Corrections

How many individual cells are included in a podular unit, the architectural design feature of a new-generation jail?

12 to 25

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees a person's right to due process and equal protection at both the state and federal level?

14th

Almost half of those entering state prisons are between the ages of __________.

18 and 27

While about _____ of the adult population in the United States abuses drugs, more than ______ of those in prison admit to doing so.

2; 50

Maryellen has been sentenced to jail (rather than prison) for a nonviolent felony. Which of the following is the most likely length of her sentence?

6 to 12 months

Of the more than 3,000 jails in the United States, what percentage has a county-level jurisdiction?

80%

________ is defined as fundamental law contained in a state or federal document that provides a design of government and lists basic rights for individuals.

A constitution

Which group represents nearly 12 percent of the American prison population?

African American men 20-40 years old

What is important to remember when comparing the total percentage of imprisoned people who are white with the total percentage of imprisoned people who are black?

Although the actual figures are similar, the percentage of imprisoned people who are black represent a much larger proportion of the black population.

The Great Law was replaced by the ________ in 1718.

Anglican Code

The New York penitentiary system was also referred to as the ________ system

Auburn

The Supreme Court ruled in ________ that ________.

Booker; sentencing guidelines were discretionary, not mandatory

Which of the following is NOT a Positivist school concept?

Criminal behavior is inherent and unchangeable.

_____________ is defined as the inability to learn or develop skills at the same rate as most other people because of a problem with the brain.

Developmental disability

Jails in the United States descend directly from feudal practices in 12th-century ________.

England

Which of the following is one of the negative aspects of the close links between jail administration and local politics?

Fiscally sound measures are often ignored because of political pressures

Which of the following is most likely to receive the harshest sentence?

Horatio, 19, who sleeps on the couch in his sister's apartment in a poor neighborhood, has been arrested for the third time, this time for possession of less than a gram of cocaine.

How is a presumptive sentence different from an indeterminate sentence?

In a presumptive sentence, the legislature sets the minimum-maximum ranges within which a judge sets a specific sentence length.

Which of the following was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court regarding conditions of probation?

Individuals on probation must submit to searches at any time, with or without a warrant.

What is the main advantage of the new-generation jail?

It improves the staff's ability to manage and provide services to the incarcerated population.

Who was the first person in the United States to provide bail for accused individuals?

John Augustus

________ write laws that mandate sentencing structures and ______ impose those sentences.

Legislatures; judges

_________ are not generally seen as disciplinary problems in correctional facilities.

Long-termers

Martha is a probation officer who will prepare a presentence investigation (PSI) on a recently-convicted client. What is her first step?

Martha will interview the client.

______________ make up less than half of the general population but nearly 90 percent of the justice system population.

Men of all ethnic backgrounds

Which of the following statements is correct?

People who break the law come from all walks of life.

__________ are authorized to hold detainees for up to 48 hours before their court appearances.

Police lockups

___________ is used instead of bail prior to trial for someone the court deems too dangerous to release and too great a flight risk.

Preventive detention

__________ is an objective criterion that would be used in a correctional classification system

Previous experience in the judicial system

________ criteria classify people by the nature of the correctional treatment appropriate to each person's needs and situation.

Program

Which phrase does NOT describe Progressives?

Progressives believed in individual action to deal with the social problems of vice, and crime

________ refers to the return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new arrests or other problems with the law.

Recidivism

Which of the following statements is true about criminal sanctions?

Research shows that a small number of people commit most of the violent and property crimes.

The most expensive jail in the country is ___________, which costs $228 per day per person.

Rikers Island in New York City

Which Section of the U.S. Code allows incarcerated individuals, probationers, and parolees to bring lawsuits against correctional officers?

Section 1983

According to _______, if a government official (such as a correctional officer) uses his or her authority to deprive a citizen of civil rights, that official, his or her supervisor, and even the local government can be found legally liable.

Section 1983 of the U.S. Code

________ are an important part of the jail system because they indicate proactive criteria for jail management, protect jails from accountability for problems, and provide a basis by which administrators can evaluate staff performance.

Standards

Which of the following statements about the Elmira system is FALSE?

The Elmira system emphasized solitary meditation and study

In Fulwood v. Clemmer (1962) the U.S. Supreme Court addressed incarcerated people and religion. What was the decision?

The Muslim faith must be recognized as a religion, and officials may not restrict members from holding services.

Which of the following statements is FALSE

The Pennsylvania system viewed communal work as necessary for reform of those imprisoned

Which statement is true about the present status of corrections?

The financial and human costs of the retributive crime control policies of the 1990s are now being scrutinized.

What is the value of using statistical risk assessments in probationary supervision?

They reduce overprediction and improve the accuracy of risk classifications.

___________ means information in the presentence investigation (PSI) is checked against another source to be sure it is accurate.

Verification

________ is an example of ________.

Vocational training; rehabilitation

Louise is incarcerated. She tells the prison guard that she is having severe pain in her lower left abdominal region and thinks her appendix is about to burst. The prison guard tells her to shut up and go to sleep. Is this a violation of Louise's constitutional rights?

Yes. Deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prison residents constitutes the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain, and thus violates the Eighth Amendment.

Warden Simpson is concerned about hiring personnel at his jail. He's finding it hard to hire the kind of corrections officers he thinks would do a good job because of ____________.

a combination of low pay and poor working conditions

Advocates for more effective sentencing practices support ________.

a continuum of choices, with graduated levels of supervision and harshness

The most common reason for revoking probation is _________.

a new crime

Workload accounting is ____________.

a system for staffing an agency that involves time studies estimating the number of staff needed to carry out supervision

Selective incapacitation is ________.

a way to determine which individuals receive longer prison sentences

The focus of drug court is to maintain _____________.

abstinence from illegal substances

Restoration is a criminal sanction that ________.

addresses the needs of the community and the victim

Progressive reforms could NOT have occurred without ________.

advances in social and biological sciences

The shift to urbanization and ________ drove the development of progressive reforms

an influx of immigrants

Which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?

an intention to rehabilitate

Lower courts ________.

are frequently overloaded and rarely impose jail time

Clair Cripe advises correctional workers to follow agency policies and procedures to ___________.

avoid civil rights lawsuits

Why is psychological authority considered to be the most influential type of authority a probation officer can use with a client?

because it reflects acceptance by both client and officer of their joint interest in determining goals and strategies of supervision

In a(n) ____________ arrangement, the probation officer serves as a referral agent, arranging for community service agencies (such as drug treatment programs) to work with a probation client.

brokerage

Which of the following has NOT proven to be an effective way to relieve jail overcrowding?

building new jails

Max was a delinquent child and grew up to be a(n) __________. He supports himself by fencing stolen property and sees doing time in prison periodically as just a "cost of doing business."

career criminal

Which of the following represents an informal constraint that can be imposed on a convicted person?

case control

As public employees, all correctional employees are governed by ________ rules and regulations.

civil service

The term __________ is used to describe confidential comments and clinical evaluations being removed from a presentence investigation (PSI) before disclosing it to the defendant and the defense team.

cleanse

Don is a well-to-do businessman who has been convicted of fraud. Prior to sentencing, he hires a private investigator to conduct a comprehensive background check on himself and give the judge a sentencing recommendation. Don is aware that using the ________ process to create the PSI could result in a more favorable sentencing option.

client-specific

In unionized correctional facilities, ________ are used to develop workplace rules by consent of both the union and the government.

collective-bargaining agreements

The Center of Therapeutic Justice advocates for the _______ model for managing jails.

community

Because the United States has no common laws of sentencing, ________.

consequences for criminal behavior vary according to jurisdiction

Black Codes were used to ________

control African Americans after the Civil War ended

In 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court said that prison regulations concerning mail are valid if they meet the Turner test, which means ____________.

correspondence between individuals incarcerated at different institutions can be banned

Wrongful convictions ________.

create a serious dilemma for the criminal justice system

Robert has been picked up by the police for public intoxication. If his town matches the national trend, where is he most likely to be taken next?

detoxification center

The lead prosecutor in Henry County, AL established a diversion program that enabled people to get their charges dismissed for a fee of a couple of thousand dollars. The program often results in ___________.

diversion for whites and jail for blacks

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that if revocation is being considered for a person on parole, that person has a right to ________.

due process

Community corrections ________.

emphasized reintegration and advocacy for convicts

In probation supervision, the term _________ practice means using methods that have been scientifically proven to work.

evidence-based

In 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the ____________, barring certain evidence from being presented at a criminal trial, did not apply in parole-revocation hearings.

exclusionary rule

Advocates of placing administration of probation services in the _________ branch of government believe that it will result in better allocation of probation services, although this is not probation's traditional home.

executive

According to Clair Cripe, if correctional employees are called to testify at a trial or grievance hearing, ________ is/are invaluable.

good records

One alternative to litigation is to file a(n) __________, which is usually a three-step process.

grievance

The Great Law emphasized the use of ________ as punishment and ________ execution.

hard labor; limited

Presentence investigative reports ________.

help judges select sentences

The evidence-based movement in community supervision has tended to support the value of programs when they are applied to ______ clients.

high-risk

Incarceration is an example of ________.

incapacitation

In the United States, criminal sanctions include _________.

incarceration, intermediate sanctions, probation, and death

Alexander Maconochie's mark system did NOT provide for ________.

incentives that could lengthen one's incarceration time

The Pennsylvania system gave way to the Auburn system because ________.

inmates often had mental breakdowns

The "hands-off policy" _______.

is a judicial policy of noninterference concerning the internal administration of prisons.

An indeterminate sentence ________.

is given when rehabilitation was the primary goal of corrections

The purpose of corrections ________.

is influenced by the social and political realities of any given era

The first penitentiary appeared in 1790, with the conversion of a portion of the Walnut Street Jail to allow for the ________ of inmates to encourage ________.

isolation; repentance

The reformatory movement failed because ________.

it was not much different from past systems of incarceration

People who do not have __________ are more likely to be held without bail.

jobs or property

Who specifies the amount of money that an accused individual must post as bail?

judge

The practice of businesses in need of workers ________ inmates from the state for ________ began in Massachusetts in 1798 and later spread to other states

leasing; hard labor

Most people on probation believe they have ________ on the supervision process.

little effect

Why is the criminal justice system sometimes likened to a filtering process?

many cases enter it, but only a few result in conviction and punishment

A range of sentencing options allows for ________.

matching the sentence to the crime

Noting contrasts between the general population and the criminal population, some critics view the criminal justice system as a ______________.

mechanism for controlling minorities and the lower classes

Ralph is having a dispute with a guard in his correctional facility and has been threatening to file a lawsuit against the prison. Both Ralph and the guard have agreed to allow a third party to help negotiate a resolution. This process is known as __________.

mediation

Because jails are expected to deal with large groups of people with ___________, many jails now screen for these issues, diverting some people from criminal prosecution to treatment.

mental health issues

One year in prison for an elderly person costs ___________.

more than 150 percent of the annual income of an average U.S. household

Max is a probation officer who is looking for a way to encourage a problematic client to take responsibility for his own actions. Max decides to use __________, which includes a variety of interpersonal techniques that promote the client's stake in the change process.

motivational interviewing

Which type of classification system will best help corrections determine a client's potential risk to security and the prison community?

narrow and precise classification system

It is 1948, and Jim has been in prison for a year. He wants to a file a lawsuit against the correctional system, but he has nowhere to begin. What legal assistance is he entitled to?

none

One study found that of the people in prison with diagnosed mental illness, two-thirds were ____________.

not in treatment or off their prescribed medication at the time of the crime

A(n) ________ is a public official with full authority to investigate citizens' complaints against government officials.

ombudsman

The philosophy of NeONs is to _______________; notably, the recidivism rate in the NeON probation offices is one-fourth lower than in the rest of New York City.

open opportunities for success

Once in prison, ________ are most likely to be targeted by other convicts with threats, violence, and hostility than other correctional clients.

people convicted of child molestation

A probation officer's supervisory role can be complicated by the conflict between ___________.

power and authority

Judges are guided by established legal principles known as _________ that are prior rulings from similar cases.

precedents

The Cincinnati Declaration asserted that ________.

prisons should reform convicted individuals, then release them

On being sentenced to a correctional institution, people surrender most of their rights under the Fourth Amendment, which was designed to protect areas relating to _______.

privacy

Recent classification systems attempt to address the problem of figuring out who is most likely to reoffend by considering behavioral ___________, much the same way insurance companies determine who is most likely to have a car accident.

probabilities

Tasha has been convicted of drug possession and is now facing the judge for sentencing. This is her first offense, so she is scared and wondering what will happen next. Like 25 percent of females who commit crimes, her sentence will likely be ________.

probation

Intermediate sanctions ________.

provide consequences for any breach of the conditions of the sentence

After World War II, ________.

psychiatrists and therapeutic treatment programs in corrections increased sharply

Formerly understood as a sex crime, __________ is more frequently understood today as an act of violence, resulting in a trend toward harsher sentences.

rape

The use of _________ to serve combined jurisdictions, such as municipal-county or multiple counties, has been slow to catch on.

regional jails

The Civil Rights Movement, the war on poverty, and resistance to the Vietnam War occurred in the United States throughout the 1960s and 1970s. This set the stage for a new system of corrections that ________.

reintegrated convicted individuals into the community

What has been the most successful alternative to bail?

release on recognizance

Which of the following is an example of standard probation conditions?

remaining employed

Mandatory sentencing standards ________.

restrict the flexibility of the sentencing judge

In the United States, ________ are four goals of criminal sanctions.

retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation

Since the 1970s, the goal for probation has been about __________, which combines values of the just deserts model of the criminal sanction with the idea that the community deserves protection.

risk management

Which of the following is an example of a regulation?

rules regarding items that incarcerated people are not allowed to have in their cells

The Age of Reform was marked by ________.

scientific advances

Wrongful conviction can occur when ________.

sentencing disparities are based on race

Sentencing guidelines ________

shift sentencing discretion from the judge to the prosecutor

A(n) ____________ client is one who has committed a one-time offense and is not likely to commit another one.

situational

Today, ________ jails hold more than four fifths of the nation's total jail population.

small county

From time to time, the criminal justice system is subjected to __________ to concentrate on one type of crime more than the rest.

sociopolitical pressure

Progressives did NOT believe __________.

specific punishment should be tailored to fit the severity of the crime

Senator Smith will be voting in the State Legislature today on a bill, which, if passed, will be a(n) ________.

statute

One factor affecting who is selected for incarceration is the policy decision that _________ warrant more police attention than _________.

street crimes; white-collar crimes

More than one-third of the deaths that occur in jails are ________, and usually happen within the first 6 to 10 hours after the person is locked up.

suicides

Classification __________ apply a set of objective criteria to everyone in the corrections system in order to arrive at an appropriate classification.

systems

Probation can be revoked for a(n) ___________, which is failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge), resulting in revocation of probation.

technical violation

Research into sentencing disparity has shown ________.

that black and Hispanic individuals are more likely to be incarcerated and less likely to benefit from downward departures from sentencing guidelines

One general trend that bodes well for the future of jails is __________.

that many jurisdictions are joining together to build and maintain a single jail to serve their collective needs

The decline of the use of rehabilitation in corrections is a result of ________.

the Crime Control model

Deterrence works on the principle that ________.

the benefit of the crime is not worth the risk of the associated punishment

Zebulon Brockway's ideas led to ________.

the first reformatory, at Elmira, New York

The U.S. Supreme Court stated that two factors should be considered when determining cases involving a corrections officer's use of excessive force. One is the extent of the prison resident's injuries. The other is __________.

the officer's state of mind

Which of the following is a right that a person under community supervision would have while on parole?

the right to give a public speech

The presentence investigation (PSI) plays an most important role in the sentencing process because ___________.

there are no uniformly accepted guidelines or rationales for sentencing

The primary function of a presentence investigation (PSI) is which of the following?

to determine a sentence for a person convicted of a crime

The ____________ in a prison system could be considered "cruel and unusual" even if no single condition or subset of conditions could be defined that way.

totality of conditions

The hardship of pretrial detention exerts pressure on accused people to __________.

waive their rights and plead guilty

In Bell v. Wolfish (1979) the U.S. Supreme court ruled that _________, people detained in jail before their trials may be treated like others in jail.

when jail security, discipline, and order are at stake

The medical model differs from the Progressive approach in that the medical model viewed criminals as people ________.

whose social, psychological, or biological deficiencies caused them to commit crimes