Connect: chapter 10

Surgical treatment to control pain involves _____.

creating lesions or cutting so-called pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations cannot be conducted

_______reflects the feelings of despair or hopelessness that can accompany long-term experience with unsuccessfully treated pain.

depression

While passive coping skills have been tied to poor pain control, _____.

active coping skills can reduce pain in patients with a variety of chronic pains

Unlike the surgical, sensory pain management, and pharmacological techniques, psychological techniques require _____.

active participation and learning on the part of a patient

______ pain typically results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage whereas __________ pain typically begins with an acute episode,

acute, chronic

________pain typically results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage whereas ________ pain typically begins with an acute episode,

acute, chronic

The fear of not being able to reduce one's suffering _____.

arouses more anxiety than the prospect of losing a limb or even death

Some surgical techniques attempt to disrupt the conduct of pain from the periphery to the spinal cord while others are designed _____.

to interrupt the flow of pain sensations from the spinal cord upward to the brain

True or false: Chronic patients often withdraw from their families.

true

Unlike chronic pain, most pain control techniques _____.

work well to control acute pain

Pain questionnaires help a practitioner _____.

get a full picture and address the psychosocial components of a patient's pain

Most patients are trained in a variety of measures to reduce pain and because many pain patients are emotionally distressed, _____.

group therapy is conducted to help them control their emotional responses

Families may get frustrated and annoyed by a patient's pain complaints and inactivity. Thus, a goal of family therapy is to _____.

help family members develop more positive perceptions of each other

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is depends in a large part on _____.

how it is interpreted

Chronic pain patients typically show elevated scores on three subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). These subscales are _____.

hypochondriasis, hysteria, and depression

Understanding what pain behaviors a patient engages in and knowing whether they persist after the treatment of the pain are _____.

important factors in treating the total pain experience

Social support for pain can _____.

inadvertently act as a reinforcement of pain behaviors, which then become part of the pain problem

Depression increases perceptions of pain, and so it can feed back into the total pain experience, _____.

increasing the likelihood of pain behaviors

While distraction is effective, its practical significance for chronic pain management _____.

is limited because patients cannot distract themselves indefinitely

Crossing and uncrossing our legs, shifting our posture, or rolling over while asleep are all examples of _____.

low-level feedback for pain

Among chronic pain patients whose spouses remain supportive, such positive attention may inadvertently _____.

maintain the pain and disability

Relaxation is modestly successful for controlling some acute pains and _____.

may be useful in treating chronic pain when used with other methods of pain control

Patients with chronic pain may suffer a deterioration in relationships as they _____.

may not communicate well with their families

Social pain, which is the feeling of social rejection or loss, relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry that physical pain relies on. This suggests there are _____.

meaningful similarities in the way that social and physical pain are experienced

Some of the beneficial physiological effects of relaxation training may be due to the release of _____.

opioids

Pain is critical for survival because it _____.

provides low-level feedback about the functioning of bodily systems

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain often carries an overlay of _______ _______, which complicates diagnosis and treatment.

psychological distress

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain often carries an overlay of _______ _________, which complicates diagnosis and treatment.

psychological distress

pain involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic as the conditions recur for more than 6 months.

recurrent acute

Migraine headaches and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____.

recurrent acute pain

Once a patient is discharged from a pain management program, to prevent patients from reverting back to their previous condition, ______ ________ techniques are taught.

relapse prevention

According to Hernandez and Sachs-Ericsson, people from some cultures _____.

report pain sooner and react more intensely to it than those from other cultures

Arrange the steps in the biofeedback process in the correct order of occurrence. Instructions

short, long, longer

Psychological techniques are more effective for managing _____.

slow-rising pains, which can be anticipated and prepared for than for sudden, intense, or unexpected pains

Pain is heavily influenced by _____.

the context in which it is experienced

Identify the pain behaviors that arise from chronic pain. (Check all that apply.)

Facial and audible expressions of distress Distortions in posture or gait Avoidance of activities

A number of chronic pain syndromes, including temporomandibular joint pain and pelvic pain, have been treated using ________.

biofeedback

_______ involves providing biophysiological feedback to a patient about some bodily process of which the patient is usually unaware.

biofeedback

__________ involves providing biophysiological feedback to a patient about some bodily process of which the patient is usually unaware.

biofeedback

Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills _____.

can maintain posttreatment pain reduction

Coping skills training helps _______ pain patients manage pain.

chronic

Continuous low back pain is an example of _____.

chronic benign pain

pain typically persists for 6 months or longer and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.

chronic benign pain

pain persists longer than 6 months and increases in severity with time. It is usually associated with degenerative disorders.

chronic progressive

Rheumatoid arthritis and skin cancer are examples of _____.

chronic progressive pain

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain involves a great amount of _____.

complex interaction of physiological, psychological, social, and behavioral components

(Women/Men) show greater sensitivity to pain.

women

_____ has been used to treat a number of chronic pain syndromes, including headaches and Raynaud's disease.

Biofeedback

Identify the typical educational components of pain management programs. (Check all that apply.)

Depression as a consequence of pain Discussions of medications

_____ worsen the experience of pain.

Depression, anxiety, and anger

_____ is most effective for coping with low-level pain.

Distraction

Identify instances where a chronic pain patient experiences pain strongly. (Check all that apply.)

Overlay of psychological distress Impairment in pain regulatory systems High sensitivity to noxious stimulation

The basis for assessing how pain has disrupted the life of a patient or a group of patients is provided by ______ _______.

Pain behavior

Chronic pain leads to a variety of pain-related behavior, and these alterations in a person's life then become _____.

a part of the pain problem and may persist and interfere with successful treatment

Identify the statements that show the medical significance of pain. (Check all that apply.)

The presence of both pain and mental or physical disorders complicates diagnosis and treatment. Complaints of pain often accompany mental and physical disorders. Pain is a symptom that will lead a person to seek treatment.

Identify the maladaptive coping strategies developed by chronic pain patients. (Check all that apply.)

Withdrawing socially Catastrophizing their illness Engaging in wishful thinking

From a patient's standpoint, pain is a problem, whereas to a medical provider, it is _____.

a by-product of a disorder

Acute pain is defined as a pain that goes on for 6 months or less, whereas chronic pain _____.

does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time

True or false: Catastrophic thinking reduces the pain experience.

false

Match the kinds of pain perception, in the left column, with their descriptions, in the right column.

mechanical nociception - mechanical damage to tissue thermal damage- experience of pain due to temperature polymodal nociceptor- general category refers to pain triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage

The three kinds of pain perception are _____.

mechanical nociception, thermal damage, and polymodal nociception

The most common method of controlling pain is through the administration of drugs. The most popular drugs are _____.

morphine and local anesthetics

Any drug that influences ______ ______is a candidate for pain relief.

neural transmission

Chronic pain patients typically show elevated scores on three subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).This group of traits is commonly referred to as the _______ _______.

neurotic traid

Chronic pain patients typically show elevated scores on three subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).This group of traits is commonly referred to as the ______ _______.

neurotic triad

The basis for assessing how pain has disrupted the life of a patient or a group of patients is provided by _______ ______.

pain behaviors

A constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain is known as a _______-______ _______ .

pain-prone personality

Because psychological factors are clearly implicated in the experience of pain, and because pain serves functions for some chronic pain sufferers, researchers have examined the presence of a ______-______ ______ .

pain-prone personality

A common feature of pain management programs is _____, which includes teaching nonpharmacological measures for pain control, such as relaxation skills and distraction.

patient education

Chronic pain may result from a(n) _____.

predisposition to react to a bodily insult with a specific bodily response

Drawing on the large and informal vocabulary a person uses to describe pain helps medical practitioners _____.

understand a patient's complaints and the implications of pain