Corrections Final

The United States spent ______ billion on corrections in 2012.

$81

Between ______ of criminologists believe that capital punishment reduces homicide rates.

0-10%

In general, incarceration rates are higher for ______ than for any other racial and ethnic group.

African Americans

Which of these is a likely reason that the Supreme Court has set clear guidelines related to juveniles and death sentences but has not set clear guidelines related to the mentally ill and death sentences?

Age is verifiable but the definition of sanity varies depending on the jurisdiction

Which of these countries allow the death penalty?

China, Iran, Pakistan

A large portion of the public is against the use of probation for crime control.

False

Intensive supervision probation has proven that it can reduce recidivism.

False

Which of these is a rarely discussed cost of capital punishment?

Guards and other prisons staffers often find taking part in executions extremely stressful

In 80% of U.S. death sentences, the victim was ______.

White???

Of the states that allow death sentences, how many use lethal injection as the most common way to put prisoners to death?

all of them???

Probation departments that want to change from a surveillance to a behavior-based approach need to hire applicants who ______.

display empathy and personal perception

Methods that have been proven to be effective through rigorous and quantitative analysis are called ______.

evidence-based practices

You are a voter trying to decide which candidate for sheriff will get your vote. You are most interested in your local jails locking up as many wrongdoers as possible and keeping them locked up. Based on this criterion, you should vote for the candidate who ______.

is willing to turn the jail's recreation areas into dormitory-style inmate housing

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the rehabilitative approach to probation?

it guided lawbreakers toward a prosocial lifestyle.

After a felon returns to society, which of the following would this person most likely be prohibited from doing?

jury duty

Advocates of sentencing commissions argued that sentencing ______.

works best when it is locally determined? not sure possibly

As of 2007, what percentage of women are pregnant when they enter jail or prison?

5-6%

About what percentage of people confined to jail are awaiting trial?

50%

What percentage of incarcerated women and girls is estimated to have experienced physical or sexual abuse?

80%

Prison staff often resent prisoners with special health-related needs because ______.

prisoner health care is free and often superior to what the staff can afford

Which of the following states uses private probation services more than any other?

Georgia

Which of the following statements comparing the quality and availability of medical services in prisons and jails is true?

Jails have lower budgets and fewer medical personnel

Which of the following statements is true about parole officers and firearms?

Most states allow parole officers to carry firearms

By 1907, ______ had the first statewide parole system.

New York

Most of the jails operating under tribal jurisdiction are very small, with fewer than 50 inmates.

True

______ refers to an inmate serving out his or her entire sentence in prison.

Unconditional release

Rates of mental illness are highest among ______.

jail inmates???

Between 1991 and 2007, the number of mothers behind bars ______.

more than doubled

Which of the following is an example of an institution that is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons?

prison camp

The Virginia Supreme Court case of Ruffin v. Commonwealth found that ______.

prisoners are slaves of the state

Which of the following staff are responsible for preparing the presentence reports?

probation workers

Since 2000, executions in the United States have become ______.

rarer and expensive

Which of these is a characteristic of a medium-security prison?

razor wire perimeters

What can researchers measure to evaluate the effectiveness of probation?

recidivism rates and crime rates

Which of the following is a goal of the Smarter Sentencing Act of 2013?

reduce costs related to incarceration

Parole programs based on evidence-based practice often have ______.

reduced recidivism

Which of the following is an action that would be dehumanizing to incarcerated individuals?

referring to prisoners by their number

The predominant concern inside a prison is ______.

security

In most of the United States, who runs jails?

sheriffs

Ernesto is released on parole after serving 20 years for committing a felony. Considering this, he should not expect to get a job as a ______.

teacher

Where are girls most likely to act out?

at home???

Which of the following crimes is covered under the federal penal code?

bank robbery

Which of the following is considered the reason why the corrections system has become the largest de facto delivery system for mental health services?

widespread closures of state mental hospitals and community clinics

Which of the following is an example of a diversion program?

Isaiah avoids going to jail by attending school and patching holes in the sidewalk

What is the advantage of a medium-security prison?

It is relatively easy to transfer prisoners to less secure or more secure facilities depending on the degrees of prisoner compliance.

Which of the following best describes what happens after the passage of prison reform laws?

It usually takes many years before any changes take place

Why is it difficult to implement in-custody programs in most jails?

Jail populations have so many different needs that it is difficult to serve everyone

Which of the following is a reason the "battered woman" defense is no longer used in defense of women who commit crimes against abusive partners?

Juries are more likely to blame abuse victims for their circumstances

According to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, how much money would the state save per prisoner, per year, if all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life without parole?

$90,000

You are a research assistant collecting data for a specific ethnic group. You find out that the Relative Rate Index for that ethnic group is 1.5. Therefore, you report to the head researcher that this ethnic group is incarcerated at ______.

150% of the rates for Whites

How many states have no private correctional facilities?

19

What percentage of jail inmates reported discontinuing needed medications while incarcerated?

42%

According to the Baldus study, in which of the following cases were Georgia prosecutors most likely to seek the death penalty?

African American defendant, White victim

Which of these is an example of classification by risk level?

disciplinary segregation

Individual parole board members are usually appointed by a ______.

governor

The purpose of ______ is to prevent crime by removing the offender from the community and by placing them in custody via jail or prison time.

incapacitation

Most often, private prisons lobby for policy changes that will ______.

increase their profit margins

In 2003, African American youth were about 85% more likely to be arrested than White youth. In recent years, that percentage has ______.

increased significantly

In the case of Hudson v. Palmer, the court held that ______.

the protection against unreasonable search and seizure does not apply in prisons

The limited research on women and crime has shown that women who are ______ are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

trapped in traditional gender roles

Releasing offenders on their own recognizance was developed in the ______.

1800s

Women are most often abused by someone they do not know.

False

Data on Latino and Latina prisoners can be hard to find because many jurisdictions classify them by ethnic group, such as Cuban, Mexican, and Venezuelan.

False

The judicial branch is the only branch of government involved in the criminal justice system.

False

Juana is a graduate student who wants to write her thesis on incarceration rates of felons who are multiracial. What is a potential problem with this thesis idea?

Federal and state data sources generally do not keep track of which prisoners are multiracial

Orlando feels he is being held in prison without a cause. He seeks to file a writ of habeas corpus. Based on U.S. Supreme Court decisions, which of the following scenarios applies to Orlando?

Federal courts will determine if Orlando's petition is appropriate

Which of these is a likely reason some groups that oppose the death penalty focus on the economic costs of capital punishment?

Financial differences are easier to measure and debate than emotional differences

Which court case permitted most states to resume executions?

Gregg v. Georgia

Which of the following individuals was responsible for establishing the modern form of probation and for creating the presentence investigation report?

John Augustus

Why are local governments often hesitant to use innovative architectural approaches when building new jails?

if the new design is a mistake, the community will have to live with that mistake for years to decades.

Overall, the incarceration rate for women (per 100,000 population) is about ______ that of men.

one-tenth

Approximately ______ of all inmates reported a functional impairment related to learning, hearing, vision, mobility, or mental function.

one-third

One of the biggest stressors for prison staff and inmates is ______.

overcrowding

Which of these groups is most likely to argue that victims' families need closure?

people who favor the death penalty

Which of the following terms means, in practice, that probationers are subject to search of their person and property at almost any time?

probable cause

What was the result of the Supreme Court ruling in In re Gault?

Juveniles were granted most of the due process and protection guarantees available to adults.

Which of the following groups of inmates experiences the highest rates of sexual victimization in comparison to the others?

LGBTQ inmates

In general, if a person's sentence is less than 12 months, that person will serve his or her time in jail.

True

Incarceration rates appear to be more closely related to crime policy and practice than to the number of crimes or the seriousness of crimes.

True

Public health agencies play a role in the criminal justice system.

True

Women in custody with mental health or substance abuse issues often leave prison or jail in worse shape than when they arrived.

True

Brenda is a prison guard in Montana. One of the prisoners in her unit has repeatedly attacked other prisoners. Should Brenda request that the prisoner be transferred to a supermax facility?

True *B. False

Which of the following Supreme Court decisions required that the facts used in structured sentencing systems be proved before a jury or agreed through a plea bargain?

US v Booker

Which of the following is true about presentence reports?

Unlike an actual trial, hearsay evidence can be collected and included in reports.

Which state authorized the use of a five-person firing squad to execute Ronnie Lee Gardner in 2010?

Utah

You are researching education and treatment programs in U.S. prisons in the 1950s. What race would you expect most of the program participants to have been?

White

What is an arraignment?

a court proceeding in which a defendant can enter a plea of guilty or not guilty

The term ______ indicates that an offender failed to appear in court on an appointed day or failed to report to a probation or parole officer.

absconded?

In 2007, approximately 85% of incarcerated women were in jail for crimes stemming from ______.

abusive relationships???

A court's judgment regarding the guilt or innocence of a defendant is called ______.

adjudication

Lawbreakers were not commonly incarcerated in the United States during the 1700s ______.

because of a labor shortage

You are a county commissioner in a rural area. You find out that the state prison in your community is going to close. What is your reaction likely to be?

concern because most rural areas with prisons are economically dependent on those prisons

Court-mandated requirements that a probationer must fulfill are called ______.

conditions of probation

Which of the following has been shown to reduce the number of emergency room visits, help returning prisoners reconnect with their community, and reduce the spread of diseases commonly found in prisons and jails?

expanding Medicaid to released prisoners under the Affordable Care Act

Which of the following is historically a traditional term for a prison guard?

infantryman???

Which is the best description of jail administration?

divided among countries and cities

How did the Houses of Refuge receive their funding?

government grants??

Based on what you have read in this chapter, in which state would prison reforms have the greatest impact in terms of number of prisoners affected?

California

______ requires that individuals are sentenced via exactly defined terms.

Determinate sentencing

In the 2000s and early 2010s, which of these groups suffered from the highest rates of violent victimizations of any racial or ethnic category?

Hispanics

What is the connection between competence, confidence, and power in a prison?

If a prison administration lacks confidence and competence, then a prisoner of prisoners will likely increase in power.

______ have the fewest staff members per inmate.

Private prisons???

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between probation and parole?

Probation is an alternative to incarceration; parole comes after incarceration

Which of the following is a factor associated with community supervision?

Remaining under the jurisdiction of the court

You are the warden of a state prison that includes a death row. You find out that the governor has commuted all death row inmates' sentences to life without parole. Which of these will probably be a consideration in your upcoming budgets?

The prison will need fewer guards

What is the advantage of dormitory-style housing for jails?

They are less expensive to build than pods are

Which of the following statements is true about noncriminogenic needs?

They are not proven to be correlated with the risk of reoffending.

Which of these is an argument against in-custody programs?

They use funding that could be used for guards and for building upkeep?

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the composition of state regulatory bodies?

They were staffed by employees of corrections departments???

Private prison companies are better able to ______ than the federal government.

build or acquire facilities

Which of the following is an example of a violent offense?

burglary

New assumptions on crime assert that nonviolent offenders ______.

can be supervised in the community without high risk.

In cases where judges can use their own discretion in sentencing, presentence reports ______.

carry a great deal of weight in the judge's decision

What is the primary reason for the increase in female incarceration rates?

changes in crime policies

The Prison Rape Elimination Act and the written policies of the Denver Sheriff Department maintain that the gender of the officers conducting strip searches or pat downs on transgender inmates should be ______.

chosen by the inmate

You are a sociologist who studies incarceration. One of your colleagues suggests that disproportionate minority contact (DMC) is no longer an issue in the U.S. justice system. Which of these options is the best way to find out if your colleague is right?

collect the most recent data on whether people of different races receive different sentences for committing the same crimes

The movement toward granting older inmates an early release so that they can receive end-of-life care outside of the corrections system is known as ______.

compassionate release

The large mass incarceration rate in the United States shows that ______.

corrections efforts are failing

Restorative justice allows ______.

criminals to have a route back to being a beneficial part of society

Compared to previous Attorney General Eric Holder, Attorney General Jeff Sessions ______.

demanded stiffer penalties and longer sentences for most crimes.

Which of the following is most likely to motivate good behavior from a woman in custody?

desire to see her children

Which of these is a common problem in U.S. jails?

dilapidated buildings causing dangers to inmates and staff

It is hard to promote prison reform because the public ______.

does not know what goes on inside prisons

Public opinion is shifting to a less punitive direction for ______.

drug users

Which of the following is an example of a public order offense?

drunk driving

Probationers have ______ rights in proceedings related to revocation.

due process

The regulations that apply to a given private facility are determined by ______.

facility administrators???

Prisoners are more likely to confide their problems to ______ staff members.

female

According to the authors, how many U.S. prisons meet all legal and ethical standards?

few or none

You are an attorney. Your client, who is in prison, says the government is violating her Fourteenth Amendment rights. What do you do?

file a motion maybe??

You are a lawyer representing a woman who has been sentenced to life without parole. You have just learned that she has lost the appeal of her conviction. What is the next logical step for you to take?

file one more appeal???

You are a psychologist, and a warden has hired you to provide programming for the Asian American and Pacific Islander prisoners in her facility. What is the minimum you should do to provide them with culturally competent programming?

find out which API groups the prison houses and learn about the culture of each

Eduardo is a parole officer who is able to talk "street" with his clients. As a result, Eduardo probably ______.

gains the trust of many of his clients

Captain Alexander Maconochie believed that prisoners would behave better if they were ______.

given some sense of control over their destinies

Between 1980 and 2008, the U.S. prison population ______.

grew at approximately 10 times the rate of the overall population

The corrections system in the United States ______.

has never had sufficient resources

While on parole, Thomas performs well at his job, pays his fines, and in general, behaves well. Considering this, he would most likely ______.

have his parole terminated

A major difference between jail workers and prison workers is that jail workers ______.

have to watch people who have not been convicted of a crime???

What is the most important reason for the increased cost of juvenile corrections programs in comparison with programs for adults?

higher ratios of staff to residents

What is the most likely cause of the different institutionalization patterns for boys and girls?

societal biases toward "protecting" girls

In general, prisoners receive ______ medical and mental health care for most of their lives, including prior to incarceration.

inadequate

In most prisons, who does much of the day-to-day work of running the facility?

inmates

The history of American corrections ______.

is a manifestation of social context and culture

Which of the following statements is true about incapacitation?

it is based on the idea that few criminals commit most serious crimes?

One obstacle to significant prison reform is the public's ______.

lack of sympathy for prisoners

What oversight is there for corrections facilities on tribal lands?

little or no oversight from any government or agency

Compared with probation workers, parole workers typically have ______.

lower percentages of violent offenders???

What is the most common type of juvenile facility in 2017?

maximum security institutions with more than 500 beds???

Which of the following is a typical kind of meeting that takes place while an individual is on parole?

meetings in the community??

Which of the following factors constitutes a technical violation?

missing work

An American Correctional Association survey found that finding and keeping good staff members is a challenge to ______ of corrections administrators.

more than 80%

According to New York Police Department statistics, about how often did stop and frisks result in an arrest or court summons?

once in every 25 stop and frisks

What are "sight and sound" mandates?

requirements that juvenile detainees are strictly segregated from the general jail population

Lionel vandalized and destroyed the tires on every car in his neighborhood. The judge told him that part of his sentence involves repaying each neighbor for the tires he destroyed and sweeping debris off the streets. This is an example of ______.

restitution

In corrections, the term "incapacitation refers to______.

restricting freedom

Structured sentencing states use a table that looks at the ______.

severity of the crime and the defendant's previous record

Which of the following would most likely have their parole subject to continuation?

sex offenders

Which of the following is a common reason that mental illness often goes unreported among inmates and prisoners?

social stigmas associated with mental health problems

The type of probation work that takes place after sentencing is ______.

supervision???

Which of the following is most likely to be a motivation for female crime?

survival

Hector works in a correctional facility that is unionized. He has wanted a promotion for a long time. Which factor will determine his odds of getting a promotion?

the discretion of his immediate supervisor???

The fastest growing segment of the prison population is ______.

the elderly

In the mid-1800s, Captain Alexander Maconochie put into practice the idea of ______.

the indeterminate sentence

From the perspective of gender-responsive treatment, what should determine the behavior of staff toward incarcerated women?

the inmate's individual coping capacity

Performance-based contracting ensures that private prison companies are paid based on ______.

their ability to achieve a specified goal or outcome

Above all else, publicly traded private prison companies are accountable to ______.

their shareholders

Deterrence theory is ______.

thought to be preventative rather than reactive

Cancer, strokes, heart disease, and rheumatoid arthritis are all commonly associated with which type of prisoner?

tobacco users???

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to low probation rates?

tough on crime attitudes?

Several recent court cases regarding transgender inmates have ruled that ______.

transgender inmates cannot sue for mistreatment based on sexuality or gender identity

What is the most significant barrier to adequate treatment for sexual assault and trauma?

underreporting of abuse

Sentencing laws in the United States ______.

vary widely between states

Which of the following can lead to a revocation hearing for a probationer?

violating the law

According to the National Judicial Reporting Program in 2004, African Americans received longer sentences, especially for ______.

violent crimes

The truth-in-sentencing laws required ______.

violent inmates to serve at least 90% of their sentence

Segregation inside prisons tends to ______ racial conflicts and gang-related issues.

worsen??