Conservation of Biology ch. 10

Florida Panther Felis concolor coryi -Population of _________ individuals -______% of its range is on private land -________ lands are more fertile and provide a better prey base -Development continues

100-120, 31, Private

Military Land -US Department of Defense -Manages more than ______ million ha -Contains about _______ threatened and endangered species -Military activities may _______ or enhance habitat for species (fires, chemicals) -US DOD spending on conservation - $73 million in 2012

11, 420, harm,

CBC -A review of ________ CBC projects -Degree of _________, environmental ________ and __________-training programs all significant to obtain win-win outcomes for the people and biodiversity

136, participation, education, skills

Namibia -Over the last ________ years, _______ conservancies have been established -Cover _______% of Namibia -Initial funding is from _________ agencies (US Agency for International Development) -__________ members have received training in tourism, finance, and marketing -Seems to have benefited biodiversity

18, 79, 19.4, external, conservancy

Namibia -In ________, the government granted traditional communal groups the right to use and manage wildlife on their own lands. -To obtain the rights, a group needed to form a management _________ and determine land boundaries -Group then was designated as a "community conservancy."

1996, committee

Namibia -Over ________ million people -_________% live in rural areas and farm or raise livestock -Contains ______ different biomes (desert to subtropical) -High levels of endemism (________ plant species, _____ bird species, and _____ mammal species)

2.3, 62, 6, 700, 91, 26

Kenya -About ________ of the countries large animals (_________) live outside of parks -Efforts are being made to protect animals _________ of parks -On some ranches livestock and wildlife are managed together for _______ and ________

2/3, 650,000, outside, meat, ecotourism

________ million people living in more than 70 counties. Sometimes, these people are a part of a _________ environment. They may influence the present _______ and densities of plants and animals. Activities: fishing, hunting, encouraging useful plant species in fallow agricultural plots

400, pristine, mixture

In the US, _______% of globally rare or listed species live on private lands.

60

________ Biosphere Reserves in 117 countries

621

About _____% of the world's land is outside protected areas.

80

__________ Sanctuary -Conservation biologists provide: -________ to local nature guides -Scientific _________ about local wildlife -_________ for a local museum of natural history -___________ training for the village leaders

Baboon, Training, information, Funds, Business

___________ - integrates protection with human use and often focuses on a single large ecosystem

Bioregional Management

UNESCO's World Network of _________ __________ allows traditional people to use resources from a designated buffer area around protected core areas (United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Org)

Biosphere Reserves

Examples of ICPDs 1. ___________ Reserves 2. In Situ __________ Conservation 3. _________ Reserves 4. __________-based initiatives 5._____________ for Ecosystem Services

Biosphere, agricultural, extractive, community, payments

________ Example: Community Baboon Sanctuary (Belize) -Collective _________ among a group of villages to maintain the forest habitat for black howler monkeys (baboons) -___________ pay fee to village organization; also pay if they stay overnight and eat meals with a local family

CBC, agreement, Ecotourists

________ Example: "Customary Ownership" in Samoa -Much of the rain _______ and ________ area is owned by communities of indigenous people -Villagers are under __________ to sell logs to pay for schools and other necessities -However, people have a strong desire to _________ the land because of forest's religious and cultural significance, and forest products

CBC, forest, marine, pressure, preserve

__________ - partnership of traditional people, government agencies, and conservation organizations working together - involves sharing ________ decisions and their consequences; avoid ecocolonialism

Co-management, management

________-based initiatives -Benefits include maintaining ______ resources (food and water) -Maintain land for ________ and traditional practices - A goal of a CBC is to align _________, economic, and ________ goals

Community, natural, religious, ecological, social

__________-based initiatives -In many areas, local people already ________ natural areas and resources -This is called community _________ areas, or community-_______ conservation (CBC) -Enforced by village ________ because of the benefits to local people

Community, protect, conserved, based, elders

___________-based management programs appear to be successful in many cases. They do rely on ________ and outside donors. Are only successful if they _________ wildlife and provide a _________ income for local people.

Community, tourism, protect, income

__________ for both humans and wild animals must be considered. - Deer (pests, _________, disease) - Cougars (threat)

Consequences, accidents

___________ must consider both protected and unprotected areas

Conservation

Integrated _______ Development Projects (ICDPs) Conservation projects where the ________ needs of local people are included in conservation management plans to the _________ of both the people and reserves

Conservation, economic, benefit

________ - practice of disregarding traditional rights and practices of local people in order to establish new conservation areas.

Ecocolonialism

___________ - a system of large-scale management involving multiple stakeholders, the primary goal of which is preserving ecosystem components and processes for the long term while still satisfying the current needs of society

Ecosystem Management

Payments for ________ Services (PES) -Pay _________ and local ________ that protect critical ecosystems and ecosystem services -This approach pays for ________ stewardship of the land -Becoming more popular

Ecosystem, landowners, communities, good

Florida Panther - Two viable possibilities to aid survival 1.________ and pay landowners 2. Build special ________ underpasses

Educate, road

-____________ - protected areas where local people can still extract resources in a way that minimizes damage

Extractive reserves

_________ Reserves -__________ people have historically extracted products -Use, barter and sell are a major part of people's livelihood

Extractive,

_________ Reserves -_________ - medical plants, edible seeds, rubber, resins, and Brazil nuts are collected from reserves -300 million ha -Guarantee local people's _______ of life -Protect against _________ ranching and farming -Yet, populations of large wild animals are sometimes __________ by subsistence hunting -Densities of Brazil _______ seedlings reduced

Extractive, Brazil, way, cattle, reduced, nut

_________ Reserves -__________ people have historically extracted products -Use, _________ and ________ are a major part of people's livelihood

Extractive, Traditional, barter, sell

________ Reserves - _______ hunting and wildlife _________ in Africa

Extractive, Trophy, tourism

CBC -_________ and conservation organizations can assist local conservation initiatives by: -Providing access to _________ expertise -________ programs -Financial __________ to develop infrastructure

Governments, scientific, Training, assistance

Unprotected _________ -_________ edges of roadsides - provides an open grassland community that is critical for species such as butterflies -Mowed power lines may provide _________; 2 million ha in the US -Remnant prairies

Grasslands, Mowed, corridors

________ use of unprotected lands varies greatly.

Human

__________ Attempt to reduce poverty, create jobs, improve health, and ensure food security

ICDPs

________ Agricultural -Countries like _______ and India have established reserves to conserve areas containing wild relatives and ancient landraces of commercial crops -Plants include wild relatives of wheat, oats and barley as well as citrus

In Situ,

________ Agricultural -Countries like _______ and India have established reserves to conserve areas containing wild relatives and ancient landraces of commercial crops -Plants include wild relatives of wheat, oats and barley as well as citrus

In Situ, Israel, India, wheat, barley

________ Agricultural -Countries like _______ and _______ have established reserves to conserve areas containing wild relatives and ancient landraces of commercial crops -Plants include wild relatives of ________, oats and ________ as well as citrus

In Situ, Israel, India, wheat, barley

___________ Agricultural -A different _________ is being used in the arid American SW -Focus is on __________ crops and genetic diversity -Native Seeds/SEARCH collects seeds of ________ traditional crop cultivars for long-term preservation -Group encourages ________ farmers and other members to grow traditional crops, provides seeds, and buys unsold production

In Situ, approach, dryland, 1800, 4600

___________ Agricultural Conservation -Long-term health of modern agriculture depends on the preservation of the ________ variability maintained in local varieties of crops cultivated by traditional farmers -Idea - subsidize villages as in situ (in-place) custodians of ________ varieties of crop species -This is being done with _______ in China

In Situ, genetic, traditional, rice

_______ _______ Indigenous Reserve -__________ ha of tropical forest and coral islands -_________ Kuna people in 60 villages -Practice traditional _________, fishing, __________ and forestry

Kuna Yala, 60,000, 50,000, medicine, agriculture

__________ Indigenous Reserve -Traditional conservation beliefs are ________ because of outside influences -Younger Kuna are _________ the need to rigidly protect the reserve -Kuna find it difficult to establish a stable _________ that can manage the reserve and work with external conservation and donor groups

Kuna Yala, eroding, questioning, organization

________ Indigenous Reserve -Outside scientists conduct _________ research -Train and hire local people as guides and research __________ -Kuna local government attempts to ________ the type and rate of economic development

Kuna Yala, management, assistants, control

_______ ________ - a strategy where low-intensity human activities coexist with some elements of biodiversity

Land Sharing

__________ - right of ownership of traditional lands

Legal Title

_________ Habitat -Large parcels of __________ land that are managed to provide a variety of goods and services -________ can arise as to how lands should be used -Especially important in areas like Nevada where ________% of the land is owned by the government

Multiple-use, government, Conflicts, 83

________ Concepts: -Forest owners may receive ________ payments from a city government for the ecosystem services provided by the forest -Drinking _________ -________ control -Etc. -________ and ________ paid for allowing large predators on their land; additional payments for damage

PES, direct, water, flood, Landowners, farmers

_______ Example: Kasigu Corridor Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) project in Kenya -Villagers protect a natural migration corridor for _________ between two national parks -Villagers earn _________ credits and funding from international programs for protecting the forest and maintaining wildlife populations -Funds are used for wildlife _________, schools, _________ and local business -Created ________ new jobs and generated $1.2 million

PES, elephants, carbon, patrols, infrastructure, 350

_________ Example: Giant Panda Habitat -_________ Forest Conservation Program in China -More ____________ occurred in areas managed by locals if financial incentives were very high

PES, natural, improvement

________ Concepts: -_________ people can be drawn into newly developing international markets for ecosystem services (carbon credits)

PES, rural

_________ Land -Large tracts may be subjected to low ________ and maintain much diversity (European Estates) -Also important on ______ properties; even yards -Backyard "Wildlife Certification Program" NWF

Private, impact, small

________ _________ - promote biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes - Create habitat in urban settings - Try to create situations where unprotected areas complement protected areas.

Reconciliation Ecology

__________ Solutions: - In _________, US government leased forest and coastal land from villagers to establish a national park - Villagers retain _________, gain ________, and retain hunting and collecting rights

Samoa, 1988, ownership, income

Evaluating Conservation Initiatives That Involve _________ Societies -Many ________ end abruptly if funding ends. -Many projects that appear successful are not ____________ and evaluated properly. -These types of projects are often very difficult and even _________.

Traditional, ICPDs, monitored, impossible

________ people are often more concerned with the _______ of surrounding biological communities or more __________ about species and the lands ecological limits than more recent settlers.

Traditional, health, knowledgeable

Land ________ to Humans -Border areas ( North and South Korea) -Mountain areas -Desert and Tundra

Undesirable

________ Forests -Selective _______ can be compatible with conservation -Most _________ services can be maintained

Unprotected, harvest, ecosystem

Unprotected _________ -Most _________ diversity exists outside of protected areas -_______ species appear to have higher abundances inside protected areas.

Waters, marine, Aquatic

Some _______ for reconciliation ecology

argue

1.Species may be _________ to resources outside of the protected area.

attracted

Preserving these species within urban areas can be a __________.

challenge

Important Principles: 3. Understand _______ between all levels and scales in the ecosystem hierarchy - individual organism on up 4. ________ significant components of the ecosystem, _______ the needed data, and then use ________ to adjust management in an adaptive manner (adaptive management)

connections, Monitor, gather, results

Many traditional societies have strong ________ ethics. -Use ________ knowledge to create management practices -Practices are linked to _______ systems and enforced by village consent

conservation, ecological, belief

In some areas (India; Mexico) there is a ________ between traditional people and areas of high conservation value and intact forest.

correlation

Traditional people often do not _______ the environment as long as human population density remains ________ and there are abundant land and resources.

degrade, low

In general, the smaller the protected area, the more __________ it is on neighboring unprotected areas

dependent

ICDP Strategies: - range from wildlife management to ___________ - may or may not include ________ land - attempt to _________ protection of biodiversity and the customs of traditional societies with aspects of economic development

ecotourism, protected, combine

Establishing protected areas is ________ for species conservation. -However, species may decline in protected areas.

essential

Peregrine ________ and bald ________ nest in the skyscrapers of NYC. - they feed on pigeons and rats

falcons, eagles

Other human-dominated landscapes: -Much biodiversity can be maintained in well-managed and low-intensity traditional agricultural systems, grazing lands, hunting preserves, forest plantations, and recreational lands. -High yield farming has a ________ impact.

greater

CBC -The most important feature was ________ capacity -Improving _________ -__________ -__________-making

institutional, infrastructure, communication, decision

_________ people who support conservation as an integral part of their livelihood and traditional values are often inspired to take the lead in ________ biodiversity.

local, protecting

Tukano Indians of NW Brazil Strong religious and cultural prohibitions against cutting the forest along the Upper Rio Negro They recognize this as important to the _________ of fish populations

maintenance

Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programs in Africa -Local landowners and communal groups are given the authority to ___________ and _______ from the wildlife on their property

manage, profit

PES -Government, nongovernmental conservation organizations, and businesses develop ________ -Villagers and landowners participate by _________ and _________ ecosystems

markets, protecting, restoring

Many species _______ between protected and unprotected areas

migrate

Land Sharing - Another option is where some land is used extensively for ________ agriculture and the rest remains in its natural state. The best strategy depends on _________ circumstances

modern, local

Traditional people often establish rights to ________ resources which are sometimes recognized by their governments.

natural

WORKING WITH LOCAL PEOPLE These people see themselves as the ________ inhabitants or long-standing residents of a region. They are often __________ at the community or village level.

original, organized

Numerous ______ species and _________ exist primarily outside of protected areas

rare, ecosystems

Important Principles: 1.Use best _________ to develop a coordinated plan for the area that is sustainable; biological, economic, and social components; shared by government, business, conservation organizations, and private citizens. ● 2.Ensure viable _________ of all species, representative examples of all biological communities and successional stages, and healthy ecosystem functions

science, populations

1.Most protected areas are too ______. This is especially true for large animals and migratory species.

small

Wilderness areas often have _______, sparse human populations. Societies that practice a ________ way of life in rural areas with relatively little outside influence are called: tribal people, indigenous people or traditional people

small, traditional

Determining the requirements of species in _______ areas is ongoing

urban

Many native species can persist in _______ areas.

urban