Concepts of Bio Final
The most critical stage of interphase for a cell that needs to undergo division is the ________ phase; if the cell does not complete this phase, it cannot undergo DNA segregation.
S, Synthesis
The tetrad of homologous chromosomes undergo crossing-over. What is the significance of this process
The resulting gametes will have different gene combinations than those of their parent cells.
Which of the following characteristics applies to chloroplasts?
They have three membrane-enclosed compartments.
The conversion of inorganic carbon from air into the carbon atoms found in all living organisms is known as carbon ________.
fixation
The goal of mitosis is to
form two equal daughter nuclei
After a single cell undergoes meiosis in a male, how many sperm cells will be produced
four
How many sister chromatids are in a tetrad?
four
The electron transport chains (ETCs) in the chloroplasts and the mitochondria gradually lower the energy content of an electron as it passes from carrier to carrier. This process is similar to the reduction in the energy content of a
bowling ball bouncing down a flight of stairs and landing temporarily on each step.
The enzyme rubisco is important to the process of
carbon fixation.
Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process that occurs in both plants and animals; this process is called ________.
cellular respiration
During prophase, the opposite ends, or spindle poles, of a cell that is beginning mitosis are determined by the separation of the ________.
centosomes
During the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the kinetic energy of moving photons and transform it into potential energy in the form of
chemical bonds.
The green pigment that is most commonly associated with photosynthesis is ________.
chlorophyll
Some daughter cells are called clones; for this description to be accurate, the daughter cells must
contain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell
At the end of telophase, the cell is ready for physical division into two cells; this process is called ________.
cytokinesis
Cell division, which is the climax of the cell cycle, consists of
cytokinesis plus mitosis or meiosis.
The completion of the physical division of the parent cell cytoplasm that usually occurs during the last stage of mitosis is known as
cytokinesis.
Glycolysis occurs in a cell's
cytosol.
One of the consequences of ________ is a change in the proportions of one or more of the inherited characteristics found in the next generation, compared with the original population.
differential reproduction
During the S phase, the cell
duplicates its DNA.
NAD+ becomes NADH when it gains one proton and two high-energy ________.
electrons
When yeasts are exposed to anaerobic conditions, they regenerate NAD+ from NADH in a series of reactions that make CO2 and ________.
ethanol
The process that converts NADH into NAD+ to keep glycolysis running under anaerobic conditions is called ________.
fermentation
The three stages of aerobic catabolism are
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Compared with the amount of genetic material in a generalized body cell, gametes contain
half the amount
The four cells that result from meiosis are not diploid like the cells produced by mitosis; instead, they are ________.
haploid
Natural selection tends to
increase the commonality of characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction.
In mitochondria, ATP is produced in conjunction with proteins in the membrane that surrounds a region in the mitochondrion known as the ________.
matrix
You have shrunk to molecular size and find yourself in a mitochondrial chamber where protons are being pumped out of the chamber and across a membrane into another chamber. You are in the mitochondrion's ________.
matrix
The sequence of events in meiosis II is prophase II, ________, anaphase II, and telophase II, which is accompanied by cytokinesis.
metaphase II
Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the phase of cell division called
metaphase.
The mitotic spindle is made of
microtubules.
The organelles where the breakdown products of food are oxidized, generating most of a cell's ATP, are called ________.
mitochondria
A single cell grows into a multicellular organism by the process of
mitosis.
Four mechanisms can change the composition of a population's gene pool, but only ________ does so by creating new alleles
mutation
The need for new alleles to confront issues like environmental change has nothing to do with the specificity or rate of ________; the process is entirely random.
mutation
For a population to evolve, there must be genetic differences between organisms in that population. These differences come from
mutation.
One result of ________ over evolutionary time spans is that the alleles that enable individuals to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population.
natural selection
In populations that have a high degree of genetic diversity, the fundamental cause of evolutionary change is
natural selection.
Peppered moths are generally light in color and blend into the trunks of the trees they live on. Populations of peppered moths that are found in areas where soot has blackened the tree trunks are dark in color. This example demonstrates
natural selection.
Which of the following foods is most likely to contain a haploid cell or cells
one or more chicken eggs
The series of chemical reactions that begins with rubisco adding oxygen to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and ends with the release of CO2 is called ________.
photorespiration
During photosynthesis, energized electrons flow from ________ to ________.
photosystem II; photosystem I
Which of the following things is an example of gene flow?
pollen grains that can transport a gamete hundreds of miles to an isolated population
During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which is a type of
potential energy
n genetic drift, the events that affect the survival and reproduction of individuals in a population occur
primarily by chance.
The attachment of microtubules to the centromeres of chromosomes sets the stage for the positioning of the chromosomes at the metaphase plate; the attachment of the microtubules occurs during the mitotic phase called ________.
prometaphase
Chromosomes become visible during the mitotic stage called ________.
prophase
An electron transport chain is made up of a group of membrane-embedded, electron-accepting ________.
protiens
In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is
provided by carbon dioxide
A hurricane could cause genetic drift by
randomly killing more individuals of one genotype than another in a population.
Because inorganic carbon cannot be used by living organisms to build biological molecules, carbon fixation may be the most important metabolic process in the biosphere; if so, the most important enzyme in the biosphere would be
rubisco.
A rotted log exemplifies the operation of the ________ law of thermodynamics.
second
In ________ selection, success is related more to attracting a mate than to possessing adaptations that are beneficial for survival.
sexual
The energy carriers NADPH and NADH are different from each other structurally. Functionally, they are
somewhat different; NADH receives electrons and hydrogen from catabolic processes, whereas NADPH delivers those items to anabolic processes.
Each time we take a breath, we are bringing in the oxygen we need to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that
splits water.
In warm and dry conditions, when CO2 levels fall and O2 levels rise, photorespiration occurs as a result of plants closing their ________.
stomata
You have shrunk to molecular size and find yourself in a chamber inside a chloroplast where protons are being pumped into another chamber. You are in the ________.
stroma
Evolution is
strongly supported by scientific evidence.
Darwin's ideas about natural selection were immediately accepted; this shows that the scientific community recognizes and accepts correct ideas as soon as they are presented.
False
Electrons gain energy as they move through the electron transport chain.
False
Energy is used to force protons from the thylakoid space back into the stroma.
False
Fermentation produces more ATP molecules than aerobic respiration does.
False
In the phrase survival of the fittest, the term fittest refers to the individual with the greatest physical strength.
False
Interphase is an uneventful resting stage of the cell division cycle.
False
New nuclei form during the anaphase stage of cell division.
False
Only animal cells carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
False
Photosynthesis creates energy; cellular respiration destroys energy.
False
Populations evolve over time because the individuals that form them are individually evolving.
False
The events in meiosis I are almost identical to the events in mitosis.
False
The mitochondria of plant cells contain thylakoids.
False
Which of the following substances is either consumed or synthesized in a large number of cellular reactions?
ATP
If plants are able to capture energy from the sun, why do they need to pass that energy through the chemical reactions that are necessary to produce ATP?
ATP enables the energy to be stored for later use or transferred to other chemical reactions.
Several energy carriers can be found in eukaryotic cells; the most versatile, as indicated in this illustration, is
ATP.
Which of the following statements describes the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in photosynthesis?
As electrons move through the ETC, they release energy that is used to concentrate protons in the thylakoid lumen.
The muscle cells of a very active organism would contain fewer mitochondria than those of a less active organism.
False
Unlike mitosis, during meiosis II, the nuclear membrane does not break down.
False
Biologists believe the process of mitosis evolved from binary fission. What are the similarities between these two processes?
Both processes include DNA segregation
Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to burn their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they burn different energy storage molecules?
Breaking the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what molecule is stored.
Which of the following processes must occur before cell division begins?
DNA synthesis
During anaphase I of meiosis, which of the following things happens?
Each member of a bivalent moves toward a different pole
When ATP breaks down into ADP and a free phosphate group, which of the following processes occurs?
Energy is released and can be used to power cellular activities.
ATP synthase is a protein that participates in the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.
False
All cells in a human body undergo the process of meiosis.
False
All the individuals that constitute any given population will be genetically identical.
False
Based on this illustration, you would predict that the allele for dark-colored mice would become more common over time in the barrier island mouse population
False
Both meiosis I and meiosis II decrease the number of chromosomes in a cell.
False
Cytokinesis and mitosis are the same processes.
False
Cytokinesis occurs during interphase.
False
Why must DNA be packed into chromosomes before mitosis or meiosis can occur?
In their unpacked state, the DNA strands would be difficult to pull apart during cell division.
Examine this illustration. Which of the following statements best summarizes the contribution of photosystem I (PS I) during photosynthesis?
It generates the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle and will eventually reduce the carbon in CO2.
Which of the following statements about cell division is true?
It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.
World-class sprinters typically do not breathe during the 9+ seconds it takes to complete a 100-meter race. What does this fact suggest about these runners' energy production?
It must be glycolytic; the process is entirely anaerobic and the race will be over before NADH reserves are depleted
What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
It provides replacement electrons to the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem II.
The Krebs cycle produces
NADH and carbon dioxide.
The light reactions in photosynthesis result in three output products: molecular oxygen, ATP, and ________.
NADPH
Many weeds have become resistant to the herbicides that were once used to control them. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?
Natural selection has acted on the genetic variability in the weeds' genomes, enabling plants that have herbicide resistance to reproduce more successfully.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that changes in the characteristics of a population are a result of traits acquired during an organism's lifetime being inherited by that organism's offspring. What is wrong with this proposal?
Only changes in the DNA sequence of an organism can be inherited. Traits that are acquired throughout life generally do not alter DNA.
What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?
Photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants.
Which of the following statements is a correct reason why the process of cell division in prokaryotes is different from cell division in eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have a circular DNA molecule; eukaryotes have linear DNA molecules in their nuclei.
The number and arrangement of membranes inside a chloroplast are important to the chloroplast's functions. How would the absence of these membranes affect the manufacture of ATP in a chloroplast?
The chloroplast would be unable to maintain the proton gradient required for ATP production
Which of the following statements best describes why heat is flowing from the worker?
The conversion of metabolic energy into muscle contraction is not 100 percent efficient, and some of the energy is lost as heat
Which of the following statements best summarizes the events of the Calvin cycle?
The cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.
The inner membrane of a mitochondrion has many folds. Why?
The folds increase the space available for electron transport chains and ATP synthase molecules, increasing the efficiency of ATP production.
Peppered moths in England evolved into a dark-colored form when soot darkened the bark of the trees they lived on and exposed the light-colored form to predation. However, air pollution control eventually restored the moths' habitat to its original condition. What would probably have happened to the peppered moth population if the light-colored alleles had been entirely lost from its gene pool during the period when dark-colored moths were selectively favored?
The population would have become extremely small or possibly extinct after the loss of this adaptive trait.
Alcohol is a by-product of fermentation by yeast.
True
An insect devouring a leaf is an example of the second law of thermodynamics in action.
True
Cellular respiration is essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.
True
During independent assortment, the paternal and maternal chromosomes of each homologous pair separate into different daughter cells.
True
During meiosis I, the microtubules from each spindle pole attach to only one member of a bivalent, generally the one closest to that spindle pole.
True
Lactic acid is a by-product of fermentation in the human body.
True
Oxidative phosphorylation includes an electron transport chain.
True
The NADH produced by the Krebs cycle donates electrons to the electron transport chain.
True
The daughter cells that are produced in meiosis I are haploid.
True
The energy that is needed to produce the flash of a firefly originally comes from sunlight.
True
The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a living system and its surroundings remains constant.
True
The mitotic spindle guides the movement of chromosomes during certain stages of mitosis.
True
When ATP breaks down into ADP and a free phosphate group, energy is given off.
True
With the possible exception of genetic mutation, the two daughter cells produced from the parent cell, as shown in this illustration, are identical to each other.
True
By the time a cell enters meiosis II, it has
become haploid.
Any characteristic that improves an organism's reproductive success in its environment is called a(n) ________.
adaptation
Flounder (a type of fish) generally match the color of the sandy bottoms of the bodies of water they inhabit. Their color functions like camouflage, making them difficult for predators to detect. This is an example of
adaptation.
In accordance with the first law of thermodynamics, the energy in a gallon of gas consumed in a mileage test is equal to the
amount of work performed plus heat from friction, plus heat from the exhaust, plus the potential energy of combustion products in the exhaust.
One way to create genetic diversity is through the random distribution of chromosomes into daughter cells during the meiotic stage of ________.
anaphase I
This illustration depicts a cell that has a diploid number of 8 (2n 8). If we assume that cell division started with a diploid cell, the cell shown in the diagram is in what stage of what type of cell division?
anaphase II of meiosis
Cancers are groups of cells that divide uncontrollably because they
are unable to respond to the negative internal or external signals that keep the cell from dividing.
The number of different types of organisms found on Earth is primarily a result of
atural selection and speciation.
A group of scientists led by Dr. Hoekstra proposed that mammals whose fur contrasts with their background are hunted more by predators than mammals whose fur blends in with their background. After conducting several experiments, the scientists published the data depicted in these two graphs. These data
support the hypothesis, because dark-colored mice were attacked more often in light environments and light-colored mice were attacked more often in dark environments.
The outcome of the Calvin cycle is the
synthesis of sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
The second law of thermodynamics states that
systems tend to become more disorderly
The spindle microtubules break down and new nuclear envelopes form during the mitotic stage called ________.
telophase
Acetyl CoA donates the two-carbon acetyl group to a four-carbon acceptor molecule to begin what process?
the Krebs cycle
Most of the oxidation reactions that produce NADH in a cell take place in
the Krebs cycle
The process that produces ATP from sugars begins with glycolysis; when fatty acids are used as nutrients to generate ATP instead of sugars, the process begins with
the Krebs cycle.
The G 0 phase of the cell cycle is distinguished by
the absence of preparation for DNA synthesis.
Biological evolution can be defined as
the change in allele frequencies in a population's gene pool over time.
The reduction division of meiosis has occurred when
the first cell division of meiosis is complete.
The innermost membrane in a chloroplast is the ________ membrane.
thylakoid
The photosynthetic reactions that are dependent on light occur in the
thylakoid membrane.
During alcoholic fermentation, why is pyruvate converted to ethanol?
to recycle NADH back into NAD+ so that the cell can continue glycolysis
