Corrections test #1

1. The three major subsystems of the criminal justice system in the United States are police, courts, and ______. a. penology b. deterrence c. corrections d. treatment

C. Corrections

3. Corrections serves which primary function for accused and convicted individuals? a. investigation b. defense c. adjudication d. management

D. Management

15. Drug courts have a high rate of recidivism. T/F

FALSE

6. Truth-in-sentencing laws have led to longer sentences. T/F

TRUE

21. A positivist would most likely agree with which statement? a. "Crime occurs due to specific, observable causes." b. "Human nature is hedonistic, rational, and endowed with free will." c. "Actions should be judged according to the principle of utility." d. "Punishments should be certain, swift, and severe."

a. "Crime occurs due to specific, observable causes."

30. Walnut Street Jail was a part of the ______ system. a. Pennsylvania b. Auburn c. New York d. Newgate

a. Pennsylvania

33. The separate system was part of the ______ model. a. Pennsylvania b. New York c. Tocqueville d. Auburn

a. Pennsylvania

20. A(n) ______ offender is most likely to receive shock probation. a. first-time b. chronic c. violent d. unremorseful

a. first-time

30. Which concept provides a philosophical justification for punishment because it acknowledges that people purposely weigh options before deciding on a course of action? a. human agency b. positivism c. the principle of utility d. determinism

a. human agency

52. An advocate of ______ as a justification for punishment would argue that individuals can be transformed through effective, concrete programs. a. retribution b. reintegration c. deterrence d. incapacitation

b. reintegration

21. Due to recommendations by a 1982 presidential task force, ______ are now read at sentencing to inform the court of the harm caused by the crime. a. presentence investigation reports b. victim impact statements c. sentencing guidelines d. truth-in-sentencing laws

b. victim impact statements

43. In time, prison builders came to prefer the ______ model for imprisonment. a. Quaker b. Walnut Street c. New York d. Pennsylvania

c. New York

39. Beaumont and Tocqueville felt that solitary confinement ______. a. encouraged religious growth b. prevented violence c. drove inmates insane d. reduced the cost of incarceration

c. drove inmates insane

39. Nationwide rates of ______ suggest approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within six months. a. incapacitation b. deterrence c. recidivism d. rehabilitation

c. recidivism

49. The ______ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, finds its roots in the medical model. a. incapacitation b. retribution c. rehabilitation d. deterrence

c. rehabilitation

19. During which period in history did positivism emerge? a. antiquity b. the Enlightenment c. the 19th century d. the 20th century

c. the 19th century

27. One of the earliest American makeshift prisons, Newgate Prison in Simsbury, Connecticut, started as a ______. a. sanitorium b. school c. hospital d. mine

d. mine

2. The functions carried out by government or private agencies that deal with individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes are collectively known as ______. a. criminology b. penology c. corrections d. deterrence

C. Corrections

10. Durkheim pioneered the idea of the hedonistic calculus. T/F

FALSE

11. Shock probation is typically reserved for chronic offenders. T/F

FALSE

11. The first jail built in America was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1790. T/F

FALSE

11. The goal of retributive justice is simple deterrence. T/F

FALSE

12. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that victim impact statements cannot be used for sentencing purposes. T/F

FALSE

12. The Walnut Hill Jail in Pennsylvania also served as a mine. T/F

FALSE

13. A split sentence means that two separate sentences are served at the same time. T/F

FALSE

13. Debtors' prisons were outlawed in America after the Revolutionary War. T/F

FALSE

13. Rehabilitation reflects the "just deserts" model of punishment. T/F

FALSE

14. The severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence. T/F

FALSE

15. Auburn was a part of the Pennsylvania prison system. T/F

FALSE

18. Asian Americans receive harsher sentences on average than White or Black individuals. T/F

FALSE

19. The Fair Sentencing Act established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine. T/F

FALSE

19. The goal of incapacitation is to prepare offenders to reenter society. T/F

FALSE

2. Justice requires retribution to be exacted. T/F

FALSE

2. Penology is the study of the criminal justice system as a whole. T/F

FALSE

21. In the federal system, probation officers create pre-sentence investigation reports. T/F

FALSE

21. The modern rehabilitation model views criminal behavior as a moral sickness. T/F

FALSE

22. Dorothea Dix was the first warden of the Elmira Reformatory. T/F

FALSE

22. Reintegration is a less pragmatic version of rehabilitation. T/F

FALSE

23. The crime control model can be considered an obstacle course in the carrying out of justice. T/F

FALSE

24. Rehabilitation was the philosophy behind warehouse prisons. T/F

FALSE

24. Sentencing guidelines are mandatory in the federal system. T/F

FALSE

25. The United States is closer to a pure crime control model than to a pure due process model. T/F

FALSE

3. The determinate sentencing model prevailed most strongly under the medical model. T/F

FALSE

3. The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane during the 19th century. T/F

FALSE

4. Determinate sentences are aimed at rehabilitation. T/F

FALSE

4. Inmates did not suffer in the first prison systems. T/F

FALSE

5. Among tribal groups, the wealthy and poor were treated equally in terms of punishment. T/F

FALSE

5. Under indeterminate sentencing, offenders know how much time they will serve. T/F

FALSE

6. Cesare Beccaria founded the positivist school. T/F

FALSE

6. Galley slavery was used to provide cheap labor to farmers in English colonies. T/F

FALSE

7. Enlightenment ideas form the basis of positivism. T/F

FALSE

8. Early correctional reformer John Howard was profoundly influenced by his Quaker beliefs. T/F

FALSE

9. Probation is not an option for some crimes under mandatory minimum sentencing. T/F

FALSE

9. The principle of utility was used to evaluate the success of prisons. T/F

FALSE

9. William Penn is credited with creating the panopticon, which was the first prison ever to be constructed. T/F

FALSE

1. Money is a constant theme in corrections. T/F

TRUE

1. Sentencing is the post-conviction stage of the criminal justice process. T/F

TRUE

1. The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment. T/F

TRUE

10. The habitual offender statute is a way of selectively incapacitating felons only after they have demonstrated the inability to live by society's rules. T/F

TRUE

10. William Penn's Great Law deemphasized the use of corporal punishment and capital punishment. T/F

TRUE

12. Restitutive justice is characterized by making amends. T/F

TRUE

14. Drug courts require offenders to seek treatment programs. T/F

TRUE

14. The Walnut Street Jail was a part of the Pennsylvania prison system. T/F

TRUE

15. Criminals regularly consider punitive probabilities when deciding whether to continue committing crimes. T/F

TRUE

16. Drug courts are more cost-effective than traditional courts. T/F

TRUE

16. The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the expected life experience of the individual to be punished. T/F

TRUE

16. The stated purpose of solitary confinement was to achieve rehabilitation. T/F

TRUE

17. General deterrence is aimed at potential offenders. T/F

TRUE

17. The Pennsylvania prison model was known as the separate system. T/F

TRUE

17. The biggest concern with sentencing disparity is racial discrimination. T/F

TRUE

18. Both specific and general deterrence rely on individuals engaging in the hedonistic calculus. T/F

TRUE

18. Early solitary confinement drove inmates insane. T/F

TRUE

19. Beaumont and Tocqueville described early prisons in Ohio as "barbarous." T/F

TRUE

2. Correctional institutions serve as a social control mechanism. T/F

TRUE

20. Selective incapacitation argues for incarcerating only a small number of violent repeat offenders. T/F

TRUE

20. Some early prisons allowed visitors to pay to be spectators. T/F

TRUE

20. The pre-sentence investigation report is an important document in regard to sentencing. T/F

TRUE

21. Dorothea Dix explored the idea of recidivism. T/F

TRUE

22. The creator of a presentence investigation report makes sentencing recommendations to the judge. T/F

TRUE

23. Contract and lease systems were devised to profit off inmates' labor. T/F

TRUE

23. Prior to the 1980s, federal judges exercised almost unlimited sentencing discretion. T/F

TRUE

24. The crime control and due process models are more about police and courts than corrections. T/F

TRUE

25. One prevailing theme of corrections throughout American history has been religion. T/F

TRUE

25. United States v. Booker only applies to the federal system. T/F

TRUE

3. Religious influence is apparent throughout corrections history. T/F

TRUE

4. In controlled vengeance, the state takes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged. T/F

TRUE

7. Bridewells provided a location where poor people could be sent in order to remove them from the streets. T/F

TRUE

7. In a determinate sentence, offenders are given a fixed number of years. T/F

TRUE

8. Mandatory sentences can be either determinate or indeterminate. T/F

TRUE

8. Positivist approaches to punishment used science to determine the causes of crime. T/F

TRUE

5. Early state-controlled punishment was typically as severe as uncontrolled vengeance. T/F

TRUEE

8. A crime theorist who views human nature as evolutionarily driven by the need to survive and reproduce would most likely agree with which statement? a. "Human nature is not necessarily 'bad,' just essentially selfish." b. "People learn to commit criminal offenses from influences around them." c. "At birth, the human mind is basically a 'blank slate'." d. "Essentially, people are good and learn to be antisocial through their experiences."

a. "Human nature is not necessarily 'bad,' just essentially selfish."

41. Which scenario best demonstrates the contrast effect? a. A potential offender compares the possibility of spending a year in jail with her expected life experience. b. A potential offender weighs the expected benefits of committing a crime with the anticipated consequences. c. A potential offender makes a decision based on the pursuit of pleasure and minimization of pain. d. A potential offender decides to commit a crime based on the logical pursuit of self-interest.

a. A potential offender compares the possibility of spending a year in jail with her expected life experience.

2. According to ______, "Justice consists of treating equals equally, and unequals unequally according to relevant differences." a. Aristotle b. Beccaria c. Bentham d. Penn

a. Aristotle

11. Who is most closely associated with the classical school? a. Beccaria b. Garofalo c. Durkheim d. Packer

a. Beccaria

52. Which New York-style correctional institution was most ambitious in reform efforts? a. Elmira b. Auburn c. Sing Sing d. Walnut Street

a. Elmira

9. ______ slavery was a form of punishment in which those convicted were forced to work as rowers on ships. a. Galley b. Gaol c. Bridewell d. Transportation

a. Galley

45. What effect did the First Step Act have on the 2010 Fair Sentencing Act? a. It applied it retroactively. b. It nullified it. c. It cancelled most of its clauses. d. It made the ratio more equal.

a. It applied it retroactively.

26. The first jail in America, built around 1606, was located in ______. a. Jamestown, Virginia b. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania c. Ossining, New York d. Barnstable, Massachusetts

a. Jamestown, Virginia

56. Prior to the Civil War, why were prisons little used in the South? a. Labor was valuable and needed in the fields. b. Accused criminals were normally summarily executed. c. Undesirables were exiled back to England. d. Court systems had not yet been widely adopted.

a. Labor was valuable and needed in the fields.

40. Why did Beaumont and Tocqueville support the practice of maintaining the solitude of inmates at night and silence during the day? a. Silence led to reflection and redemption. b. Interaction among inmates could lead to violence. c. Solitude and silence enhanced the working environment for prison staff. d. Prisoners' families supported the practice.

a. Silence led to reflection and redemption.

26. Which statement about problem-solving courts is true? a. They are designed to provide positive outcomes for victims, society, and offenders. b. Problem-solving courts work exclusively with internal parties to achieve goals. c. They are adversarial in their roles and processes. d. Judges take a hands-off approach to addressing the defendants' problems.

a. They are designed to provide positive outcomes for victims, society, and offenders.

55. Which of the following statements is true regarding sentencing guidelines? a. They have contributed to more uniform and consistent sentencing. b. They have contributed to less uniform and consistent sentencing. c. They have complicated the sentencing process for judges. d. They have complicated the sentencing process for offenders.

a. They have contributed to more uniform and consistent sentencing.

50. The ______ was charged with the task of creating mandatory sentencing guidelines. a. United States Sentencing Commission b. Sentencing Guidelines Association c. United States Supreme Court d. National Center for State Courts

a. United States Sentencing Commission

56. In which Supreme Court case did the court rule that the federal sentencing guidelines were no longer to be binding on the states? a. United States v. Booker b. Apprendi v. New Jersey c. Blakely v. Washington d. Rita v. United States

a. United States v. Booker

29. Which offender would best be suited for drug court? a. a non-violent offender who is addicted to heroin b. a violent offender who sells marijuana c. a non-violent offender who grows marijuana d. a violent offender who is addicted to methamphetamines

a. a non-violent offender who is addicted to heroin

54. Crime seriousness and prior record are the primary factors that can affect the judge's determination of ______. a. appropriate sentencing b. victim impact c. need for a PSI d. sentencing disparity

a. appropriate sentencing

37. In the 1980s, sentencing disparity became a much bigger issue due to fears about ______. a. crack cocaine b. sexual assault c. white-collar crime d. cybercrime

a. crack cocaine

55. The ______ model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society. a. crime control b. due process c. retributive justice d. restitutive justice

a. crime control

35. Which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders? a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

a. deterrence

53. Which of the following is the purpose of the marks system? a. discipline b. punishment c. negative reinforcement d. entertainment

a. discipline

34. The wide variation in sentences given to different offenders is called sentence ______. a. disparity b. inequality c. splitting d. discrimination

a. disparity

20. Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments and, instead, relied on ______ to determine appropriate punishment. a. empirical science b. the hedonistic calculus c. the principle of utility d. retributive justice

a. empirical science

47. Dorothea Dix described many jails, particularly those that did not separate inmates, as ______. a. free schools of vice b. accidents waiting to happen c. crimes against humanity d. wastes of taxpayer money

a. free schools of vice

14. Under ______ statutes, an individual who with three felony convictions, even for non-violent crimes, will receive life in prison. a. habitual offender b. shock probation c. split sentences d. indeterminate sentencing

a. habitual offender

24. Under Garofalo's individualized sentencing guidelines, the ______ criminal would be subjected to transportation to a penal colony. a. impulsive b. habitual c. extreme d. endemic

a. impulsive

58. Which of the following is a justification for warehouse prisons? a. incapacitation b. rehabilitation c. penitence d. restorative justice

a. incapacitation

21. A ______ is a rounded prison design in which multi-tiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed. a. panopticon b. gaol c. bridewell d. galley

a. panopticon

18. The Enlightenment concept of human nature saw individuals as ______. a. possessing free will b. "blank slates" c. essentially good d. ruled by evolution

a. possessing free will

54. The marks system involved ______. a. providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior b. using inmates' labor for contracted work c. branding criminals according to their offenses d. setting informal rules for inmates to live by

a. providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior

19. Cesare Beccaria, an Italian philosopher, argued that ______. a. punishments should be proportional b. Quaker principles should guide corrections c. the fee system for jails should end d. prisons should follow the panopticon model

a. punishments should be proportional

47. According to the concept of selective incapacitation, an offender convicted of ______ is most deserving of incarceration. a. rape for the third time b. motor vehicle theft for the first time c. driving under the influence for the second time d. simple assault for the first time

a. rape for the third time

25. According to sociologist Émile Durkheim, the primary societal function of the rituals of punishment was to ______. a. reaffirm social norms b. punish offenders c. protect potential victims d. exact revenge

a. reaffirm social norms

44. One of the main purposes of the First Step Act was ______. a. reducing the federal prison population b. outlawing small amounts of crack cocaine c. implementing a 20-year mandatory minimum d. making the Anti-Drug Abuse Act retroactive

a. reducing the federal prison population

3. One recurring theme throughout the history of corrections in the United states is the cyclical need for ______. a. reform b. solitary confinement c. corporal punishment d. incarceration

a. reform

10. Indeterminate sentencing prevailed under the medical model, with the assumption that some offenders would need more time to be "cured" than others. It therefore serves the goal of ______. a. rehabilitation b. incapacitation c. retribution d. deterrence

a. rehabilitation

26. According to Durkheim, ______ justice could both calm moral outrage and arouse empathy and sympathy in the community. a. restitutive b. restorative c. retributive d. rehabilitative

a. restitutive

31. Which justification for punishment taps most directly into humankind's primitive desire for revenge? a. retribution b. deterrence c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

a. retribution

33. Incarcerating an offender for 10 years because he or she "deserves" to be punished would be considered which justification for punishment? a. retribution b. reintegration c. rehabilitation d. deterrence

a. retribution

13. Beccaria argued that a system of punishment should include punishment that is certain, swift, and ______. a. severe b. utilitarian c. empirically sound d. restitutive

a. severe

16. What type of sentence exposes offenders to prison life only for a short period of time in order to impress upon them the direness of incarceration? a. shock probation b. split sentence c. noncustodial sentence d. concurrent sentence

a. shock probation

36. The Western Pennsylvania Prison was devised to operate in a(n) ______ fashion. a. solitary and separate b. labor-intensive c. empirically supported d. medically based

a. solitary and separate

7. During the Middle Ages, one of the greatest influences on punishment was ______. a. the Catholic Church b. the Church of England c. John Howard d. Cesare Beccaria

a. the Catholic Church

48. Which of the following may be found within a presentence investigation report? a. the circumstances of the offense b. judge's history of cases involving similar offenses c. short biography of the person preparing the report d. personal testimony from the victim of the crime's impact

a. the circumstances of the offense

4. A relatively constant theme in corrections over the past few centuries has been ______. a. the importance of money in decision making b. the separation of church and state c. a decreasing sense of compassion impacting reform decisions d. public apathy regarding the punishment of crimes

a. the importance of money in decision making

6. Which of the following contributed most to the increase in U.S. incarceration rates in recent decades? a. the war on drugs b. an increase in violent offending c. an increase in property crimes d. cybercrime

a. the war on drugs

58. A political candidate who argues for the implementation of a due process model would most likely make which statement? a. "The criminal justice system should act as an 'assembly line'." b. "Even criminal offenders deserve to have their rights protected." c. "Criminal activity must be suppressed with ruthless efficiency." d. "The endless process of appeals must be curtailed to ensure justice."

b. "Even criminal offenders deserve to have their rights protected."

12. A follower of the Classical School would most likely agree with which statement? a. "Sentences for crimes must be based on an offender's 'peculiarities'." b. "Punishments for crimes must be codified and judicial discretion limited." c. "Criminal behavior takes place due to specific, observable causes." d. "Human action is evoked by circumstances beyond human control."

b. "Punishments for crimes must be codified and judicial discretion limited."

43. Which scenario provides an example of general deterrence? a. A person chooses not to smoke pot in his dorm because he was previously written up for this act. b. A person chooses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act. c. A person chooses not to shoplift because she was previously convicted of this act. d. A person chooses not to pick a person's pocket because he was previously arrested for this act.

b. A person chooses not to drive after drinking because her friend was

18. Which reformer wrote that "it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary"? a. Jeremy Bentham b. Cesare Beccaria c. John Howard d. William Penn

b. Cesare Beccaria

48. The influential book Remarks on Prisons and Prison Discipline in the United States was written by ______. a. Elam Lynds b. Dorothea Dix c. John Howard d. Thomas Eddy

b. Dorothea Dix

37. ______ was the first to incorporate hot water and flush toilets in the individual cells. a. Western Pennsylvania Prison b. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison c. Auburn Prison d. Sing Sing Prison

b. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison

41. The ______ Act increased the amount of crack cocaine subject to the five-year minimum sentence from 5 grams to 28 grams. a. Truth-in-Sentencing b. Fair Sentencing c. Anti-Drug Abuse d. First Step

b. Fair Sentencing

1. ______ is a moral concept that involves treating people fairly in ways that they deserve. a. Conviction b. Justice c. Ethics d. Sentencing

b. Justice

42. ______ is reasonable if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more crimes than the individual members of other groups but is discriminatory and unjust if they do not. a. Sentencing disparity b. Mandatory sentencing c. Split sentencing d. Life without parole

b. Mandatory sentencing

38. The congregate system was part of the ______ model. a. Pennsylvania b. New York c. Tocqueville d. Walnut Street

b. New York

42. Auburn Prison was operated according to the tenets of the ______ system. a. transportation b. New York c. Pennsylvania d. galley slavery

b. New York

23. William Penn, a Pennsylvania Colony governor, argued that ______. a. punishments should be proportional b. Quaker principles should guide corrections c. the fee system for jails should end d. prisons should follow the panopticon model

b. Quaker principles should guide corrections

51. ______ allow judges to numerically compute a sentence based on crime and criminal record. a. Presentence investigation reports b. Sentencing guidelines c. Victim impact statements d. Truth-in-sentencing laws

b. Sentencing guidelines

53. Sentencing guidelines are ______, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not. a. presumptive b. advisory c. mandatory d. determinate

b. advisory

59. The role of juries is to ______. a. sentence offenders b. be finders of fact c. be finders of law d. deliberate

b. be finders of fact

58. The role of judges is to ______. a. be finders of fact b. be finders of law c. investigate crimes d. incarcerate criminals

b. be finders of law

36. The biggest concern in sentencing disparity literature deals with cases involving ______. a. theft b. cocaine c. murder d. firearms

b. cocaine

15. In his 1775 census of correctional facilities in England and Wales, John Howard found that the most common types of prisoners were ______. a. religious protestors b. debtors c. felons d. petty offenders

b. debtors

6. A first-time offender received a sentence of two years' probation. This offender received a(n) ______ sentence. a. split b. determinate c. indeterminate d. mandatory

b. determinate

36. An individual is hesitant to speed on the highway because she knows there are speed traps. This is an example of which justification for punishment? a. retribution b. deterrence c. reintegration d. incapacitation

b. deterrence

42. The primary goal of general deterrence is to ______. a. prevent convicted offenders from reoffending b. discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole c. reintegrate criminals back into the community d. protect the community at large through incarceration

b. discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole

32. Proponents of the Pennsylvania prison system considered Eastern Pennsylvania Prison an improvement on Western Pennsylvania Prison because it ______. a. prevented inmates from working during their sentences b. ensured the almost total solitude of its inmates c. eschewed solitary confinement, which was injurious d. led to the successful reform and penitence of its inmates

b. ensured the almost total solitude of its inmates

13. One benefit for the state associated with the practice of transportation was ______. a. rehabilitation of offenders b. exploitation of labor c. humane treatment of criminals d. its proportionality to the crime

b. exploitation of labor

11. A determinant sentence, which focuses only on locking up an offender and separating them from society for a fixed number of years, serves the goal of ______. a. rehabilitation b. incapacitation c. retribution d. deterrence

b. incapacitation

25. In early colonial towns, prisoners were often held in ______. a. churches b. inns c. schools d. barns

b. inns

50. A newspaper from the mid-1800s is running a piece on the conditions in American prisons. Which topic would you most expect to find within the piece? a. penitence through silence b. issues with overcrowding c. the value of hard labor d. prohibitions on torture

b. issues with overcrowding

22. The doctrine of ______ argued that people should only concern themselves with things that can be observed and measured. a. classicalism b. positivism c. retributive justice d. restitutive justice

b. positivism

23. The belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ______. a. the Classical School b. positivism c. the principle of utility d. the hedonistic calculus

b. positivism

47. The document written about the offender that helps the judge determine sentencing is called a ______. a. victim impact statement b. presentence investigation report c. sentencing guideline d. truth-in-sentencing law

b. presentence investigation report

51. The 1870 American Prison Congress in Cincinnati, Ohio, resulted in the ______. a. adaptation of the congregate system of imprisonment b. promulgation of the Declaration of Principles c. renewed focus on solitary confinement d. acknowledgment that prison reform was futile

b. promulgation of the Declaration of Principles

9. In criminal justice terms, ______ is the state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law. a. corrections b. punishment c. penology d. uncontrolled vengeance

b. punishment

33. What is the common goal of problem-solving courts? a. locking the offender up b. rehabilitation of the offender c. punishing the offender d. saving money

b. rehabilitation of the offender

32. A candidate for public office recently stated, "Criminals deserve to suffer because of the harm they cause our society." This statement corresponds with ______. a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

b. retribution

34. The Code of Hammurabi, which codified controlled vengeance, is consistent with which justification for punishment? a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

b. retribution

15. A person is convicted of serial murder more than twenty years after the murders were committed. The offender states that he carried out the murders on the assumption that he would not be caught and would not be punished. He is sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole. Which of the three components of effective punishment does this scenario demonstrate? a. swiftness b. severity c. certainty d. rationality

b. severity

17. Which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation? a. shock probation b. split sentence c. noncustodial sentence d. concurrent sentence

b. split sentence

24. The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States, especially in the Pennsylvania system, is due primarily to ______. a. Catholicism b. the Quakers c. the Enlightenment d. Presbyterianism

b. the Quakers

10. In the late Middle Ages, galley slavery was used as an alternative to ______. a. bridewells b. the death penalty c. transportation d. debtors' prisons

b. the death penalty

37. What is specific deterrence? a. the preventive effect of threat of punishment on the general population of potential offenders b. the discouragement of future criminal behavior in the person who received punishment c. the inability of criminals to victimize people outside prison walls while they are locked up d. the punishment strategy that reserves prison for violent repeat offenders

b. the discouragement of future criminal behavior in the person who received punishment

29. The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as ______. a. the principle of utility b. the hedonistic calculus c. determinism d. positivism

b. the hedonistic calculus

57. The due process model emphasizes ______. a. justice for the community b. the rights of the accused c. incarceration as punishment d. punishment as "just deserts"

b. the rights of the accused

4. Penology is most properly defined as ______. a. the government functions having to do with the punishment of criminals b. the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime c. an attempt to control crime through the threat of punishment d. the study of the nature and extent of criminal offending

b. the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime

60. In addition to money, another overriding theme throughout correctional history has been ______. a. the definition of crime b. treatment of inmates c. pursuit of the panopticon d. the triviality of punishment

b. treatment of inmates

55. The contract and lease system involved ______. a. providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior b. using inmates' labor for contracted work c. branding criminals according to their offenses d. setting informal rules for inmates to live by

b. using inmates' labor for contracted work

22. In Payne v. Tennessee, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of using ______ at sentencing. a. habitual offender statutes b. victim impact statements c. life without parole d. presentence investigation reports

b. victim impact statements

18. An offender received a sentence that requires him to spend time in jail on nights and weekends, but during the week he must go to his place of employment. This is an example of ______. a. shock probation b. work release c. a determinate sentence d. a consecutive sentence

b. work release

56. A political candidate who argues for the implementation of a crime control model would most likely make which statement? a. "It is better for a guilty person to go free than for an innocent person to be locked up." b. "Even criminal offenders deserve to have their rights protected." c. "Criminal activity must be suppressed with ruthless efficiency." d. "Police must follow all legal guidelines when investigating crimes."

c. "Criminal activity must be suppressed with ruthless efficiency."

5. Truth-in-sentencing laws require that inmates serve at least ______ percent of their sentences before becoming eligible for release. a. 20 b. 45 c. 85 d. 60

c. 85

43. Which of the following exemplifies a sentencing disparity that has become discriminatory? a. A Black offender and a White offender with different criminal histories are sentenced differently. b. A Black offender and a White offender who committed different crimes are sentenced differently. c. A Black offender and a White offender who committed similar offenses are sentenced differently. d. A Black offender and a White offender who committed similar offenses are sentenced similarly.

c. A Black offender and a White offender who committed similar offenses are sentenced differently.

38. The ______ Act established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine. a. Truth-in-Sentencing b. Fair Sentencing c. Anti-Drug Abuse d. First Step

c. Anti-Drug Abuse

1. In 1831, which pair came to America, intending to study the newly minted prison system? a. Bentham and Beccaria b. Howard and Penn c. Beaumont and Tocqueville d. Dix and Maconochie

c. Beaumont and Tocqueville

14. Why did Enlightenment thought so drastically affect correctional thinking? a. It encouraged Maconochie to develop the marks system. b. It justified the use of the death penalty for larceny and vagrancy. c. It shifted the focus from the afterlife to humans on Earth. d. It provided the basis for transportation as punishment.

c. It shifted the focus from the afterlife to humans on Earth.

16. Which reformer argued that the English government should provide sanitary conditions for inmates in gaols? a. Jeremy Bentham b. Cesare Beccaria c. John Howard d. William Penn

c. John Howard

28. During the American Revolution, a Tory is sentenced to imprisonment for loyalty to England. The inmate is held underground in shackles overnight and forced to perform hard, manual labor during the day. The inmate is most likely held in ______. a. Sing Sing b. the Walnut Street Jail c. Newgate Prison d. Auburn Prison

c. Newgate Prison

28. ______ is the quality of having good sense and sound judgment in the pursuit of self-interest. a. Hedonism b. Positivism c. Rationality d. Recidivism

c. Rationality

57. In United States v. Booker, the defendant argued that his ______ Amendment rights had been violated. a. First b. Second c. Sixth d. Eighth

c. Sixth

15. Which statement about life without parole sentences is true? a. They provide effective rehabilitation. b. They apply only to habitual offenders. c. They are very expensive. d. They are indeterminate sentences.

c. They are very expensive.

46. Who was Dorothea Dix? a. an early advocate of capital punishment b. the first woman to become warden of Sing Sing Prison c. a teacher and a penal and insane asylum reformer d. the first woman to become a matron at Walnut Street Jail

c. a teacher and a penal and insane asylum reformer

40. When penologists discuss recidivism, they are talking about ______. a. the use of correctional supervision to help criminals reenter society b. a philosophy of punishment driven by a passion for revenge c. an offender committing additional crimes after being punished d. the cost/benefit analysis performed by potential offenders

c. an offender committing additional crimes after being punished

2. Entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiencies are called ______. a. panopticons b. gaols c. correctional institutions d. galleys

c. correctional institutions

27. After an offender referred to drug court successfully completes the treatment program, ______. a. a fine is paid to the state b. a probationary period ensues c. criminal charges are dismissed d. the offender moves to a halfway house

c. criminal charges are dismissed

13. The warning, "You take some of my time and I'll take some of yours," applies when an offender ______. a. earns life without parole rather than the death penalty b. requires determinate sentencing rather than indeterminate c. demands a trial rather than taking a plea bargain d. serves a concurrent sentence rather than a consecutive one

c. demands a trial rather than taking a plea bargain

35. In terms of research on racial disparity in sentences, ______. a. nearly all studies indicate a pattern of disparity b. hardly any studies indicate a pattern of disparity c. different researchers reach different conclusions d. there is not enough research on this topic to draw conclusions

c. different researchers reach different conclusions

60. The more a country respects the ideals of democracy, the more likely that country follows a ______ model. a. restitutive justice b. retributive justice c. due process d. crime control

c. due process

8. In ancient Rome, a punishment called capitis diminutio maxima involved ______ and turned criminals into penal slaves. a. public humiliation b. visible branding c. forfeiture of citizenship d. corporal punishment

c. forfeiture of citizenship

31. The drug court is most likely to reject an offender who ______. a. is in the early stages of a treatment program b. is young and demonstrates remorse c. has previously committed the same offense d. has been arrested for the first time

c. has previously committed the same offense

6. King Henry II required that gaols be built to ______. a. extort fine money from citizens b. remove the poor from the streets c. hold the accused for trial d. conduct trials

c. hold the accused for trial

53. The crime control model and the due process model are ______ models meant to exaggerate differences between correctional systems. a. contrast effect b. utilitarian c. ideal-type d. positivistic

c. ideal-type

44. The idea that offenders are not to be trusted and should be constrained is associated with ______. a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

c. incapacitation

4. An offender receives a sentence of five to seven years. This offender received a(n) ______ sentence. a. split b. determinate c. indeterminate d. mandatory

c. indeterminate

30. Which of these is one of the 10 components of drug court model? a. state acting as parent or guardian b. help for violent offenders c. nonadversarial approach d. deferred adjudication

c. nonadversarial approach

24. Which offender is most likely to be referred to a problem-solving court? a. convicted of violent charges after trial b. pled guilty to violent charges c. pled guilty to nonviolent charges d. convicted of nonviolent charges after trial

c. pled guilty to nonviolent charges

46. A presentence investigation report is generally written by the ______. a. judge b. judge's clerk c. probation officer d. parole officer

c. probation officer

32. What type of court would best be able to address the problems of an offender with mental health problems? a. superior b. district c. problem-solving d. probate

c. problem-solving

52. Mandatory sentencing guidelines were created to ______. a. allow for judicial bias b. help determine guilt or innocence c. rein in judicial discretion d. classify offenders into institutions

c. rein in judicial discretion

48. The cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972) that found that only 6.3% of the population studied committed over 70% of the murders, rapes, and robberies attributed to that group provide justification for ______. a. retribution b. specific deterrence c. selective incapacitation d. rehabilitation

c. selective incapacitation

8. A concurrent sentence involves ______. a. a range of years to be determined by the convict's behavior b. a fixed number of years that must be served c. separate sentences being served at the same time d. separate sentences being served sequentially

c. separate sentences being served at the same time

14. Beccaria thought that punishment would be most effective if it occurred soon after the crime was committed. This concept is known as ______. a. utility b. severity c. swiftness d. certainty

c. swiftness

17. John Howard, a former sheriff and prisoner of war in England, was known for arguing that ______. a. punishments should be proportional b. Quaker principles should guide corrections c. the fee system for jails should end d. prisons should follow the panopticon model

c. the fee system for jails should end

17. Bentham argued that people's behavior should be judged according to its effects on the happiness of the rest of the community, a concept called ______. a. retributive justice b. restitutive justice c. the principle of utility d. the hedonistic calculus

c. the principle of utility

19. Which of these is an example of a noncustodial sentence? a. two to four years in jail b. five years in prison c. three years of probation d. life in prison without parole

c. three years of probation

35. The main point of contention between the Pennsylvania system and the New York system was the question of ______. a. religious growth b. capital punishment c. total separation d. incarceration itself

c. total separation

12. The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations, such as the American colonies or Australia, was known as ______. a. the marks system b. galley slavery c. transportation d. corporal punishment

c. transportation

50. An advocate of rehabilitation as a justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement? a. "The primary goal of punishment should be to defend society from criminal predation." b. "The punishment itself is the purpose of corrections; criminals deserve to be punished." c. "Punishment should discourage both existing and potential offenders from offending." d. "Criminals are simply people suffering from faulty thinking and are in need of treatment."

d. "Criminals are simply people suffering from faulty thinking and are in need of treatment."

7. A crime theorist who views human nature as socially constructed would most likely agree with which statement? a. "People must learn to respect the rights and property of others." b. "Human nature is not necessarily 'bad,' just essentially selfish." c. "The traits that lead to criminal behavior are an evolutionary advantage." d. "People learn to commit criminal offenses from influences around them."

d. "People learn to commit criminal offenses from influences around them."

46. An advocate for incapacitation as the main justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement? a. "Criminals are simply people suffering from faulty thinking and are in need of treatment." b. "The punishment itself is the purpose of corrections; criminals deserve to be punished." c. "Punishment should discourage both existing and potential offenders from offending." d. "The primary goal of punishment should be to defend society from criminal predation."

d. "The primary goal of punishment should be to defend society from criminal predation."

38. Which scenario provides an example of specific deterrence? a. A person chooses not to smoke pot in his dorm because he has heard other students got expelled for it. b. A person chooses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act. c. A person chooses not to shoplift because she knows it is illegal and she could get caught. d. A person chooses not to pick a person's pocket because he was previously arrested for this act

d. A person chooses not to pick a person's pocket because he was previously arrested for this act

5. Which statement describes the size of the American prison population from 1963 until 2018? a. It decreased slightly. b. It decreased considerably. c. It increased slightly. d. It increased considerably.

d. It increased considerably.

49. Of the two American prison models, Dorothea Dix preferred the ______ model. a. Northern b. Southern c. New York d. Pennsylvania

d. Pennsylvania

51. ______ argues that the goal of corrections should be to equip criminals with the necessary skills to reenter society. a. Rehabilitation b. Retribution c. Incapacitation d. Reintegration

d. Reintegration

41. An offender in the mid 1800s is sentenced to hard labor at a place "up the river." Although she is told not to interact with any of her fellow inmates, she finds she can communicate through the wall of her stone cell with the person next to her. This inmate is most likely housed in ______. a. Walnut Street Jail b. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison c. Newgate Prison d. Sing Sing

d. Sing Sing

34. Which argument for correctional practices was a Quaker in the 1800s most likely to make? a. The goal of punishment should be incarceration, not rehabilitation. b. Interpersonal interaction among prisoners should be encouraged. c. Prisoners provide a valuable source of cheap labor. d. Solitary confinement is necessary to prisoner reform.

d. Solitary confinement is necessary to prisoner reform.

60. What is a criticism of the United States vs. Booker decision? a. Sentencing guidelines were eliminated after this decision. b. The case cost the federal government an exorbitant amount of money. c. Victim impact statements have no effect on sentencing. d. There is no way of ensuring that judges will comply with sentencing guidelines.

d. There is no way of ensuring that judges will comply with sentencing guidelines.

31. The new wing of the ______ is considered the first real prison in part because of its rudimentary classification system. a. Newgate Prison b. Sing Sing c. Auburn Prison d. Walnut Street Jail

d. Walnut Street Jail

22. Which reformer instituted his Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal and capital punishment for all but the most serious crimes? a. Jeremy Bentham b. Cesare Beccaria c. John Howard d. William Penn

d. William Penn

25. In drug courts, the pre-screening interview is normally conducted by ______. a. the judge b. a police officer c. the court psychologist d. a probation officer

d. a probation officer

3. After a defendant is convicted of a crime, the court orders ______. a. adjudication b. parole c. a victim impact statement d. a sentence

d. a sentence

11. Early workhouses built to hold and whip "beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers" were known as ______. a. gaols b. reformatories c. prisons d. bridewells

d. bridewells

10. When the state assumes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers, rather than leaving this up to individuals, it is called ______. a. the Classical approach b. the hedonistic calculus c. deterrence d. controlled vengeance

d. controlled vengeance

49. A 25-year old Black male defendant is accused of rape. He has been convicted twice before for aggravated assault. If you are a judge, which factor can you consider when sentencing this defendant? a. gender b. age c. race d. crime

d. crime

23. Referral to ______ requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program. a. shock probation b. a split sentence c. a noncustodial sentence d. drug court

d. drug court

59. Overall, the United States is closer to a pure ______ model than a pure crime control model. a. restitutive justice b. retributive justice c. utilitarian d. due process

d. due process

27. Which doctrine maintains that all life goals are desirable only as means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain? a. rationality b. positivism c. principle of utility d. hedonism

d. hedonism

16. Which punishment would an advocate of the Classical School suggest for someone convicted of armed assault for the third time? a. a fine b. community service c. probation d. incarceration

d. incarceration

28. Who is responsible for determining a drug court participant's fate (i.e., graduation or incarceration)? a. probation officer b. mental health counselor c. attorney d. judge

d. judge

54. The major tension between the crime control model and the due process model lies in their emphasis on ______. a. the Classical School or positivism b. retributive justice or restitutive justice c. deterrence or incapacitation as justifications d. justice for the offender or for the community

d. justice for the offender or for the community

7. A first-time offender received a sentence of five years, which was the minimum time allowed by law. Probation was not legally an option for her crime. This is an example of a(n) ______ sentence. a. split b. determinate c. indeterminate d. mandatory

d. mandatory

39. A U.S. Sentencing Commission report found that Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act due to ______. a. a need to reduce the federal prison population and improve outcomes b. an understanding that Black communities would be disproportionately harmed c. realizations about the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine d. media reports about crack's addictiveness and crime potential

d. media reports about crack's addictiveness and crime potential

12. Which factor might enter into a judge's decision to sentence someone to a concurrent versus a consecutive sentence? a. judge's personal preference b. judge's experience with similar crimes c. offender demographic characteristics d. offender cooperation

d. offender cooperation

20. Jeremy Bentham, an English correctional reformer, argued that ______. a. punishments should be proportional b. Quaker principles should guide corrections c. the fee system for jails should end d. prisons should follow the panopticon model

d. prisons should follow the panopticon model

59. The medical model is associated with ______. a. incapacitation b. deterrence c. parole d. rehabilitation

d. rehabilitation

5. A major theme over the course of correctional history has been a growing ______. a. emphasis on corporal punishment of offenders b. understanding that rehabilitation is impractical c. acceptance of religious ethical values d. sense of compassion in treating offenders

d. sense of compassion in treating offenders

9. A consecutive sentence involves ______. a. a range of years to be determined by the convict's behavior b. a fixed number of years that must be served c. separate sentences being served at the same time d. separate sentences being served sequentially

d. separate sentences being served sequentially

57. Correctional researcher Irwin identified something called the convict code, which involved ______. a. providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior b. using inmates' labor for contracted work c. branding criminals according to their offenses d. setting informal rules for inmates to live by

d. setting informal rules for inmates to live by

44. Captain Lynds, a noted warden of early New York facilities, claimed ______ was the backbone of prison administration. a. physical punishment b. hard labor c. prayer d. silence

d. silence

29. A debtor in the late 1700s is sentenced to incarceration. The offender is surprised to be given his own cell, separated from convicted felons who are housed in the same facility. The offender is most likely housed in ______. a. Sing Sing b. Elmira Reformatory c. Auburn Prison d. the Walnut Street Jail

d. the Walnut Street Jail

40. By the mid-1990s, the result of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act was that ______ of those convicted in federal court for crack cocaine were Black or Hispanic. a. a small minority b. slightly under half c. just over half d. the vast majority

d. the vast majority

45. By the mid-1800s, all prisons in America had come to be regarded as ______. a. primarily workhouses b. humanitarian endeavors c. successful reformatories d. violent and degrading

d. violent and degrading

45. The incapacitation perspective on punishment views offenders as ______. a. generally good people who have made bad decisions b. mentally ill patients who are in need of treatment c. rational beings who weighed the costs and benefits of their crime d. wicked people who need to be separated from the innocent

d. wicked people who need to be separated from the innocent