Concepts in ABA Review
Which of these statements about the mixed schedules is incorrect?
It is a basic intermittent schedules of reinforcement
Select the correct statements about "unconditioned punisher." (Select all that apply)
It is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior. It is naturally aversive and doesn't require prior learning Examples include pain and extreme temperatures.
In operant conditioning experiments, a rat is placed in a chamber and given a lever to press for a food pellet. What is the role of a discriminative stimulus (SD) in operant conditioning experiments with a rat in a lever-pressing chamber?
It is a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement.
What is a motivating operation (MO) primarily responsible for in human behavior?
It influences the antecedents of behavior
A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer is known as:
Establishing operation
Which one is not a positive punishment intervention?
Negative practice overcorrection
Which of these statements about the fixed ratio is incorrect?
Produce a moderate to high rate of response
Alex who is determined to enhance their physical strength by performing push-ups. Initially, Alex set a goal to perform 30 push-ups per day. However, Alex decided to progressively increase the push-up requirement every week by adding 5 more push-ups to the daily goal. Therefore, in the first week, the goal is 30 push-ups daily, in the second week it's 35 push-ups daily, and so on.
Progressive Ratio (PR)
Which of the following statements are correct about recovery from punishments? (Select all that apply) Correct!
Recovery from punishment refers to the phenomenon where the suppressive effects of punishment on behavior are not permanent. The likelihood of recovery is higher when the punishment is mild or when the individual can discriminate that the punishment contingency is no longer in effect. Sometimes, after punishment is discontinued, the behavior may not only recover but briefly exceed its pre-punishment level.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)?
UMOs temporarily establish the value of a reinforcer and evoke behaviors related to fulfilling that need.
A _________reinforcer is a stimulus or event that has become associated with a ________ reinforcer (e.g., food) through repeated pairing. As a result, the conditioned reinforcer gains the ability to ______ the likelihood of a behavior. Examples include tokens, stickers, or praise words.
conditioned, primary, increase
in the scenario where a student is asked to write the word "cat" on their paper, and they write it as instructed, which type of duplic verbal behavior is this an example of
copying text
MOs are consequence variables that have behavior-altering effects.
false
MOs can permanently alter the organism's behavioral repertoire.
false
Some restaurants reward customers with a free meal after they have purchased ten entrees. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
Which of the following statements are correct about response costs? (Select all that apply)
the Good Behavior Game is an example of using response cost with group consequences to promote positive behavior within a group setting. it is recommended to use conditioned punishers in response cost
---------refers to stimuli being equal by association (A = B, B = C, A = C).
transitivity
The class expansion involves adding new members to existing classes through additional conditional discriminations, while class merger combines independent classes to form larger classes through interrelated conditional discriminations
true
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning?
unconditioned stimulus
Skinner (1957) describes speaker and listener behaviors separately and refers to their interactions as------
verbal episodes
According to B.F. Skinner's view on verbal behavior, why did he prefer the term "verbal behavior" over "language"
"Verbal behavior" emphasizes the role of environmental factors in language acquisition.
How does a reinforcement assessment differ from a stimulus preference assessment?
A reinforcement assessment determines the effectiveness of intervention plans, while a stimulus preference assessment guides the selection of potential reinforcers.
Which of the following statements are correct about conditioned punishments? (Select all that apply)
Acquire punishing capability through stimulus-stimulus pairing. Generalized conditioned punishers are stimulus changes that have been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers, becoming capable of suppressing behavior in various contexts. The effectiveness of a conditioned punisher may diminish over time if it is repeatedly presented without the punishers it was initially paired with. Stimulus changes that function as punishment due to conditioning history.
What is the process of class expansion in the context of stimulus equivalence
Adding a new member to an existing equivalence class by teaching a new conditional discrimination.
Which of the following statements are correct about unconditioned punishments? (Select all that apply)
Also known as primary punishers or unlearned punishers. These are stimuli that function as punishment without being paired with any other punishers. unconditioned punishers are a product of the evolutionary history of a species. They can suppress behavior even at levels that do not cause tissue damage.
Stimulus generalization occurs when:
An organism responds to a new stimulus that is different from the SD as if it were the SD itself.
Which of the following are components of the "three-term contingency"? (Select all that apply)
Antecedent stimulus Behavior Consequence
Which type of reinforcement occurs automatically without the need for any conscious involvement?
Automatic reinforcement
Which of the following is an unconditioned motivating operation that decreases reinforcer effectiveness and abates relevant behavior? (select all that apply) Correct Answer
Breathing (after not being able to breathe) sleeping (after sleeping deprivation) Painful stimulation decrease (while in pain) being active (after activity deprivation) food ingestion
What is behavior that occurs more frequently in the presence of a discriminative stimulus (SD) called in operant conditioning?
By being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
John, a 5-year-old boy, is a well-behaved child. However, lately, he has been asking his parents for candy every time they pass by a particular store. He never used to do this, but he insists that he needs candy whenever they're near that store. What type of motivating operation (MO) is likely at play in John's behavior of asking for candy near that specific store?
CMO
Motivating variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of other stimuli, objects, or events, but only as a result of learning history, are called----------
CMOs
How can language acquisition involve automatic reinforcement?
Caregivers' voices becoming conditioned reinforcers
Classify reinforcers by formal properties Edible Sensory Tangible Activity Social
Chickpeas Vibration Stickers Privileges Physical Contact
Which of the following statements are correct about using response costs effectively? (Select all that apply)
Clearly define the behavior targeted for response cost, specifying when the fine will be imposed and the amount of the fine. Clearly define the behavior targeted for response cost, specifying when the fine will be imposed and the amount of the fine. Deliver Fines Immediately. Consider the least aversive procedure initially, with bonus response cost being potentially less aversive than direct response cost. The number of reserved positive reinforcers is an important consideration before implementing response cost
In classical conditioning, what term is used to describe a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
Conditioned stimulus
An aversive stimulus is one that:
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior
Sarah, a 6-month-old baby, has been fussing and crying incessantly. Her parents have tried comforting her in various ways, but nothing seems to work. They notice that she's been nursing more frequently in the past few days. In this scenario, what type of motivating operation (MO) is likely influencing Sarah's behavior?
Deprivation-Based UMO
Select the terms related to "stimulus control." (Select all that apply)
Discriminative stimulus (SD) Contingency
The main UMOs for humans have an evocative and an abative effect. Thus food deprivation is an ----- and has ----------- on relevant behavior, and food digestion is an -------- and has ---------- on relevant behavior.
EO, evocative effects, AO, abative effects
What term is commonly used to describe the phenomenon where certain behaviors emerge as a result of learned relationships between stimuli without direct training or reinforcement?
Emergent stimulus relations
In the context of utilizing punishment procedures in interventions, which of the following statements best aligns with ethical considerations regarding the use of punishment?
Ethical guidelines for punishment-based interventions include adherence to legal and ethical codes, procedures for reinforcing alternative behaviors, and obtaining informed consent.
What term refers to the decrease in the frequency of a behavior when reinforcement is no longer provided? Correct!
Extinction
Which schedules of reinforcement cause post-reinforcement pauses? (select all that apply)
FR FI
"Negative punishment" and "negative reinforcement" are terms that can be used interchangeably to describe the same behavioral process.
False
"Rule-governed behavior" refers to behaviors that are primarily shaped by immediate consequences rather than general principles.
False
Differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH) decreases the rate of responding, while differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) increases the rate of responding.
False
Gradual reductions in responding are characteristic of punishment, while rapid reductions are typical of extinction.
False
If no response occurs within the limited hold period, the opportunity for reinforcement is not lost, extra time is given.
False
In the context of operant conditioning, a "three-term contingency" involves the antecedent stimulus, the behavior, and the reinforcer that follows.
False
Negative reinforcement contingency increases the future occurrence of a response that involves presence of an aversive stimulus
False
Ratio strain can occur when there is a gradual increase in ratio requirements during the transition from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.
False
Reinforcement is circular reasoning because the components of the response-consequence relation cannot be separated and manipulated.
False
Reinforcement only affects the future occurances of a behavior not the dimensions of behavior.
False
Response cost does not meet the criteria for social validity by addressing significant target behaviors that have not improved with previous interventions.
False
When using stimulus preference assessments, practitioners monitor learner's activities and establishing operations (EOs) after the assessment session
False
In a behavioral therapy session, a child is rewarded with a token for every 3 instances of sharing toys. Once the child collects 7 tokens, they are allowed 10 minutes of free playtime with a favorite toy.
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the form and function of verbal behavior in ABA?
Form refers to the physical aspects of speech, while function relates to the intended communicative effect.
Which of the following statements is accurate about stimulus generalization? (select all that apply)
Generalization reflects a loose degree of stimulus control, while discrimination indicates a tight degree of control. Further conditioning can sharpen stimulus control to specific stimuli through differential reinforcement.
Which term refers to the process by which a previously learned behavior becomes automatic or reflexive?
Habituation
DRH and DRL schedules can be defined based on ________, where reinforcement is contingent on responses occurring within or after a specific duration of time.
IRT
Which of the following statements is accurate about the discriminative and motivational functions of antecedent stimuli? (Select all that apply)
In some situations, an antecedent stimulus change appears to be an SD, evoking a response, but it may actually function as an EO. Situations, where the apparent SD effect does not have a history of effective differential reinforcement, may be related to motivating operations (MOs) rather than stimulus control Discriminative stimuli (SD) and establishing operations (EO) both have evocative functions and occur before the behavior of interest. It is difficult to distinguish.
What was B.F. Skinner's central premise regarding language?
Language is a learned behavior influenced by environmental factors
Which principle states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated?
Law of effect
Which of the following statements is not accurate about the MOs for punishment?
MOs only alter the punishing effect of stimulus.
When selecting a method for stimulus preference assessment, practitioners need to consider three perspectives:
Maximizing data collection in minimal time (with potential false positives), Conducting a more thorough assessment (but delaying intervention), Assessing the skill level and training needs of those conducting the assessment.
A student earns extra credit for every 4 assignments completed on time (FR-4), and if they complete 8 assignments on time within a week (FI), they also receive a homework-free weekend.
Mixed Schedule
Which of the following involve "stimulus-stimulus pairing"? (Select all that apply)
Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. Pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
Which of the following statements is true about reinforcement assessment? (Select all that apply
Reinforcement assessment is used to identify the most effective reinforcers for an individual's behavior. The purpose is to determine which reinforcers are most likely to increase the frequency or strength of the behavior. Helps in designing effective reinforcement strategies to support behavior change.
Which of the following statements is correct? (Select all that apply) Correct!
Reinforcement can occur without the individual being aware of the reinforcing consequence Reinforcement can occur without the individual being aware of the understanding the relationship between their actions and the consequence The individual does not have to verbalize or comprehend the reinforcement for it to be effective. Reinforcement strengthens any behavior that immediately precedes it Temporal relation between behavior and consequence is the main factor in reinforcement overshadowing other logical, desirable, or appropriate relations.
What is automatic reinforcement?
Reinforcement that occurs without external involvement
Which of the following is not a nonexclusion timeout?
Remove time-in setting from person
---------------- is a procedure that involves the loss of positive reinforcers to reduce future occurrences of similar responses.
Response cost
Which of the following statements are correct about response costs? (Select all that apply)
Response-contingent withdrawal of positive reinforcers may lead to increased verbal or physical aggression from students, especially if they lose multiple tokens within a short time. Clear explanation of response cost rules, reinforcement of appropriate behavior by other classmates, and avoiding confrontations can help mitigate collateral behaviors.
Which of the following statements is not accurate?
SD establishes the value of a reinforcer
Which of the following statements is accurate about the definition and characteristics of MOs?
SDs and MO alter the current frequency of behavior
Which of the following is an example of an automatic reinforcer?
Scratching an itch
Which of the following statements are correct about the guidelines for using punishment? (Select all that apply)
Select Effective and Appropriate Punishers Deliver the Punisher at the Beginning of a Behavioral Sequence Determine the quality of a punisher relative to the individual's past and current variables.
Choose the terms associated with "unconditioned stimulus." (Select all that apply)
Stimulus that naturally triggers a response Basis of classical conditioning
Contextual control in the realm of Applied Behavior Analysis is best described as:
The ability of stimuli to belong to different classes or categories depending on the context in which they are presented.
In operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus (SD) indicates:
The availability of reinforcement upon a specific response
Which of the following statements best reflects the central theme of the Cooper book regarding the relationship between client behavior change and teacher behavior?
The connection between student behavior and teacher behavior is significant.
Which of these statements about the variable interval is correct?
The intervals between reinforcement vary in a random or nearly random order, with the average interval defining the schedule.
Which of the following is an example of an unlearned motivating operation (MO)?
The need for food when feeling hungry
What does the concept of stimulus discrimination refer to in the field of ABA?
The organism learns to respond only in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus (SD) and not in the presence of the S∆.
In the context of designing equivalence-based instruction, mastery criteria refer to:
The predetermined accuracy thresholds that must be met in each phase of training before progressing
Within the discriminated operant framework, what is the critical aspect of stimulus control?
The proficiency in responding more in the presence of the SD than its absence, driven by a history of reinforcement
Which of these statements about the variable ratio is incorrect?
The size of the ratio requirement in VR schedules does not influence the rate of response.
Which of the following conditions makes negative reinforcements more effective?
The stimulus change occurs immediately after the target response. The strength of reinforcement is notable, indicating a perceptible contrast in the stimulation prior to and following the response. The intended reaction consistently leads to either getting away from or delaying the occurrence of the establishing operation (EO).
The term for a behavior that is directly influenced by the presence of a specific stimulus is operant behavior.
True
Thinning a schedule involves gradually transitioning from a dense schedule (frequent reinforcement) to a thin schedule (less frequent reinforcement) based on the learner's performance.
True
In Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), what does "function" primarily refer to when analyzing verbal behavior
The underlying purpose or communicative intent of a verbal response
What is the defining characteristic of the intraverbal relation in verbal behavior?
The verbal SD does not have point-to-point correspondence with the verbal stimulus.
In the context of modeling of undesirable behaviors and its potential impact on children and adolescents, which of the following statements is accurate?
There is a potential correlation between harsh and excessive punishment and the development of antisocial behavior and conduct disorders in children and adolescents.
What contribution did Skinner's insights make to the field of linguistics?
They distinguished between linguistic form and linguistic function
Which of the following statements is accurate about the stimulus discrimination training? (Select all that apply
Through consistent training, responding in the presence of the SD will increase compared to responding in the presence of the SΔ, and the participant will learn not to respond in the presence of the SΔ. Stimulus discrimination training involves using a multiple schedule with different antecedent stimulus conditions.
---------refers to the immediate removal of the opportunity to earn or access positive reinforcers for a specified time when a problem behavior occurs.
Time-out from positive reinforcement
Adding a limited hold (LH) to an interval schedule restricts the time within which a response must occur to receive reinforcement.
True
Delayed reinforcement can reinforce the wrong behavior .
True
Positive practice overcorrection requires the learner to repeatedly perform a correct or incompatible behavior for a specified duration or number of responses.
True
Punishers are defined by their function (decreasing future occurrences of behavior) rather than their physical properties
True
Reinforcement strengthens any behavior that immediately precedes it, regardless of a logical or adaptive connection between the behavior and the consequence.
True
Response cost tends to produce changes quickly, often within a few sessions.
True
The concept of "joint control" in behavior analysis refers to the simultaneous influence of multiple discriminative stimuli on a single behavior.
True
The overall response characteristics of FI and VI schedules are typically not significantly changed by the addition of limited holds.
True
Which of these statements about the chained schedules is correct?
Usually not in random sequence
What are the indicators of rule-governed behavior (select all that apply)?
a sudden increase in behavior following reinforcement no immediate consequence behavior changes without reinforcement
What are the two effects of motivating operations (MOs) on behavior?
behavior and value altering
refers to the phenomenon where a change in punishment or reinforcement on one component of a schedule leads to a change in the opposite direction on another component.
behavioral contrast
In the scenario where a teacher asks a young student to repeat the word "apple" after her, what type of duplic verbal behavior is the student exhibiting?
echoic
According to the principle of timing in reinforcement, when should reinforcement be delivered in relation to the occurrence of the behavior?
immediately after the behavior occurs
In the scenario where two friends are discussing their hobbies, and one friend says, "I also play the piano," which type of verbal behavior is person A exhibiting?
intraverbal
Emily, a 9-year-old girl, is asking her younger brother, Ethan, for help with her math homework. Whenever Ethan provides the correct answers, Emily praises him and gives him a high-five. In this scenario, what type of verbal behavior is Emily engaging in when she asks Ethan for help with her math homework?
mand
In the scenario where a teenager says, "Can I have some water, please?" because they are feeling thirsty, which type of verbal behavior is this an example of?
mand
When a child says "push" to indicate a desire to be pushed on a swing, which type of verbal behavior is being described?
mand
Which of the following can be an example of MOs?
pain
gradually extends the delay between the stimulus and prompt, while constant time delay uses a fixed delay after the initial 0-sec delay trials
progressive time delay
------------ refers to stimuli being equal to themselves (A = A).
reflexivity
What are the three roles of a listener in a verbal episode? (select all that apply)
serving as an audience providing reinforcement responding to the speaker's verbal behavior
Which of the listed behaviors is verbal behavior? ( Select all that apply)
sign language Correct! spoken words Correct! icon selection Correct! fingerspelling Correct! Braille
What is the definition of SDp?
stimulus condition where a response has a lower probability of occurrence due to punishment delivery
------------refers to a change in the rate, latency, duration, or magnitude of a response in the presence of an antecedent stimulus.
stimulus control
A---------------------------graphically represents the extent of generalization and discrimination. The slope of the gradient indicates the degree of generalization, with a ---------- slope showing more stimulus control.
stimulus generalization gradient , steeper
--------------refers to stimuli being equal in both directions (A = B, B = A).
symmetry
In the scenario where a child points to a butterfly at the park and says, "Look, a butterfly!", what type of verbal behavior is the child exhibiting?
tact
