Content Test (Practice)

What are the 5 essential components of an effective reading instruction program? [Objective 0001]

1.) phonemic awareness 2.) phonics 3.) fluency 4.) vocabulary 5.) comprehension

What are the Five Stages of Spelling Development?

1.) precommunicative stage 2.) semiphonetic stage 3.) phonetic stage 4.) transitional stage 5.) correct stage

6 Common Syllable Types

1.)Closed syllables 2.) Vowel-Consonant-e (VCe) syllables 3.)Open syllables 4.)Vowel team syllables [also need different types of vowel teams 5.) Vowel-r syllables 6.)Consonant-le (C-le) syllables

The idea that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language/ the understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds is known as the ________ __________

Alphabetic Principle

a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c & a(bc)=(ab)c When the terms/factors can be grouped in any way desired without affecting the result, this is called the ___________ property/law

Associative Law/Property (x or +) factors can be associated in any way desired

A standard die is a cube, with each of its 6 faces showing a different number of dots from 1 to 6. What's the probability of getting a sum of 8 from 2 rolls of a standard die? (Objective 0007) A.) 1/7 B.) 1/6 C.) 5/36 D.) 5/12

C.) 5/36

Words of this type of syllable contain a vowel followed by r (er, ir, ur, ar, or); the vowel before R does not make its regular long or short sound, it is being controlled by the letter R and the /r/ sound -*examples: p[er]f[or]m, [ar]d[or], m[ir]r[or], f[ur]th[er], w[or]th, & w[ar]t

R-controlled vowels/ Vowel-r Syllables

In this stage of spelling development, the child begins to understand letter-sound correspondences & that sounds are assigned to letters. -child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, & syllables. (e.g., U for you)

Semiphonetic Stage

words that are mainly content specific and used least frequently; generally used within a specific discipline, so best to bring context from that content area to teach them.

Tier Three Words

In this stage of spelling development, the speller begins to assimilate the conventional alternative for representing sounds, moving from a dependence on phonology (sound) for representing words to a reliance on visual representation and an understanding of the structure of words. -Ex: EGUL for eagle and HIGHEKED for hiked.

Transitional Stage

_________ ________ Syllables may be two, three, or four letters; thus, the term vowel digraph is not used. -They must be learned gradually through word sorting & systematic practice. -can represent a long, short, or diphthong vowel sound; occur most often in old Anglo-Saxon words whose pronunciations have changed over hundreds of years. Examples: thief, boil, hay, suit, boat, and straw.

Vowel Team Syllables

___________ Syllables contain long vowels spelled with a single letter, followed by a single consonant, & a silent e *examples:* w[ake], wh[ale], wh[ile], y[oke], y[ore], r[ude], & h[are]

Vowel-Consonant-e (VCe) Syllables

Derivational Affix

an affix by means of which one word is formed *(derived)* from another. The derived word is often of a different word class from the original. Ex: joyful joyfulness slowly

an arrangement of objects into rows and columns that follow a pattern is called ________ -can be used to show repeated addition or to represent multiplication concepts

an array

rate x time is the formula for _______

formula for distance traveled

the sum of the areas of the faces gives you the surface area of a ________ _________

general prism

Phonemes

the smallest unit of sound in our spoken language. *example:* pronouncing the word cat involves blending 3 phonemes: /k/ /ae/ /t/

1/2bh gives you the area of a ________

triangle

Closed-syllable words [*vowel sound* (short or long); *definition*, *examples*]

-vowel sound: short -definition: a vowel followed by a consonant; the vowel is *closed in* by a consonant -examples: splash, lend, top, cap, sit, up, hat

What value is 10^-3?

0.001

Consonant Digraphs

-a combo of 2 consonant letters that form a single consonant speech sound [AKA a consonant phoneme] -sometimes the combo results in 1 letter becoming silent, but *most of the time the pairing produces a unique sound that neither letter would form on its own* examples: sh, ph, th

Inflectional Endings [Objective 0002]

-a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning -modify verbs to: indicate tense [ex: -ed]; to say that something is currently happening [ex: -ing]; or to make words plural [ex: -s & -es]

A ___________ sentence is one that combines one independent clause with at least 1 dependent clause. -*Example:* Although Denise[subject] had[verb] some doubts, she [subject] found[verb] the courses very useful. *a *clause* is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb *an *independent clause* forms a complete thought

Complex Sentence

Also known as the stable final syllable, these types of syllables are found only at the ends of words. If it is combined with an open syllable — as in cable, bugle, or title — there is no doubled consonant. *If one is combined with a closed syllable — as in dabble, topple, or little — a double consonant results. -Not every consonant is found in this type of syllable. These are the ones that are used in English: -ble (bubble)-fle (rifle)-stle (whistle)-cle (cycle)-gle (bugle)-tle (whittle)-ckle (trickle)-kle (tinkle)-zle (puzzle)-dle (riddle)-ple (quadruple)

Consonant-le (C-le) syllables

A ________ is a sound that is made up of 2 separate vowel sounds within the same syllable, in which the sound begins as 1 vowel and moves toward another. -tongues changes position to produce the sound of 2 vowels -*Examples:* coin, loud, side

Diphthong

Words of this type are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to *memorize as a whole by sight,* so that they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use decoding strategies. -These words occur most frequently in written material [*examples:* the, as, and, it, me, my, a] -often words that have little meaning on their own, but they do contribute a great deal to the meaning of a sentence

High Frequency Words (sight words)

How do you solve a system of linear equations by substitution? (2 main steps)

1.) start with the easier equation & solve for one of the variables 2.) then, *substitute* this expression in the other equation, and solve for the other variable 3.) then you can check your answers

To find the height of a tree, a student placed a 3-ft stick 6 inches vertically into the ground and measured the shadow to be 1 foot long. The shadow of the tree measures 66 inches long. Which of the following is closest to the height of the tree? (objective 0012) A.) 14 ft B.) 17 ft C.) 19 ft D.) 26 ft

A.) 14 feet *Drawing a quick diagram shows that 2 similar triangles are formed, since they each share at least 2 angles of equal measure. Because the triangles are similar, corresponding sides are proportional and a proportion can be set up relating the length of shadows and heights of the stick and the tree. The stick is 6 inches, or 0.5 foot, deep into the ground, so the exposed height of the stick is (3-0.5)ft=2.5 feet. The shadow length of the tree is 66 inches. Converting 66 in to feet by dividing by 12 inches/foot, the length of the tree shadow is 5.5 feet. The resulting proportion is: height of the stick/shadow length of stick= height of tree/shadow length of tree; x= height of tree 2.5 ft/1 foot = x ft/5.5 ft. x ft= 2.5 ft x 5.5ft= 13.75 feet, which is the height of the tree. 13.75 feet is closest to 14 feet

13. Use the problem and student work below to answer the question that follows. Problem: A school is planning an assembly for the last day of the school year. There are 100 fourth graders in the school. The principal has arranged the chairs in the auditorium into rows of eight. How many rows does the principal need to save to seat all the fourth graders? Student work: 100 ÷ 8 = _______ 12 x 8 = 96 100 − 96 = 4 The principal has to save 12 rows. Which of the following statements is the best evaluation of the student's work? (objective 0008) A.) The student's answer is incorrect and the work shows a misunderstanding of how to interpret the remainder in a real-world problem. B.) The student's answer is incorrect and the work shows a misunderstanding of how to perform the common division algorithm. C.) The student's answer is correct and the work shows an understanding of the relationship between division and multiplication. D.) The student's answer is correct and the work shows an understanding of how to model division problems using repeated subtraction.

A.) The student's answer is incorrect and the work shows a misunderstanding of how to interpret the remainder in a real-world problem. *This problem requires the candidate to divide the total number of fourth graders by the number of chairs per row. All the fourth graders need to be seated so any remainder will require a new row of chairs. The student chose the correct operation to solve the problem by dividing 100 by 8, and correctly checked that 12 × 8, 12 times 8,or 96, is the closest multiple of 8 to 100. However, the student's answer of 12 rows is incorrect because the remainder of 4 represents 4 fourth graders who will need chairs. The principal needs to have 12 rows of 8, plus 4 more chairs, or 13 rows in all. The student's response indicates that he or she has a misunderstanding of the meaning of the remainder in the context of this problem.

In an introductory unit on electricity, 4th-grade students are investigating how to connect wires between a battery and an LED clock in order to start the clock. In their first attempt, a working group has attached 1 electrical wire between the negative terminal of a battery and the positive terminal of the clock. Another electrical wire connects the negative terminal of the clock to the positive terminal of the battery. The clock fails to work. Which action can the students take to increase the likelihood that their clock will start working? (objective 0015) A.) adding an additional battery in series to increase the voltage of the circuit setup B.) connecting a simple switch between the battery and the clock C.) increasing the length and thickness of the wires used in the circuit D.) rewiring the circuit so that each electrical wire connects two terminals of the same charge

A.) adding an additional battery in series to increase the voltage of the circuit setup *the most likely reason that the clock fails to work in the simple circuit set up by the students is that more power is needed.

Much of the art of the Renaissance served primarily which purpose? (Objective 0019) A.) reflecting religious values B.) providing lighthearted entertainment C.) spreading political propaganda D.) celebrating individual spirit

A.) reflecting religious values *Christianity was integral to European culture during the Renaissance.

A 3rd-grade teacher is planning to conduct a close reading of a nonfiction historical narrative. The teacher is selecting general-academic and content-specific words from the text to teach explicitly to the class during the reading. Which prereading strategy would best address the linguistic needs of an emerging-level ELL in the class? (Objective 0003) A.) selecting Tier One words from the text to preteach to the student explicitly B.) providing the student with a vocabulary notebook for writing down unknown words c.) having the student look through the text and identify unfamiliar words by circling them D.) giving instruction in dictionary usage and letting the student practice looking up words from the text

A.) selecting Tier One words from the text to preteach to the student explicitly *Research suggests that a beneficial differentiation strategy for supporting ELLs' text comprehension is explicit instruction in the meanings of basic English words (AKA Tier One words)

With ________ _______ _______, the letter is not pronounced the same way that the letter's name itself is pronounced. A.) short vowel sounds B.) consonant letter sounds C.) long vowel sounds D.) vowel letter sounds

A.) short vowel sounds

_______ Carbohydrates include naturally occurring sugars such as fruits, which are easily digested and provide quick energy. A.) simple carbohydrates B.) complex carbohydrates

A.) simple carbohydrates

An entering-level ELL has acquired grade-level literacy skills in the home language. Which of the following features of the home language would be most likely to support the transfer of basic literacy skills from the student's home language to English? (Objective 0001) A.) the home language's writing system is alphabetic as is English B.) the vocab of the home language shares some cognates with English C.) the home language includes several phonemes found in English D.) the syntax of the home language is similar to that of English

A.) the home language's writing system is alphabetic as is English *Alphabetic Principle: understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds/the idea that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language

A forest ranger is monitoring the population of an invasive insect that has recently arrived from another continent. He estimates that the population, "P", will double every 5 years. If the current population in a forest is 2,000 insects, which equation can be used to estimate the population in the forest "N" years from the present? (Objective 0007) (** ^ = exponent**) A.) P= 10n+2000 B.) P=(2000)2^0.2n (exponent is 0.2n) C.) P= 5n^2 +2000 D.) P= (2000)2^5n

B.) P=(2000)2^0.2n (exponent is 0.2n) *growth that doubles every several years is characteristic of exponential functions. after 5 years, the population will be P= (2000)2, after 10 years, P=(2000)2x2= (2000)2^2, after 15 years, P= (2000)2^3. This is described by the function P=(2000)2^(0.2n), as can be seen by substituting n=5, n=10, n=15 into the function

A student was confused as to where to place the decimal point in the result of the product 24.5x0.02. Which activity would best help the student understand decimal point placement when finding the product of two decimal numbers? (Objective 0009) A.) practicing counting decimal places in decimal numerals B.) converting decimals to fraction equivalents and finding the fraction products C.) finding decimal products on a calculator and recording the results D.) adding zeros to decimal numerals so that they have the same number of decimal places

B.) converting decimals to fraction equivalents and finding the fraction products *after multiplying the fractions, the student will understand that the result must be a decimal that has digits to the thousandths place. 245/10 X 2/100= 490/1000= 0.490

Which exercise would most likely encourage 4th grade students' exploration of personal feelings? (objective 0019) A.) working with another student to create a papier-mache sculpture of a pumpkin B.) creating a pencil drawing of a family member or friend C.) viewing a famous painting and trying to replicate it with tempera paints D.) writing a poem about why a favorite color is favorite

B.) creating a pencil drawing of a family member or friend *will likely result in the student's considering experiences and memories the student has shared with the subject, and the student will likely make the connection between creative expression and emotional experience

Elementary school students are working in cooperative learning groups and using the following decision-making process: 1.) identify the challenge or problem, 2.) generate possible options, 3.) weigh the consequences of alternate options, 4.) choose the best option, & 5.) evaluate the decision. Each group applies these steps to a hypothetical health-related problem that requires a decision to be made. Which task should be carried out during Step 2? [Objective 0023] a.) thinking about potential short-term and long-term outcomes of various options and courses of action B.) gathering information and considering what resources are needed or available for possible courses of action C.) trying to anticipate what could go wrong and acknowledging that all decisions have an element of chance or risk D.) creating an action plan & developing criteria & a strategy for evaluating the best option & its effectiveness

B.) gathering information and considering what resources are needed or available for possible courses of action

According to current research in the field of reading, which strategy would be most effective in developing students' academic language knowledge? [Objective 0003] A.) limiting social language in the classroom and requiring them to use formal English B.) promoting students' engagement in wide reading with opportunities to discuss & write about the texts C.) providing students with opportunities to determine word meaning through contextual analysis D.) diagramming complex sentences that exemplify various academic language structures

B.) promoting students' engagement in wide reading with opportunities to discuss & write about the texts

In a health and wellness lesson, a fifth-grade class creates the list below of potential adverse health effects on the body's circulatory system. Which of the following lifestyle behaviors is most closely associated with these negative effects on personal health? (objective 0022) -lowers oxygen content of blood to the heart, causing high blood pressure -inhibits oxygen transportation to brain and other organs -makes blood "stickier," which can lead to clotting -damages the lining of the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis -reduces blood flow to extremities and decreases peripheral circulation A.) binge drinking alcohol B.) smoking tobacco products C.) consuming refined sugars D.) using anabolic steroids

B.) smoking tobacco products

A circle graph is created to represent a bag of colored gumballs that contains four color groups as follows: 24 of the gumballs are red 20% of the gumballs are blue 9/20 of the gumballs are green 1/4 of the gumballs are yellow What is the degree measure of the central angle for the sector of the circle that represents the red gumballs? A.) 10 degrees B.) 24 degrees C.) 36 degrees D.) 160 degrees

C.) 36 degrees

A 2nd-grade teacher plans to start a vegetable garden to help students learn about the resources required for plant growth. The teacher uses stakes & string to mark a 5-foot by 5-foot plot of ground, but determines it'd only provide enough space for each student to grow 1 plant. In order for each student to have enough space to grow 2 plants, the teacher plans to double the area of the first plot. What'll be the total area of the enlarged plot? (Objective 0013) A.) 10 square feet B.) 25 square feet C.) 50 square feet D.) 100 square feet

C.) 50 square feet *area of original plot: 5 ft x 5 ft= 25 sq. ft. doubling this, then area of enlarged plot: 25 sq. ft x 2= 50 sq. ft

Use the values shown below to answer the question. A=K÷0.5 B= 1 1/2 x K C= 7/8 of K D= 20% of K Given that K is a positive integer, which list orders the values shown from least to greatest? (objective 0009) A.) A<B<D<C B.) A < C < B < D C.) D < C < B < A D.) D < A < C < B

C.) D < C < B < A **Value of A is K÷0.5=K÷1/2=Kx2=2k; B is 1 1/2 x K= 1.5k; C is 7/8 of K=7/8xK= 0.875K; D is 20% of K=0.2K. 0.2K < 0.875K < 1.5K < 2K**

(1)Kites were probably invented in China during the fifth century. (2)The first known kites were made of a bamboo frame covered with silk or paper. (3)They were usually flat rectangles, and unlike modern kites, they did not have tails. (4) ______________________________ (5)People used kites to measure distances, to test the wind, and to communicate. (6)There is an ancient Chinese story about a Chinese emperor who used a kite to send a message for help when he was trapped by rebel soldiers. (7)Some kites could actually carry warriors into the air and over enemy territory. Which of the following sentences, if inserted as Sentence 4, would most effectively support a logical development of ideas in the paragraph? (Objective 0005) A.) In some countries, making and flying kites is an art. B.) Early South Sea Islanders attached fishing nets to kites. C.) Early kites were made to fulfill practical purposes. D.) Kites have been used to learn about aerodynamics

C.) Early kites were made to fulfill practical purposes.

Of the three tiers of words, the most important words for direct instruction are: [objective 0003] A.) tier one words B.) common words C.) Tier Two Words D.) Words with Latin roots

C.) Tier Two Words *Tier Two words are words with high frequency across a variety of disciplines or words with multiple meanings. They are characteristic of mature language users. Knowing these words is crucial to attaining an acceptable level of reading comprehension and communication skills.

Simplify: 2x+5-3(x-1) Student Work: Step 1: 2x+5-3(x-1)= 2x+5-3x+3 Step 2: 2x+5-3x+3=2x-3x+5+3 Step 3: 2x-3x+5+3=(2-3)x+5+3 Step 4: (2-3)x+5+3= -x+8 Which of the following properties justifies Step 2 in the student's work? (objective 0010) A.) associative property B.) closure property C.) commutative property D.) distributive property

C.) commutative property *the student changed the order of the addends, applying the commutative property

Smooth muscle is involved in which body action? [Objective 0022] A.) extending the legs while jumping B.) moving blood through the heart C.) digesting the nutrients in a meal D.) swinging the arms to propel an object

C.) digesting the nutrients in a meal *controls slow, involuntary movements in the body

Which list would be most useful in assessing a 1st-grade student's grasp of letter-sound correspondences and ability to apply them in decoding a variety of regular closed-syllable words? (Objective 0002) A.) the, with, to, of B.) main, beat, coat, foot C.) dot, pen, sum, rib D.) bat, cat, mat, sat

C.) dot, pen, sum, rib

Information about the location and environment of a particular cultural group in premodern Europe would most likely provide a researcher with the greatest insight into the groups: [Objective 0018] A.) demographic characteristics B.) social organization C.) economic activities D.) family structure

C.) economic activities *knowledge about the location and environment would provide info about the natural resources that were available to the group for subsistence and trade. This in turn would offer insights into the kinds of activities carried out by the group to secure food, provide clothing and shelter, and meet other needs.

Over the course of the elementary years (k-6), physical coordination and balance improves and students become more proficient at catching, throwing, kicking, and striking. In addition to practice, which development exerts the most significant influence on these motor abilities? [Objective 0021] A.) a widening of the body's base of support B.) achievement of maximum growth of the long bones C.) maturation of the body's nervous system D.) an upward shift in the body's center of gravity

C.) maturation of the body's nervous system

A 6th-grade teacher is planning to show students several video clips of inaugural addresses delivered by past US presidents. The teacher wants to promote students' active listening skills, as well as facilitating student's ability to understand the video clips. Which strategy would be most effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? (Object 0006) A.) introducing the video clips with an overview of the history and purpose of presidential inaugural addresses B.) providing for students a reference list of unfamiliar words from the speeches, along with definitions C.) pausing the video clips at predetermined intervals for students to talk to a partner about what they heard D.) having students take notes while viewing the clips and then summarize in writing what they learned

C.) pausing the video clips at predetermined intervals for students to talk to a partner about what they heard

Students are investigating how water affects plant growth. Each student has a total of 5 bean seedlings. The seedlings are planted in 5 separate containers that're placed on a bookshelf beneath a large window. Plants will be watered every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday during a 2 week period. During each watering, plant 1 will receive 0.5 mL of water, plant 2 will receive 1.0 mL, plant 3 will receive 1.5 mL, plant 4 will receive 2.0 mL, and plant 5 will receive no water. At the end of the 2 week period, the amount of plant growth will be determined by subtracting the initial height of the plant from the final height. The students will present the results of their investigation in a line graph that has the dependent variable plotted along the y-axis. Which variable should the students plot along the y-axis of their graph? (Objective 0014) A.) volume of water B.) mass of each container C.) plant height D.) dates of watering

C.) plant height *When creating a line graph, the independent variable (the quantity that is known) typically is plotted along the x-axis and the dependent variable (the variable or condition that changes according to the values of the independent variable) is plotted along the y-axis. In this case, the amount of growth shown by the plants (as measured by plant height) is the dependent variable and should be plotted along the y-axis.

A 5th-grade teacher regularly uses drama activities to teach social studies content. In one activity, the students portray delegates to the Constitutional Convention and debate different ways of structuring the government. This approach is most effective for accomplishing which goal? [Objective 0020] A.) illustrating the differences between the politics of different eras B.) reinforcing the chronology of important events in US history C.) promoting an understanding of the actions of historical figures D.) emphasizing the duty of citizens to voice opinions to their representatives

C.) promoting an understanding of the actions of historical figures *because the students have to research and learn about the figures, in order to use that knowledge to inform their debate.

In the contemporary debate in the US regarding the environment, controversy most often arises as a result of diverse perspectives on the: (objective 0017) A.) roles & responsibilities of local and state agencies versus federal agencies B.) human costs associated with high levels of air, water, and land pollution C.) scope of the government's power to regulate business and the economy D.) culpability of individuals vs industries for creating environmental problems

C.) scope of the government's power to regulate business and the economy *environmental regulations often increase the cost to industries of doing business & can complicate construction, production, & other aspects of business. *Supporters of environmental regulation argue that the benefits are worth the costs of increased governmental interference in private business. *Opponents argue that environmental regulation is beyond the scope of government and inhibits the free & innovative development of private enterprise.

Which of the following foods are good sources of the carbohydrates used to make the glucose and glycogen that students need to fuel daily physical activities? [Objective 0023] A.) nuts, cheese, and eggs B.) poultry, pork, and lean beef C.) whole grains, fruits, and vegetables D.) seeds, oils, and canned and wild-caught fish

C.) whole grains, fruits, and vegetables

Given that f(x)= 2x+2 and g(x)= (x+1)/2, what is f(g(x))? [Objective 0007] A.) x+1 B.) x+2 C.) x+3 D.) x+4

C.) x+3

counting and quantity principle referring to the understanding that the last number used to count a group of objects represents how many are in the group. -A student who must recount when asked how many candies are in the set that they just counted, may not understand this principle

Cardinality Principle

A hotel charges $3325 per week for a room during peak season. Which expression can be used to determine this cost in dollars per minute? (Objective 0011) A.) 7 days/3325 dollars X 24 hours/1 day x 60 min/1 hr B.) 3325 dollars/7 days X 24 hours/1 day X 1 hr/60 min C.) 7 days/3325 dollars X 1 day/24 hours X 60 min/1 hr D.) 3325 dollars/7 days X 1 day/24 hrs X 1 hr/60 min

D.) 3325 dollars/7 days X 1 day/24 hrs X 1 hr/60 min *start with the information given for dollars per days, then use conversion fractions until arriving at desired unit (dollars per minute). The conversion fraction units should cancel out, until left with dollars for numerator and minutes for denominator. $3325/7 days(cancels out) x 1 day(cancels out)/24 hrs (cancels out) X 1 hr (cancels out)/60 min

Which word list could be used to provide upper elementary students with practice in analyzing words with a common Latin root? [Objective 0003] A.) chronic, synchronize, anachronism B.) democracy, demography, pandemic C.) headquarters, forehead, heady D.) audible, audience, auditorium

D.) audible, audience, auditorium *"chron" root is Greek*

With the goal of guiding students' revision of their writing, a teacher wants to provide meaningful feedback on students' first drafts during one-on-one conferences. Which of the following approaches would be most effective for the teacher to use to achieve this goal? (Objective 0005) A.) highlighting text that needs extensive revision and asking students to describe how they plan to rewrite the highlighted text B.) identifying errors in grammar and mechanics and showing students examples of correct usage of standard writing conventions C.) using academic language and domain-specific terms when discussing students' drafts and evaluating students' writing performance D.) commenting on a draft's strengths before making explicit suggestions for improving the draft to meet specific criteria

D.) commenting on a draft's strengths before making explicit suggestions for improving the draft to meet specific criteria *Feedback is most constructive when it is explicit and timely. Explicit feedback should be based on clear criteria, such as those in a writing rubric, and should indicate how close students have come to meeting that criteria. Explicit feedback should include specific details about what students need to do to meet the next level of performance (e.g., use transitional words or expressions to clarify relationships between ideas, add sensory details to make descriptions more vivid, vary sentence structure to increase readers' interest). By offering explicit feedback between the draft and revision stages and by basing that feedback on a rubric, the teacher can successfully provide students with the opportunity and guidance they need to revise their writing.

As part of a unit on consumer economics, a 5th grade teacher plans to have groups of students conduct online research into a new electronic toy. Upon completing their work, each group will make a decision about whether the toy is worth the cost & explain their reasoning. The teacher can best use this activity to enhance students' skills as consumers by prompting the groups to emphasize which of the following strategies? (Objective 0017) A.) investigating the history of the company that manufactures the toy and its previous success with similar products B.) searching online for the best price for the toy and comparing that price to the prices of older electronic toys C.) examining the approaches used to market the toy & discussing their effectiveness and appropriateness D.) comparing descriptions of the toy on the manufacturer's website with reviews by objective reviewers on other sites

D.) comparing descriptions of the toy on the manufacturer's website with reviews by objective reviewers on other sites *doing so provides insight into the accuracy and completeness of the manufacturer's information*

In a health lesson, a 6th-grade class lists negative long-term health effects of particular lifestyle behaviors. -cardiomyopathy (stretching & drooping of the heart muscle) -arrhythmia (problem with rate of rhythm of the heartbeat) -buildup of fatty deposits in the liver -disruption of neurotransmitter balance in the brain, which can cause depression & memory loss Which lifestyle practice is most closely associated with these negative effects on personal healthy? [Objective 0022] A.) consuming excessive amounts of fatty foods B.) smoking or using tobacco products C.) using anabolic steroids or growth hormone D.) drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

D.) drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

At the beginning of the school year, the results of a screening assessment indicate that a 1st-grade student has limited letter-identification skills. Which strategy would be most effective for the teacher to use FIRST to promote the student's development of letter knowledge? (Objective 0001) A.) showing the student the class alphabet chart, pointing to each letter, and having the student trace the corresponding letter on a letter worksheet B.) singing the traditional alphabet song to the student and inviting the student to point to each corresponding letter on an alphabet chart as the teacher sings C.) presenting alphabet flash cards to the student, repeating the letter's name depicted on each card, and having them practice reading the cards independently D.) linking letter-name & sound instruction for each unknown letter, and having them practice forming each target letter while saying its name and sound.

D.) linking letter-name & sound instruction for each unknown letter, and having them practice forming each target letter while saying its name and sound. *Research suggests that the development of letter knowledge is best supported by having students connect the name, sound, & visual features of each target letter.

A 1st grade teacher plans to use a graphic organizer to guide students in identifying & analyzing key ideas & details in an informational text. Which type of graphic organizer would be most appropriate for this purpose? (objective 0004) A.) Venn Diagram B.) KWL Chart C.) flowchart D.) Semantic Map

D.) semantic map

As part a unit about disease prevention, students are learning about how researchers link the presence of a certain strain of bacteria to the occurrence of a specific disease. Which is the strongest evidence that a strain of bacteria is the cause of a particular disease? (objective 0013) A.) the bacteria are present in abundance in geographic areas where the disease is prevalent B.) the bacteria have been shown to be susceptible to the lethal effects of antibiotics such as penicillin C.) the bacteria occur in a higher frequency in children whose parents were exposed to the disease D.) the bacteria can be isolated from all individuals exhibiting disease symptoms but not from unaffected individuals

D.) the bacteria can be isolated from all individuals exhibiting disease symptoms but not from unaffected individuals

There are 6 blocks on a table. A child counts each block while saying the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6. Which of the following provides the best evidence that the child has developed the concept of cardinality? (objective 0008) A.) the child can recite the numbers in the proper order B.) the child points to each block while counting them C.) the child can count the blocks after they've been rearranged in a new order D.) the child can state how many blocks are on the table without recounting.

D.) the child can state how many blocks are on the table without recounting. *Cardinality is the counting and quantity principle referring to the understanding that the last number used to count a group of objects represents how many are in the group. A student who must recount when asked how many candies are in the set that they just counted, may not understand the cardinality principle.

A 5th-grade teacher wants to promote students' use of Standard American English grammar during formal presentations. Which *initial* approach would be most effective for this purpose? (Objective 0006) A.) ensuring that students' independent reading materials model correct use of Standard American English grammar B.) administering quizzes to assess students' understanding of components of Standard American English grammar C.) providing them with links to websites that demonstrate how to apply the rules of Standard American English grammar D.) using authentic oral exchanges as opportunities to gently correct students' misuse of Standard American English grammar

D.) using authentic oral exchanges as opportunities to gently correct students' misuse of Standard American English grammar *by using authentic student speech to recognize a student's correct usage or to gently correct misuse, the teacher can help students understand grammar rules in context. As a result, students are more likely to continue proper usage or self-correct a potential grammar error and incorporate proper usage into their speaking

a(b+c)=ab+ac When the monomial factor (a) is separately applied to each term of the binomial factor (b+c), resulting in the same solution that a(b+c) would give, then the ________ property/law has been applied.

Distributive law (monomial factor a is *distributed* to each term of the binomial factor b+c)

A function whose graph is a line is called a _______ function

linear

y=mx+b represents a ______ equation -AKA any pattern of numbers that is increasing or decreasing by the same amount every step (m= slope, b= y-intercept)

linear equation

Standard Deviation

measures the spread of a data distribution; measures the typical distance between each data point and the mean *can not be negative; a S.D. close to 0 indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean

a series of tones that add up to a distinct musical phrase is ______

melody

[(x1+x2)/(2) , (y1+y2)/(2)] is the formula used to find __________

midpoint

-When we multiply a number by its ___________ ________, we get 1. -what you multiply by another number to get 1; another name for reciprocal (x)(1/x)

multiplicative inverse

breaking up a number into a product of prime numbers is called ___________ __________

prime factorization [aka breaking up a number until all *factors* are *prime*]

y=ax^2+bx+c, which forms a parabola when graphed, is called a _______ function

quadratic function

2LWx2HWx2LH gives you the surface area of a ________ _______

rectangular prism

LxWxH gives you the volume of a _______ _______

rectangular prism

-words with high frequency across a variety of disciplines or words with multiple meanings. -They are characteristic of mature language users. -Knowing these words is crucial to attaining an acceptable level of reading comprehension and communication skills. *the most important words of the three tiers for direct instruction

tier two words

A= 1/2(b1+b2)h is the formula used to find the area of a ________

trapezoid

VC/CV Closed-Syllable Pattern -where within the word the pattern is found -how to break up the word -what it means

vowel-consonant-consonant-vowel; word breaks into 2 syllables after the first consonant -*pattern found in the *middle of the word* [separates 2 syllables]

_______ ________ is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds, or phonemes, in spoken words

phonemic awareness

In an investigation, the quantity that is known is the _______ variable

Independent

x+2-2=x x-2+2=x (x)(2)÷2=x x÷2(2)=x (also true for square roots) Two operations that undo each other, AKA reverse the effect of one another, are called_____ operations

Inverse Operations

In this stage of spelling development, the child uses symbols from the alphabet but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. -child may also lack knowledge of the entire alphabet, the distinction between upper- & lower-case letters, and the left-to-right direction of English orthography.

Precommunicative Stage

What are the 2 main functions of Carbohydrates?

1.) they provide energy to the cells of the body 2.) they provide stored energy in the form of glycogen

a comma is used to separate:

- two adjectives modifying the same word (long, hot summer) -three or more words or phrases in a list (Winken, Blinken, and Nod; life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) -Phrases that are not needed to complete a sentence (The teacher, nor the students, will distribute the supplies.)

What is inferential comprehension?

-the ability to process written info & understand the underlying meaning of a text in order to *infer*/determine deeper meaning that isn't explicitly stated; put simply, it is the ability to read between the lines -requires readers to: combine ideas, draw conclusions, interpret & evaluate info, & identify tone & voice.

Open Syllable Words [*vowel sound* (short or long); *definition*, *examples*]

-vowel sound: long -definition: has only 1 vowel that is the last letter of the syllable -examples: he, she, we, no, go, flu, by, spy

Reading research conducted using scientific-based research methods has identified which of the following areas as one of the five essential components of an effective reading instruction program? (Objective 0001) A.) Vocabulary Development B.) Letter Formation C.) Book-handling Skills D.) Spelling Skills

A.) Vocabulary Development **5 Components: 1.) phonemic awareness 2.) phonics 3.) fluency 4.) vocabulary 5.) comprehension

________ carbohydrates, such as whole grains & veggies, take longer to digest, creating a slow, steady increase in blood glucose and longer-lasting energy. A.) simple carbohydrates B.) complex carbohydrates

B.) complex carbohydrates

the more spread out a data distribution is, the ___________ its standard deviation A.) less B.) greater

B.) greater

a common fraction that gives you a reference to measure other fractions with is called a _______ fraction

Benchmark Fraction

What value is 10^-2? (ten to the negative second power) a.) 100 b.) -100 c.) 0.01 d.) 0.1

C.) 0.01

Parallelogram "ABCD" has three of its vertices at A= (0, -4) B= (-4, 2) and C= (1, 6). What is the slope of side AD of the parallelogram? A.) 2/3 B.) -3/2 C.) 4/5 D.) -5/4

C.) 4/5

An elementary teacher wants to use a set of student-developed classroom rules to illustrate how laws can help protect individual freedoms. Which classroom rule would best serve this purpose? (Objective 0016) A.) raise your hand if you have a question B.) work and play safely C.) listen respectfully while others are speaking D.) always do your best

C.) listen respectfully while others are speaking *Encouraging students to create and abide by a rule to listen respectfully while others are speaking provides them with an understanding of the right of all individuals to freedom of speech. Following this rule can encourage students to understand that freedom of speech protects not only their own right to express themselves by also the right of others to speak and be heard.

_______ ________ _________ sound like you are saying the name of the letter itself A.) short vowel sounds B.) consonant letter sounds C.) long vowel sounds D.) vowel letter sounds

C.) long vowel sounds

when moving around/changing the order of the addends/factors does not change the product/sum in an equation, this is called the _________ property axb=bxa a+b=b+a

Commutative Property (*commuting* the order of the addends/factors doesn't change result)

In this stage of spelling development, the speller knows the English orthographic system and its basic rules. -The speller fundamentally understands how to deal with such things as prefixes and suffixes, silent consonants, alternative spellings, and irregular spellings. -A large number of learned words are accumulated, and the speller recognizes incorrect forms. The child's generalizations about spelling and knowledge of exceptions are usually correct.

Correct Stage

(π)(r^2)(h) gives you the volume of a _________

Cylinder

Which word would be most appropriate for a 2nd-grade teacher to use when providing instruction on the closed-syllable pattern VC/CV? A.) howling B.) brother C.) flicker D.) public

D.) Public pub/lic *U- Vowel, B- Consonant, L: Consonant, I- Vowel

Several students in an elementary classroom are English language learners. The teacher would like to differentiate instruction to promote development of their ability to comprehend and analyze informational tests. Which strategy would be most effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? (Objective 0004) A.) encouraging the students to ask the teacher questions about what they read B.) pairing the students with peers who share the same home language C.) having the students use a dictionary to translate texts into English D.) providing the students with scaffolding to help them access the texts' content.

D.) providing the students with scaffolding to help them access the texts' content.

What is the exception to the VC/CV closed-syllable pattern?

If the 2 consonants form a consonant digraph (a single sound), then they are to be treated as a VCV word. For ex: bishop (sh), rather (th), gopher (ph), method (th)

-the idea that numbers correspond to specific quantities and being able to count each object in a set once, and only once, with one touch per object is called ______________ _____________

One-to-One Correspondence

In this stage of spelling development, the child uses a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound that they hear in a word. -Although some of their choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, they are systematic and easily understood. -Example: KOM for come and EN for in.

Phonetic Stage

Basic English words, which are generally familiar to native English speakers are called ______ _____ ______.

Tier One Words

πr^2 gives you the area of a ____________

circle

πr^2 or πd is the formula for finding _______

circumference

a word that ends with a consonant and "closes in" the vowel, making it say its short sound

closed-syllable word

______ _______ occurs when a comma is used to join two independent clauses without a proper conjunction. The comma should be replaced by a period or one of the methods for coordination or subordination should be used. -example: "Meagan is three years old, she goes to pre-school."

comma splice

In an investigation, the variable or condition that changes is the _______ variable.

dependent