CONSTRUCTION 1

-Soils

and sub ground material in particulate form Boulders, Cobbles, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay (largest to smallest)

-Mortar:

brick is only as strong as mortar, it CUSIONS BONDS AND SEALS as 20% of wall -made of Portland cement, hydrated lime, clean sand, and clean water -range in strength from M-S-N-O (high-strength, medium high, medium, and medium low)'

Manufactured floor trusses:

can achieve longer spans than board lumber, and are dimensionally stable, they are a composite of board lumber (2x's), OSB Panel, and tooth plate connectors

Concrete Formwork:

can be steel, wood, or high strength plastic; negative of concrete pour, used to place reinforcement bars, must be strong enough to support wet concrete, tapered corners prevent breakage -Steel Reinforcing of concrete: -NO tensile strength in concrete, but when combined with steel it is strong and fire resistant -reinforcement bars are placed where TENSILE FORCES are greatest, compatible because the coefficients of expansion are the same and they bind to each other naturally -come in 1/8 increments, i.e. a #7 bar is 7/8 -for slabs welded wire fabrics are necessary, structural engineers design reinforcements and provide SHOP DRAWINGS show locations for all reinforcement

Brick types:

cored, hollow, and frogged bricks

Curing

cured by heat of hydration not by drying. Designed time for curing is 28 days, continues over a long period of time, concrete exposed to air is kept moist during this time to help hydration

Uniform Settlement:

designed for wherein the building settles evenly

Balloon Frame:

developed in 1830s, replaced heavy timber, Vertical framing members rise TWO consecutive stories, supported by band joists, horizontal planks connect vertical members & stabilize the frame

Placing

drop chutes limit segregation of mix, pumping to access above-ground formwork, concrete worked into form by vibrating machine

Horizontal Pressures

earth and ground against foundation walls

Slab on Grade

is a thin PLANAR section that distributes loads across entirety of surface area uses on high water table soil with no potential frost at grade

-ORIENTED STRAND BOARD:

is an approved substitute for plywood as a material for decking (subfloor) roof decking and wall sheathing

Wind Loads

lateral, downward, and uplift forces upon a structure

Differential Settlement:

not ok, should be avoided, differential forces are exerted on the building structure and this results in failure whether in structure, skin, or component parts.

-3 Types of retaining wall failures:

overturning, sliding, undermining

Live

people, furnishing, equipment, snow, ice, roof water

-roof terms:

ridge, valley, hip, fascia, valley rafters, common rafters, valley jack rafter

Joist spans,

rule of thumb, bridging for stability

-FRAMING PLAN:

shows the location and sizes of all light wood frame joist members in the floor platform -openings are double frames with double headers, projections beyond original foundations require the framing to run perpendicular to allow the cantilever to be supported -wood bridging must also be indicated

-Cavity Wall Construction Details:

steel shelf angles, masonry ties, insulation, flashing, weepholes, brick ledge

Wood Panel Products:

used in light wood frame construction for decking, sheathing, and interior and exterior finish surfaces. Thickness dimensions 1/8, 3/8, ¾, 1" PLYWOOD COMPOSITE PANEL WAFER BOARD ORIENTED STRAND

-Masonry Ties:

used to anchor the outer wythe of brick to the CMU backup wall-which is usually load bearing -Three common types: Ladder type, Truss type, rectangular ties -Inserted every 16" to match w/ the dimensions of the concrete block to allow for unbroken insulation

Crawl Space

used when ground floor is raised above grade/soil and made of wood or steel usually un-occupiable or unusable space, or electrical or mechanical equipment

Basement

used when the soil is prone to freezing or the client wants extra programmable space

-Walls:

vertical light wood frame timber walls are framed in place on the deck and raised into position to be traced and nailed together, vertical studs are positioned at 12", 16", and 24" on center, a panel wall requires both horizontal and vertical members, atop the horizontal is placed an upper TOP plate that joins separate together structurally walls and floors work together -Framing drawings show headers, rough openings, sill plates, sole plates, top plates

Mixing

water to cement ratio, transit-mixing in trucks, slump test on site

Dead

weight of frame, floors, walls, ceilings, materials, electrical equipment, foundations

Shallow foundations result in 2 SUBSTRUCTURES:

(1) Slab on Grade (2) Crawl Space (3) Basement

Concrete Composition

-Aggregates (Gravel or crushed stone [coarse] Sand [fine]), Portland Cement, Water, Admixtures

-Soil Excavation

-Benching: sloped opening made in soil, clay allows for steeper angles, sand and gravel intolerant to it -Bracing and Vertical Sheeting: Crosslot bracing & Rakers on heel-blocks not as preferred as tie-backs -Dewatering: Need to ensure no water enters site

-Sustainable brick masonry facts and etc.

-Brick manufacturing requires relatively large amounts of water, water that doesn't evaporate can be reused many times. Little if any water need be discharged as waste -Because of the energy used in its firing, brick is a relatively energy-intensive product. Its embodied energy may range from about 1000-4000 BTU per pound -The most common energy source for brick kilns is natural gas, although oil and coal are also used. Firing of clay masonry produces fluorine and chlorine emissions. Other types of air pollutions can result from improperly regulated kilns. -The thermal mass effect of brick masonry can be a useful component of fuel saving heating and cooling strategies such as solar heating and nighttime cooling -Brick masonry is a durable

Wood as Material (Heavy Wood Timber?)

-Different because bracing doesn't happen with SURFACE but with more MEMBERS -Diagonal bracing keeps a frame rigid, by definition heavy wood timber framing is spatial -Post and plank (BEAM) construction; plank floors combine subfloors and finish floors

-Soil Testing and Report

-Liquid Limit of Soil: Water content at which soil passes from plastic to liquid state -Plastic Limit of Soil: water content at which soil passes from plastic to solid state, losing plasticity

-Mill Construction

-Load bearing masonry exterior walls -Dogs (iron strap connectors) -chamfered columns -Fire cuts -pintle caps -Floor Girders (Span wall to column)

Typical Pre-cast Floor Slab, Beam, and Column Supports

-Solid Slabs for short spans -Hollow core slabs used for intermediate spans -Double and Single Tees used for the longest spans

-Engineered WOOD PRODUCTS

-Structural Composite Lumber: LVL laminated veneer Lumber PSL Parallel Strand Lumber LSL Laminated Strand Lumber

BIM: The BIM Model, with image and data, us materially, dimensionally, and tectonically consonant w/ project

-USED FOR: organizing 2D&3D of the buildings construction, outputting data scapes for quantity take offs, direct outputs to CNC fabrication, informing fabrication, producing & coordinating structural and MEP drawings, detects schedule coordination conflicts -Communicates with plans, sections, elevations, and details YET also produces 3D axons helping clarity -Digital drawing and data provide interactive map for construction, different from CAD

Exterior Sheathing and Insulation

-VAPOR BARRIER: vapor retarder is required to prevent condensation in the insulation zone condensation results from clashing of cold and hot air

-Nominal Dimensional Lumber vs. Actual Dimensional Lumber

-When lumber is first cut from the log, it approaches its NOMINAL dimension, after the sawing seasoning and surfacing it acquires its ACTUAL dimension -pieces less than 2" in side are called boards, 2-4" called dimensional lumber

Brick Joint Terms:

-Wythe: a vertical layer of bricks -Head Joint: the vertical joint between bricks -Bed Joint: the horizontal joint between bricks -Collar Joint: the joint between wythes of bricks -Bond: the pattern masonry units are laid to make a wall -Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally on its broad surface w/ thin edge parallel to wall surface -Header: a brick that joins two wythes with its end exposed in the face of the wall -Soldier: a brick that "stands" on its end -Rowlock: a brick laid on its long edge with its end exposed in the face of the wall

-Important Terms for specifying LUMBER

-seasoned vs green lumber -surfaced (planed) vs non-surfaced -lumber defects due to growth characteristics vs. manufacturing characteristics -grading for appearance vs. grading for strength and stiffness -grading for strength and stiffness from high to low structural no. 1 no. 2. no. 3; construction, standard, utility, stud -strength parallel to the grain vs. perpendicular to the grain

Steps for construction of poured in place foundation walls and footings:

1. Excavation of Soil 2. Installation and bracing of the formwork: made of wood, steel, or rigid insulation 3. Insertion of steel reinforcing in footing and wall formwork 4. Pouring of concrete and insertion of anchor bolts for the wood frame construction 5. Formwork is removed once the concrete has cured 6. If foundation walls are for basement: walls are waterproofed, exterior is insulated, French drain is installed, crushed gravel is backfilled 2ft for drainage, remainder of opening is backfilled with soil

-Lumber production steps

1. Felling of Trees + transportation of the logs to the sawmill 2. Each log is passed through a "headsaw" and reduced to a slab 3. The "sawyer" determines the yield of lumber from the slab 4. the slab is repeatedly sawn into smaller pieces for maximum yield 5. The lumber is seasoned so water can leave wood via air drying or kiln drying 6. Lumber is graded according to these criteria; structural strength and stiffness/surface appearance

-Site: Cast slab on grade

1. Set edge formwork wood frames and braces 2. Crushed stone drainage layer 3. Moisture barrier if needed 4. 4" layer of fine crushed stone 5. Welded wire fabric reinforcing 6. Poured concrete top layer 7. Control joints

Method 1 Manipulating Clay

1. Soft mud process: moist clay (20/30% water) Pressed into steel or wooden molds, Bricks are "water struck" in the molds so that they release

-4 Keys to a successful foundation

1. The designed foundation system ensures the building and the soil upon which it rests is capable of resisting structural failure and possible collapse 2. If settlement should occur, the extent and type of settlement should not compromise the building's overall structure or the proper execution of the building's function 3. The designed foundation should not be in excess of what is needed both physically and financially 4. It should not do any undue harm to adjoining buildings and sites

Stair formula:

2 Risers + 1 Tread= 24/25 inches...STRINGERS

Method 2 Manipulating Clay

2. Dry Press process: used for clays that shrink excessively during drying. Clay with only 10% water is pressed into molds by machines at high pressure

Brick Production

3 methods of manipulating Clay

Method 3 Manipulating Clay

3. Stiff mud process: high production method and most widely used. Clay with 12/15% water is passed through a vacuum to remove air pockets, then extruded through a rectangular die and cut by rotating wire into bricks

-Subcategories of Construction documentation

A. LEGAL BASIS contract documents B. ORGANIZATION of a set typically including: -General conditions, landscape/site, ARCHITECTURE, structural, mechanical, electric, plumbing C. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS (Aka the "A" set) -site plans, floor & roof plans, reflected ceiling plans, building sections, elevations, wall sections, horizontal sections, core building details, stair details, roof details, foundation details, interior room elevation details, schedules, quantity take offs, digital model D. COLLABORATORS who produce independent but related drawings [subcontractors, fabricators] E. DRAWING CONVENTIONS [The drawing sheet and its languages] -drawing sheets (sizes), title block (IDs legal participants), drawing names (industry standards), visual scales, elevation levels, grid lines and column lines, referencing system between

-Platform Frame:

After WWII this made home building faster, vertical framing members rise ONE story at a time , floor constructed with joists and decking, successive floors framed same as the first one

Brick Firing

Brick Firing 1. Water smoking drives out surface water 2. Dehydration drives out remaining water 3. Oxidation hardening at 1800-2400 F 4. Vitrification is when clay turns into ceramic material 5. Flashing (optional) is controlled firing to alter brick color

-Cohesive vs. Cohesion Less

Clay is cohesive since it sticks together; plate like structure, large surface a to volume ratio Sand, silt, gravel are cohesion-less which needs to be contained or confined to be structural

-Rock

Continuous mass of solid mineral matter like granite, strongest most stable for building

Hardwood:

From broadleaf and deciduous trees, slow growing, complex cell structure, radial cells (rays) constitute a large percentage of the mass, beautiful grain

-Softwood:

From coniferous trees, fast-growing, predominantly longitudinal cells, small percentage radial cells, simple cell structure, uninteresting grain structure

-Foundation Load Types:

Live loads, dead loads, wind loads, horizontal pressures transferred through structure

Concrete Masonry units:

MASS MANUFACTURED units where stiff concrete is vibrated into steel molds, then turned onto racks, then STEAM CURED in an AUTOCLAVE either at atmospheric pressure or high pressure

Concrete Pours and Curing

Mixing to Placing to Curing

-Lintels:

SPAN openings in a brick wall -methods include steel angles, reinforced brick lintel, and reinforced concrete beam

Bond Patterns:

See illustration sheet

-Soil strata:

Soil in field is not often homogeneous, with layers of types, tested to ID & predict: Load Bearing Capacity: measure of what loads soil can carry, can change based on strata Stability: how well soil can withstand changes in composition; i.e. water causes clay to swell Drainage Performance: measure of how water percolates away from foundation, larger soil particulate is the easier it will drain