corrections final
A 25-year old male officer was deported for a drug law violation in 2013. What was he most likely charged with? a) Marijuana Possession b) Heroin Possession c) Trafficking cocaine d) selling marijuana
a) Marijuana Possession
Sentencing guidelines are __________, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not. a) advisory b) mandatory c) determinate d) presumptive
a) advisory
Reduced sentences for __________ have helped reduce correctional populations a) crack cocaine b) property crimes c) violent crimes d) drug trafficking
a) crack cocaine
A 25-year old Black male defendant is accused of rape. He has been convicted twice before for aggravated assault. If you are a judge, which factor can you consider when sentencing this defendant? a) crime b) gender c) race d) age
a) crime
A first-time offender received a sentence of two years' probation. This offender received a(n) ____________ sentence. a) determinate b) mandatory c) indeterminate d) split
a) determinate
A correctional officer has worked for 10 years with adult prisoners. He has recently gotten a job in which he will be working with youth. What strategy should he use going into his new job? a) he should take on a human service role b) if he uses force, he will be able to scare the children into behaving c) he should use the same approach he used with adults d) with youth, it is best to take on the role of a hack
a) he should take on a human service role
Jails were originally developed to _________. a) hold the accused for trial b) punish wrongdoers c) house the mentally ill d) prevent rebellion
a) hold the accused for trial
A group of inmates begin destroying property and causing fights in a prison in order to protest the poor living conditions and overcrowding. These inmates are engaging in ________ violence. a) instrumental b) expressive c) prisonized d) imported
a) instrumental
The general public tends to have a negative view of probation because they think it _______. a) is soft on crime b) is too expensive c) exposes offenders to the criminal lifestyle d) harms offenders' families
a) is soft on crime
What was an unintended consequence of deinstitutionalizing people with mental illnesses? a) many mentally ill ended up in jail or prison b) the mentally ill were no longer allowed to work c) people were civilly committed to mental health institutions d) there was not enough medication for the mentally ill
a) many mentally ill ended up in jail or prison
Actions taken by officials that violate the law or the formal rules of an organization, but that are oriented toward the needs and goals of the organization, are motivated by ________. a) official deviance b) noble causes c) personal gain d) ethical formalism
a) official deviance
In criminal justice terms, __________ is the state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law. a) punishment b) penology c) uncontrolled vengeance d) corrections
a) punishment
According to the concept of selective incapacitation, an offender convicted of ________ is most deserving of incarceration. a) rape for the third time b) driving under the influence for the second time c) motor vehicle theft for the first time d) simple assault for the first time
a) rape for the third time
The ________ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, finds its roots in the medical model. a) rehabilitation b) deterrence c) incapacitation d) retribution
a) rehabilitation
In order to prevent unethical behavior, employers should tell their employees who may have witnessed an ethics violation to __________. a) report the wrongdoing to your supervisor b) tell your colleagues about the violation c) keep quiet and prioritize the organization d) confront the alleged violator
a) report the wrongdoing to your supervisor
A candidate for public office recently stated, "Criminals deserve to suffer because of the harm they cause our society." This statement corresponds with ____________. a) retribution b) incapacitation c) deterrence d) rehabilitation
a) retribution
Which justification for punishment taps most directly into humankind's primitive desire for revenge? a) retribution b) incapacitation c) rehabilitation d) deterrence
a) retribution
Probation and parole officers have two main roles: law enforcement officer and ___________. a) social worker b) supervisor c) investigator d) profiler
a) social worker
Upon receiving probation, an offender's sentence is _________ a) suspended pending good behavior b) reduced c) commuted d) suspended for a set period of time
a) suspended pending good behavior
A relatively constant theme in corrections over the past few centuries has been _________. a) the importance of money in decision making b) pubic apathy regarding the punishment of crimes c) a decreasing sense of compassion impacting reform decisions d) the separation of church and state
a) the importance of money in decision making
Why would an offender be most suited to be sentenced to an intermediate sanction? a) they need stricter supervision than traditional probation but less strict than prison b) they have committed their first offense, and it was nonviolent c) they are a chronic, violent offender d) they are in their early twenties
a) they need stricter supervision than traditional probation but less strict than prison
According to Bentham, people weigh the potential pleasure and pain of an action in the _________. a) utilitarian calculus b) categorical imperative c) religious perspective d) ethics of virtue
a) utilitarian calculus
Which scenario provides an example of specific deterrence? a) a person chooses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act b) a person chooses not to pick a person's pocket because he was previously arrested for this act c) a person chooses not to smoke pot in his dorm because he has heard other students got expelled for it d) a person chooses not to shoplift because she knows it is illegal and she could get caught
b) a person chooses not to pick a person's pocket because he was previously arrested for this act
After a defendant is convicted of a crime, the court orders __________. a) a victim impact statement b) a sentence c) adjudication d) parole
b) a sentence
According to Sykes, prison inmates are motivated to deviate from prison rules in order to _______. a) peacefully protest living conditions in prison b) alleviate the pain associated with imprisonment c) reject the overarching inmate culture d) demonstrate the ineffectiveness of prison
b) alleviate the pain associated with imprisonment
All activities performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while monitoring their behavior for criminal activity fall under the umbrella term ___________. a) parole b) community corrections c) judicial reprieve d) probation
b) community corrections
What was John Augustus known for? a) providing the first judicial reprieve b) developing the first probation system c) passing the National Probation Act d) innovating the hybrid approach to probation
b) developing the first probation system
Local institutions that hold people before trial, before they are sentenced, or after they are convicted to short terms are called ________. a) residential centers b) jails c) halfway houses d) prisons
b) jails
The passing of the National Probation Act of 1925 afforded _________. a) little actual change, as the first probation system would not be developed until the 1960s b) judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation c) state governments the federal funds necessary for probation programs d) probation officers the same legal authority as police officers
b) judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation
An offender is assigned to a probation officer who is known for being strict. She emphasizes compliance with the terms of the probation and is not lenient with those who trespass on any of them. This probation officer is most likely following a ________ role. a) hybrid b) law enforcement c) parental d) social worker
b) law enforcement
Corrections serves which primary functions for accused and convicted individuals? a) investigation b) management c) defense d) adjudication
b) management
A prison inmate who is a repeat violent offender is confined to his cell nearly all day everyday. He receives his meal through the door and is given no utensils with it. Any in person contact is severely restricted. This inmate is most likely housed in a ________-security prison. a) supermax b) maximum c) medium d) minimum
b) maximum
In _______-security prisons, exterior security can be tight while internally inmates have many opportunities to attend school, treatment, and church programming. a) minumum b) medium c) super-max d) maximum
b) medium
Research indicates that in comparison to male corrections officers, female officers are ___________. a) more likely to engage in major sexual harassment of inmates b) more likely to be involved in "consensual" sexual relations with inmates c) less likely to be disciplined for sexual harassment d) less likely to be sexually harassed by male supervisors
b) more likely to be involved in "consensual" sexual relations with inmates
Overall, the war on drugs has ___________. a) focused on treatment and prevention b) not reduced the supply or use of illicit drugs c) made correctional budgets more flexible d) decreased prison populations
b) not reduced the supply or use of illicit drugs
In the course of an investigation of correctional officer wrongdoing, one officer lies to an investigator and claims never to have seen any violations. This is an example of _________. a) smelling the victim's blood b) official deviance c) running to the tower d) noble cause
b) official deviance
The document written about the offender that helps the judge determine sentencing is called a __________. a) victim impact statement b) pre-sentence investigation report c) truth-in-sentencing law d) sentencing guideline
b) pre-sentence investigation report
The purpose of ________ is to provide services to make the transition from incarceration to freedom more manageable. a) coequal staffing b) reentry programs c) new-generation jails d) community jails
b) reentry programs
___________ is reasonable if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more crimes than the individual members of other groups but is discriminatory and unjust if they do not. a) mandatory sentencing b) sentencing disparity c) split sentencing d) life without parole
b) sentencing disparity
The norms, values, beliefs, history, traditions, and language held and practiced by a group of people are collectively known as _________. a) professionalization b) subculture c) power d) roles
b) subculture
You are an administrator at a county jail and are informed that a White male inmate died. You would most expect the cause of death to be _________. a) illness b) suicide c) homicide d) drug overdose
b) suicide
Which of the following statements is true regarding sentencing guidelines? a) they have contributed to less uniform and consistent sentencing b) they have contributed to more uniform and consistent sentencing c) they have complicated the sentencing process for judges d) they have complicated the sentencing process for offenders
b) they have contributed to more uniform and consistent sentencing
You are the warden of a jail. There are 5,000 inmates in your facility but only 4,000 beds. What potential side-effect is most likely to result from this situation? a) solitary confinement of inmates b) violence among the inmates c) decreased funding from the state d) reduced training of officers
b) violence among the inmates
A crime theorist who views human nature as socially constructed would most likely agree with which statement? a) "Human nature is not necessarily 'bad', just essentially selfish" b) "People learn to commit criminal offenses from influences around them" c) "People must learn to respect the rights and property of others" d) "The traits that lead to criminal behavior are an evolutionary advantage"
c) "People must learn to respect the rights and property of others"
Which offender is most likely to be sent to a correctional boot camp? a) a 30-year-old convicted of aggravated assault b) a 50-year-old convicted of petty theft c) a 20-year-old convicted of drug possession d) a 40-year-old convicted of simple assault
c) a 20-year-old convicted of drug possession
Which of the following exemplifies a sentencing disparity that has become discriminatory? a) a Black offender and a White offender who committed different crimes are sentenced differently b) a Black offender and a White offender who committed similar offenses are sentenced similarly c) a Black offender and a White offender who committed similar offenses are sentenced differently d) a Black offender and a White offender with different criminal histories are sentenced differently
c) a Black offender and a White offender who committed similar offenses are sentenced differently
What is more likely to occur in environments where administrators do not supervise staff closely enough and inmates have little or no ability to contact the outside? a) turnover b) ethic c) abuse of power d) use of force
c) abuse of power
Which behavior is an example of mortification? a) an offender has an angry outburst when told recreation time is cancelled b) an offender begins to use prison slang and follows the inmate code c) an inmate feels depressed at the loss of the role of aunt to her nephews d) an inmate attempts to start a reading group to mimic his outside book club
c) an inmate feels depressed at the loss of the role of aunt to her nephews
You are a jail administrator hoping to implement a direct supervision model in your jail. Which of the following guidance would you incorporate into training for the live-in jail officers? a) harsh and swift discipline b) building reactive leadership c) an open supervisory style d) the need to apply rules flexibly
c) an open supervisory style
The biggest concern in sentencing disparity literature deals with cases involving ________. a) firearms b) theft c) cocaine d) murder
c) cocaine
Most jobs in __________ do not meet the criteria for professional status. a) criminology b) law enforcement c) corrections d) criminal justice
c) corrections
What factor has made the United States reconsider how it uses prisons? a) refocus on rehabilitation b) safety concerns c) cost of prisons d) retributive nature of prisons
c) cost of prisons
Probation officers are officers of the _________. a) sheriff's office b) local police department c) courts d) prison system
c) courts
In the 1980s, sentencing disparity became a much bigger issue due to fears about _________. a) cybercrime b) white-collar crime c) crack cocaine d) sexual assault
c) crack cocaine
What is a common reason why someone might work in public corrections? a) secure working conditions b) high pay and bonuses c) desire to help others d) high potential for promotion
c) desire to help others
A correctional officer decides to look the other way when a normally cooperative inmate clearly possesses contraband. What is that officer using when she makes the decision whether or not to discipline the inmate. a) noble cause b) ethical formalism c) discretion d) natural law
c) discretion
Selfishness is a major reason that people behave unethically, but such reasoning would actually comprise ethical behavior under which ethical framework? a) utilitarianism b) ethics of care c) egoism d) ethical formalism
c) egoism
The study of right and wrong is called ________. a) penology b) teleology c) ethics d) deontology
c) ethics
In comparison to inmates who are criminally committed, people in immigration prisons are civilly committed and therefore _________. a) are held only in public institutions b) enjoy a higher standard of living c) have fewer due process rights d) have shorter sentences on average
c) have fewer due process rights
A child who is _________ is most likely to have a parent who is incarcerated. a) Asian American b) Hispanic c) non-Hispanic Black d) non-Hispanic White
c) non-Hispanic Black
Dealing with COVID-19 was a particularly difficult problem to address in jails due to ______. a) supermax security b) privatization c) overcrowding d) inmate violence
c) overcrowding
Which of the following is key to preventing ethical abuses? a) non-routine policies and procedures b) minimizing legal rights of those in custody c) professionalization of staff d) preserving a culture of secrecy
c) professionalization of staff
Overall, the general public tends to _________. a) believe corrections officers are overpaid b) reject the idea of get-tough-on-crime laws c) reject corrections work as a profession d) believe most correctional officers are racist
c) reject corrections work as a profession
The ___________ perspective on ethics is both deontological and teleological. a) ethics of care b) ethical formalist c) religious d) utilitarian
c) religious
Why is the use of solitary confinement with inmates with mental health problems particularly problematic? a) the threat of violence outside of solitary confinement is quite low for these inmates b) inmates with mental illnesses are already less likely to be violent c) solitary confinement can make existing mental health problems even worse d) other inmates are more likely to benefit and cannot take advantage of it if it is already occupied
c) solitary confinement can make existing mental health problems even worse
____________ of all sentences handed down by U.S. courts are probation officers a) slightly over half b) a small minority c) the vast majority d) just under half
c) the vast majority
You are a probation officer in a large inner city. Which of the following is likely to be a cause of stress for you? a) lack of benefits b) low pay c) threat of violence on the job d) lack of job security
c) threat of violence on the job
Which of the following individuals is most likely to be the victim of sexual violence in prison? a) female property offender b) Black male inmate c) trans female inmate d) male offender with mental illness
c) trans female inmate
One in 13 Black people 18 years and older are denied the right to _______ because of laws that take away rights of people with felony convictions. a) buy a house b) federal loans c) vote d) apply for federal jobs
c) vote
The three major subsystems of the criminal justice system in the United States are police, courts, and _________. a) treatment b) deterrence c) corrections d) penology
c. corrections
The categorical imperative was introduced by _______. a) Cesare Beccaria b) Jeremy Bentham c) Marvin Wolfgang d) Immanuel Kant
d) Immanuel Kant
The number of ________ inmates in the correctional population is unknown a) elderly b) HIV-positive c) mentally ill d) LGBTQ
d) LGBTQ
The categorical imperative states that all people must _________. a) pursue the greatest good for the greatest number b) act according to the golden mean c) pursue the care of those concerned d) act as they would like others to act
d) act as they would like others to act
Negotiations used by union workers to seek benefit provisions from employers are called ______. a) abuses of power b) stressors c) defects of total power d) collective bargaining
d) collective bargaining
An inmate is in a facility where she attends drug counseling and mental health programming. She is going to receive these services as she transitions out of the facility, as well. What type of facility is this inmate housed in? a) minimum security prison b) new-generation jail c) detention center d) community jail
d) community jail
The _________ ended federal support for mental health hospitals a) Affordable Care Act b) decision in Estelle v. Gamble c) deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill d) community mental health act
d) community mental health act
The old English shire reeves were the equivalent of modern day ________. a) prison guards b) probation officers c) watchmen d) correctional officers
d) correctional officers
The _______ model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society. a) due process b) restitutive justice c) retributive justice d) crime control
d) crime control model
In terms of research on racial disparity in sentences, ___________. a) nearly all studies indicate a pattern of disparity b) hardly any studies indicate a pattern of disparity c) there is not enough research on this topic to draw conclusions d) different researchers reach different conclusions
d) different researchers reach different conclusions
An inmate is incarcerated in state prison. Which type of crime has he most likely been convicted of? a) violent b) white-collar c) property d) drug
d) drug
Referral to ________ requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program. a) a noncustodial sentence b) shock probation c) a split sentence d) drug court
d) drug court
Which punishment would an advocate of the classical school suggest for someone convicted of armed assault for the third time? a) a fine b) probation c) community service d) incarceration
d) incarceration
Which statement accurately compares the jail population that struggles with mental illness with that of prisons? a) both prisons and jails have comparable populations with mental health issues b) prisons experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than jails c) both prisons and jails have populations with mental health issues lower than the general population d) jails experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than prisons
d) jails experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than prisons
An unintended consequence of get-tough laws is __________. a) less harsh punishment for nonviolent drug offenders b) fewer correctional officers because funds are earmarked for patrol officers c) a reduction of funding for local jails d) less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space
d) less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space
Restorative justice is known as the balanced approach because it equally weights community protection, offender accountability, and _________. a) crime seriousness b) victim safety c) cost of incarceration d) offender competency
d) offender competency
You are performing research on why people chose correctional work. You would most likely find those who report finding it rewarding chose the work because of the ____________. a) lucrative paycheck associated with it b) regular on-the-job training c) potential for promotion d) opportunity to break the cycle of criminality
d) opportunity to break the cycle of criminality
What type of court would best be able to address the problems of an offender with mental health problems? a) district b) superior c) probate d) problem-solving
d) problem-solving
Due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, jails must ___________. a) implement telemedicine through videoconferencing b) train staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods c) contract with a local hospital to transport inmates for checkups d) provide medical and mental health care within their facilities
d) provide medical and mental health care within their facilities
Nationwide rates of ________ suggest approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within six months. a) deterrence b) rehabilitation c) incapacitation d) recidivism
d) recidivism
One recurring theme throughout the history of corrections in the United States is the cyclical need for ___________. a) incarceration b) solitary confinement c) corporal punishment d) reform
d) reform
Crime seriousness and prior record are the primary factors that can affect the judge's determination of ___________. a) appropriate sentencing b) victim impact c) need for a PSI d) sentencing disparity
d) sentencing disparity
You are in charge of classifying inmates at a large urban jail. You encounter a large influx of inmates who all have matching tattoos, wear the same colors, and express loyalty to each other and hostility towards non-members of their group. How do you manage classifying these inmates? a) send them to the state DOC b) wait to see how they behave c) integrate them with the general population d) separate them
d) separate them
An individual within the community who dropped out of high school and does not have a job committed property theft. Some theorists would argue that this individual committed a crime due to lack of _______. a) restorative justice b) social bonds c) intermediate sanctions d) social capital
d) social capital
Which statement accurately describes the recent trends in population of male and female inmates in jails? a) both female and male inmate populations have decreased b) the female inmate population has decreased while the male inmate population has increased c) both female and male inmate populations have increased d) the female inmate population has increased while the male inmate population has decreased
d) the female inmate population has increased while the male inmate population has decreased
Increases in the female and minority populations in jails are likely due to ___________. a) higher recidivism b) increased offending c) white-collar crime d) the war on drugs
d) the war on drugs
Which statement about problem-solving courts is true? a) judges take a hands-off approach to addressing the defendants' problems b) problem-solving courts work exclusively with internal parties to achieve goals c) they are adversarial in their roles and processes d) they are designed to provide positive outcomes for victims, society, and offenders
d) they are designed to provide positive outcomes for victims, society, and offenders
Which statement is true about probation officers who work with offenders who live in dangerous areas? a) they are prohibited from carrying firearms to avoid contributing to violent situations b) they may require the offender to travel to a safer area for daily meetings c) they cannot recommend resources in areas that are known to be dangerous d) they must spend ample time in the communities in order to understand the culture
d) they must spend ample time in the communities in order to understand the culture
By the mid-1800s, all prisons in America had come to be regarded as _________. a) successful reformatories b) humanitarian endeavors c) primarily workhouses d) violent and degrading
d) violent and degrading
