Consciousness

Night terrors

A person may scream while asleep. They may also feel intense fear. Night terrors can last from a few seconds to minutes. In some cases, a person might also experience sleepwalking during night terrors.

Four major brain waves that relate to sleep and alertness

Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta

Global Workspace Theory

Images and ideas form together as a unified picture of reality. The input then becomes output, or speech and action. This theory examines how brains function through a series of activities.

Stages of sleep categories

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

four major consciousness levels

Superconscious, Conscious, Subconscious, dream state

integrated information theory

You apply your experience and rate the choices based on a desirable value.

altered state of consciousness

a change in one's normal state of mind with or without one's intention

Narcolepsy

a chronic neurological disorder in which a person's brain is unable to regulate the sleep cycle

Non-rapid-eye-movement stage 3

a deep sleep that lasts for about 30 minutes; slow breathing and pulse rates and limp muscles, and is difficult to wake; called delta sleep, because the brain produces slow delta waves

Cognitive development theory

a dream is closely associated with the dreamer's mental development.

Depressants

a form of chemical that depresses or inhibits the function of the central nervous system and neural activity

Superconscious

a highly attentive state of consciousness and perception; thinking and organization occur without the person's active participation.

Hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness during which a person is fully conscious in a clinical sense, but not in a normal state. In this state, the person is more open to different behavior and suggestions

Meditation

an altered state of consciousness. It encourages a deeper connection between the self and others

Rapid eye movement (REM)

approximately 20 percent of overall sleep time in this stage and experience dreams. A person can be in this stage for 15 minutes to one hour

theta brain waves

are seen in people of all age groups when they are sleeping; sometimes seen in awake infants or children

Psychoanalytic theory of dreams

closely relates to Sigmund Freud's theory, which states that people are driven by instincts that are repressed during the waking stage

beta brain waves

common among fully awake, alert people of all ages

Ernest Hilgard

developed the Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis

insomnia

difficult to fall asleep or to stay asleep

sleep apnea

disrupts a person's sleep due to pauses in breathing

Information processing theory

dreaming is a process to deal with information and observations collected from daily life and memories. It creates images, impressions, and narratives that are inside a person's head.

Physiological function theory

dreams serve a physiological function, providing the brain with periodic stimulation along the sensory pathways.

Stimulants

excite neural activity and can temporarily elevate a person's awareness

According to theories of consciousness, collected information can be correlated in a(n) ________________ manner.

geometric

Hallucinogens

have an effect on thinking and distort perceptions.

During which stage of sleep, also known as delta sleep, would a person have slow breathing and be difficult to wake.

in stage 3 of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep

Maureen is writing a report on how the brain may use dreams to consolidate and organize the information, stimuli, and memories observed and collected over the course of the day. Which theory of dreams is Maureen researching?

information processing theory

Sleepwalking

may walk or perform activities while asleep; also called somnambulism.

alpha brain waves

occur when a person becomes relaxed and drowsy to the point of closing their eyes

delta brain waves

occur when a person is in the dream state

dream state

occurs when a person is asleep, dreaming, and in a deep unconscious state.

Non-rapid-eye-movement stage 0:

prelude to sleep; relaxed, eyes closed

Non-rapid-eye-movement stage 2

rapid brain activity and a decline in heart rate and respiration; about 20 mins

Neuroleptic drugs

reduce dopamine activity, thereby reducing schizophrenic symptoms.

Neutral activity models

reflect an anticipation of something that follows an action, with consequences as a result of the action.

In the global workplace theory of consciousness, Bernard Baars proposed that consciousness generates what kind of outputs?

speech and action

Non-rapid-eye-movement stage 1

still somewhat awake, or is lightly asleep and might toss and turn; heart rate and body temperature drops and muscles relax; might experience jerks; brain produces high-amplitude theta waves.

Amphetamines

stimulants. They can increase dopamine activity and produce schizophrenic-like paranoid symptoms when used to treat physiology disorders.

Narcotics

stimulate endorphins to work as a pain reliever

Social-cognitive theories

view the person as an active participant. The effortlessness associated with hypnosis gets the participant to respond and follow suggestions

Subconscious

when a person is deeply relaxed as well as just before and after sleep; includes light meditation and hypnosis

Conscious

when a person is fully awake, alert, and functioning as a human being

selective inattention

when you actually ignore and avoid things that are not important to you or that upset you emotionally

selective attention

when you determine what to pay attention to and what to ignore

change blindness

when you do not notice or are not aware of a shift or change in your visual environment

inattentional blindness

when you do not notice something near you or something that is obvious and in plain sight