Counseling Psychology Exam 1
What new empirical journey was established in the 1950s?
Journal of Counseling Psychology -more subscribers than any other APA-published journal
Counseling psychology is the most broadly focused division in terms of _________________ regarding gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability
diversity
What is the Division of Counseling Guidance (1946)
the division of the APA for counseling psychology, established counseling as a separate entity
How does assessment and diagnosis help in therapy?
therapists can gain a much more specific understanding of the clients' problems -can use their personal history
What is considered long term therapy?
three months to a year
What does primary prevention mean?
to intervene in ways that can help prevent problems before they occur it involves building people up and give them an increased ability to "buffer" stress and problems that face them as they grow
Any theraputic _____________ must be made with the welfare of the client and the effectiveness of the treatment as ___________ concern
RESPONSE FIRST
On the psychotherapy end...
Remediate: problems are more complex and may stem from an underlying psychological disorder, focus on short and long term goals, settings include private practice, hospitals, and mental health concerns
What does justice entail?
Social Justice=respect and caring for ALL people and recognition of the barriers and oppressions facing some people
How can testing use institutional decisions?
They work for the benefit of the institution or organization (who are the clients) but may also help individuals -institutional benefits may include: -increased profit -effective uses of resources -selection of training programs -placement within a system
Who does the APA Ethical Code apply to?
all professional roles of a psychologist: counselor, teacher, researcher
What led to the deinstitutionalization of many formerly hospitalized patients?
anti-psychotic and mood medications
Why was truthfulness and candor added to the Ethical Guidelines?
because attorneys often asked psychologists to report only the test information favorable to their case. this is unethical, the psychologist must report the results in full
Why does counseling need a code of ethics?
because they have a supreme responsibility to the public trust
Counseling involves a focus on __________ of individuals throughout the _____________
development; lifespan
What happened in the Tarasoff Case?
-1969, a male student at UC Berkley confided to his psychologist at the counseling center -student expressed he wanted to kill woman who turned him down -appeared rational after being reported to the police by the psychologist so they let him go -boss at Counseling Center said no more police action should be taken -no one contacted Tatiana Tarasoff or her family -two months later, he murdered Tatiana
What percentage of the homeless are mentally ill?
-25-50%
History of the second theme: person/environment interaction
-Army Alpha and Army Beta tests were the first group intelligence tests to place recruits in WWI -Robert Woodworth's personal data sheet, first personality test used to screen mentally ill from military -1927 first measure of vocational interests -1935, behavior is a function of understanding both person and environment, Lewin said we must measure environments
What are some specialty areas of counseling psychology?
-Division 17 of the APA is called the Society for Counseling Psychology -it has many sections -sections are smaller groups joined by people interested in topics
Who was an advocate for the fourth theme (brief interactions) and why?
-E.G. Williamson (1930s) -more people coming to college and having mental health issues led to development of university counseling centers -struggled with what they exactly want to do -needed with a large number of vets coming back to college with the GI Bill in place
What is the Vocational Guidance Movement?
-Frank Parsons (1909) Choosing a Vocation -3 step process 1. knowledge of oneself 2. knowledge of world of work 3. a process of true reasoning to match the two -incorporated the psychological tradition of including information on aptitudes, abilities, and interests
What handbook was published in the 1980s? (1984 specifically)
-Handbook of Counseling Psychology by Brown & Lent
What are the 4 uses of assessment?
-Individuals -Institutional Decisions -Diagnosis -Research
What is the ICD10?
-International Diagnosing Code -like the DSM but universal language/conversation tool
What kind of test are commonly used with "psychological problems"?
-MMPI-2
What are examples of medication and treatment programs that diagnosis can assist?
-Medication: determine if someone needs medication for bipolar disease and unipolar disease -treatment programs: for a disturbed vet in the VA hospital system
Compare a Ph.D. from a PsyD
-PsyD is a "Dr. of Psychology" and is focused on practice, rather than scholarship,follows a practitioner model rather than the scientist-practitioner model, almost all in clinical psych -PhD, follows a scientist-practitioner model, equal focus on academic research and practice
How can diagnosis assist in screening and identification?
-Screening: those with violent personalities from our police forces, releasing violent offenders from prison -identification: identify a student living in a residence hall that is suicidal
_________ differ greatly in the degree to which any or all of these types of _____________________ are emphasized
-Theoretical approaches -core conditions
Do you have to report actual/suspected child abuse?
-YES -must be reported in every state, though laws vary on whether or not a perp must be reported if the child is not judged to be in physical danger
What is the APA's policy on sexual intimacies?
-absolutely NO sexual intimacies with current patients -NONE with relatives or SOs of current clients -do NOT accept clients with whom you have had sex with in the past *cannot terminate for the purpose of sexual relationship -do NOT engage in sex with former clients until at least 2 years after termination of therapy after 2 years ONLY in the MOST unusual circumstances, NO GO if relationship was hinted at during therapy
What are examples of tests that help individuals, institutions, and society?
-an MMPI or an index of suicide-proneness
What is psychotherapy?
-any kind of counseling based on the EXCHANGE of words in the context of the relationship between a mental health professional AND a person seeking health -Strive to influence THOUGHTS, BEHAVIORS, EMOTIONS, and ATTITUDES and figure out how to marry all of these aspects
When should you use behavioral and symptoms checklists?
-asseses actual behavior in different domains -not used for diagnosis, but to send up a flag for follow up or to monitor progress -can be checklists or indication of probability of behavioral responding in a given way
How can testing be used in diagnosis?
-assists in diagnosis of psychological problems/psychopathology
How does testing assist in research?
-basis of research on personality and behavior -career development -relationship of personality to healthy functioning -social development -outcomes of psychotherapy
What were some of the notable accomplishments in the 1960s/1970s in counseling psychology?
-career psychology emerged -increased training of counselors -integration of culture and feminist thoughts and ideas stemming from the Civil Rights Movement -only after 2010 was it a required part of curriculum to have multi-cultural training
What may come from termination and follow up?
-client may have issues of saying good bye -get closure to therapeutic experience -follow up long term planning and goals
What was the Tarasoff decision?
-conflict between confidentiality and the value of safety -"Duty to warn" is an ethical responsibility -California Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Tarasoff family -Protective privilege ends where the public peril begins, the patient's right to confidentiality ends when there appears to be a "clear and immediate probability of physical harm to the patient or to the other individuals -the person warned can be the potential victim, family member, or law enforcement
What are some values in counseling?
-counseling is NOT value-free -Models of mental health are not value free -Many decisional problems involve serious value dilemmas
What is involved with the fifth theme (intact personalities)?
-developmental stage models inspired attention to normal developmental stages that we all go through -opposite of a focus on pathology
What is the third theme (education and career) focused on?
-directly related to psychometrics movement, measure individual differences
What is the use of testing in legal settings?
-disability hearings -wrongful injury suits -fitness for adoption
What is construct validity?
-does the test measure theoretical construct overall
What is criterion validity?
-does the test predict what it is going to predict
What does the APA test standards require for psychometric tests?
-evidence for reliability -evidence for validity -a manual -norms for any use intended by age, gender, ethnicity, nationality, and disability
What kind of things can happen that would make you lose your license?
-felony conviction -threat to the public (third bar fight) -Sexual misconduct (most often filed ethical complaint) -Impairment -Practicing outside bounds the competence -dual relationships -repeat violations
What are some vocational interests?
-find educational majors/career possibilities -teach world of work
What is the new challenge of counseling psychology?
-globalization of counseling psychology -ex.) examples of the establishment of college counseling centers in other countries, career development programs for other countries
Now in the 2000s, what does the scientist-practitioner model entail?
-graduate students in counseling psychology must master both research methods and psychological treatments
When did career and vocational psychology grow?
-grew during the Depression -able to provide insights when no other professions could help people with a person-environment match -World War II, tried to place recruits in specialties which maximized the use of their abilities
What does an LPCC have to do?
-have 2 years of supervised experience -pay a fee and continuing education-similar for LISW
What does fidelity and responsibility?
-have to make sure our colleagues can trust and count on us -ex.- the Tuskeegee study -we are concerned about the ethical compliance of others in our field -we have an obligation to "give back" and offer "pro bono" services, for the good of others, services without change
What does educative-development mean?
-help people learn new life skills, just try to educate without particular problems in mind
What do therapists do to build good relationships?
-how you set up your room -fill out forms and information before
1940s in counseling psychology
-impact of WWII, realization that we needed both a science and practice of treatment of people with life problems
Do you have to report on the known sexual activity of someone?
-law varies -if they have HIV/AIDS or another communicable disease that could be life threatening, then yes!
What is reliability?
-measure something in a repeatable, consistent way -ex.) taking a test and having the score be relatively the same
What is validity?
-measure what we think it measures
What are the ethical policies when determining fees?
-no rebates for referrals of service -no waiving copayments, they are legally binding and to do so would be committing insurance fraud -can sest up sliding scales for poor or uninsured clients, many view this as a similar obligation to pro bono services
Who can give a level A test and what kind of testing does it entail?
-non-psychologists who have read the test manual and are familiar with the test and its purpose -educational achievement tests
What were three notable events in counseling psychology upon entering the 1990s?
-now complete acceptance of important of DIVERSITY in profession (counseling psychs are the go-to on diversity!) -emergence of MANAGED CARE issues (insurance capped number of sessions, capped fees per session) -increasing utilization of PSYCHOTROPIC MEDS
What is a battery? What is an example of a battery?
-number of assessments that tells me something, several parts -Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery -determine ADHD
What comes from therapeutic research?
-outcome research -Did your therapy work? -Does this approach with this kind of client presenting this kind of problem?
What kind of tests are commonly used with "normal" people?
-popular objective inventories: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and California Psychological Inventory
What are some major theories of counseling psychology?
-psychoanalytic -behavioral -cognitive -humanistic/experiential -career theories
What are some ethical restrictions in regards to advertising?
-psychologists do not use TESTIMONIALS -do not advertise on TELEVISION, use a phone book for list of names and services offered -could infringe of confidentiality
What is content validity?
-rationally related to what we are measuring, item based
Who can give a level C test and what kind of testing does it entail?
-require an advanced degree profession and training in that specific test -intelligence tests and personality tests like MMPI
What is an inventory? What are examples of an inventory?
-set of questions that tells me something about a topic, collection of scales, stand alone test -Strong Interest Inventory or Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
********Name the 5 unifying themes of counseling psychology********
1. Focus on INTACT PERSONALITIES 2. Emphasis on PERSON-ENVIRONMENT interactions 3. Emphasis on EDUCATIONAL AND CAREER development 4. Relatively BRIEF INTERVENTIONS 5. Focus on people's STRENGTHS and POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH
Who can give a level B test and what kind of testing does it entail?
-technical knowledge of the test construction and validation procedures -degree in psychology or substantial psychology coursework -vocational interest inventories and "normal personality" measures
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
-test developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 -10th most used psychological test -put ink on paper, folded it, asked patients to interpret
What does the ethical code state about psychological testing?
-tests must be shown to be valid for the population they are used with -psychologists do not make protected tests available to the general public -psychologists who administer the test make sure they are properly interpreted -make sure the level of test being given matches the therapist's level of education and licensure
What are some important factors when it comes to INFORMED CONSENT?
-the client has a right to know HOW YOU PRACTICE (theories, philosophies, competencies, counseling practices and types of problems you deal with) -include your STATEMENT OF ETHICS and what your LIMITS OF CONFIDENTIALITY are as a counselor -may contain your FEE schedule and exceptions to that schedule
How to projective tests work?
-the client's response to an ambiguous stimuli will portray personality style -focused on the "in-between" of typical "yes" or "no" responses -
What is the DSM-V used for?
-the major basis for the insurability of psychological treatment -practitioners must give a DSM code for insurance purposes -move to ICD, 10 codes -evaluate effectiveness of drug treatments -used to evaluate competency to stand trial -used in prisons to evaluate whether they can be left with other inmates
What does formulating goals depend upon?
-the therapists' theoretical approach
What does intervention and problen solving depend on?
-the therapists' theoretical approach -client and therapist must have a DEFINITIVE understanding about the goals of therapy
What does integrity entail?
-truthfulness and honesty, doing what is right not what's easy -might not be what the patient wants to hear, don't get to change the results
What are intelligence measures? Examples?
-used extensively to assess the functioning of people suffering from disabilities or injuries-often used in vocational disability -dementia of various kinds, learning disabilities
How were mentally ill people viewed up until the mid-19th century?
-viewed as possessed by demons -locked up in asylums that were worse than prisons -usually permanent and inhumane since mental illness was seen as a permanent problem
When is it in the best interest to the therapist to terminate a case?
-when it becomes clear that the client is no longer needing services -the client is not likely to receive any further benefits -the client is likely to be harmed by the service -when the therapist feels threatened or endangered by either the client or a significant other of the client
What THREE major things does a counseling theory provide?
1. A particular VIEW of people and what healthy functioning is or means 2. A set of HYPOTHESES about where we go wrong/what is the source of our problems 3. Specific set of TREATMENTS
What are some COUNSELOR common factors?
1. Able to establish GOOD RELATIONSHIP with the client (trust) 2. SKILL-some technique/process 3. BELIEF in what they are doing 4. genuinely LIKES people and has POSITIVE REGARD 5. HOPE 6. EMPATHY
What are some general ethical principles?
1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence (do not harm) 2. fidelity and responsibility 3. integrity 4. justice 5. respect for people's rights and dignity
What are some general ingredients to effective counseling?
1. Can be divided into theory/technique factors (specific ingredients) and what are also called (common factors) 2. these are ingredients that are common regardless of style and theoretical approach
What are some common change processes?
1. Emotional catharsis 2. Should be able to keep track of new skills being taught and practice of new behaviors 3. Get the benefit of someone else's perspective
What are the TWO MOST agreed upon factors in counseling?
1. POSITIVE expectation of the client (belief he or she will be helped) 2. QUALITY of the relationship between the client and the therapist -central importance of these is supported by research
What are the SIX general stages of counseling psychology?
1. Relationship building 2. Assessment and diagnosis 3. Formulate goals (assessment) 4. Intervention and problem solving 5. terminate and follow up 6. Evaluate what is most effective
****What are the three central roles in counseling psychology?****
1. Remedial 2. Preventative 3. Educative-Development
What are some other facilitative conditions of therapy?
1. Respect-focus on the positive attributes of the client 2. Immediacy-communicating in the here and now 3. Confrontation-point out inconsistencies between different aspects of behavior 4. Concreteness-focus on specific behavior 5. Self Disclosure-sharing of oneself
What are some CLIENT common factors?
1. Subjective DISTRESS-what are we working on? 2. Client him/herself seeks help 3. Client has a willingness to work
What are the BUILDING BLOCKS of counseling? `
1. a SUCCESSFUL relationship between the client and therapist 2. Theories of therapy while fostering personal growth and better life functioning for THE CLIENT 3. Overlaid by VALUE SYSTEM of individuals, cultures, and societies
What two things is the development of psycholgy based on?
1. psychology being recognized as an independent discipline in academics 2. inability of other professions to deal with mentally ill (deviants)
What are important components of the THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP (TR)?
1. the TR is necessary as a PRECONDITION for counseling to proceed (behavioral and cognitive) 2. TR is an ESSENTIAL PROCESS which can in itself produce change (experiential) 3. TR can be seen as a CONTENT for therapy itself (psychodynamic)
What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy to be successful?
1. two people are in contact and are present 2. the client is in pain or incongruent 3. the therapist should be healthy and congruent 4. the therapist provides -unconditional positive regard (see the good despite the bad) -empathy -be genuine/authentic
How many sessions are considered brief?
3-12, creates the idea and the hope that there will be some change and not have to wait years
Sections of Division 17
Advancement for Women Ethnic and Racial Diversity LGBT Awareness Vocations Independent practice college counseling Health Psychology
What did the Division's name change to in 1952?
Counseling Psychology
On the counseling end...
Development: clients tend to have problems with living, focus on short term goals, include preventative approaches
Employment Settings for Recent Graduates
Educational: University counseling center, university faculty Humana Service Settings: group, VA, psychiatric hospitals, private practice
How can testing help individuals?
Help make better decisions about -education -career -personal adjustment -relationships
Who influenced the American mental health movement?
Lightner Witmer -first psychological clinic at UPenn to treat children with behavioral and learning problems -focused on strengths to aid recovery and treatment (hygiology) -everyone has an asset -led to the first major theme (emphasis on assets and strengths)
APA ethical standards address specific behaviors, often behaviors to ____________
NOT engage in
Is diagnosis the most important thing with counseling psychology?
No, there is a focus on optimism, assests, positive mental health, coping mechanisms, and belief in positive change
What percent of counseling psychology is remedial?
about 70%
COUNSELING is a ______________done by a range of professionals
activity
What does a person-environment interaction mean?
consider the role of the environment in people's lives, recognize that when things go wrong they might not be our fault, but it is not meant to excuse personal responsibility but acknowledge the environment
Northwestern Conference (1951)
core requirements for a PhD in counseling psychology -VA's starting hiring counseling psychology -proposed training standards for practicum and research -defined roles and functions
What are some professions that conduct counseling?
counseling and clinical psychology (Ph.D.), PsyD, Psychiatric Social Workers (MSW, LISW), Psychiatrists (MD's), Counseling/MH Professionals (2 years master's)
What is reciprocal empathy?
counselor responds at the same level of feeling as the client has expressed -this empathy helps to build the CO/CL relationship
What do some people call the heart of counseling psychology?
educational and career development
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY is the ____________ within psychology that includes the activity of counseling
field
What is additive empathy?
goes further, facilitates client growth and forward movement
Counselors also focus on ____________ _____________ and ____________ of the client, their environment/situation, career development, and individual development
healthy aspect; strengths
Counseling psychology focuses on ______________ (health) rather than _______________ (sickness) regardless of degree of disturbance
hygiology; psychopathology
Who are helped by remedial roles?
individuals (depression), families (communication), and groups (addictions)
What steps must you conduct with the state board of Psychology?
licensing, PhD/PsyD must be supervised, pass a licensure exam with written and oral components, 1,500 hours of direct experience before boards, take biennial CE and pay fees
What is involved with multicultural or cultural competence?
now one new aspect of competence, all APA approved grad programs now require multicultural training
How do personality tests work?
objective: list of questions to which one gives agree/disagree or true/false response -numerical scores are obtained from counting "keyed" responses, there are validity scales -Same response pattern always gets the same score
What is subtractive empathy?
occurs when the counselor misses the boat completely (do more talking than listening)
What is the role of an industrial-organizational psychologist?
personnel selection and training, the client is the organization not the individual, help improve productivity and profits, help teams run more smoothly
What do counselors help people with?
physical, emotional, and mental disorders, improve well-being, alleviate distress, and maladjustment, and resolve crises
What is involved with privacy and confidentiality?
psychologists do their best to maintain confidentiality and let clients know the limits of that confidentiality -psychologists release information only to those with a legal right to it, or with the consent of the client
What are the bounds of competence?
psychologists must be trained with CEs, supervised experiences, then they are deemed competent
What is empathetic understanding?
refers to a therapists' natural sensitivity to others' thoughts and feelings
What is beneficence and maleficence?
rule of trying to help (beneficence) and "do no harm" (nonmaleficence) -Malice=desire to harm another -Benefit=benefactor/beneficiary -We are always aware and make a priority the welfare of both human and animal participants in CO research
What mental illness began the use of psychotropic medications and when?
schizophrenia, 1952
What are the role of community psychologists?
study the mental health implications of poverty or racism, focus on mental health and community settings, high burn out rate and do not get paid a lot for the people and environment
What is the role of school psychologists?
usually employed in K-12 setting, "triage", most likely people to assess learning disabilities, ADHD, emotional and social problems
What should you not do in if you come across a situation where there is a dual relationship with a client?
you should NOT counsel your friends any more than physicians should treat your friends and family -your instructor should not be your counselor -when grad programs require students to have counseling themselves, options OTHER than the faculty/supervisors MUST be available
