Corrections #2

How many states maintain sentencing disparities between crack and powder cocaine?

12

In 2013, women comprised about ______ of jail inmates.

14%

How many states require disclosure of presentence investigation reports?

16

The first drug court was introduced in ______.

1989

There are about ______ jails in the United States.

2,900

Since 1984, there has been a ______ increase in the number of life without parole sentences.

400%

About ______ of suicides happen within the first two weeks of incarceration in jail.

50%

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, ______ of inmates have a chronic medical problem.

50%

What percentage of jail inmates report being under the influence at the time of their offense?

50%

In one study, jail inmates who had symptoms of mental illness exhibited ______ than state or federal prisoners.

50% more delusions

Although 68% of inmates in 2002 reported substance abuse or dependency problems, only ______ of the convicted inmates in jails received treatment.

6%

What percentage of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime they are being held for?

60%

What percentage of jail inmates have mental health problems?

64%

In 2014, on average, jails were operating at ______ capacity.

80%

Truth-in-sentencing laws require that there be a truthful, realistic connection between the custodial sentence imposed on offenders and the time they actually serve, and they mandate that inmates serve at least ______ of their sentences before becoming eligible for release.

85%

The ______ required jails to provide medical and mental health care.

Affordable Care act

There has been a recent decline in the numbers of ______ in jail.

African Americans and Hispanics

Who said, "Justice consists of treating equals equally, and unequals unequally according to relevant differences."

Aristotle

______ are characterized by equal pay and enhanced training for its employees.

Coequal staffing jails

______ are characterized by the idea that programming on the outside does not begin or end with incarceration.

Community jails

Which country tries minor offenses in police courts, where these offenses are punishable only by fines?

France

______ are less likely than others to be under the influence while committing an offense.

Hispanics

In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a civil commitment statute for sex offenders.

Kansas v. Hendricks

______ sentences may seem popular with the public at large until they get the bill.

Life without parole

______ are characterized by rounded architecture and living units for directly supervising staff.

New-generation Jails

The Fair Sentencing Act was introduced and passed by Congress and was signed into law by which president?

Obama

In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of using victim impact statements at sentencing.

Payne v. Tennessee

______ are used to assist judges in making sentencing recommendations.

Presentence investigation reports

The ______ mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and identify facilities with high levels of victimization.

Prison rape Elimination Act of 2003

Based on the recommendations of a task force created by President ______, victim impact statements are now included at sentencing.

Reagan

______ are characterized by the provision of services that make the transition from incarceration to freedom more manageable.

Reentry programs for jails

Sentencing differs radically among four major comparison countries, and the most brutal sentences are handed out in which country?

Saudi Arabia

Which country punishes some crimes in an "eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" fashion?

Saudi Arabia

______ occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders.

Sentencing disparity

______ are forms containing scales with a set of rules for numerically computing a sentence based on the crime that has been committed and the offender's criminal record.

Sentencing guidelines

______ according to race is reasonable and just if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more crimes than the individual members of other groups but is discriminatory and unjust if they do not.

Sentencing variation

______ established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine.

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act

______ increased the amount of cocaine subject to the five-year minimum sentence from 5 to 28 grams.

The fair sentencing act

The ______ was charged with the task of creating mandatory sentencing guidelines.

U.S Sentencing Commission

In which Supreme Court case did the court rule that the federal sentencing guidelines were no longer to be binding on the states?

United States v. Brooker

According to ______, Congress passed legislation in reaction to media hype about the addictiveness of crack cocaine.

a U.S Sentencing Commission report

In drug courts, the prescreening interview is normally conducted by ______

a probation officer

An indeterminate sentence serves ______ function.

a rehabilitation

What is shock probation?

a sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation

Sentencing guidelines are ______, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not.

advisory

What type of sentence can exist in the context of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and simply means that probation is not an option and that the minimum time is beset by law?

all separate sentences being served at the same crime

A concurrent sentence involves ______.

all separate sentences being served at the same crime all separate sentences being served sequentially

A consecutive sentence involves ______

all separate sentences being served sequentially

A determinant sentence serves ______ function.

an incapacitation

The most common health problem of jail inmates is ______.

arthritis

Proportionate to population, which racial-ethnic group is the most likely to be incarcerated in American jails?

black non-hispanics

The biggest concern in sentencing disparity literature deals with ______ cases.

cocaine

______ sentences are two or more sentences that must be served sequentially.

consecutive

______ sentences consist of two sentences ordered to be served at the same time.

consecutive

The vast majority of jails are operated by ______.

county sheriffs

One way in which jails are attempting to deal with the challenges of mentally ill inmates is ______.

crisis intervention training

The number of minorities in jail populations may be decreasing due to ______.

decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some states

Three-quarters of all inmates with mental health problems are ______.

dependent on or abuse substances

What type of sentence means that convicted criminals are given a fixed number of years they must serve rather than a range?

determinate

In terms of research on racial disparity in sentences, ______.

different researchers reach different conclusions

The wide variation in sentence given to different offenders is called sentence ______.

disparity

Which type of sentence requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program that lasts about one year?

drug court

Which statutes are derived from the same punitive atmosphere that led to truth-in-sentencing statutes?

habitual offender

The capacity of jails to house inmates ______.

has never been worse

Jails ______.

hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities

Jails were originally developed to ______.

hold the accused for trial

By 2002, the leading cause of death in jail was ______.

illness

A ______ sentence is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed but is rather a range of years.

indeterminate

With regard to inmates with mental health problems, ______.

jails experience higher percentages than prisons

A moral concept that is difficult to define but in essence means to treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior is known as

justice

Which types of jails may be better equipped to monitor for and prevent suicides?

larger

An unintended consequence of get-tough laws is ______.

less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space

The war on drugs has led to an increase in the population of ______ in jails.

low-level drug sellers

Research suggests that the most common type of mental illness among jail inmates is ______.

mania

If operated correctly, new-generation jails are ______.

more cost effective

LGBTI inmates are ______ than other inmates.

more likely to be victims of sexual assaults

Research indicates that the general public views jails as ______.

more punitive than prisons

______ of all sexual assaults in prison are perpetrated by staff.

over half

When bringing a lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win cases when the claim involves ______.

overcrowding

Corrections scholar John Irwin claimed that jails managed the ______ of society.

rabble

According to the 1976 case Estelle v. Gamble, inmates have the right to ______.

reasonable medical care

Mandatory sentencing guidelines were created to ______.

rein in judicial discretion

A split sentence involves ______.

requiring convicted people to serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement

______ is NOT one of the tactics used by correctional facilities for controlling gangs.

segregation

What is a punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime, either by a jury, in a bench trial, by a judge, or in a plea bargain?

sentence

What type of sentence exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time, followed by probation?

shock probation

What type of sentence is work release, whereby a person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights but released to go to work during the day?

split sentence

Which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation?

split sentence

Long-term trends over the last 25 years indicate that the number of women in jails has ______.

stayed the same

Overcrowding occurs when the number of inmates exceeds ______.

the available physical capacity

Which of the following may be found within a PSI report?

the circumstances of the offense

Historically, correctional institutions have classified transgender inmates by ______.

the genitalia of the inmate

Jails in the United States are full of ______.

the homeless

Research finds that ______ are more likely than other inmates to be sexually victimized in jail.

the mentally ill

A presentence investigation report (PSI) is generally written by whom?

the probation officer

Which of the following factors can affect a judge's decision when sentencing a defendant?

the seriousness of the crime

The primary reason for the increase in the minority population in jail is ______.

the war on drugs

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, African Americans are ______ times more likely than Hispanics to be in jail.

three

Inmates with mental illness are ______ likely to be homeless than those without an illness.

twice as

The racial-ethnic group with the largest numbers in jail is ______.

white non-hispanics