use backlighting

Bus Clock

The "Lanes" in which the data is transferred. The speed is similar to the Memory clock.

Determining Compatible Memory

The DIMM format must match the motherboard (DDR2 not equal DDR3) Different capacity modules can be installed, for efficiency try to stay consistant, Modules from different venders can be mixed, however may cause problems. For best performance, the modules should be the same speed as the motherboard. For best reliability and performance, configures multi-channel systems with identical memory modules ECC memory cannot be mixed with non-parity memory. These step are used for....

Refresh Rate

The Speed the CRT redraws the image

Clock Speed

The amount of calculations made per second

Bandwidth

The amount of data that can be transferred across the media in a given amount of time. The amount of oscillations.

Memory Bank

The amount of data the memory controller expects to fetch

Frame Rate

The amount of images displayed per second

Multitasking

The amount of tasks a computer can perform simultaneously in a single clock cycle, or the amount of jobs the computer can do in one second.

In-Plane Switching - (IPS)

The arrangement of cells in these panels allows better color reproduction and wider viewing angles.

Frame Rate

The basic test for a GPU, the rate it can produce for a particular game

protocol suite

The collection of know protocols

Thin Film Transistor

The film on the screen

Point to point connection

The simplest type of topology. a single link is established between two nodes

Mini PCI

The standard for upgrading cards to a laptop motherboard. Supports 32-bit data transfer at 33MHz using 3.3v signaling.

Response Rate

The time taken for a pixel to change color, measured in milliseconds(ms)

Frequency Response

The volume that can be produced at different frequenices

Digital Certificate

This proves the identity of the sever, and uses SSL/TLS to encrypt communications between it and the client.

Subscriber Connector(SC)

This push/pull design allows for simpler insertion and removal than FC. There are simplex and duplex verisons, through the duplex version is just two connectors clipped together.

Graphics API (Application Programming Interface)

To work with 3D games and design applications, graphic cards need to be compliant with the specified version of one of these: DirectX - Microsoft specified. Supports sound and multimedia OpenGL - developed by Silicon graphics What is this software called?

Network

Two or more computers linked together by some form of transmission medium that enables them to share information

Flash Memory

Type of non-volitale Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM). Non-volitale because it doesn't require a power source to retain information. Storage capacity ranges from 512MB +

Collision Domain

Unnecessary communication that, when they collide, slow the network down. What is the name for the network segment is which these collisions occur

ORANGE Book:

Unused CD-MO, and the more popular CD-R, and CD-RW.

PCIe 2 (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 2)

Updated version of PCI Express, supports larger transfer rates per lane (500 MBps). motherboards and adapters are interchangeable with earlier devices.

Contact Image Sensor(CIS)

Use an array of LED's that strobe between red,green and blue light to illuminate the image

Memory Card

Used extensively in consumer digital imaging products, such as digital still and video cameras. Popular examples include Compact Flash, Secure Digital, and xD-Picture Card. The largest cards have up to 128GB capacity.

CCFL

Used for back lights,

Transfer Belt and Roller

Used in color printers, that have four seperate toner cartridges. The Image is transferred from all cartridges to the single belt, then transferred to a single transfer roller

CMOS - (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)

Used on older computers, stored basic PC configuration, names refers to the manufacturing process used to make RAM chips.

Optical Character Recognition(OCR)

Used to convert scanned text to digital documents, ready for editing.

Subnet Mask

Used to distinguish between network and host IDs

Port Triggering

Used to setup applications that require more than one port.

Touchscreen

Used where mice and keyboards are impractical, Typically are used on handheld portable devices

Wired Equivalent Privacy(WEP)

Uses 64 or 128bit. Poor security. Based on the RC4 cipher.

Mini PCI Type I

Uses a 100-pin stacking connector (at right angles to the card)

MINI PCI Type III

Uses a 124-pin SO-DIMM style edge connector

Fuser Assembly

Uses heat and pressure to melt the plastic toner powder to permanently bond toner to paper

Digital Subscriber Line

Uses high frequencies available in a copper line as a communications channel. A filter prevents signals from contaminating voice traffic. The use of advanced modulation and echo cancelling allows high bandwidth full duplex transmissions

RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks

Uses multiple discs, however it looks like one to the user, are at different levels

Bluetooth

Uses radio communications in the 2.4 GHz supports speeds up to 3 mbps. This communication technology does not require line of sight, supports maximum range up to 10 meters. What is this technology called?

Plasma Display

Uses tiny cells arranged in RGB triads. The cells are filled with gas and mercury; when an electrical charge is applied, the gas forms, which strikes the phosphor and generates the relevant shade of color.

SAS(Serial Attached SCSI)

Very popular in the server market. Supports over 16,000 devices, offers point to point links (as oppossed to shared bandwidth) has none of the termination issues that complicated the legacy SCSI, and supports higher bandwidth (up to 12Gbps).

Near Field Communications (NFC)

Very short radio link based on radio frequency ID. Normally works up to 2 inches. Data rates up to 106, 212, and 424 Kbps. Used mostly for contactless payment readers.

LCD - (Liquid Crystal Display)

Voltage is applied to the crystals causing them to twist and reflect.

Pixels

What a computer image is made up of.

Network Address

What identifies a network

Local Address

What identifies your computer in a group of PC's

Class B

What ip address class is this First Octect 128-191 Mask: 255.255.0.0

Class A

What ip address class is this? First Octect 1-126 Mask: 255.0.0.0

Class C

What ip address class is this? First octect 192-223 Mask: 255.255.255.0

ROM - Read Only Memory, PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory, EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, WORM - Write Once Read Many, EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

What is: ROM, PROM, EPROM, WORM, EEPROM?

Port Number 427/548

What port number is this referring to: TCP afp Apple Filing Protocol

Port Number 21

What port number is this referring to: TCP ftp File Transfer Protocol

Port Number 20

What port number is this referring to: TCP ftp-data File Transfer Protocol Data

Port Number 80

What port number is this referring to: TCP http Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Port Number 443

What port number is this referring to: TCP https Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

Port number 143

What port number is this referring to: TCP imap4 Internet Mail Access Protocol

Port Number 110

What port number is this referring to: TCP pop3 Post Office Protocol

Port Number 3389

What port number is this referring to: TCP rdp Remote Desktop Protocol

Port Number 445

What port number is this referring to: TCP smb Server Message Block

Port Number 25

What port number is this referring to: TCP smtp Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Port Number 22

What port number is this referring to: TCP ssh Secure Shell

Port Number 23

What port number is this referring to: TCP telnet Telnet

Port Number 53

What port number is this referring to: TCP/UDP domain Domain Name System

Port Number 68

What port number is this referring to: UDP bootpc BOOTP / DHCP Client

Port Number 67

What port number is this referring to: UDP bootps BOOTP / DHCP Server

Port Number 123

What port number is this referring to: UDP ntp Network Time Protocol

Port Number 137-139

What port number is this referring to: UDP / TCP netbt NetBIOS over TCP/IP

Plug-and-play

When a device is connected, windows will automatically search for the device and try to install a driver.

Color Temperature

Backlights in all white (WLED) or a combo of RGB or GB LEDs to allow for different color "temperatures."

Intel LGA 1150

Called Socket H3 Replaces the LGA 1155 Released in 2013 Used by Haswell and Broadwell CPUs

RAID 1+0: RAID 1 + RAID 0

Disk that controls two other disks, Mirrored and stripped

USB Type B

For Connection to a device. This is a type of USB cable

USB Type A

For Connection to the host or hub ports.

Were print jobs are stored

%systemroot%\system32 \spool\printers\

USB 2.0

(HighSpeed) this standard specifies a data rate of 480Mbps. Uses the same connections are USB 1.1 and plug be inserted into a this USB port but, will operate at the lower speed.

Audio in

(Light Blue) is a low level (1V) stereo signal as supplied by most tape decksm video players, tuners, CD Players, and so on.

Audio out

(Lime) Is a low level (1v) analog signal suitable for feeding an amplifier of headphones. It does not have enough power to drive speakers directly

Microphone input

(Pink) This is generally a mono-only input

VGA - Video Graphics Array

- 15 pin cable - DB15 - Blue color - Designed to carry analog only

Thunderbolt

- Able to daisy chain components - Work with DRM(Digital Rights Management) - Can protect copyrighted material - Can be used as a display interface

HDMI - High Defination Multimedia Interface

- Carries both audio, and video - Remote Control - HDCP (Digital Content Protection) - Uses a 19-pin (Type A) connector and a 29-pin to support dual link but its not widely used

Composite Video

- Contains RGB - Uses RCA Jack

Display Port - Cheaper alternative to HDMI

- Used on older MACs - Uses a 20pin Connector - Maximum data rate 17.28 Gbps, - Support for 48 bit color, 3D, 4k / UHD - Royalty free version of HDMI

ATX(Advanced Technology Extended)

12" by 9.6" wide, Full size motherboard

Basic Switch

A multiport bridge that creates links between nodes more efficiently

Hub

A multiport repeater, deployed as the central point of connection for nodes wired in a star topology

Capacitive Panel

A panel with a small electric charge that is dissipated when touched by users, circuitry detects and calculates the location of the disruption.

Bus

An electrical pathway on the motherboard, or through cabling that carries a signal.

Asymmetrical DSL

Offers fast download rates up to 24 Mbps and uplink rate from about 1.4 Mbps - 3.3 Mbps. The consumer version of DSL

Peak Transfer Rate

Calculated by the data rate multiplied by 8 bytes per transfer. This gives the theoretical performance of the memory.

Intel LGA 1366

Called Socket B Replaced the LGA 775 Circa 2008 Used by Intel Core i7

Intel LGA 1156

Called Socket H or H1 Replaced the LGA 775 Released in 2009 Integrates Northbridge onto the chip

Intel LGA 1155

Called Socket H2 Replacement for LGA 1156 (not compatible) Released in 2011 Supports Intel Sandy bridge and Ivy bridge CPUs

Solid State Drive(SSD)

Flash memory based, which lacks moving parts. Makes them quieter and more power efficient, and less prone to failure.

YELLOW Book

Data CD, with or without error correction mode, without it gives you more space, but is only sutable where small errors can be tolerated.

PC System Design Guide

Defines Color code for external ports.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

Delivers status and error messages and is used by diagnostic utilities such as ping and tracert

Logical topology

Describes the flow of data through the network

Network Topology

Describes the physical or logical structure of the network

Physical topology

Describes the placement of nodes and how they are connected by the network media

Form Factor(Motherboard)

Describes, the shape, layout and the type of case and power supply that can be used.

Encapsulation

Describing how the data should be packaged for transmission

addressing

Describing where the data should go

Southbridge

Designed to control all of the Input/Output functions not handled by the northbridge. These are older, slower technologies, such as USB, serial, parallel, ISA bus, PCI bus, etc.

Power Supply Tester

Designed with the sole purpose of testing PSUs.

Industry Standard Architecture

Developed in 1983, and used an 8-bit parallel bus. A legacy IBM bus expansion

POST - (Power On Self Test)

Diagnostics test to start the PC.

Sound Card

Digital Signal Processor (DSP) one or more digital to analog converters(DAC) Audio connectors 3.5 jack for microphones, speakers, and headsets. Comes in binary, comes out analog. Use Sony/Philips Digital Interface output (S/PDIF).

Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)

Digital version of the local loop. It's a digital circuit switched technology for voice, video and data (integrated services).

Parity Checking

Each byte of data in memory is accompinied by a ninth bit. When the byte is read, this ninth bit checks to make sure the data has been transferred accurately.

Star topology

Each endpoint is connected to a central forwarding node such as a hub, switch or router.

Digital Light Processing

Each pixel in a is represented by a mirror, which can be tilted towards or away from a light source and color filters to create the required shade. What term is this?

Link

Each point to point connection. This sends both data control, and timing instructions.

Drive Geometry

Each side of each platter is divided into circular tracks, and each track contains a number of sectors, each with a capacity of 512 bytes. The collection of tracks in the same place on each platter is called a cylinder. What is this describing?

Capacitor

Electrical device in a single bit cell, that actually holds the charge

Define microsegmentation and list the steps.

Microsegmentation is a term used to define how switches work: - Computer A transmits a frame intended for Computer B - The switch receives the frame and reads the destination MAC address from the Ethernet frame. The port buffer holds the frames until they can be processed. The switch can also perform error checking on the frame. - The switch holds the frame until it can the find MAC address that the frame is supposed to go to. - Once the MAC address has been found. The switch sends the frame to the intended MAC address. - No other devices are able to see any activity on the network while this process takes place. Therefore, these other devices are able to transmit and recieve at the same time

RAID 1

Mirroring Two disks, duplicated, Disk A = Disk B Disk must be the same size, Full Redundency

Network Cards and Ports (NIC)

Most computers have a network adapter installed on the motherboard. However installing one may be required to use different types of networks, bandwidth, or cabling. Network adapter will have an RJ 45 port. RJ connector uses an Ethernet cable. A wifi adapter can also be added. What is this card called?

Network Interface Cards(NIC)

Move data between the computer and the network media

Cat 6A

Name this Cat standard: - Frequency: 500MHz - Capacity: 10Gbps - Max Distance: 100m(328ft) - Network Application: 10GBASE-T

Cat 3

Name this Cat standard: - Frequency 16MHz, - Capacity: 10Mbps, - Max Distance: 100m(318ft), - Network Application: 10BASE-T

Cat 5

Name this Cat standard: - Frequency: 100MHz, - Capacity: 100Mbps, - Max Distance: 100m(328ft), - Network Application: 100BASE-TX

Cat 5e

Name this Cat standard: - Frequency: 100MHz, - Capacity: 1Gbps, - Max Distance: 100m(328ft), - Network Application: 1000BASE-T

Cat 6

Name this Cat standard: - Frequency: 250MHz, - Capacity: 1Gbps/10Gbps, - Max Distance: 100m(328ft)/55m(180ft), - Network Application: 1000BASE-T/10GBASE-T

10GBASE-ER

Name this FIber Optic Standard: - Speed: 10Gbps - Max Length: 40km - Cable Type: SMF (9/1250/1550nm

1000BASE-SX

Name this Fiber Optic Standard: - Speed 100mbps - Max Length: 220m/ 550m - Cable Type: MMF(62.5/125)/ 850nm MMF(50/125) 850nm

10GBASE-SR

Name this Fiber Optic Standard: - Speed: 10 Gbps - Max Length: 400m Cable Type: MMF / 850nm

100BASE-FX

Name this Fiber Optic Standard: - Speed: 100Mbps - Max Length: 2km - Cable Type: MMF(Multi-Mode)(62.5/125 microns)/1300nm

10GBASE-LR

Name this Fiber Optic Standard: - Speed: 10Gbps - Max Length: 10km - Cable Type: SMF(Single-Mode Fiber)(9/125)/1310nm

802.11ac

Name this Wi-Fi standard: - Maximum Transfer Rate: 1.3Gbps - Band: 5GHz

802.11b

Name this Wi-Fi standard: - Maximum Transfer Rate: 11 Mbps - Band: 2.4GHz

802.11g

Name this Wi-Fi standard: - Maximum Transfer Rate: 54 Mbps - Band: 2.4GHz

802.11a

Name this Wi-Fi standard: - Maximum Transfer Rate: 54 Mbps - Band: 5GHz

802.11n

Name this Wi-Fi standard: - Maximum Transfer Rate: 72.2 Mbps(Single Channel) 150 Mbps (Bonded Channels) - Band: 2.5 / 5 GHz

Digitizer (Graphics Tablet)

Normally used by art professionals, Like a touchscreen, it uses a stylus. They tend to be more precise than touchscreens however, they are more sensitive to the amount of pressure when applied.

USB 3

Often have a blue connector tab to distinguish them. Known as SuperSpeed. This improves bandwidth up to 5Gbps or 500Mbps. Uses a full duplex so it can send and recieve data simultaneously. Type A - Compatible with older USB ports, Type B - Not Compatible with USB 1.1 or 2.0 Ports, Type C - uses the same type of connector for both ends, the USB C connector is reversible,

Frames

Organized bits of ones and zeros from the physical layer

Bus mastering

PCI bus can control and transfer data to and from memory without requiring the CPU. What is this called?

Color Depth(bit depth)

The number of color supported in the image.

Resolution

The number of pixels used to create the image.

Transceiver

The part of the network media that sends and receives signals over the network media

Application Protocols

There are numerous protocols used for network configuration, management, and services. These use a TCP or UDP port to connect to the client and server. What is the name for these protocols?

Blu-ray DIscs(DB)

These have emerged as the next generation format for distributing consumer multimedia and can be used to distribute large applications such as video games. Base speed is 4.5 MBps and maximum rate is 54Mbps. Standard capacity is 25GB per layer. Dual-layer discs can store up to 50GB. Triple layer up to 100GB, and quad layer 128GB.

Application, Presentation, and Session Layers

These layers govern the fields and data formats of protocols that provide "high-level" network services and functions

PAN/WPAN (Personal Area Network)

These terms refer to the fact that a person might establish close range network links with a variety of devices.

Multi-Mode Fiber(MMF)

This Fiber has a larger core(62.5 or 50microns) and is designed to carry a shorter wavelength transmitted in multiple waves of varying length. This fiber does not support high signaling speeds or long distances

Firewire

This bus is another modern serial bus. It uses serial rather than parallel communications and much smaller connectors. It is powered and supports hot swapping. The maximum transfer rate is 400 mbps, supports isochronous transfer mode, where data rate to a particular device is guaranteed. The 400 version uses a 6 pin connector and a 4 pin unpowered connector. The 800 version supports a transfer rate of 800mbps with increased power from the bus. The 800 version uses a 9 pin connector. What is the name for the connector?

OLED (Organic LEDs)

This doesn't require a backlight. This allows the display to be thinner, lighter, and consume less power. Can be made from plastic with no requirement for a layer of glass. This means that the display can be curved to different shapes.

SMF(Single- Multi Fiber)

This fiber has a small core(8-10 microns) and is designed to carry a long wavelength, near infrared light signal, generated by a laser. Supports data rates up to 10Gbps or better and cable runs of many kilometers

Straight tip(ST)

This fiber optic connection is a bayonet style connector that uses a push-and-twist locking mechanism; used mostly for multi-mode networks

GPU - Graphics Processing Unit

This is a microprocessor similar to a CPU, but designed and optimized for processing instructions that render 2D-3D images on screen.

DVD:

This is smaller than a CD with a different encoding method. They are also thinner and can be Dual Layer

Physical layer

This is the hardware portion of the OSI model. This layer is concerned with the transmission of signals between network interfaces over the network media and how those signals encode bits of information

Northbridge

This is the system memory controller, connecting the processor to the RAM. This also supports other fast components such as the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP). This is connected to the process via the front side bus.

Data Rate

This is twice the speed of the Bus Clock, because there are two operations per "tick". This is expressed in MegaTransfers per Second.

Network layer

This layer governs the identification of logically separate networks and the use of logical host and network addresses for each interface.

Transport Layer

This layer identifies different application protocols using the network link and can be used to ensure reliable error free transmissions

Data Link layer

This layer is concerned with identifying each physical interface and with specifying how bits of data are organized into frames for transmission and reception over the physical link

Mesh topology

This network requires each device having a point to point link with every other device on the network

SMART(Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology)

This passes status alerts back to monitoring software. Able to provide drive warnings and statistics.

Network Address Translation(NAT)

This protects the clients in the local network from direct access across the internet

DDR (Double Data Rate)

Where data in RAM is refreshed twice per clock cycle

Hot-Swappable

Windows can detect and configure a device without requiring a restart.

RAID 5

Writes information over several disks, ONLY SOME OF IT IS DUPLICATED Hot Swappable, Drives can be rebuilt, slows system down Partial Redundency