correction #2

how many states maintain sentencing disparities between crack and powder cocaine

12

in 2013, women comprised about ____ of jail inmates

14%

how many states require disclosure of presentence investigation reports

16

the first drug court was introduced in ____

1989

there are about ____ jails in the US

2,900

according to the BJS, african americans are ____ times more likely than hispanics to be in jail

3

since 1984, there has been a ____ increase in the number of life without parole sentences

400%

what percentage of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime they are being held for

60%

in 2014, on average jails were operating at ____ capacity

80%

truth-in-sentencing laws require that there be a truthful, realistic connection between the custodial sentence imposed on offenders and the time they actually serve, and they mandate that inmates serve at least ____ of their sentences before becoming eligible for release

85%

which statutes are derived from the same punitive atmosphere that led to truth-in-sentencing statutes

A habitual offender

____ said, "justice consists of treating equals equally, and unequals uneaqually according to relevant differences."

Aristotle

in ____, the US Supreme Court upheld a civil commitment statute for sex offenders

Kansas v. Hendricks

in ____, the US Supreme court upheld the constitutionality of using victim impact statements at sentencing

Payne v. Tennessee

based on the recommendations of a task force created by president ____, victim impact statements are now included at sentencing

Reagan

sentencing differs radically among 4 major comparison countries, and the most brutal sentences are handed out in which country

Saudi Arabia

which country punishes some crimes in an "eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" fashion

Saudi Arabia

the ____ was charged with the task of creating mandatory sentencing guidelines

U.S. Sentencing Commission

in which supreme court case did the court rule that the federal sentencing guidelines were no longer to be binding on the states

US v. Booker

which country tries minor offenses in police courts, where these offenses are punishable only by fines

United Kingdom

according to ____, congress passed legislation in reaction to media hype about the adictiveness of crack cocaine

a US sentencing commission report

in drug courts, the pre-screening interview is normally conducted by ____

a probation officers

an indeterminate sentence serves ____ function

a rehabilitation

what is shock probation

a sentence aimed at scaring offenders into a life of conformity by showing them the realities of prison

sentencing guidelines are ____, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not

advisory

there has been a recent decline in the numbers of ____ in jail

african americans and hispanics

a concurrent sentence involves ____

all separate sentences being served at the same time

a consecutive sentence involves ____

all separate sentences being served sequentially

a determinate sentence serves ____ function

an incapacitation

proportionate to population, which racial-ethnic group is the most likely to be incarcerated by american jails

black non-hispanics

the biggest concern in sentencing disparity literature deals with ____ cases

cocaine

____ sentences consist of 2 sentences ordered to be served at the same time

concurrent

____ sentences are 2 or more sentences that must be served sequentially

consecutive

the vast majority of jails are operated by

county sheriffs

one way in which jails are attempting to deal with the challenges of mentally ill inmates is

crisis intervention training

the number of minorities in jail populations may be decreasing due to

decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some states

what type of sentence means that convicted criminals are given a fixed number of years they must serve rather than a range

determinate

in terms of research on racial disparity in sentences, ____

different researchers reach different conclusions

the wide variation in sentence given to different offenders is called sentence ____

disparity

which type of sentence requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program that lasts about one year

drug court

Asian american receive harsher sentences on average than whites or African american

false

a split sentencing means that 2 separate sentences are served at the same time

false

determinant sentences are aimed at rehabilitation

false

drug courts have a high rate of recidivism

false

in 1988, congress passed the US sentencing commission report, which established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine

false

in addition to saving the states many millions of dollars in jail and prison costs, drug courts appear to be unsuccessful in reducing recidivism

false

in the federal system, probation officers create PSIs

false

indeterminate sentences are also known as fixed sentences

false

justice is a moral concept that is easy to define

false

sentencing guidelines are mandatory in the federal system

false

shock probation is typically reserved for chronic offenders

false

the PSI is not an important document in regard to sentencing

false

the US supreme court ruled that victim impact statements cannot be used for sentencing purposes because they are not objective

false

the determinate sentencing model prevailed most strongly under the so-called medical model

false

under indeterminate sentencing, offenders know how much time they will serve

false

the capacity of jails to house inmates

has never been worse

jails ____

hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities

jails were originally developed to

hold the accused for trial

A ____ sentence is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed but is rather a range of years

indeterminate

a moral concept that is difficult to define but in essence means to treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior is known as ____

justice

an unintended consequence of get-tough laws is

less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space

____ sentences may seem popular with the public at large until they get the bill

life without parole

the war on drugs has led to an increase in the population of ____ in jails

low level drug sellers

what type of sentence can exist in the context of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and simply means that probation is not an option and that the state minimum time is beset by law

mandatory

research suggests that the most common type of mental illness among jail inmates is

mania

research indicates that the general public views jails as

more punitive than prisons

the fair sentencing act was introduced and passes by congress and was signed into law by which president

obama

when bringing a lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win cases when the claim involves ____

overcrowding

____ are used to assist judges in making sentencing recommendations

presentence investigation reports

corrections scholar John Irwin claimed that jails managed the ____ of society

rabble

mandatory sentencing guidelines were created to ____

rein in judicial discretion

a split sentence involves ____

requiring convicted people to serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement

what is the punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime, either by a jury, in a bench trial, by a judge, or in a plea bargain

sentence

____ occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders

sentencing disparity

____ are forms containing scales with a set if rules for numerically computing a sentence based on the crime that has been committed and the offenders criminal record

sentencing guidelines

____ according to race is reasonable and just if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more crimes than the individual members of other groups but is discriminatory and unjust if they do not

sentencing variation

what type of sentence exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time, followed by probation

shock probation

what type of sentence is work release, whereby a person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights but released to go to work during the day

split sentence

which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation

split sentence

long-term trends over the last 25 years indicate that the number of women in jails has

stayed the same

____ established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine

the anti-drug abuse act

overcrowding occurs when the number of inmates exceeds ____

the available physical capacity

which of the following may be found within PSI report

the circumstances of the offense

____ increased the amount of cocaine subject to the 5 year minimum sentence from 5 to 28 grams

the fair sentencing act

historically, correctional institutions have classified transgender inmates by

the genitalia of the inmate

research finds that ____ are more likely than other inmates to be sexually victimized in jail

the mentally ill

a presentence investigation reports (PSI) is generally written by whom

the probation officer

which of the following factors can affect a judges decision when sentencing a defendant

the seriousness of the crime

the primary reason for the increase in the minority population in jails is

the war on drugs

an indeterminate sentence is a range of years

true

drug courts are most cost effective than traditional courts

true

in a PSI, generally officers make sentencing recommendations to the judge

true

in a determinate sentence, offenders are given a fixed number of years

true

of four comparison countries stated in the text, Saudi Arabia has the most brutal sentences

true

prior to 1984, federal judges enjoyed almost unlimited sentencing discretion as long as they stayed within the statutory maximum penalties

true

sentencing is the post-conviction stage of the criminal justice process

true

the biggest concern with sentencing disparity is racial discrimination

true

the habitual offender statute is a way of selectively incapacitating felons only after they have demonstrated the inability to live by societys rules

true

truth-in-sentencing laws have led to longer sentences

true

the racial-ethnic group with the largest numbers in jail is

white non-Hispanics