Consumer Behavior Final

working class

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________.

attractiveness

Source ________ refers to the perceived social value of a message source.

de-ethnicization

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________.

true

True/False: Education is one determining factor in future income.

reference group

A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior.

internalization

Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The highest level of involvement is

compliance

Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The lowest form of involvement is

economic

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

true

True/False: A point-of-purchase stimuli is part of the purchase environment.

False

True/False: According to the functional theory of attitudes, attitudes exist because they are hereditary.

true

True/False: Culture or origin is considered one of the acculturation agents mentioned in the text.

True

True/False: Identification occurs when we form an attitude to conform to another person's or group's expectations.

true

True/False: If a person has social power, he or she has the ability to alter the actions of others.

true

True/False: Mainstream marketers used to avoid religion topics; now they actively target church members.

true

True/False: Mothers with preschool children are the fastest-growing segment of working people.

false

True/False: Product information that individuals transmit to other individuals is called push promotion.

true

True/False: Restricted codes focus on the content of objects, not on relationships among objects.

true

True/False: Self-regulation refers to a person's efforts to change or maintain his actions over time.

false

True/False: The first step in the consumer decision-making process is to conduct information search.

false

True/False: The mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group are called ecology.

true

True/False: Winnowing out is part of the cultural selection process.

aspirational

When companies use celebrities in their ads they are using the principle of ________ reference groups.

Asian American

Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest growing?

social dimension

Which dimension of psychological time includes the categorization of "time for me"?

ideology

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

crowding

Which of the following is an unpleasant psychological state?

consumer satisfaction

Which of the following is considered a post-purchase process?

theory of cognitive dissonance

Which theory of attitudes states that people are motivated to take action to resolve inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors?

pecking order

With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best communicates such a hierarchy?

permission marketing

________ acknowledges that marketers will be more successful when they communicate with consumers who have already agreed to listen to them.

opinion seekers

________ are generally more involved in a product category and actively search for information.

social loafing

________ happens when we do not devote as much time and effort to a task as we could because our contribution is part of a larger group effect.

consumption situation

________ includes a buyer, a seller, and a product or service and other factors.

attitude

________ is a lasting, general evaluation of people, objects, advertisements, or issues.

atmospherics

________ is the conscious designing of retail space and its various dimensions to evoke certain effects in buyers.

social power

________ is the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something.

source

________ is the first element in the traditional communications model.

information search

________ is the process by which the consumer surveys the environment for appropriate data to make a reasonable decision.

social structure

________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.

ideology

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.

consumer confidence

________ measures how optimistic or pessimistic people are about the future health of the economy and how they will fair in the future.

problem recognition

________ occurs whenever the consumer sees a significant difference between his or her current state of affairs and some desired state.

movement

________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another.

social mobility

________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.

POP stimuli

A coupon-dispensing machine in a grocery aisle and an employee handing out free samples of a new product are both examples of ________.

mother, father, one or more children

A nuclear family consists of ________.

opinion leaders

Individuals with the ability to influence others' attributes or behaviors are considered ________.

norms

Within groups, informal rules of behavior are called ________.

norms

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

subculture

A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.

cognitive, habitual, affective

A bucket in consumer decision making is ________.

age, race, ethnic background

A component of a person's subculture is ________.

ritual

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

rite of passage

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.

being space

A store environment that has been made to resemble a living room where customers can relax, hang out with friends, or even learn is referred to as a(n) ________.

myth

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a

membership, aspirational, anticipatory, symbolic

A type of reference group is ________.

constructive processing

According to ________, we evaluate the effort we'll need to make a particular choice and then we tailor the amount of cognitive "effort" we expend to make that choice.

non-compensatory decision

According to the ________ rule, a product with a low standing on one attribute cannot make up for this position by being better on another attribute.

cohort

An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences.

three generations

An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together.

bandwagon

The pressure to conform that escalates as more and more group members "cave in" is called ________.

spendthrifts

Consumers who buy everything in sight are called ________.

frugalistas

Consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but achieve it on a budget are called ________.

personality

Culture is best described as a society's ________.

evualative criteria

Dimensions we use to judge the merits of competing options are called ________.

mexican

Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent.

Japan

Of the countries listed below, which is thought to be highly status-conscious?

income inequality

One percenters are an example of ________.

co-consumers

Others who are present in a consumer's physical and social environment when purchases are made are called

knowledge

The ________ function of attitudes applies when a person is in an ambiguous situation and needs order, structure, or meaning.

low-involvement

The ________ hierarchy of effects assumes the consumer does not initially have a strong preference for one brand over another. Instead, a consumer acts on the basis of limited knowledge and then forms an evaluation only after the product has been purchased or used.

social mobility

The ability of a person to pass from one social class to another is called ________.

queing theory

The psychological dimension of time or how it is experienced is an important factor in what mathematical study?

liminality

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.

positioning a product

The success of ________ hinges on the marketer's ability to convince the consumer to consider its product within a given category.

affective, behavioral, cognitive

A component of the ABC model of attitude is ________.

cultural pressures, fear of deviance, commitment

A reason why consumers conform is ________.

discretionary income

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________.

born-again

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community.

chronological

The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age.

income

The best predictor of major expenditures that do not have status or symbolic value is ________.

recognition

The first stage in the consumer decision-making process is ________.

problem recognition

The first step in the cognitive decision-making process is ________.

attitudes facilitate social behavior

The functional theory of attitudes was initially developed to explain how ________

store image

The personality of a retail store is also called ________.

acculturation

The process of movement and adaption to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________.

surrogate customer

A(n) ________ is a marketing intermediary retained by a consumer to guide what that consumer buys.

brand loyalty

A consumer who buys the same brand over and over again exhibits ________.

set of individuals and organizations that create and market a cultural product

A cultural production system is a ________.

extended problem solving

A customer buying an unfamiliar product which carried a fair degree of risk would most likely engage in what type of problem solving?

satisficing

A decision strategy that seeks to deliver an adequate solution rather than the best possible solution is referred to as ________.

shopping orientation

A general attitude toward shopping is called ________.

membership

A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group.

attitude

A(n) ________ is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, advertisements, or issues.

activity store

In a(n) ________, consumers participate in the production of the products or services they buy.

impression

In advertising terms, a(n) ________ refers to a view or exposure to an advertising message.

Asian

In general, people from which of the following cultures have typically been shown to wait the most patiently while standing in a long line?

cultural gatekeepers

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

cultural selection

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.

cult

Products that consumers are willing to pay more for are called ________ products.

cell phones

M-commerce most likely takes place through ________.

baby boom generation

People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________.