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Motherboard

"Heart" of computer - everything either sits on or is connected to the motherboard, contain the wiring

Windows 10 - Desktop

"normal" Windows desktop with taskbar and notifications at bottom of screen

FireWire port

(IEEE 1394 Port) Used for high-speed multimedia devices such as digital camcorders.

cpu sockets

- The motherboard component at the heart of every system for connecting and securing the processing unit. - The design varies based on the type of processor. The PGA (pin grid array) variation is designed to receive pins on the underside of a processor, while the LGA (land grid array) variation is designed to use contact pins to connect to a compatible processor's conducting pads. - It is important to ensure compatibility of any processor seated into this unit. Here are different models used: Intel: 775: Used with the Intel Pentium 4, Celeron D, Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, Pentium D, Pentium Dual-Core, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Quad, Xeon, and Celeron processors. 1155: Used with the Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Core i7 Extreme, and Xeon processors. 1156: Used with the Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, and Xeon processors. 1366: Used with the Intel Celeron, Core i7, and Xeon processors. AMD: 940: Used with the AMD Opteron and Athlon 64 FX processors. AM2: Used with the AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron, Sempron, and Phenom processors. AM2+: Used with the AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon II, Opteron, Phenom, and Phenom II processors. AM3: Used with the AMD Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, and Opteron processors. AM3+: Used with the AMD Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, and Opteron processors. FM1: Used with the AMD Athlon II processor along with the A-series APUs. F: Used with the AMD Opteron and Athlon 64 FX processors.

Intel

775: Used with the Intel Pentium 4, Celeron D, Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, Pentium D, Pentium Dual-Core, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Quad, Xeon, and Celeron processors. 1155: Used with the Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Core i7 Extreme, and Xeon processors. 1156: Used with the Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, and Xeon processors. 1366: Used with the Intel Celeron, Core i7, and Xeon processors. 1150: Used with the Intel Celeron Dual-Core, Pentium Dual-Core, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Core i7 Extreme, and Xeon processors. 2011: Used with the Intel Core i7 and Xeon processors.

32-Bit or 64-Bit

A 32-bit processor can process 32-bits of information at a time; a 64-bit processor can process 64-bits of information. The biggest advantage of 64-bit processors over 32-bit processors is in the amount of memory they can use. 32-bit processors have a limit of 4GB. 64-bit processors have a theoretical limit of 16 EB, although operating system and current hardware limitations impose a much lower practical limit. The operating system and applications must be written for 64-bits to take full advantage of 64-bit processing. The processor instruction set identifies all instructions (operations) that a processor can perform.32-bit processors use the IA-32 instruction set (also referred to as x86).Itanium processors from Intel use the IA-64 instruction set.AMD64 and Intel 64 processors use the x86-64 instruction set (also referred to as x64). 32-bit applications can run on 64-bit processors using the following methods:Itanium processors use a software layer to translate between IA-32 and IA-64.x64 processors execute both 32-bit and 64-bit instructions in the hardware.You can run a 32-bit operating system on a computer with a 64-bit processor. Applications typically perform better on 64-bit systems.64-bit applications typically perform better than 32-bit applications.In some cases, 32-bit applications might perform better on 64-bit systems.

Parallel Port (DB-25)

A D-shaped, 25-pin connector connects to a cpmputer's parallel port (DB-25 port). Parallel connectors are used with older devices, such as dot matrix printers

DIMM

A DIMM (dual in-line memory module) has pins on both sides of the module, with each pin being unique. DIMMs have a 64-bit data path that matches the system bus width. RDRAM and DDR/2/3/4 are packaged into DIMMs, with each specification having a unique number of pins and notch position. DDR4 allows for DIMMs of up to 512 GB in capacity.

KVM Switch

A KVM (keyboard, video, mouse) switch allows multiple computers to use a single keyboard, mouse, and monitor. KVM switches have multiple input groups, with each group accepting keyboard, video, and mouse connections from one computer. A single output group connects to the shared peripheral devices. Buttons on the KVM switch are used to toggle between each connected computer. Rackmount KVM switches can support up to 16 computers and are typically used in data centers to manage servers from a central console. Desktop KVM switches typically support two or three computers, which must be within about 5 meters. Networked or remote KVM switches use special hardware devices that send keyboard, mouse, and video content through a network connection.

POST Card

A POST card is an expansion board that you insert into an expansion slot. It is typically used to troubleshoot a computer system that doesn't start up correctly. The POST card displays output from the BIOS during the Power-On Self-Test (POST).

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)

A RAM chip that replaced the CMOS chip.

SODIMM

A SODIMM (small outline dual in-line memory module) is a smaller DIMM used in laptops. SODIMMs are much smaller than other memory, perfect for notebook computers. Notice the notch slightly off center in the 144-pin SODIMM. 144-pin SODIMMs are used by SDRAM, DDR, and DDR2 memory. On the 200-pin SODIMM, notice that the notch is farther off center than the 144-pin SODIMM. You might also be able to notice the higher pin density. 200-pin SODIMMs are used by DDR2 and DDR3 memory.

UPS Purpose

A UPS's purpose is to keep your system running long enough to shut down cleanly without losing data.

Biometric scanner

A barcode reader is a device that can scan barcodes. Barcodes are most commonly used in retail environments at checkout stands. Shipping companies, hospitals, and other organizations use barcodes to track or inventory items. Most bar code readers use a laser to scan the barcode. Some use cameras or optical scanners. Barcode readers include software that interprets the meaning of the barcode.

Card reader

A card that contains an embedded microchip or a magnetic strip is inserted into the reader. The reader then scans the chip or strip, verifies its contents, and authenticates the user. Card readers can be stand-alone devices or integrated with other peripherals (e.g., a keyboard or workstation).

What is utility software?

A collection of tools, each of which does a specific job. It helps to configure the system, analyse how it is working and optimise it to improve its efficiency.

Combination ratchet/screwdriver

A combination ratchet is a ratcheting handle with interchangeable bits that provides multiple features in a single tool.

Shell

A command line interface to the operating system.

ifconfig command

A command used to display and modify the TCP/IP configuration information for a network interface.

Missing BIOS/UEFI Settings

A constant source of power is required to store the settings configured in the motherboard BIOS/UEFI chipset. The motherboard also needs constant power to keep the system clock running while the system is powered off. Most motherboards implement a small battery that provides this power. If this battery starts to fail, then the following may occur when the system is powered on: The system clock loses time. Settings configured in BIOS/UEFI are lost. If this happens, it's likely that the motherboard battery has failed and needs to be replaced.

Distribution

A custom version of Linux. ( openSUSE linux, Fedora Linux, Ubuntu Linux)

power strip

A device that attaches to a power outlet in order to provide more outlets for you to use.

Power Supply Tester

A device that can test the output of each power cord coming from a power supply. A power supply tester is a custom multimeter used to test output from a PC power supply. The power supply tester has multiple connectors to test the output for each connector type.

Peripheral device

A device that connects to a computer, such as a monitor or printer.

Line conditioner

A device that modifies power signals to remove noise and create a smooth AC electrical signal.

Surge suppressor

A device that protects systems from damage from a power surge by suppressing the over-voltage.

Surge protector

A device that protects systems from over-voltages by switching the system off.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

A device that provides battery power to a computer in case of an under-voltage or power failure.A UPS is a battery backup for your PC. When the power goes off, the UPS kicks in and supplies power for a period of time.

Capacitor

A device that stores an electric charge.

Online UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

A device that uses AC line voltage to charge a bank of batteries. Constantly provides power, even if there is no power outage. The first type is an online UPS. An online UPS is definitely the best kind, but it's also the most expensive. When you use an online UPS, the PC doesn't draw power directly from the wall outlet. Instead, it's constantly fed by the battery in the UPS. The UPS continually recharges the battery, which the PC system continually draws down. Because an online UPS uses the battery constantly, it wears out really fast. You have to replace either the UPS or the battery inside the UPS frequently. But if you need the best protection, it's worth the cost. Offline UPS 3:58-5:41

Virtual Reality (VR) Headset

A device worn on the head that covers the eyes and provides separate images for each eye, stereo sound, and motion tracking sensors to create a virtual reality experience for the user. Some headsets also have eye tracking sensors and work with handheld gaming controllers. Virtual reality is widely used to train medical and military professionals. As it becomes more affordable, it is being widely adopted in many fields.

DVI port

A digital visual interface (DVI) port is used to connect display devices. DVI ports: Carry either an analog signal, a digital signal, or both. Support one of two cable and connector types, single link or dual link.

Digitizer

A digitizer captures some type of analog signal and converts it into digital data. Some common types of digitizer devices include: Graphics Tables—Graphics tablets capture analog stylus strokes written on a pad and convert them to digital data. These are mostly used by graphic artists to capture hand-drawn images. Document Scanners—Document scanners are specifically designed to convert paper documents into digital documents, such as PDFs or Rich Text Format files. Document scanners use optical character recognition (OCR) to create editable word processor documents. There are two types of document scanners. Automatic Document Feeder (ADF) scanners automatically scan a stack of papers. Flatbed scanners require that you place each page on a scanning surface one by one. 3D Scanners—3D scanners use either physical contact or lasers to map the size and shape of a physical object and convert it into a 3D digital model.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

A document that contains safe handling and disposal processes for dangerous materials.

Change order form

A form that must be completed and submitted to a change board to request permission to change a project's purpose, scope, schedule, budget, team, or other significant component.

serial port

A male 9-pin or 25-pin port on a computer system used by slower I/O devices such as a mouse or modem. Data travels serially, one bit at a time, through the port. Serial ports are sometimes configured as COM1, COM2, COM3, or COM4. (barcode scanner)

Boot Errors

A malfunctioning motherboard may generate error codes when the system is powered on. Every time the PC boots, it runs a Power On Self-Test (POST) to make sure all of the basic hardware in the system is present and functioning correctly. If a problem is identified during POST, an error is generated. How the error message is reported to the end user depends upon the motherboard manufacturer. The following may be used:Audible beepsNumeric codesError messages The actual codes and messages will vary by manufacturer. Check the motherboard documentation for specific details. For example, a numeric 201 error code may indicate a memory problem on some systems, while a 301 error indicates the keyboard did not respond correctly during POST. Sometimes, a computer system may experience problems (such as a malfunctioning video adapter) that can prevent error messages from being displayed during POST. If this is the case, use a POST card to access POST error codes. Most models use an LED display to report any error codes generated during POST. A POST card is commonly implemented as an expansion board that is inserted into an expansion slot in the motherboard. However, some POST cards also include a USB interface that allows them to be connected to computers that don't have expansion slots, such as a notebook system.

Microphone

A microphone converts sound into an electrical signal. Some computers have a built-in microphone, and many headsets and camera systems that connect to computers include microphones.

Support manual

A motherboard's support manual is an excellent source of information. Support manuals contain technical specifications as well as diagrams that identify the motherboard's components. If you are missing a motherboard's support manual, check the manufacturer's website.

Mouse

A mouse can be either wired or wireless. A wired mouse uses a USB port to connect to the computer. A wireless mouse uses an internal battery for power and uses RF signals (e.g., Bluetooth) to connect to a receiver, which is either connected to a USB port or integrated with the computer. When selecting a mouse, consider the following: Because optical mice use light rays to detect motion, they don't work on some surfaces. Some mice have internal motion sensors, allowing them to detect movements while in the air. This particular device can attach to a user's head and move the cursor when the head moves. You can select mice with additional buttons or a scroll wheel to add functionality. High-end gaming mice use a rating of dots per inch (DPI). The rating denotes how many steps (cursor movements) are counted in a single inch.

Multimeter

A multimeter is a device that tests various electrical properties. For example, most multimeters can measure: AC and DC voltage Current (amps) Resistance (ohms) Capacitance Frequency

Multi-Core

A multiple core processor has multiple processors within a single processor package. Dual-core, triple-core, and quad-core processors are typical in desktop systems. Multi-core systems enable the operating system to run multiple applications simultaneously. Without multiple processors, applications appear to run at the same time, but must wait their turn for processing time from the single processor. Some applications can be written to execute on multiple processors at the same time. Some motherboards use two (or more) processor sockets to provide a multiple processor solution. Multi-core processors use a single motherboard socket to support multiple processors.

Backout plan

A plan for returning affected systems and hardware to their original state if a new implementation fails.

I/O shield

A plate installed on the rear of a computer case that provides holes for I/O ports coming off the motherboard.

SATA. power

A power connector 15-pin; L-shaped; can also use a 6-pin slimline connector with a 9-pin micro connector. provides 3.3, 5, and 12 volts.

offline ups

A power supply that provides continuous voltage to a device by switching virtually instantaneously to the battery when it detects a loss of power from the wall outlet. Upon restoration of the power, the standby UPS switches the device back to AC power. o, here, we have a bridge. The UPS uses the 110 volt current coming in to charge the battery. It also bridges the current from the outlet over here, to the system. That means instead of running on the UPS battery all the time, this system runs on 110 volts from the wall. The battery charges, and then it just sits there. If it loses power over time, it's topped off. But it doesn't do anything unless there's a power issue. If the current coming out of the wall drops below 80 volts or so, like in a brownout or a blackout, there's a switch inside the UPS that breaks the connection here and then converts over to the battery. Then the PC starts running off the battery. Because you're not continually draining and recharging the battery, the batteries in an offline UPS last a lot longer than the batteries in an online UPS. But an offline UPS has one critical disadvantage: the power switches from the wall current to the battery. During this switch, there's a millisecond of time when the system doesn't receive any power. There's usually enough power stored in the PC's power supply to keep the system running for just a few milliseconds while the power switches over.

Change board

A predetermined group of people that must approve proposed changes to a project that is underway.

Operating System (OS)

A set of programs that acts as an interface between the applications that are running on a computer and the computer's hardware. provides security

Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

A signal caused by motors, heavy machinery, and fluorescent lights that interferes with wired networking signals.

power supply tester

A specialized device for testing a power supply unit that comes with connectors compatible with the output connectors on a standard power supply. his device also tests the power good wire. We can see the status down here. The rating is in milliseconds. A value between 100 milliseconds and 900 milliseconds is ideal. Anything outside this range will prevent the power supply from running. As you can see, using a power supply tester is much easier and faster than using a multimeter.

Application

A subclass computer program that is designed for end users.

Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

A technology for constructing integrated circuits.

Three-Pronged Parts Retriever

A three-pronged parts retriever is used to grasp and retrieve small parts that have fallen into areas that are difficult to reach.

Driver

A type of computer program that enables the operating system to interact with hardware devices.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

A vacuum tube used to display images that is commonly used in computer monitors

AMD

AM3: Used with the AMD Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, and Opteron processors. AM3+: Used with the AMD Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, and Opteron processors. FM1: Used with the AMD Athlon II processor along with the A-series APUs. FM2: Used with the AMD A4 series, A6 series, A8 series, A10 series, Athlon X2, Athlon X4, FirePro, and Sempron processors. FM2+: Used with the AMD A4 series, A6 series, A8 series, A10 series, Athlon X2, and Athlon X4 processors.

ATX Full-tower

ATX full-tower cases are the largest computer cases. Full-tower cases have a lot of space for external and internal components. ATX full-tower cases are compatible with the following form factors: Standard ATX EATX microATX

ATX Mid-tower

ATX mid-tower cases are slightly smaller than full-tower cases. Mid-tower cases have fewer external and internal bays. ATX mid-tower cases are compatible with the following form factors: Standard ATX microATX Mini-ITX EATX (some)

Multitasking

Ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.

Multithreading OS

Ability to run multiple parts of an application simultaneously.

Multiprocessing

Ability to use multiple processing devices.

expansion card (adapter card)

Add-on circuit boards that improve the performance of a system"s video or sound.

ATX Form Factor

Advanced Technology Extended Power - Either 20 or 24 pins, additional 4/8 pin connector, Rear Input/Output cluster, Expansion slots parallel to short side, 6 memory slots, and left side case opening, 12 X 9.6 In.

Aero

Aero is a set of features that improves the visual appearance of Windows. Features of Aero include: Glass effects on window borders that make borders semi-transparent (translucent). You can view objects behind windows through the window borders. Window animations when windows are opened or closed. Taskbar thumbnails that show the contents of an open window when you move the mouse over items on the taskbar. Windows Flip shows thumbnails of running programs when you use the Alt + Tab keys to switch between running programs. Aero Flip 3D is activated with the + Tab key and shows an expanded 3D view of running programs. The Show Desktop button (on the right side of the taskbar) hides all open windows. Hovering over the button makes the content of all open windows disappear (called Peek). Snap is a new feature that maximizes a window as you drag its border to the edge of the screen. Snapping multiple windows on the screen tiles them side-by-side. In Windows 10, Snap is limited to four apps on the desktop and two apps on a tablet. Shake lets you hide all but the current window. Select the top window border and shake the mouse to hide or unhide all other open windows. Aero is not available in the Windows 7 Home Basic version. In addition, features depend on the graphics card in the system. For example, you might not be able to use Flip 3D if the graphics card does not have the necessary features.

7. Ensure satisfaction

After the problem is fixed, ensure the customer's satisfaction and explain what you did to fix the problem. If possible, have the user perform the task to make sure that they understand and accept that the problem has been resolved.

su -

Allows you to switch user accounts. su - (su with a space and a hyphen) is used to switch to the root user with the home directory and environment variables assigned to the root user.

soft power

An ATX power plug wire carries what's called the power on signal. This signal allows the computer to be turned on or off by the operating system or remotely over the network. This is called soft power. Older computers had to be turned on or off using a hard switch that physically broke the electrical connection. Soft power sends a signal to turn the power supply on or off. The electrical connection is never broken.

IC Insertion and Extraction Tool

An IC insertion and extraction tool is used to add or remove integrated circuit chips that are used on motherboards and some computer components. For example, on some motherboards, you can use the IC insertion and extraction tool to change the BIOS chip.

Brownout

An Under voltage that lasts seconds (lights dim).

Antistatic Pad/Wrist Strap

An antistatic pad provides an insulated covering to prevent static electricity from moving between objects and damaging computer components. When working with computer components, use a wrist strap connected to the antistatic pad and connect the pad to a ground.

Extension Magnet

An extension magnet is a small magnet on a collapsible rod. Use the extension magnet to retrieve screws that have fallen into a computer case or other areas you cannot reach.

Standby power supply (SPS)

An offline devices that provides power when an under-voltage occurs.

Linux

An open source software operating system.

Windows Operating System

An operating system, developed by Microsoft Corporation, that provides a graphical interface. manages our file system

Spike

An over-voltage that lasts milliseconds.

Surge

An over-voltage that lasts seconds.

Power Sag

An under-voltage that lasts milliseconds.

printer cartridge

Another environment issue is printer cartridges. Printer cartridges go dry or run out of toner. If your organization has a lot of printer cartridges, you're going to have a stack of old ones in a very short time. In most communities, these empty printer cartridges should be recycled. Also, most manufacturers accept the empty cartridges back from you, refill them, and then resell them. This reduces landfill waste, provides the manufacturer with a cheap source of empty cartridges, and provides you with a source for less expensive printer cartridges. You can usually purchase a recycled printer cartridge for about half the price of a brand new one.

Monitors

Another issue is old monitors, specifically cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors. CRT monitors are loaded with hazardous substances. In addition to hazardous substances, they also retain a large electrical charge. Even though you've had a monitor sitting unplugged in the closet for six months, there's a capacitor inside that retains a very hefty AC charge, up to 20,000 volts. Don't take your old monitors and just throw them in the garbage. It's probably illegal where you live and it's not a good idea to throw them in the landfill. Check with your local city offices to see where you can take old monitors

thermal hazard

Another safety consideration is thermal radiation or heat. Devices inside a computer generate heat, in particular, the CPU and memory. Allow a system to cool down before you work on it. Some components can get hot enough to cause a severe burn. A heat sink or a heat spreader in a device indicates you should let that device cool down before you touch it. These devices present a definite safety hazard.

Power Hazards

Anytime you work with computers or other electrical devices, remove jewelry to prevent electricity transferring to you or the jewelry getting caught in the equipment. Make sure the grounding pins of plugs are intact. 110 volts is enough to kill you. Power down and unplug devices before working on them. If working on portable computer- REMOVE THE BATTERY before working on it.

component damage

As a technician, you need to understand that a computer component, such as a memory chip or a CPU, can be damaged by an electrostatic discharge as small as 100 volts or less. When you hear 100 volts, it sounds like a lot. We're used to dealing with 110 volts from our wall outlets, so smaller DC voltages of 12, 5, or 3.3 volts, inside the PC makes 100 volts sounds like a lot. When we're talking about ESD, an ESD discharge must be about 3,000 volts before you can see it or feel it. When you touch a doorknob and you get a shock, you're dealing with at least 3,000 volts. This means that you could be working on a PC system and be shocking the daylights out of the components and not even know it because the discharge is so small that you can't see or feel it. However, it's enough to hurt the components.

Audio Jack

Audio jacks are used to send or receive analog audio signals. Audio jacks use 3.5 mm TRS connectors to connect audio devices such as: Speakers Headphones Microphones Audio output devices Audio jacks use a common color code to denote the port type: Green: line out Pink: mic in Blue: line in Orange: subwoofer Black: rear speakers

lifting

Be careful when lifting heavy objects.

Capacitor Hazards

Be sure to discharge capacitors or turn the equipment over to qualified personnel for servicing. Similarly, exercise caution when working with the DC converter in a laptop display.

Remote Disc

Because many modern Apple devices are being manufactured without a CD or DVD installed, Mac OS offers the Remote Disc feature. With Remote Disc

2. Back up the system

Before making changes to the system, back up user and system data (or make sure a recent backup exists). While some changes can be made without affecting user data, you should back up data to protect against unintentional data loss caused by making changes.

unplug the system

Before you start attaching the clips, unplug the case because we've got connectivity going on here. You don't want to be connected to 110 volts.ven when the system is turned off, it still supplies a continuous current to the motherboard.

Boot Camp

Boot Camp is a Mac OS feature that allows an Apple device to install the Microsoft Windows OS. Boot Camp makes installing Windows a very simple process by using the Boot Camp Assistant app. The Boot Camp Assistant:

Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

CMOS is legacy computer chip technology that has become a general term used for the program that stores important system information related to the starting of a computer. It is often used synonymously with BIOS. Data held in CMOS includes the hard disk type and configuration, the order of boot devices, and other configurable settings related to the system hardware. The following are important things to know about CMOS: You changed the data stored in CMOS using a CMOS editor program that was part of the BIOS. CMOS used to refer to the real-time clock and the CMOS chip that stored system information. Both were powered by a CMOS battery. Now, the EEPROM chip stores the system information that used to be stored on the CMOS chip. EEPROM requires no power to maintain data storage. The CMOS battery is still used to keep the real-time system clock running when the computer is powered off. It can be a low-voltage dry cell, lithium mounted on the motherboard, or even AA batteries in a housing clipped on a wall inside of the case. The electric current is about 1 millionth of an amp and can provide effective power for years.

Cache

Cache is memory that the processor can access directly without using the system RAM. There are four types of processor cache: Level 1 (L1) cache is integrated on the processor die itself and stores instructions for the processor. On multi-core systems, each processor typically has its own L1 cache. Some processors might have two L1 caches, one for instructions and one for data. Level 2 (L2) cache is additional cache used for both instructions and data. Depending on the processor, L2 cache might be shared between two or more cores, or exclusive to a single core. Level 3 (L3) cache is additional cache beyond the level 2 cache. For multi-core systems, L3 cache is shared between all cores. Level 4 (L4) cache is shared dynamically between the on-die graphics processor unit (GPU) and CPU. Be aware of the following regarding processor cache: The size of the cache increases as you move from L1 to L4, with L1 cache being the smallest. As a general rule, a processor with more cache performs better than a processor with less cache (all other things being equal). Originally, only L1 cache was on the processor die, with L2 cache being on the motherboard between the CPU and the RAM. As processor technology has advanced, L2 cache moved to the processor die, with L3 cache being on the motherboard. Today, all three cache levels are located on the processor. The L4 cache acts an overflow cache for the L3. Information evicted from L3 is dumped into L4.

CPU

Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer.

cd

Changes directories in the file system. For example, to change to the /home directory in the file system, you would enter cd /home at the shell prompt.

3. Identify possible causes and identify a theory of probable cause

Check for simple, obvious, and common problems first. For example, check power cords, connectors, and common user errors.

Motherboard components

Chipsets ■ Expansion slots and buses ■ Memory slots and external cache ■ CPUs and their sockets ■ Power connectors ■ Onboard disk drive connectors ■ Keyboard connectors ■ Integrated peripheral ports and headers ■ BIOS/firmware ■ CMOS battery ■ Front‐panel connectors

cleanliness

Clean hardware regularly to avoid problems caused by built-up dust.

Blackout

Complete power failure.

ATX Power Connector

Connects to the 24-pin ATX power cable of a power supply unit which supplies power to the motherboard.

Cleaning Solutions and Solvents

Consult the MSDS, a licensed disposal organization, or local authorities for handling and authorized disposal procedures.

CRT Monitor

Contact local authorities for recycling these. CRTs contain many toxic and caustic substances that are illegal to incinerate. Also, discharge before disposal (CRTs can contain high voltages).

Power Supply

Contact local authorities. Recycle, if possible. Discharge before disposal (contains high voltages).Laser Printer Toner Cartridges

Control Panel

Control Panel is a compilation of various utilities that change how a computer looks and behaves. Use the Control Panel to configure settings for hardware devices, manage printers and networks, configure personal settings, and manage the system.

cp

Copies files and directories from one location in the file system to another. For example, to copy the widget.odt file to the /home/rtracy directory, you would enter cp widget.odt /home/rtracy at the shell prompt. To copy an entire directory structure, include the -R option, which specifies that the directory contents be recursively copied.

DDR

DDR (Double-Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM) is a variation of the original synchronous DRAM (SDRAM). All variations of DDR are synchronized with the system clock and accept 64-bit words. DDR accepts a single command and two consecutive data sets per bus clock cycle. Operating at the same frequency, DDR has twice the bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR operates at 2.5 volts at bus frequencies between 100-200 MHz. DDR memory has a single notch, slightly off center. DDR memory has 184 pins.

DDR2

DDR2 doubles the data transfer rate of DDR, for four times the bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR2 accepts four consecutive 64-bit words per bus clock cycle. DDR2 includes a buffer between the data bus and the memory. DDR2 operates at 1.8 volts at bus frequencies between 200-533 MHz. The internal memory frequency is half that of the bus frequency (100-266 MHz). DDR2 memory differs from DDR memory as follows: The notch is slightly closer to the middle. It has 240 pins. While you don't need to count the pins, you should notice that the pins are smaller because they have to fit in the same space as the DDR memory.

DDR3

DDR3 doubles the data transfer rate of DDR2, for eight times the bandwidth of SDRAM (twice that of DDR2). DDR3 accepts eight consecutive 64-bit words per bus clock cycle. DDR3 operates at 1.5 volts at bus frequencies between 400-1000 MHz. The internal memory frequency is one-fourth that of the bus frequency (100-266 MHz). DDR3 memory has a single notch more left of center than the notch for DDR or DDR2. Like DDR2, DDR3 has 240 pins.

DDR4

DDR4 doubles the data transfer rate of DDR3 for ten times the bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR4 accepts eight consecutive 64-bit words per bus clock cycle. DDR4 operates at 1.2 volts at bus frequencies between 1066-2133 MHz. The internal memory frequency is about one-tenth that of the bus frequency (100-266 MHz). DDR4 reduces the demand for power. DDR4 is not compatible with earlier types of random access memory (RAM) because of the different signaling voltages, physical interface, and other factors. DDR4 theoretically allows for DIMMs of up to 512 GB in capacity, compared to the DDR3's theoretical maximum of 128 GB per DIMM. DDR4 memory has a single notch slightly right of center. DDR4 has 288 pins.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

DRAM stores data using a single transistor for every bit of data (a 0 or a 1). To maintain the state of the transistor, DRAM must continually supply power to the transistor; when the power is turned off, the data is lost. DRAM is simple to implement. DRAM can have a very high density (e.g., high storage capacity). Because of the simplicity, DRAM is relatively inexpensive. DRAM is used in the main system memory on a computer.

rm

Deletes files and directories from the file system. For example, to delete the widget.odt file, you would enter rm widget.odt at the shell prompt.

--help

Displays a brief summary of how to use the command.

Is

Displays a list of files and subdirectories that exist within a directory. Several options are commonly used with this command: -a displays all files, including hidden files. -l displays a detailed (long) listing of directory contents including ownership, permissions, modification dates, and file sizes. -R displays the contents of the directory and all of its subdirectories.

info

Displays more extensive documentation about the command. Use the Q key to quit and go back to the shell prompt.

less

Displays the contents of a text file on the screen, pausing the output one screen at a time. For example, to view the contents of the widget.txt file one page at a time, you would enter less widget.txt at the shell prompt.

cat

Displays the contents of a text file on the screen. For example, to view the contents of the widget.txt file, you would enter cat widget.txt at the shell prompt.

head

Displays the first few lines of a text file on the screen. For example, to view the first lines of the widget.txt file, you would enter head widget.txt at the shell prompt.

tail

Displays the last few lines of a text file on the screen. For example, to view the last lines of the widget.txt file, you would enter tail widget.txt at the shell prompt. The -f option can be used with tail to monitor a file for changes. If new content is added to the end of the file (such as a log file), the new lines will be displayed on the screen.

man

Displays the manual page for a command. It's very similar to the help screen, but it provides more detail. Use the Q key to quit and go back to the shell prompt.

8. Document the solution and process

Documenting the solution and process provides you with a record of what the problem was and what you did to solve the problem. In the future, you can check your documentation to see what has changed or to help you remember the solution to common problems. It will save you time and money when troubleshooting problems.

DDR

Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM

vi

Edits the contents of a text file. The vi uses four different operating modes: Command mode Command-line mode Insert mode Replace mode For example, to edit the contents of the widget.txt file, you would enter vi widget.txt at the shell prompt. You would then press the i key to enter Insert mode and make the necessary changes to the file. When done editing the file, you would press the Esc key to enter Command mode. Then you would press the : key to enter command-line mode where you would enter exit or wq (for write and quit) to save your changes and exit the vi editor.

The system boots, but the display remains blank

Either a card or memory module is not seated, or the system includes unsupported memory. Non-parity RAM is incompatible with ECC memory and SDRAM is incompatible with EDO memory.

The system boot fails and sounds a beep code

Either no memory is installed or the memory was not detected.

man ifconfig

Entering man ifconfig will display the manual page for the ifconfig command. It's very similar to the help screen, but it provides more detail.

pc tool kit

Esd wrist wrap, screwdrivers, pliers, 3 prong holder, power supply tester, tone generator and probes, cable tester, loopback plugs, known good spares.

Fire

Every room in which you work should be fire suppressed.

Expansion Slots

Expansion slots (also called expansion buses) allow you to expand the capabilities of your computer by installing expansion cards. There are a number of different expansion slot types: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) PCI-X (Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended) PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

Firmware that controls input and output operations.

peripheral hazards

First is laser printers. Some laser printers use laser light that can damage your eyes. They also use toner, which is toxic if inhaled. Toner is fused, or melted, onto the paper by fuser rollers. During the process, the fuser rollers get very hot and are definitely a safety hazard. The parts of a laser printer that manage the paper path can be complicated and fast. Those parts present another safety hazard within a laser printer. Impact dot matrix printers can also present a hazard. The solenoids, the little coils in the print head, get hot enough to burn you. Next, DVD and CD drives write data with laser light that can damage your eyes. Fiber optic cables also use light that can damage your eyes. Never look down the end of a fiber optic cable. Shine the light into your hand or look for a red dot. Do not look into the cable.

Force Quit

Force Quit is used to stop non-responsive processes and applications. It can also be used to restart the Finder service. Force Quit can be accessed from the Apple menu or the keyboard shortcut Command+Option+Esc.

Game controllers

Game controllers are input devices designed specifically for computer gaming. There are two main types of game controllers: Gamepads are handheld controllers with directional controls on the left and buttons on the right. Joysticks consist of a stick that pivots on a base. Both the stick and the base have several input buttons. Joysticks are typically used with flight simulator games..

Gestures

Gestures are specific finger motions that are used to perform a specific function on a Mac OS system. They are used by Apple systems that use an Apple Multi-Touch trackpad, a Magic Mouse, or a touchscreen. Below are just some of the gestures that are available on Mac OS

most common converter

HDMI to DVI, VGA to Dvi, VGA to HDMI, Ethernet to USB

Linux shell

Has a scripting language Is customizable Has a built in text editor

HTPC

Home theatre PC (HTPC) cases are designed to connect to TVs and be used as a home media computer. HTPC cases are compatible with microATX and Mini-ITX form factors.

Hyper-Treading

Hyper-threading is a feature of some Intel processors that allows a single processor to run threads (instructions) in parallel, as opposed to processing threads linearly. Hyper-threading enables a processor to execute two threads at the same time. For example, on a quad-core Intel system that supports hyper-threading, the processor can execute 8 threads at a time (2 on each core). Hyper-threading is not the same as multithreading. Multithreading is a feature of an application that allows it to send multiple threads at the same time. Applications are typically written to support multithreading to take advantage of multiple cores (executing threads on two or more processors at the same time) or hyper-threading features.

I/O Connectors

I/O connectors for onboard components are located on the back of the motherboard. These connectors typically include the following: PS/2 mouse and keyboard ports USB ports Serial ports (COM 1, 2, 3, and 4) Parallel port Audio jacks Ethernet port

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

I/O firmware that will, eventually, completely replace BIOS.

Risk Analysis

Identify risks associated with the change. For example, allocating additional funding to the project may strain another project's budget. Adding a new member to a team may negatively impact the team's effectiveness as training the new member will cause stress and consume time. Explain why the risks you identify are worth taking, and present a plan for mitigating risks and avoiding problems.

Smoke or Burning Smell

If smoke or a burning smell is observed coming from a computer, it indicates that electricity is not flowing in the correct manner within the system. If smoke is observed, shut the system off immediately. This issue could be caused by:A connector that isn't seated properly and electricity is arcing between leads.A short circuit in the printed circuit board of the motherboard itself or on an expansion board.An improperly installed component. Unfortunately, a component that is smoking has probably already been damaged to some degree. It's unlikely that it will ever function properly again. Replacement components are usually required.

connect ups to the system

If you don't connect the management cable, there is a chance UPS's battery capacity will be shorter than the duration of a power outage.Most UPS systems have a USB cable that you can plug into your PC system. This cable allows communications between the UPS and the computer's operating system. Using this cable, the operating system can monitor the battery's charge. In return, the UPS can send commands to the operating system to shut down.

Not Enough Memory Errors

If you receive Not Enough Memory or Out of Memory errors when you try to open and use more than one program at a time, you may need more physical memory.

Insert CPU

Inserting the CPU is simple. Handle the CPU by the edges without touching the underneath connectors. Drop the processor into place, then push down on the lever to lock the processor into place when using a Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket that uses a lever to allow installation of the processor. Be sure to orient the CPU appropriately with the socket.In most cases, the pin array is keyed so that the CPU can be inserted in only one way.For processors that can be inserted multiple ways, be sure to line up pin 1 on the processor with pin 1 in the processor slot. Pin 1 is typically identified with a dot or a triangle. Fill unused processor slots with a special terminating resistor when installing a processor in a multi-processor system. Be sure that the speed of the processors are the same when adding multiple processors in a multi-processor system, .

CPU Manufacturer

Intel and AMD are the two major producers of processors used in modern PCs. Both Intel and AMD processors work in PC systems and support Windows software. Intel has a larger market share, while AMD processors generally cost less. Processor performance and special features vary between models and manufacturers.

Intermittent Device Failure

Intermittent device failure occurs when a component occasionally stops working. This usually indicates that the device itself is failing. The best remedy is to replace the failing device because it will fail completely at some point. Immediate replacement prevents this from happening. Intermittent device failures may also be caused by device drivers that aren't functioning properly. Device drivers are software and may contain coding errors. Before replacing a device experiencing intermittent failures, first verify that the latest drivers for that device have been loaded. Sometimes downloading the latest driver and installing it will solve the problem. If it doesn't, then the device itself may need to be replaced.

What does the kernel do?

It's responsible for managing the file system. It's responsible for managing security, for working with the hardware, and for providing a platform for applications to run on. The kernel runs behind the scenes and does the bulk of the work, so you won't work directly with it.

External Components

Keyboard Mouse Microphone Web Camera External Hard Drives Others Audio: Speakers Headphones Printer Monitor

keyboard

Keyboards connect through a USB port. Many keyboards include special function keys that simplify playing music or browsing the internet. Some keyboards include a built-in USB port that can be used to connect other peripheral devices.

Keychain

Keychain is Mac OS's password management utility. Keychain can hold password-protected data for the following categories

Known Good Spares

Known good spares are a set of components that you know are in proper functioning order. If you suspect a problem in a component, swap it with the known good component. If the problem is not resolved, troubleshoot other components. Examples of using this strategy are: Changing the cable connecting a computer to the network Connecting a different monitor to a computer Replacing an expansion card

Ethernet ports

Looks similar to a phone jack. Connects a computer to another computer, a local network, or an external DSL or cable modem.

Onboard Components

Many motherboards include onboard components (such as network cards, audio cards, video cards, or USB and FireWire connections). Selecting a motherboard with onboard devices is typically cheaper than buying separate expansion cards for each feature. However, the quality of these onboard devices might not be as high as dedicated expansion cards.

Error Messages

Memory error usually indicate a failing module or discrepancies between new and old memory. Avoid the latter problem by not mixing new and old memory. Ensure that the memory is functioning properly and is compatible with the system. If the memory is good and fully compatible, these error messages could mean that the motherboard has a problem. The following are some common error messages you may encounter: Memory mismatch error Memory parity interrupt at x Memory address error at x Memory failure at x, read y, expecting z Memory verify error at x

Mini-ITX Tower

Mini-ITX towers are designed to house mini-ITX motherboards. They are typically smaller than microATX towers.

Mission Control

Mission Control is a desktop and windows management utility used to access several Mac OS features.

Mobile Processors

Mobile CPUs are used in mobile computers and cell phones where portability and mobility are a concern. Special versions of processors are built to minimize power consumption and the amount of heat generated.

enviromental concerns

Most communities have laws that dictate the kinds of substances and materials you put in the common trash and the types of materials you must dispose of in another way. Environmental laws vary around the nation

Configure CMOS Settings

Most motherboards automatically detect the processor speed. If not, you might need to use jumpers or edit the CMOS to configure the processor speed. For newer processors released after the motherboard, you might be able to add support for the processor by updating the BIOS. Typically, the processor will run at a speed lower than its rating if the motherboard does not support the higher speed. As a best practice, you should update the BIOS shortly after installing the processor (you must have a processor and memory installed to update the BIOS). An important feature in the BIOS/UEFI is the Execute Disable Bit. Execute Disable Bit (EDB) is an Intel hardware-based security feature that can help reduce system exposure to viruses and malicious code. EDB allows the processor to classify areas in memory where application code can or cannot execute. When a malicious worm attempts to insert code in the buffer, the processor disables code execution, preventing damage and worm propagation. To use Execute Disable Bit, you must have a PC or server with a processor with Execute Disable Bit capability and a supporting operating system. EDB-enabled processors by Intel are indicated by a "J" after the CPU model number. Execute Disable Bit is abbreviated as EDB (by Intel) or XDB.

Motion sensor

Motion sensors are devices that are able to detect the slightest amount of movement in an area. They are typically used with security systems and require special software and configuration. Two types of motion sensors exist: Active motion sensors use ultrasonic sound waves to detect movement in an area. If movement is detected, something happens (e.g., a door opens or an alarm triggers). Passive motion sensors detect infrared energy, which is emitted by humans and animals. Passive motion sensors ignore small changes in infrared energy in order to avoid false alarms. Passive motion sensors are sometimes called passive infrared sensors (PIR).

mv

Moves and/or renames files and directories from one location or name to another. For example, to move the widget.odt file in your current working directory to the /home/rtracy directory, you would enter mv widget.odt /home/rtracy at the shell prompt. Before moving it, you could rename it to newwidget.odt by entering mv widget.odt newwidget.odt or, alternatively, you could rename and move it simultaneously by entering mv widget.odt /home/rtracy/newwidget.odt.

Near Field Communication (NFC)/ Tap Pay Device

NFC is a set of communication protocols that allows devices to communicate when they are within 1.6 inches of one another. NFC technology is most often employed between a base and a smart phone to allow Tap Pay transactions at stores and restaurants; the user places their phone within proximity of the base and uses an app to make an electronic transactions from their mobile phone. NFC is also used to share contacts, photos, videos, and documents, such as identity documents and key cards.

NLX Form Factor

NLX (new low profile extended) is an old form factor that was designed for use in slimline desktop computers. NLX: Uses a detachable riser card to provide expansion slots (the motherboard itself has no expansion slots). Allows the motherboard to slide in or out of the system case easily. Was replaced by microATX and Mini-ITX.

Notebook

Notebook cases are generally proprietary and often vary among models.

Motherboard Standoff

On this flat metal plate where the motherboard is going to installed, there are a bunch of threaded holes. These are where the standoffs screw into. Motherboard standoffs are important for a couple reasons. If we look at the back of the motherboard, we can see all the solder points and traces. If these were to lie flat with the case, they could short out and ruin the motherboard. The standoffs create a space that prevents this. The space also allows airflow to flow behind the motherboard which aids in cooling.

electro discharge

One issue that can cause a CPU to fail prematurely is electrostatic discharge. If you don't use proper static prevention techniques, you could discharge static electricity through the leads on the bottom of the CPU, which can cause it to fail prematurely. To keep this from happening, you should use a static mat when working with CPUs and ground yourself to the static mat with a wrist strap.

Intermittent problems

One of the tougher detection challenges is the intermittent occurrence of error messages, crashes, or sudden reboots. The trouble in diagnosing this situation is the number of potential problems, including timing, heat, corrosion, fluctuating power, loose connections, EMI, or a combination of these problems.

Distended capacitors

Over time, the capacitors on the motherboard may become overstressed or overheated.

Distended Capacitors

Over time, the capacitors on the motherboard may become overstressed or overheated. When this happens, they may bulge or even begin to leak fluid. Distended capacitors usually fail at some point, causing the motherboard to fail. For example, if the fans in the power supply spin up when you power on a system, but the motherboard itself doesn't start, it is possible that capacitors on the motherboard have become distended. If this happens, inspect the motherboard and look for capacitors that are swollen on top or leaking brown liquid. While it is possible to carefully replace a failed capacitor on the motherboard, it is usually faster and more cost-effective to replace the entire motherboard.

Overclocking

Overclocking is pushing a CPU beyond its designed specifications. Overclocking can give you a marginal increase in performance, but will decrease your CPU's life. Some Intel processors include a Turbo Boost feature. Turbo Boost, the opposite of throttling, allows the processor to dynamically run above its rated speed to improve performance. Unlocked processors are processors whose speed can be changed above their rated speed through overclocking. With overclocking, you increase the speed and often the voltage to increase the performance of the processor. Overclocking typically voids the CPU warranty and could lead to shorter component lifetimes. Some multi-core processors (such as a triple-core CPU) have additional cores that have been disabled. With the appropriate motherboard support, you might be able to unlock and use the additional core(s). However, stability of the extra cores is not guaranteed.

CPU Socket Types

Pin Grid Array (PGA): PGA processors implement a series of pins on the underside of the processor package in an array. The pins are inserted into corresponding receptacles within the processor socket on the motherboard. Land Grid Array (LGA): The LGA socket moves the connecting pins from the processor package to the socket itself. Conducting pads are implemented on the bottom of the processor that contact the protruding pins from the processor socket.

Power Issues

Power supplies wear out over time, especially if they're overheated or overstressed. If the power supply can't provide adequate amounts of electricity to the system, the computer may exhibit one of several behaviors: It may unexpectedly shut down. It may continuously reboot itself. It may not power on at all. Pin 8 on the power supply connector connects to the power good wire on the motherboard. If power disappears off that wire, the motherboard shuts down. If power quickly reappears on that wire, the system may attempt to come back on by itself, resulting in continual reboots. If power does not reappear on this wire, then the system will shut off. For example, a failing power supply may not provide enough voltage on this wire for the system to initially boot up. If these symptoms are observed, test the power supply to determine if it's the source of the problem. Turn the power supply on and then test the voltage supplied on either a motherboard connector or on a hard disk connector. If the voltage is less than expected, then the power supply may be at fault. For example, if a 12 volt wire is carrying less than 11 volts, the power supply is probably failing. If this is the case, do the following to rectify the issue: Purchase a new power supply. Remove the old power supply from the system Mount the new power supply. Connect the new power supply to the motherboard and to all other internal devices. Power the system on and verify that the symptoms have been eliminated.

Prepare for Installation

Preparing for a CPU installation will help to ensure that your new components are not damaged before installation. Use anti-static protection when installing a CPU. Ensure that the CPU and motherboard socket type match. The socket identifies the number and layout of pins. Verify that the motherboard supports the processor speed. Verify how heat connectivity will be established between the CPU and heatsink.

Backout Plan

Present a plan for returning affected systems to their original state if your proposed change to a hardware or software implementation fails.

Speed

Processors operate using an internal clock that is the same as, or is a multiple of, the motherboard bus speed. The speed is represented in megahertz (MHz) and is also referred to as the frequency. You can purchase processors of the same type but with different speed ratings. When selecting a processor, make sure the motherboard supports the processor speed by reading the motherboard documentation first. Most motherboards automatically detect the processor speed. If not, you might need to use jumpers or edit the CMOS to configure the processor speed.

Cooling

Processors require some form of heat dissipation system to function properly. Without a heat dissipation system, a processor will overheat and burn out in less than a minute. CPUs use a heat sink, fan, thermal paste, liquid, or fanless cooling system to transfer heat from the CPU to the cooling unit.

Projector

Projectors are display devices that use light to project display output onto a wall or screen. Projectors are often used in classrooms and meetings to display information for a large audience. The brightness of light from projectors and other output devices is measured in lumens. Projectors may use light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or other hardware.

Plan

Provide a plan for implementing the change. This plan may include extending the project schedule, requesting additional resources, requesting additional funding, and any other impacts to the project.

Purpose

Provide an explanation about why you wish to make this change to the project.

Scope

Provide an explanation about why you wish to make this change to the project.

RJ11 ports (Phone jacks) *Remember, RJ45's (ethernet cable) have 8 pins, RJ11's have 4 pins!

RJ11 ports are used by telephones and modems to send analog signals. RJ11 ports have (four connector pins.)

RJ45 Ports (Ethernet Ports)

RJ45 ports are used to create Ethernet networks by connecting multiple computers and networking devices. RJ45 ports have (eight connector pins.)

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries

Recycle these; NiMH batteries are considered a non-hazardous waste in most U.S. States, with the exception of California.

Lithium and Lithium Ion Batteries

Recycle these; lithium batteries are considered a non-hazardous waste.

PC System

Recycle, give it away, or resell it; a typical PC contains $5 to $25 worth of precious metals. Remember to clean the hard drive before disposing of the machine.

PC System Disposal

Recycle, give it away, or resell it; contains $5 to $25 worth of precious metals. Remember to clean the hard drive before disposing of the machine.

alkaline batteries

Recycle, if possible, otherwise dispose of alkaline batteries as your local laws require. For example, in some states, you can throw them in the regular trash. In California, it is illegal to throw them in the common trash. They are considered hazardous waste and are supposed to go with the household hazardous waste collection for special recycling.

Inkjet Printer Cartridges

Recycle; you can return the cartridges to the manufacturer for recycling or recycle them yourself.

humidity

Remember that humidity is your friend when you're dealing with electrostatic discharge. The higher the humidity, the less likely that an electrostatic discharge will occur. Dry air acts as a resistor and allows static electricity to build up. To keep static down, you should keep the humidity in your work area relatively high.

Laser Printer Toner Cartridges

Return to the manufacturer for recycling (to clean up spills, use a toner vacuum or a scoop and a damp cloth; never use a regular vacuum).

Overclocking

Running a processor at a higher frequency than is recommended by the manufacturer, which can result in an unstable system, but is a popular thing to do when a computer is used for gaming.

SATA Connector

SATA connectors are used to deliver power from the power supply to a peripheral device such as a hard drive. This is newer technology replacing Molex connectors. Has one red (+5v), one yellow (+12v) and a black wire for each (grounds).

Double-Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM

SRAM stores data using four transistors for every bit of data. SRAM does not require constant power to maintain the contents of memory. SRAM is more complex and less dense (e.g., lower storage capacity) than DRAM. SRAM is faster and requires less power than DRAM. Regular SRAM still requires periodic power to maintain the state of memory, but the rate of refresh is less than with DRAM. Non-volatile SRAM (nvSRAM) is able to maintain memory contents when the power is turned off. SRAM is typically used in cache memory, such as CPU cache, hard disk cache, and cache in networking devices.

Scanner

Scanners are used to scan hard-copy images and documents and convert them into digital input for the PC. For example, film photos can be scanned and saved as image files.

Search

Search is a feature to help you find documents on your computer.

USB ports

Short for Universal Serial Bus, an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards (2.0 blk) (blu 3.0)

shutdown

Shuts down or reboots the system in a secure manner. The syntax of the shutdown command is shutdown -h|-r +m message. The options for the shutdown command include: +m specifies when to perform the shutdown operation. m is the amount of time is specified in minutes. -h instructs the system to shut down and power down. -r instructs the system to reboot after the shutdown. -p powers off the machine. message specifies a message that is sent to all users that accompanies the standard shutdown notification.

Radio frequency interference (RFI)

Signals caused by cordless phones, microwave ovens, and wireless devices that interfere with wireless networking.

Signature Pad

Signature pads are used to obtain signatures for transactions and agreements. The user uses a stylus on a touch screen to sign his or her name. The signature is captured and stored digitally. Signature pads are commonly used in retail stores and restaurants.

Software-generated memory problems

Software errors include: Registry error - Parts of the registry are written to faulty sections of RAM. Exception error - A software bug can cause this type of error. General-protection fault - A software bug can cause this type of error. Page fault - A software bug can cause this type of error.

High Disk Usage

Some operating systems send data to the hard disk drive if there is not enough physical memory available. If you hear the hard drive constantly operating as you work, or if the hard drive light on the front of the system case stays illuminated for long periods of time, you may need to add more physical memory to the computer.

Spotlight

Spotlight is an indexing utility that can perform system-wide searches to locate folders, files, apps, and internet results that contain the specified search phrase. Spotlight is access pressing Command(⌘)+Spacebar or by selecting the Spotlight icon on the Status menu.

Standardization

Standardization allows components from different manufacturers to be interchangeable. If a component meets the specified standards, it will work in the computer, regardless of manufacturer.

bash

Starts a new Bourne-again shell (bash) session.

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)

Static electricity that can build up and discharge causing damage to electronic components. Antistatic devices help prevent ESD damage.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Stores data using a single transistor for every bit of data.

Static RAM (SRAM)

Stores data using four transistors for every bit of data.

System Preferences

System Preferences is the utility used to change settings for nearly every aspect of Mac OS.

Terminal

Terminal is Mac OS's command line interface utility. It is similar to the terminal used in Linux systems. Terminal:

4. Test your theory

Test your theory to verify the cause of the problem.If your theory is not correct, examine other possible causes (return to the previous step).At this point, if the problem is caused by simple things like an unplugged system, you can safely take actions to resolve the problem.If the cause is not a simple one, identify the necessary steps to correct the problem.If you cannot identify the cause of the problem, or if the problem is beyond your ability or responsibility to fix, escalate the problem.Escalation means turning the problem over to someone more capable of handling the problem. When escalating the problem, be sure to detail the actions you took and the information you have discovered up to this point.5. Create an action plan

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

The BIOS is a legacy program stored in a read-only memory (ROM) chip that the CPU automatically loads and executes when it receives power. Important things to know about the BIOS are: The BIOS program controls the startup process and loads the operating system into memory. The BIOS is firmware. You should frequently check for BIOS updates from the manufacturer. Updating the BIOS (called flashing the BIOS) makes new features available, such as allowing the BIOS to recognize newer hardware devices. Most BIOS chips vary from 265 KB to 1 MB in size. Video cards include a BIOS chip on the device. These devices have their own ROM chip called an option ROM (OpROM).

BTX

The BTX (balanced technology extended) form factor was designed as a replacement for the ATX form factor. However, it did not gain widespread adoption. With BTX: The CPU is positioned in such a way that air flow is increased. There is no heatsink fan. Instead, a thermal module or shroud fits over the CPU to move heat directly out of the system. The back panel orientation and mounting location is reversed.

CMOS Battery

The CMOS battery is used to keep an accurate date and time, even when the motherboard has no power. In older motherboards, the CMOS battery was also used to retain BIOS configuration settings, which were stored in volatile memory called the CMOS chip.

Command Key (Apple)

The Command (⌘) key is the primary modifier key on Apple systems. For example, Command+C copies the selected item to the clipboard, and Command+V pastes the contents of the Clipboard.

control key

The Control (^) key is primarily used for text document navigation. For example, Control+H deletes the character to the left of the cursor. The Control key can also be used in conjunction with other keys to perform system tasks. For example, Command+Control+Power button forces the Mac OS to restart.

DB-15 port

The DB-15 port is used by legacy gamepads, joysticks, and MIDI devices. A 15-pin female port that transmits analog video. Also known as VGA.

Dock

The Dock is the main taskbar in Mac OS. The Dock is used to launch apps, switch between running apps, access the Trash, and access specific folders.

Extended ATX(EATX)

The EATX form factor is the largest ATX variant. EATX: Measures 12" × 13" Typically uses extra space for additional memory slots

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)

The EEPROM is a RAM chip that replaced the CMOS chip. Important things about EEPROM are: EEPROM is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store relatively small amounts of data. EEPROM allows individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed. EEPROM replaced EPROM chips and are used for computer BIOS built after 1994. EEPROM chips allow you to update the BIOS/UEFI in your computer without having to open the computer and remove any chips.

Fn key

The Fn key is typically only found on Apple notebooks and is used to access the F1-F12 keys on the keyboard. It can also be used to access the special icon function on particular keys.

HDMI port

The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) port and DisplayPort are used to send high-quality digital video and audio signals. The following devices use the HDMI and DisplayPort: LCD monitors HDTVs

ITX Form Factor

The ITX form factor was designed for low-power, small form factor (SFF) computers. The most common ITX form factor is the Mini-ITX form factor. The Mini-ITX form factor: Specifies a maximum motherboard size of 6.7" × 6.7" Has only one expansion slot Allows for small (100 watt) power supplies Is typically used with a home theater PC (HTPC) Other ITX form factors include the following: Nano-ITX (4.7" × 4.7") Pico-ITX (3.9" × 2.85") Mobile-ITX (2.9" × 1.7")

Option (Alt) Key

The Option (⌥) key is used for application shortcuts and navigation shortcuts. For example, Option+Right/Left Arrow navigates between words in a text document.

The system boots, but the memory count is incorrect

The POST failed to recognize all of the memory. This can happen with incompatible memory installation. Remember to avoid combining dual-bank with single-bank memory. If any problem is detected during system boot, check the BIOS settings.

PS/2 (Mini-DIN-6)

The PS/2 port, also called mini-DIN-6, is used to connect older PS/2 keyboard or mouse devices. PS/2 ports are color coded. Purple denotes the keyboard port, and green denotes the mouse port. -The PS/2 port has been superseded by the USB port.

Coaxial S/PDIF & Fiber S/PDIF

The S/PDIF port is used to send a digital audio signal to high-end audio devices such as home theatre systems or Dolby Digital surround sound systems. Coaxial S/PDIF ports use a copper coaxial cable to transmit signals. -Fiber S/PDIF ports use fiber optic cables to transmit signals.

Spotlight (Mac OS)

The Spotlight utility can be accessed by pressing Command + Space Bar, or clicking the Search icon up here. Spotlight allows you to search for applications, folders, and files that reside on the system.

Start

The Start is the easiest way to access the most useful things on your computer. The list of programs in the Start is divided by a separator line into two sections, pinned default programs and the most used programs. The Start can be customized for each user. The Start's appearance is different with each Windows version. The Start is found in Windows 7 and 10.

Thunderbolt port

The Thunderbolt port combines PCI Express (PCIe) and DisplayPort signals into a single interface. The Thunderbolt port can also provide DC power. Thunderbolt ports are mainly used for external displays.

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI

The UEFI was designed to replace the BIOS. Important things about UEFI are: The UEFI is firmware. The UEFI program controls the startup process and loads the operating system into memory. The UEFI design improves the software interoperability and the address limitations of BIOS. The UEFI provides better security to protect against bootkit (malware attacks on the boot process) attacks. The UEFI provides faster startup times. The UEFI supports drives larger than 2.2 terabytes. The UEFI supports 64-bit firmware device drivers. The UEFI is compatible with both BIOS and UEFI hardware. You should frequently check for UEFI updates from the manufacturer. Updating the UEFI (called flashing the UEFI) makes new features available.

USB port

The USB port is one of the most common computer ports. USB ports are used to connect a variety of devices. Mouse and keyboard devices External storage devices Digital cameras Printers Scanners Microphones Webcams

multitasking OS

The ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.

Multithreading

The ability to run multiple parts of an application simultaneously.

Multiprocessing OS

The ability to use multiple processing devices.

app menu on mac

The app menu is where application-specific settings appear. This menu changes depending on the active application.

Menu Bar (on Mac)

The bar at the top of the screen starting with the apple symbol. Next to the apple is the name of the active program.

Chipset

The chipset is a group of chips that facilitates communication between the processor, memory, and peripheral devices. With chipsets: The memory controller and graphics controller are on the CPU. The remaining functionality is combined into a single controller chip.Intel processors use the Platform Controller Hub (PCH).AMD processors use the Fusion Controller Hub (FCH). The front-side bus is replaced by the Direct Media Interface (DMI).

Kernel

The core of the operating system that is loaded into memory when the system boots up.

Desktop

The desktop is the working surface that contains icons that access programs, files, applications, and file systems. The desktop is what is seen when all programs and open folders are minimized. Installing an application often adds an icon to the desktop.Start

Utilities

The features or programs included with an operating system that perform system-related tasks.

Firmware

The firmware on a motherboard is stored on integrated flash memory. Motherboards use one of two firmware implementations: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

CompTIA A+ certification

The first half of the CompTIA A+ certification for computer technicians. The 901 exam focuses primarily on understanding terminology and technology, how to do fundamental tasks such as upgrading RAM, and basic network and mobile device support.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

The flow of electricity from one electrically charged object to another.

Install Heat Sink and Fan

The heat sink and fan are installed on top of the CPU. CPUs require a heat sink and most desktop systems also use a fan for cooling. When installing a heat sink, use thermal grease or a thermal pad between the processor die and the heat sink. This maximizes heat transfer between the processor and the CPU.

What is interface?

The interface allows the user to interact with the kernel and the utilities. There are two different types of interfaces.

cleaning solutions

The last thing we're going to talk about is cleaning solutions. As a PC technician, you may not work with a lot of different types of cleaning solutions. However, you'll probably work with denatured alcohol. Denatured alcohol is a great solvent for cleaning computer components and cases. In most communities, it's against the law to pour denatured alcohol down the drain. Make sure you consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for proper handling, storage, and disposal of each product you work with.

internal components

The main components installed in a computer case.

MicroATX

The microATX form factor is a smaller version of the ATX form factor. The microATX form factor: Measures 9.6" × 9.6" Has four expansion slots

Parallel DB-25 connector, connects to a 25-pin parallel port

The parallel port connects older devices that use a parallel interface, such as printers, hard drives, and gamepads. The parallel port was superseded by the USB and RJ45 port.

Hardware

The physical components of a computer.

Change management

The process of regulating changes to a project once it is underway.

Process Size

The process size refers to the manufacturing process used to etch transistors onto the silicon wafer that will become the CPU. A smaller process size means smaller transistors, which translates into a smaller CPU die with more transistors and less power consumption. Process size is expressed in microns (such as .25 microns) or nanometers (90 nm which equals .09 microns).

batterries

The proper disposal of batteries can be confusing. Disposal guidelines vary for different batteries. For example, in most states you can throw alkaline batteries in the regular trash, but in California, you can't. They are considered hazardous waste and should be disposed of with the household hazardous waste collection for special recycling.The disposal of laptop and notebook batteries are an environmental issue also. Most laptop batteries today are lithium ion batteries. However, some are nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride batteries. The problem with these types of batteries is that they go bad relatively fast. They don't often last more than a year or two. If you're servicing or supporting notebook systems, you'll find that you're replacing batteries for your users frequently. The question is what do you do with the old ones? In most communities, it's against the law to throw these batteries in the common trash because they're loaded with toxic chemicals. They need to be disposed of in the manner dictated by your local community. Contact your local environment management office to see if there's a recycling facility available

electrostatic discharge (ESD)

The rapid flow of electric current between two objects of different electrical potential. Because it can carry a large charge, ESD can cause serious damage to electronic equipment.

Serial DB-9 connector, connects to a 9-pin serial port

The serial port is used to connect serial devices, such as a barcode scanner, dial-up modem, or serial mouse. Serial ports are also used to configure and manage some networking devices. RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It defines the signals connecting computer equipment like a computer and a modem. The RS-232 standard was commonly used in computer serial ports. USB has replaced RS-232 for most of its peripheral interface roles. Many computers no longer come equipped with RS-232 ports.

Standard ATX

The standard ATX form factor is the form factor that all other variants are modeled after. ATX motherboards: Measure 12" × 9.6" Have up to seven expansion slots Have between six and nine mounting holes

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

The system installed within buildings to control temperature by supplying heat and air conditioning.

Taskbar

The taskbar is the bar displayed at the bottom of a Windows desktop (although its position can be changed). The taskbar:Contains icons that represent each program or application currently running or pinned to the taskbar for quick access. You launch a pinned program by selecting the icon on the taskbar.Can be configured to display different types of toolbars. For instance, Quick Launch is a toolbar that contains shortcuts to designated programs.Notification Area

VGA port

The video graphics array (VGA) port is used to connect external display devices such as projectors and some monitors. VGA ports: Transmit an analog video signal. Have three rows of five pins. Use a DE-15 connector.

Internal Connectors

There are a number of connectors on motherboards for components such as power supplies, fans, and LED lights. Computer cases often have front panel ports (e.g., USB, FireWire, or audio ports) that need to be connected to the motherboard. These ports are connected to the motherboard's front panel connectors, which are also called headers. External ports that are not available on the motherboard are often added using expansion cards.

Button Batteries

These are considered hazardous waste because they contain mercuric oxide, lithium, silver oxide or zinc-air. Return to manufacturer, recycle, or contact local authorities for disposal procedures.

Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) Batteries

These are considered hazardous waste; take these batteries to either a household hazardous waste site or a recycling center.

Tone generator and probe

These devices are used to locate cables in a wiring closet. The tone generator is typically placed at the user end, and a probe is waved around in the wiring closet to locate the connection. It will make a distinctive noise when it is near the correct cable. • Find a specific wire • 2 pieces; tone generator and inductive probe

cpu connectors

These next two connectors also plug in to the motherboard and are used to provide auxiliary power to the CPU. Auxiliary power is necessary because most processors require more power than the ATX power plug can provide. Less power hungry CPU's use a ATX 12-volt 4-pin connector. Newer CPU's require more power. They use this 8-pin connector called an EPS 12-volt connector.

Hard Disk Drive

This stores all the software, files and data. Its size is measured in bytes (usually gigabytes). The bigger it is the more data can be stored. Images and media files require a lot of file space.

Throttling

Throttling is the process of modifying the operating characteristics of a processor based on current conditions. Throttling is often used in mobile processors to change the operating frequency to minimize power consumption and heat output. Throttling can also be used in low memory conditions to slow down the processing of I/O memory requests, processing one sequence at a time in the order the request was received. Related to throttling, processors or the operating system can shut down unused cores in multi-core systems to conserve energy.

use static mat

To equalize charges, use a static mat. A static mat equalizes a static charge. A static mat is composed of a conductive surface. This surface is designed to conduct electricity. Taking an electrical component, such as a piece of memory or a CPU, and setting it on a static mat establishes connectivity between that device and the mat. That way, there's no charge being built up. Any charge that does get built up dissipates between the computer part and the mat and whatever the mat is connected to.

ground yourself

To ground yourself, use a wristband that has a little metal plate and connect the wristband to your wrist. This establishes connectivity between you and the case and between the case and the mat. Now when you set things up this way, there can be no static charge built up between you, the case or the mat. Everything is equalized because any current that does build up immediately gets dissipated through the system. Everything stays in equilibrium.

Integrated Memory Controller

To improve performance, some processors include the memory controller with an integrated graphics processing unit (GPU) on the processor die, resulting in faster memory access by the processor.

ESD wrist strap

To prevent static electricity in your body from damaging electrical components on a circuit board, you can wear this. It is equipped with a clip that you can attach to something with a ground potential (for example, a large metal desk). While wearing this, if you have any static buildup in your body, the static flows to the object with a ground potential to which your strap is clipped, thus avoiding damage to any electrical components that you might touch.

Touch pad

Touch pads are typically found on notebook computers and are used in place of a mouse. Users slide their finger on the touch pad to manipulate the cursor. Touch pads can also be used with desktop computers. These touch pads connect to the computer through a USB port and are used instead of a mouse.

Optical Disk Drive (ODD)

Type of optical disc used by Nintendo that is similar to a DVD.

configure the ups

UPS software installed and running on my Windows 10 machine. The actual software you use will depend upon which UPS you've purchased. The APC company provides a popular UPS system that uses PowerChute software. That's what we're using. When we start the PowerChute application, by default, the Monitor Your System tab is displayed. Here we can view a summary of historical power events that have occurred, and we can also view battery backup status information.

UniDIMM

UniDIMM (Universal DIMM) is a specification for DIMMs and is designed to carry DRAM chips. UniDIMMs can be populated with either DDR3 or DDR4 chips, but do not support any additional memory control logic. Because of this, the computer's memory controller must support both DDR3 and DDR4 memory standards. UniDIMM: Is an upgrade to the current SODIMM standard Allows mobile platform users to use both DDR3 and DDR4

Troubleshoot

Use the following troubleshooting tips if you are having problems with your installation: Spontaneous reboot or intermittent system crashes: An overheated CPU will cause a spontaneous reboot or intermittent system crashes. A spontaneous reboot can also be caused by a bad power supply or device driver. A clicking noise when reading or writing data from the hard disk is an early sign of a failing drive. System lockups and restarts: Because you have just replaced the processor, the most likely cause of the problem is related to the CPU. System lockups and restarts can be caused by an overheated processor. Make sure the CPU fan is running, and that you have used thermal paste between the CPU and the heat sink. System beeps regularly, nothing is shown on the screen and it doesn't start: Flashing the BIOS is often required to upgrade system components that are part of the motherboard, such as to upgrade to a faster processor. If the motherboard lists the processor as supported but it is not correctly recognized, update the BIOS to the latest version. Before you can do this, you must reinstall the old processor in the system to get it back up and running again. Press F8 while booting to enter the advanced boot menu when Windows loads. However, this option assumes the BIOS has loaded correctly and the computer passed the POST tests. Replacing the motherboard is likely not required as the motherboard was working correctly and the documentation states the CPU is compatible with the motherboard. Replace the CPU only after you have determined that it is faulty.

User Account Control (UAC)

User Account Control (UAC) is a feature that helps minimize the dangers of unwanted actions or unintended software installations.

video ports

VGA, DVI, HDMI all examples of

Virtualization

Virtualization is the ability to install and run multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single physical machine. Virtualization typically includes the following components: a physical machine, hypervisor, virtual machine, and virtual hard disk (VHD). The virtual machines appear as self-contained and separate physical systems. Virtualization is performed by adding a thin layer of software, called a hypervisor, between the physical system and the operating system. A hypervisor allows virtual machines to interact with the hardware without going through the host operating system. Early virtualization was performed using software only. Newer virtualization uses special instructions supported by the processor to improve performance. There are several different types of hypervisor software.VMware Workstation and ESX (made by VMware)Hyper-V (made by Microsoft)XEN (open source) If you are planning on implementing a virtual solution, check to see whether hardware support in the CPU is required. Hardware support is provided by processors with the following features:Intel's Virtualization Technology (VT)AMD's AMD Virtualization (AMD-V)

Using a multimeter or power supply tester..

Voltage levels should be within +/- 5% of normal. If they aren't, the power supply is bad or failing and should be replaced. (11.4 and 12.6 volts)

remove static producing materials

Watch out for static producing materials in your work area. These include plastic and Styrofoam. Plastic and Styrofoam can build up a great deal of electrical charge in you that can subsequently shock your components. Keep plastic and Styrofoam away from your work area as much as possible.

Interface

What allows the user to interact with the kernel and the utilities.

Overheating

When a computer's internal components generate heat that does not dissipate, harming the computer's functions and hardware.

step 1 Identify the problem

When identifying the problem, resist the urge to start fixing things at this point. To identify the problem: Ask the user to describe the problem, check for error messages, or recreate the problem. Establish what has changed. Most often, problems are caused by new hardware, software, or changes to the configuration. If necessary, carefully ask users to discover what might have changed that could have caused the problem. Remember to inquire about environmental and infrastructure changes that could be relevant. Review system and application logs. Check knowledge base articles, network topology diagrams, and any other documents that may provide helpful information.

Connect Fan Power

When the CPU includes a fan, be sure to connect the fan power to the motherboard.

6. Test the solution

When you are testing your solution, do the following: Ensure that the problem is fully resolved and that implementation did not cause any new problems. If necessary, take additional actions to prevent the problem from happening again.

follow safe handling guidelines

When you're handling an electrical component out of the computer, like a memory chip or a CPU, don't touch the gold or silver leads on the bottom of the component. On the expansion board card, don't touch the little tab connectors. The reason is that any static discharge goes through these leads traveling right into the heart of that component and probably shorting circuits. So don't touch the leads.

ESD protection (pc)

When you're working on a PC system, this could be a bad thing because a discharge can damage PC components. Make sure that the static charges between you and the case are equalized.

ground computer

When you're working on a PC system, you need to establish connectivity between the case, the mat, and you. First, take the case and use an alligator clip to connect or ground the case to the mat. Now we've got connectivity established between the mat and the case. No difference in static charge can be built up between the mat and the case itself.

Windows Explorer

Windows Explorer is a graphical user interface (GUI) for viewing and managing the file system.

use static shielding bags

You should store your components in static shielding bags. If you've ever bought a computer part from a computer store before, then you've probably noticed that the part came in a gray bag. That's a static shielding bag. It has an additional layer built into it underneath the plastic that absorbs electrical discharges as they occur. It dissipates the discharges around the component instead of letting them go through and hurting the component. If you ever purchase a part and it comes in a pink, blue, green, or clear bag, those are static resistant bags. If you see this kind of bag, be extra careful because those bags don't provide the same level of protection against ESD that a static shielding bag does.

Physical hazards

Your physical surroundings are another component of safety. Arrange the room that you work in to eliminate physical hazards. Use proper cable management and don't leave wires on the floor. Don't leave components in places where coworkers can trip over them. Be aware of personal safety for yourself and those around you.

Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

a document that summarizes key information about a chemical, its composition, which exposures may be dangerous, what to do if an exposure should occur, and how to clean up spills.

Fire extinguisher class C

a dry chemical, potassium bicarbonate or potassium chloride used for electrical fires, made for electrical fires

DVD-ROM

a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write on or erase

S/PDIF (Sony-Philips Digital Interface) sound port

a port that connects to an external home theater audio system, providing digital audio output and the nest signal quality.

DisplayPort

a port that transmits digital video and audio (not analog transmissions) and is slowly replacing VGa and DVI ports on personal computers.

PS/2 port

a round 6-pin port used by a keyboard or mouse.

Dock (Mac OS)

contains icons used to run applications, display minimized windows, and access documents

Power Supply

converts AC power from the wall outlet into the lower voltages of DC power required to power all components of the computer

Graphically user interface (Gui) interface

display graphics and use the point click technology of the mouse and cursor

runtime options

e have two different options here: we can preserve battery power or just keep the system running as long as possible. The other option, the one I prefer, is to preserve battery power. Instead of keeping a system running as long as possible, with this option we're saying, Please shut down this computer after it's been on battery backup for a very short amount of time

cpu troubleshooting model

gather info, identify what has changed, create hypothesis, determine the appropriate fix, implement the fix, ensure user satisfaction, document solution

superuser (administrator)

having the capability to access all functions of a computer or software system, including overriding passwords

Linux (first interface)

he first type of interface is a command line interface. An example of a command line interface is Linux. If you want to run a program or a utility, you type the command at the prompt, hit Enter and the program or utility runs. Command line interfaces are very powerful.

PCIe connector

his connector's used to provide dedicated power to high-end video cards. Because some video cards use 6-pin connectors and some use 8-pin connectors, these connectors usually have a 6 plus 2 configuration and are compatible with both types.

Loopback Plug

is used to test network communications by redirecting a signal from the transmit port on a device to the receive port on the same device. Use the loopback plug to verify that a device can both send and receive signals. (printer)

microATX Tower

microATX towers are smaller cases designed to be placed on desktops. microATX towers typically have only one drive bay and are compatible with the following form factors: microATX Mini-ITX

Audio Ports

microphone line-in (red), stereo (speakers, headphones) line-out (green), and stereo line-in (blue)

Overheating

nternal system components within a computer generate a great deal of heat that must be dissipated. Overheating causes premature component failure. Overheating could be caused by several conditions: Inadequate air flow. This may be the result of an inadequate number of fans in the system or fans that are too small. In this situation, additional fans can be added to the system to increase air flow. Improperly installed fans. Fans must be oriented to force air through the system in the same direction, otherwise they may fight against each other and prevent air from flowing properly. Failing fans. A failing fan moves less air than a properly functioning fan. It's not uncommon for a failing fan to generate a screeching noise that is caused by worn parts within the fan assembly. This condition can be fixed by replacing the failing fan. Dust buildup. Excessive dust within the system can block air flow and cause overheating. Use compressed air or an anti-static vacuum to remove dust buildup. Environmental heat. If the air temperature outside the computer is already overly warm, then the temperature inside will be overly warm as well. A properly balanced HVAC system must be implemented in the work area to remove excess heat from the environment. The internal temperature of computer systems should be monitored. Most motherboards include several sensors that can be used to monitor the system temperature. Usually, the current temperature can be viewed within the BIOS/UEFI setup. There are also software applications available that can read the current temperature values from the sensors and display them on screen. Unlike using a BIOS/UEFI monitoring utility, these tools allow the temperature to be monitored dynamically while the system is in use. Most motherboards include a thermal shutdown feature. If the system temperature rises too high, the thermal shutdown feature immediately shuts the computer down to prevent component damage. However, it typically does not shut the system down cleanly, so there is a risk of data corruption if this happens.

GNU not Unix

open source software

pwd

print working directory

DB9

serial port

CPU fan and heat sink

sits on top of cpu, pulls heat away from cpu and disapates it, which cools of the cpu with out it it would over heat

memory slots

slots on the motherboard that hold memory modules

Memory modules/random access memory (RAM)

temporary storage for data and instructions as they are processed by the CPU; dual inline memory module (DIMM) slots holds RAM and is mounted directly on motherboard

connector adapter and converters

used to convert a particular connector type into one that can be used by a computer or component. Adapters are typically used with displays to convert a display connector into one the display device can use.

cable tester

verifies that a network can carry a signal from one end to the other and that all wires within the connector are in the correct positions. Most testers have a single unit that tests both ends of the cable at once. Many testers come with a second unit that you can plug into one end of a long cable run to test the entire cable.

Adaptors

you may encounter power supplies that don't have some of these connectors. Luckily you can purchase adapters to convert, say a 4-pin accessory connector into a SATA connector or 6-pin PCIE connector into an 8-pin PCIe connector.