CORE EXAM: ARTS , MUSIC

balance or symmetry

- Equalizing elements in a work of art to create visual equilibrium. -causes the viewer to feel that the elements have been arranged just right. -Visual imbalance creates a feeling of uneasiness.

perception

-Awareness or recognition beyond just looking -Enhances a student's ability to shape new information and reflect upon new experiences -Developed through information gathered through the senses -Shaped by prior knowledge, beliefs, and cognitive processes

elements of art

-line -shape -form -texture -value -color these are all ______ ____ _____

form

3-dimensional shapes, having height, width and depth. there are 2 types -Real form: 3D form that exists in space (e.g.: sculpture) -Implied form: the illusion of a 3D form by light and shadow, but actually is represented on a 2D surface (e.g.: image of a sculpture).

Chamber orchestra

A group of 15 to 45 musicians who play chamber works or works written to be performed in a smaller, more intimate space.

Jazz

A highly improvisational genre that blends the features of several other genres, including the blues and folk, to create an all new and distinctly American form of art. Jazz grew out of the African American communities in New Orleans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Almost all instruments can be used to perform jazz, but most jazz combos will feature at a minimum a keyboard, a drummer, and a bass player. Brass instruments and woodwind instruments are also featured prominently in jazz.

line

A moving point on the surface of a canvas (or other media); it has width as well as length. Functions of lines: To direct our eyes around and through a composition To express moods or feelings

Call-And-Response Format

A song in which a leader sings a line and a group responds, common in spirituals

Blues

African Americans from the rural south developed the blues in the late nineteenth century, combining elements of traditional African forms with folk music and Christian hymns. This type of music features simple rhythmic and harmonic structures, and the lyrics often express feelings of dissatisfaction or sadness. The guitar is almost always used in blues music.

Time Signature

Appears after the clef and key signature, tells you the meter that a piece of music uses. The time signature consists of two numbers. The top number tells you how many beats occur in each measure (or bar). The bottom number tells you which note represents one beat

Opposite color (or complementary colors):

Are positioned as opposites on the color wheel. red/green yellow/purple blue/orange

Folk Songs

Considered the music "of the people." Traditionally associated with the laboring or agricultural classes, they offered a way for cultures, especially those without written records, to transmit key values, stories, and customs from one they are generally associated with national or regional culture. Instruments used vary depending on culture, but they typically feature stringed instruments, wind instruments, and percussion. EX: "This Land is Your Land" by Woody Guthrie

Symphony orchestra

Consists of at least 90 musicians and plays symphonies and other classical works. typically perform in grand concert halls.

color

Derived from reflected light. The sensation of color is aroused in the brain by the response of the eyes to different wavelengths of light.

contrast

Differences in values, colors, textures, and other elements to achieve emphasis and unity

Publisher

Ensure that both the performers and the writers are paid for their work. These organizations help artists get paid when their music is on a commercial or tv show, for example.

Gospel

Expresses Christian themes, and it varies widely across different denominations and cultures. Popular variants include the gospel blues, bluegrass gospel, and Christian country music. Gospel songs typically consist of hymns and spirituals that feature keyboard instruments (piano and/or organ) and harmonized vocals.

Beamed Notes

For ease of reading, beams can join eighth and sixteenth notes together

Country

Genre that grew out of the rural South in the early twentieth century. The first country musicians were primarily white, working-class Americans who combined elements from multiple folk genres, including folk music, popular songs, traditional ballads, and cowboy songs, to create a new genre. Contemporary country music keeps some of these original traits, but it owes much to Pop and Rock genres.

Kodaly Concept

Holistic, experience-based approach that emphasizes the pleasure of music and the importance of the human voice. Named after Zoltán Kodály, a Hungarian music teacher and composer, who believed that singing is the best way to develop a feel for music and that it should precede instrumental instruction.

Dynamics

How loudly or softly a performer should play or sing a passage.

Principles of Art

How the various elements are composed in an artwork; may be used independently or in conjunction with other principles. Principles include: emphasis, contrast, pattern, rhythm, balance, proportion, and unity.

rhythm in music

Music's pattern in time; has three parts: tempo, beat, and meter

Analogous colors:

Neighbors on the color wheel that have a common hue (e.g., violet, red-violet, red, red-orange and orange all have red in common).

tertiary colors

Occur when a primary color is mixed with a neighboring secondary color on the color wheel (ie: blue + green = blue-green).

Tejano / Tex-Mex Music

Originating among the Mexican-American populations in Central and Southern Texas, Tejano music (also called Tex-Mex music) is an upbeat genre that blends pop, rock, folk, polka, and Latin influences.

Pitched Instruments

Percussion instrument that can produce differently pitched sounds and can be used to play melodies. EX: xylophone, glockenspiel, marimba, vibraphone, and timpani

Sharp

Playing or singing above pitch

Flat (in music)

Playing or singing below pitch

Bowed Instruments

Produce sound when a bow is moved across the strings. Players produce different pitches by changing the position of their fingers on a fingerboard. EX:violins, violas, cellos, and string basses

Sight Sing

Sing a piece of music without having heard it before

Emphasis

Stressing one element or area in a work of art to make it attract the viewer's attention first. - when an area in a work is emphasized, this can also be called a focal point.

Stringed Instruments

Stringed r Instruments

Perception Creative expression/performance Historical and cultural heritage Response/evaluation

The TEKS organize art education into the following four strands of learning.

value

The amount of lightness or darkness a color possesses. White and black are neutral colors. Adding one of them to a color will change the value.

space

The area between or around shapes and forms. can be.. -Negative: the unused area between, within and surrounding shapes and forms. -Positive: the shapes and forms themselves.

Unity

The arrangement of elements and principles within media to create a feeling of completeness or wholeness. Unity helps us to see the parts of a work of art as a whole.

Soprano

The highest vocal range for women

Bass

The lowest vocal range for men.

Contralto

The lowest vocal range for women.

baritone

The middle vocal range for men.

hue

The name of a color (ex: blue-green)

Timbre

The quality of a tone, generally used to describe differences in sounds played or sung at the same pitch and loudness, but by different instruments and/or voices. Depending on the instrument, terms like bright, dark, warm, and harsh might be used to describe tone quality.

proportion

The relative size and scale of elements in a design. The relationship of one part to another and to the whole. For example, the height of a head can be used to make a proportional rendering of an adult:

Tempo

The speed at which a piece of music is played or sung

pattern

The visual repetition of elements such as line, shape, and color.

Diminuendo (dim.)

To continuously decrease volume when playing or singing for music dynamics

Crescendo (cresc.)

To continuously increase volume when playing or singing for music dynamics

Forte (f)

To play or sing loudly for music dynamics

Forte-Piano (fp)

To play or sing moderately loudly then immediately softly for music dynamics

Mezzo-Piano (mp)

To play or sing moderately softly for music dynamics

Piano (p)

To play or sing softly for music dynamics

Woodwind Instruments

Tubular instruments with a series of holes that can be opened and closed to change the pitch. Ex: flute

drawing realism stage

Viktor Lowenfield: stages that are widely used as a foundation for art instruction. What stage is this: - begins to expiriment with size, shading, and overlapping images to represent depth and space. objects and people will be drawn with details, like clothing, to make them specifically identifiable. -ages for this stage is 9-11 years old

schematic stage

Viktor Lowenfield: stages that are widely used as a foundation for art instruction. What stage is this: -drawings are geneally recognizable and include facial features. spacing, proportions and colors will be more accurate to reality, or they will be altered to reveal the artist feelings and emotions - ages for this stage is 7-9 years old

scribbling stage

Viktor Lowenfield: stages that are widely used as a foundation for art instruction. What stage is this: composed of 4 substages: 1. disordered (random lines) 2. longitudinal (more controlled and repetitive) 3.circular (controlled motions and demonstrates purposeful shapes 4. naming (child describes the picture as representing things , applying their imagination to the scribbling. Age range of this stage is 2-4 yrs old

preschematic stage

Viktor Lowenfield: stages that are widely used as a foundation for art instruction. What stage is this: - combining shapes and lines to suggest specific things, often people and animals.. proportions will generally be unpredictable and colors may be innacurate. -age for this stage is 4-6 years old.

central axis

a dividing line that works like a visual balancing point.

shape

are a 2-dimensional area defined by a boundary. Types: -Geometric: circle, square, rectangle, triangle. They are mathematical in proportion. -Organic : irregular and/or curved and are usually derived from nature

Jingles

catchy songs used in advertisements EX: Ba da ba ba ba, I'm Lovin' It (McDonald's)

monochromatic

containing or using only one color, but may have different values.

Symphonic Band

feature woodwinds, brass, and percussion, but no strings, except for occasionally a double bass.

- recognize and define the elements of art. - have students create original works using those elements. - model using terminology in class, identifying the elements of art in student work - have students evaluate each other's works.

how do you teach the elements of art?

placement, continuation, repetition, simplicity, harmony, variety

how to achieve unity?

Ancient China

in this culture: Calligraphy was a highly valued art form Good brushwork and the use of the "bone method" were important in the art of calligraphy and other forms of paining

Convergent Instruction

leads the student to a limited number of answers. This type of teaching may be used to teach a skill.

Divergent Instruction

leads the student to a wide array of answers, many of that the instructor does not know or see. This approach to instruction values the student's natural abilities such as content fluency, ability to determine what he/she does not know and learn it, flexible processing of information, multi-disciplinary synthesis, originality, and elaboration.

Sound Engineer

mixes music in live venues, like: theaters, conferences, and concerts. They ensure that the sound is perfect for an audience.

Meter (music)

musical time features patterns of strong beats and weak beats; some syllables receive stronger emphasis than others

Ledger Line

notate the pitches that occur above or below the staff.

secondary colors

orange, green, purple, occur when two primary colors are mixed.

Plucked Instruments

produce different pitches by changing the position of their fingers on a fretboard. For many-stringed instruments such as the harp or lute, players provide different pitches by plucking different strings that are tuned to produce specific pitches. EX:guitar, banjo, harp

primary colors

red, yellow, blue

Genre (of Music)

refers to a category of musical styles that share similar attributes and traditions

Music Arranger

reimagines an existing composition and adapt the instruments, voices, rhythms, or tempos to create a new sound for the piece of music

Staff

set of five lines and four spaces. Each line and space represents a specific musical pitch.

Game song

songs that include actions or coordinated activities EX: Patty Cake

true

t/f Any work of art has to be understood in the context of its cultural origin and values.

Clef

the French word for "key", indicates the pitch of the notes written on the staff

Intervals

the difference between two pitches

pseudo-naturalistic stage

the finished drawing takes on a new level of importance in this stage. children begin with the end in mind, experiment with light and shadows, and are increasingly critical of their own work. - children will demonstrate that they are visual or non-visual types - visual types; observers of their surroundings, using colors and shapes to represent the world as accurately as they are able - non visual types - using colors and shapes to represent things based on their emotions and their connection to the world. ages for this stage are 11-13 yrs old

Form (in Music)

the structure of music, many forms - binary, ternary, theme and variation, etc.

Texture

the way things feel or appear to feel.

Prehistoric Hunting and Gathering Cultures

this culture: Created a skillful type of art through the drawings on cave walls that depicted their everyday lives The walls on tombs tell stories of people farming and working the fields, side by side with the animals they domesticated

the roman empire

this culture: Constructed buildings using design methods they borrowed from Greece and other conquered people their architecture was influenced by the need to connect a far-flung empire they had access to a variety of materials and a large labor pool allowing them to develop complex architectural techniques For example, they used the arch so they could build large structures with seemingly unsupported domes. The Pantheon in Rome is an example of this, which still stands.

Egyptians

this culture: Expressed their religious beliefs in half-animal and half-human stone works At the time, stone was material in great supply and it resisted decay - this reflects how the environment impacts culture the great Egyptian pyramids, long-standing works of art both inside and out, were places of worship for the pharaohs

ancient greeks

this culture: had sculptures that were so life-like they gave the feeling that they could be alive

ancient japan

this culture: is Known for its representation of nature Often depicted tranquility in nature and demonstrating a spiritual connection to the natural world

approximate

types of balance - nearly identical on both sides

bilateral

types of balance - identical on both sides

radial

types of balance -radiates from a central point

treble clef

what type of clef is this? mnemonic device: every good boy deserves fudge helps students remember that the lines that are pitched at E,G,B,D and F - spaces in this clef spell FACE

formal balance

when equal or similar elements are placed on opposite sides of a central axis it creates a .......

Improvisation

when students apply what they've learned to creating their own musical patterns or compositions

informal

when unlike elements are balanced visually

movement

which active learning strategy for music is this? Incorporate movement and sound (hand signs, jumping, clapping, foot tapping, body percussion, snapping, etc.) into your instruction whenever possible. Doing so will not only be fun for students, but it will also help them internalize key concepts such as rhythm and meter.

active listening

which active learning strategy for music is this? Play selections from various genres and have the students brainstorm a list of the key features for each of the genres. Activities like this will help students become more comfortable using musical terminology.

Instruments and Objects:

which active learning strategy for music is this? When possible, demonstrate key concepts by allowing students to play instruments (recorders, keyboards, ukuleles, etc.) or create sounds with everyday objects (sticks, blocks, pot lids, etc.). Experimenting with sound will help students understand concepts such as pitch, rhythm, meter, and dynamics.

Composition

which active learning strategy for music is this? When teaching different genres, you might encourage students to adapt one of the songs that you're studying into a different genre. You might also ask students to compose their own works in the style of a particular genre or composer.

bass clef

which type of clef is this? mnemonic device: "Grizzly bears don't fly airplanes" helps students remember that lines are pitched at GBDF - the spaces are "all cows eat grass" A,C,E,G