CPCE/NCE Master Review

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is: a. false. b. true due to a genetic flaw commonly found in women. c. true only in middle-aged men. d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.

d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.

The fear of death: a. is greatest during middle age. b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon. c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years. d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.

a. is greatest during middle age.

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as: a. he utilized the t test too frequently. b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors. c. he worked primarily with minority children. d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is: a. oral. b. anal. c. phallic. d. latency.

d. latency.

The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of: a. Erik Erikson. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Jay Haley. d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan

b. Sigmund Freud.

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage. a. skip b. become fixated at c. ignore d. a and c

b. become fixated at

An empiricist view of development would be: a. psychometric. b. behavioristic. c. against the use of formal statistical testing. d. a and c.

b. behavioristic.

The anal retentive personality is: a. charitable. b. stingy. c. kind. d. thinks very little about money matters.

b. stingy.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys: a. a wire mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry cloth version. b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother. c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.

b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.

The word "ethology," which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to: a. Piaget's famous case study methodology. b. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment. c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs. d. all of the above.

b. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment.

Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by: a. Erik Erikson. b. Milton H.Erickson. c. Konrad Lorenz. d. Harry Harlow.

c. Konrad Lorenz.

_______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development. a. Erik Erikson b. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. John B. Watson

c. Lawrence Kohlberg

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on: a. Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. b. building accurate empathy of family members. c. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. d. The identified patient.

c. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to: a. Carl Jung's concepts of anima, animus. b. Freud's wish fulfillment. c. Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years. d. ego identity.

c. Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.

Freud's Oedipus Complex: a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs b. occurs during the phallic stage. c. a and b. d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory.

c. a and b.

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as: a. hysteria. b. pica. c. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. d. dysfunctional repetition.

c. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. d. dysfunctional repetition.

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual: a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges. b. has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation. c. has self-imposed morals and ethics. d. a and b.

c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.

Piaget's preoperational stage: a. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning. b. includes mastering conservation. c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. d. all of the above

c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which: a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group. b. biofeedback training is highly recommended. c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. d. the activity of meaning making is discouraged.

c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested: a. a single level of morality. b. two levels of morality. c. three levels of morality. d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.

c. three levels of morality.

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson. a. integrity versus despair b. Kohlberg c. trust versus mistrust d. play therapy

c. trust versus mistrust

In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually: a. .05 or less. b. 1.0 or higher. c. .0001 or less. d. 5.0.

a. .05 or less.

A statement of disclosure could include all except: a. a list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school. b. the counselor's qualifications, office hours, and billing policies. c. emergency procedures and therapy techniques utilized. d. a statement that confidentiality is desirable, but cannot be guaranteed in a group setting.

a. a list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school.

A client suffers from bipolar disorder and takes lithium. According to the DSM she has: a. a mood disorder. b. an anxiety disorder. c. schizophrenia, a term coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1911 (a psychotic disorder). d. a somatoform disorder such as pain disorder.

a. a mood disorder.

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would: a. be close to 0.00. b. be close to a perfect 1.00. c. be close to a perfect negative correlation of -1.00. d. be about +.70.

a. be close to 0.00.

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will: a. be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion. b. be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion. c. often be aggressive or illegal. d. violate the group's confidentiality norms.

a. be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion.

Most experts predict that in the 21st century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will: a. become more integrative, since about 30 to 50% of all therapists say they are eclectic. b. become more behavioristic, since this is the approach that uses statistical outcomes. c. become more Rogerian, since the world as a whole is becoming more humanistic. d. not tolerate eclecticism, since it is not scientific.

a. become more integrative, since about 30 to 50% of all therapists say they are eclectic.

Traditionally, _______ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns. a. behavioral. b. person-centered. c. humanistic. d. reality therapy.

a. behavioral.

Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles: a. help to maintain the group. b. areself-serving. c. help promote autocratic leadership. d. always stress the importance of the here-and-now.

a. help to maintain the group.

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a: a. histogram. b. sociogram. c. genogram. d. genus.

a. histogram.

An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that: a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive. c. in reality TV has no impact on a child's behavior. d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring.

a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive.

The 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in: a. analysis. b. developmental psychology. c. behavior modification. d. groupwork.

b. developmental psychology.

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a: a. double-blind study. b. single-blind study. c. baseline for an intensive N=1 design. d. participant observer model.

b. single-blind study.

One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is: a. cost effectiveness. b. it promotes cohesiveness. c. it lessens counselor burnout. d. it allows the members to meet less frequently.

b. it promotes cohesiveness.

In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware that: a. privileged communication exists in every state in the union for LPCs. b. laws are unclear and may vary from state to state. c. there are no laws which govern this issue. d. state psychology laws are applicable in this respect.

b. laws are unclear and may vary from state to state.

Which of these factors is not delineated by Yalom as a curative factor? a. altruism, universality, and existential learning. b. manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind. c. catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope. d. imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences.

b. manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind

A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, "It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it." Her comment is an example of: a. a blatant ethical violation. b. positioning. c. cohesion. d. behavioral disputation.

b. positioning.

If a group of first semester graduate students in counseling took the NCE exam, a distribution of scores would be: a. a bell-shaped curve. b. positively skewed. c. negatively skewed. d. more information obviously is needed.

b. positively skewed.

An aptitude test is to _______ as an achievement test is to _______. a. what has been learned; potential. b. potential; what has been learned. c. profit from learning; potential. d. a measurement of current skills; potential.

b. potential; what has been learned.

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience: a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests. b. satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests. c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests. d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less.

b. satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests.

Weight Watchers is a: a. T-group also called a training group. b. self-help or support group as is AA. c. psychotherapy group. d. marathon group.

b. self-help or support group as is AA.

One problem with interest inventories is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. Psychometricians call this response style phenomenon: a. standard error. b. social desirability (the right way to feel in society). c. cultural bias. d. acquiescence.

b. social desirability (the right way to feel in society).

Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has: a. situationally bound panic attacks. b. cued panic attacks. c. a and b. d. predisposed panic attacks.

c. a and b.

Nosology refers to a system of classification. Name the nosological system(s) utilized by professional counselors who diagnose clients. a. DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). b. ICD (International Classification of Disease). c. a and b. d. The Rogerian classification system.

c. a and b.

The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by: a. avoidance-avoidance conflicts. b. a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power. c. approach-avoidance behavior. d. members working on the interpretation of unconscious behavior.

c. approach-avoidance behavior.

At its zenith the DOT listed: a. approximately 10,000 job titles. b. nearly 5,000 job titles. c. approximately 30,000 job titles. d. nearly 100,000 job titles.

c. approximately 30,000 job titles.

Approximately 40% of all elementary schools have shortened recess or student playtime. Counselors: a. are excited about this change because U.S. children are behind other countries academically and thus need more study time. b. believe the change will actually have little or no impact on the children. c. are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive. d. are not concerned as boys have better concentration on days when they do not have recess.

c. are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive.

_______ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic. a. Spearman. b. Guilford. c. Williamson. d. Francis Galton.

d. Francis Galton.

The problem with income sensitive or sliding fee scales (based on the client's ability to pay) is that: a. scales of this kind are unethical. b. scales of this nature are illegal. c. it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner. d. scales like this are used frequently; however, they are unethical and illegal.

c. it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner.

Development is cephalocaudal, which means: a. foot to head. b. head to foot. c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment. d. b and c.

b. head to foot.

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean: a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. b. the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes. c. a and b. d. a theory proposed by Skinner's colleagues.

a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of: a. egocentrism. b. conservation. c. centration. d. abstract thought.

a. egocentrism.

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? a. generativity versus stagnation b. integrity versus despair c. a and b d. Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues

a. generativity versus stagnation

Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. a. 6, 3 b. 6, 6 c. 3, 6 d. 3, 3

a. 6, 3

You are counseling a well-known celebrity who dies. According to the new 2005 ACA Ethical Code: a. Confidentially exists even after she dies. b. Confidentiality does not exist after death for any professional helper. Princess Diana's therapist was on television talking about Princess Di's eating disorder immediately after her death. c. The ethics state "a counselor has no obligation to uphold confidentiality after a client's death." d. The counselor is given no direction since this issue is not addressed in the guidelines.

a. Confidentially exists even after she dies.

The _______ are examples of aptitude tests. a. GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery), the O*NET Ability Profiler, and the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test). b. GZTS (Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey) and the MMPI. c. CPI and the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). d. Strong and the LSAT.

a. GATB, the O*NET Ability Profiler, and the MCAT.

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a: a. double-blind study. b. single-blind study. c. typical AB design. d. case of correlational research.

a. double-blind study.

In psychoanalytic family therapy the term "introjects" really means that the client: a. internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves. b. possesses internal verbalizations. c. possesses a finite number of problem solving options. d. possesses the internal motivation to solve his or her own difficulties.

a. internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves.

A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that: a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions. b. the leader has a less complex role than that of an individual counselor. c. the group leader nearly always possesses more training than an individual counselor. d. all of the above.

a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions.

The number of people in an open group is generally: a. more stable than in a closed group. b. much smaller after an extended period of time than in a closed group. c. significantly larger than in a closed group. d. more dependent on the group leader's marketing skills than in a closed group.

a. more stable than in a closed group.

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _______ digit code. a. nine. b. eight. c. six. d. five.

a. nine.

A hermaphrodite is: a. now referred to as an intersex person. b. always gay. c. always homosexual. d. also called a cross-dresser.

a. now referred to as an intersex person.

The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis is also known as the: a. ordinate. b. abscissa. c. the IV. d. the horizontal axis.

a. ordinate.

A woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. You have no experience or training in this area. Ethically you should: a. refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client. b. keep the client and work on her general lack of self-esteem. c. tell the client you will do a comprehensive Internet search on the topic and then begin seeing her. d. explain to the client that a symptom such as eating or not eating is not the real problem and that counseling focuses on real underlying issues.

a. refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client.

A malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if: a. you are sexually involved with a client. b. you violate confidentiality. c. you do not have a client sign a release of information and send a record to another agency or provider. d. you call a state child abuse hotline and a client takes legal action since the child was actually the victim of an accident.

a. you are sexually involved with a client.

There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale? a. A horse categorized as a second place winner in a show. b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category. c. An IQ score of 111. d. The weight of an Olympic barbell set.

b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.

In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test? a. A counselor with NCC, NCCC after his or her name. b. A clinical psychologist. c. A D.O. psychiatrist. d. A social worker with ACSW after his or her name.

b. A clinical psychologist.

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach: a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives. b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes. d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.

b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles: a. directive, nondirective, and semipassive. b. autocratic (authoritarian), democratic, and laissez faire. c. relaxed, anxious, and tense. d. assertive, nonassertive, and aggressive.

b. autocratic (authoritarian), democratic, and laissez faire.

When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to: a. jump on the bandwagon and agree with the child. b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying. c. talk only about positive experiences. d. immediately put the child on the hot seat.

b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying.

You pass your exam and now have NCC status. During a staff meeting a clinical director explains to you that, from an ethical standpoint, your primary duty is to the agency. Most experts in the field of counselor education would: a. agree with this position with very few reservations. b. disagree inasmuch as professional ethics emphasize that your primary responsibility is to your clients. c. disagree inasmuch as professional ethics emphasize that your primary responsibility is to the ACA. d. say that, according to "aspirational ethics," your agency comes first.

b. disagree inasmuch as professional ethics emphasize that your primary responsibility is to your clients.

One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as: a. test-retest reliability. b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability. c. the split-half method. d. internal consistency.

b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability.

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A.A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism. a. subliminal. b. sublimation. c. repression. d. rationalization.

b. sublimation.

Insurance payments are also called: a. mandated payments. b. third-party payments. c. optional payments. d. psychometric payments.

b. third-party payments.

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of: a. unemployment. b. underemployment. c. the phi phenomenon. d. the risky shift phenomenon.

b. underemployment.

The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P = a. .05. b. .01. c. .001. d. .08.

c. .001.

A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be _______ or higher. a. .20. b. .55. c. .80. d. .70.

c. .80.

In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of: a. 1.2. b. .75. c. 1.0. d. 0.0.

c. 1.0.

A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to: a. the normal curve. b. the range. c. a correlation coefficient. d. the John Henry Effect.

c. a correlation coefficient.

Your client was seeing Dr. Doyle for counseling for three years. The client has now stopped seeing Dr. Doyle and has an appointment to see you. You should: a. refuse to see the client unless she will sign a release so you can secure the information Dr. Doyle compiled. b. call Dr. Doyle. In this situation no release of information or consent form is necessary. c. counsel the client. d. put something in writing and send it to Dr. Doyle prior to the second session of counseling.

c. counsel the client.

The study of group operations is often called: a. group desensitization. b. the hot seat technique. c. group dynamics. d. structuring the group.

c. group dynamics.

The _______ movement began in the late 1960s. a. testing. b. Rogerian. c. group. d. developmental psychology.

c. group.

You have impeccable training and experience as a counseling supervisor. Now your brother finishes his master's degree in counseling and wants you to supervise him. According to ACA ethics you should: a. accept him as a supervisee since it will be beneficial to him. b. cosupervise him with another colleague. c. refer him to a trusted colleague trained in supervision who is willing to take your brother. d. supervise him if it is for licensing, but not if it is for NCC.

c. refer him to a trusted colleague trained in supervision who is willing to take your brother.

A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely: a. dispute the couple's irrational thinking. b. prescribe thought stopping. c. rely on systematic desensitization procedures. d. rely primarily on paraphrasing and reflection.

c. rely on systematic desensitization procedures.

The group IQ test movement began: a. in 1905. b. with the work of Binet. c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I. d. with the AGCT in World War II.

c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.

_______ would be an informal method of appraisal. a. IQ testing. b. Standardized personalitytesting. c. GRE scores. d. A checklist.

d. A checklist.

A question on the NCE asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task? a. You would subtract .70 from a perfect correlation of 1.00. b. You would multiply the mean of the population by .70. c. You would add .70 to a perfect correlation of 1.00. d. You would square the .70.

d. You would square the .70.

The term "reentry woman" would best describe: a. a 32-year-old female police officer promoted to sergeant. b. a 22-year-old female teacher who becomes a school counselor. c. a 59-year-old female administrative assistant who switched positions for two years and will return to her job. d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, some- what agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is a: a. projective measure. b. unacceptable for use in standardized testing. c. a speed test. d. a Likert scale.

d. a Likert scale.

A Type II error: a. is also called a beta error. b. means you reject null when it is applicable. c. means you accept null when it is false. d. a and c.

d. a and c.

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when: a. the distribution is skewed. b. the distribution has no extreme scores. c. there are extreme scores. d. a and c.

d. a and c.

Section F of NBCC's Code of Ethics is concerned with ethics related to consulting. Consulting or consultation can best be defined as: a. a brand or paradigm of brief psychotherapy. b. a brand or paradigm of long-term psychotherapy. c. a systematic process based on classical conditioning. d. a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues.

d. a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues.

Type I and Type II errors are called _______ and _______ respectively. a. beta;alpha. b. .01;.05. c. a and b. d. alpha;beta.

d. alpha;beta.

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that: a. an African-American client and a Caucasian leader would sit close together. b. a Hispanic client and an African-American leader would sit close together. c. an Asian-American client and an African-American leader would sit close together. d. an Asian-American leader and an Asian-American client would sit close together.

d. an Asian-American leader and an Asian-American client would sit close together.

The NCE is: a. an intelligence test. b. an aptitude test. c. a personality test. d. an achievement test.

d. an achievement test.

A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient, many group leaders feel they are superior inasmuch as private screening sessions: a. intensify transference. b. encourage catharsis. c. intensify abreaction. d. are generally superior in terms of counselor/client interaction.

d. are generally superior in terms of counselor/client interaction.

A client needs counseling but can afford only $5 per session. As a private practitioner you charge $75 per hour. You should: a. still charge the client $75 per hour, but let her pay you $5 per week indefinitely until she has actually paid your normal rate. b. be firm and tell her the fee is $75 per hour regardless of her income. c. immediately refer her to a state funded agency. d. consider the client's financial status and the locality and offer her a reduced rate.

d. consider the client's financial status and the locality and offer her a reduced rate.

You are a middle school counselor at a public school. A child is threatening to kill another student and admonishes you to keep it a secret. According to the ethical principle of minimal disclosure the best course of action would be to: a. try to talk the client out of his plan of action but do not violate his confidentiality by telling anyone else. b. call the major radio and television stations as research clearly indicates that publicity can stop school tragedies. c. call the police and give them a complete blow by blow description of the counseling session. d. inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat.

d. inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat.

Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems? a. test-retest. b. alternate forms. c. split-half. d. interrater/interobserver.

d. interrater/interobserver.

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment: a. is impacted by the observer effect. b. is said to be a naturalistic observation. c. is the result of ethological observation. d. is said to be reliable.

d. is said to be reliable.

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels: a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision. b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice. c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice. d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

A 14-year-old male threatens to blow up his parents' garage because he has been grounded. You believe his threat is genuine. You should: a. ask the child if he will sign a release of information so you can talk to his parents. b. not talk to the parents since this would weaken the bond of trust you have with the client. c. have the child sign a contract stating he will not blow up the garage but mention nothing to the parents. d. warn the parents that their property is in danger.

d. warn the parents that their property is in danger.

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the: a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. eros.

a. superego.

Trust versus mistrust is: a. an Adlerian notion of morality. b. Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development. c. essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism. d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.

b. Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development.

15. The term "identity crisis" comes from the work of: a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients. b. Erikson. c. Adler. d. Jung.

b. Erikson.

_______ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation. a. Environmental b. Genetic c. Chemical dependency d. Unconscious

b. Genetic

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? a. A. Lazarus b. H. Harlow c. J. Wolpe d. A. Ellis

b. H. Harlow

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of: a. egocentrism. b. centration. c. formal abstract reasoning. d. deductive processes.

b. centration.

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as: a. formal operations—12 years and older. b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11. c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7. d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.

b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.

In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by: a. psychosexualurges. b. consequences. c. periodicfuguestates. d. counterconditioning.

b. consequences.

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was: a. Erik Erikson. b. Milton H. Erickson. c. A. A. Brill. d. Jean Piaget.

a. Erik Erikson.

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is: a. Harry Harlow. b. John Bowlby. c. Lawrence Kohlberg. d. all of the above.

a. Harry Harlow.

The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with: a. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level. b. Kohlberg's conventional level. c. the work of Carl Jung. d. Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8

a. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level.

In terms of parenting young children: a. boys are punished more than girls. b. girls are punished more than boys. c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion. d. boys show more caregiver behavior.

a. boys are punished more than girls.

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be: a. considered an oral character. b. considered an anal character. c. considered a genital character. d. fixated at the latency stage.

a. considered an oral character.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that: a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual. c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial. d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved.

a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates: a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-or- der needs, such as self-actualization. b. that psychopathology rests within the id. c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization. d. that stimulus-response psychology dictates behavioral attributes.

a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-or- der needs, such as self-actualization.

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency. c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal. d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal.

a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of: a. Freud. b. Adler on birth order. c. Erikson. d. Bowlby.

d. Bowlby.

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? a. Carl Rogers b. B. F. Skinner c. Frank Parsons, the Father of Guidance d. Konrad Lorenz

d. Konrad Lorenz

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? a. a 19-year-old male college student. b. 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band. c. a 57-year old female stockbroker. d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.

d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow: a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz. b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics. c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential set- tings. d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."

d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."

According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles: a. refers to the Naive Hedonism stage. b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals. c. a and b. d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

In adolescence: a. females commit suicide more than males. b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare. c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious. d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.

d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.

According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete op- erational thought. This notion suggests: a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift. b. the child is ambidextrous. c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight. d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.

d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.

Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are: a. psychometric. b. psychodiagnostic. c. psychopharmacological. d. psychosocial.

d. psychosocial.

The mean on the Wechsler and the Binet is _______ and the standard deviation is _______. a. 100;100. b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet. c. 100;20. d. 100;1.

b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet.

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of: a. 50. b. 90. c. 1.00. d. −.90.

b. 90.

The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also known as: a. the y axis. b. the abscissa. c. the DV. d. the vertical axis.

b. the abscissa.

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by: a. Satir and Minuchin. b. Schein. c. Caplan. d. Bandura.

c. Caplan.

Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability? a. A TAT, projective test popular with psychodynamic helpers. b. The WAIS-III, a popular IQ test. c. The MMPI-2, a popular personality test. d. A very accurate scale.

d. A very accurate scale.

Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process? a. "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens." b. "And Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships." c. "It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt...." d. "Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality."

a. "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."

Each year, approximately 31,000 U.S. citizens commit suicide with an alarming 2,000 individuals attempting suicide each day in the United States. Suicide often checks in as the second or third leading killer of teens. Men commit suicide more frequently than women, however, women attempt suicide far more often than men. It is accurate to say that: a. 10 to 15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide. b. nearly 100% of the claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide. c. ACA liability insurance will not cover you if a client commits suicide. d. African-American females have an extremely high rate of suicide.

a. 10 to 15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide.

The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. The guide lists groups of jobs listed in: a. 14 interest areas. b. 6 interest areas. c. 3 interest areas. d. 175 interest areas.

a. 14 interest areas.

Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means: a. 2.5 SD below the mean. b. 2.5 SD above the mean. c. a CEEB score of 500. d. -.05% of the population falls within this area of the curve.

a. 2.5 SD below the mean.

The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be: a. 61. b. 77. c. 59. d. more information is necessary.

a. 61.

A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that: a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate. b. 30% of the people who are tested will receive accurate scores. c. 70% of the people who are tested will receive accurate scores. d. 30% of the score is accurate while 70% is inaccurate.

a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate.

You are a school counselor who wishes to refer an orthopedically disabled student to a private therapist. In general, the best referral would be to: a. a CRC (Cerficied Rehabilitation Counselor). b. a MAC (Master Addictions Counselor). c. a licensed clinical psychologist. d. a licensed social worker.

a. a CRC

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was created by the American Psychiatric Association. The Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) was created by the World Health Organization (WHO). Which counselor would most likely be required to utilize one of these guides to diagnose a client? a. A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third party) payments. b. A guidance counselor discussing a child with a teacher. c. A multicultural counselor who is seeing a Black client. d. counselor leading a T-group.

a. A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third party) payments.

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? a. A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic. b. A second-year student who stutters. c. A graduate student with a facial tic. d. A fourth-year student with obsessive-compulsive (OCD) tendencies.

a. A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.

A counseling journal article should use documentation (i.e., references) that is based on: a. APA style. b. MLA style taught in most English composition classes. c. a or b. d. none of the above.

a. APA style.

A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the: a. Bender Gestalt. b. Rorschach. c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

a. Bender Gestalt.

When working with an African-American family the best approach would probably be: a. Bowen's family therapy; Minuchin's structural family therapy; or Jay Haley's strategic family therapy. b. cognitive family therapy. c. Ackerman's psychoanalytic approach to family therapy. d. a strict reality therapy approach based on the work of psychiatrist William Glasser.

a. Bowen's family therapy; Minuchin's structural family therapy; or Jay Haley's strategic family therapy.

A college student who suffers from panic disorder types his symptoms and concerns onto a PC screen and then waits for the computer program to respond or question him further. The student engages in this practice for one 40-minute session per week. This is an example of: a. CAC. b. CMC. c. Computer Managed Counseling. d. b and c.

a. CAC.

Computers are now being used in various counseling settings. Counselors speak of Computer Assisted Counseling (CAC) and Computer Managed Counseling (CMC). An office that employs a computer to schedule clients would be an example of: a. CMC. b. CAC. c. an ethical violation. d. the misuse of computers, though the practice is ethical.

a. CMC.

SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover are: a. Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG)/Computer-based Career Information Systems (CBCISs). b. paper and pencil career tests. c. career theories proposed in the 1940s. d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH.

a. Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG)/Computer-based Career Information Systems (CBCISs).

A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends." Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy? a. David Premack's principle or law. b. Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson c. B. F. Skinner d. all of the above

a. David Premack's principle or law.

You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another licensed counselor, is now the custodian of your records. To conform with current ethical standards this was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline's contact information. According to the new ethics regarding transfer plans: a. Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record. b. you should contact each client even though you are residing in another country. c. the client is totally responsible for contacting Dr. Kline since he or she was given an informed consent document. d. neither you nor Dr. Kline would be obligated to contact the client.

a. Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record.

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of: a. John Crites. b. Roe. c. Holland. d. Schlossberg.

a. John Crites.

By passing the NCE, a counselor can attain _______, given via NBCC. a. NCC, a generic certification for counselors. b. NCC, a specialty mental health certification for counselors. c. NCC, national certification for school counselors. d. MAC, master addictions counselor.

a. NCC, a generic certification for counselors.

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with: a. Parsons and Williamson. b. Roe and Brill. c. Holland and Super. d. Tiedeman and O'Hara.

a. Parsons and Williamson.

The 16 PF (Personality Factor) reflects the work of: a. Raymond B. Cattell. b. Carl Jung. c. James McKeen Cattell. d. Oscar K. Buros.

a. Raymond B. Cattell.

According to Whitaker: a. a cotherapist is helpful. b. a cotherapist should never be used. c. a cotherapist should be used only with blended families. d. all of the above could be true.

a. a cotherapist is helpful.

Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that: a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality. b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant. c. four major personality categories exist. d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.

a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

A counselor is seeing a client on a managed care plan. Unfortunately, the client has used up her maximum number of sessions for the year. The counselor is convinced that the client is in need of additional counseling, however, the counselor's agency will not allow him to see her for any additional sessions. The best plan of action would be for the counselor to: a. Refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits. b. Empathize with the client, but be sure to explain that she is catastrophizing (an irrational thought pattern delineated by Albert Ellis) and use REBT, a cognitive therapy, to help her cope with the fact that she cannot be seen again until next year. c. Threaten to sue the managed care company, since this would be in violation of ethical care for the client. d. See the client, but don't tell your supervisor. This is both legal and ethical.

a. Refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits.

Today the Stanford-Binet is used from ages 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the: a. SAS. b. SUDS. c. entropy. d. ACPA.

a. SAS.

_______ is the leading cause of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers. a. Sexual misconduct. b. Dual relationships. c. Failure of the duty to warn. d. Inferior record keeping.

a. Sexual misconduct.

Which statement is true? a. Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced. b. Most persons who are divorced do not remarry. c. Most persons who are divorced wait a minimum of five years to remarry. d. Women remarry quickly, however, men do not.

a. Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.

Conversion or reparative therapy is intended to change sexual orientation and behaviors from gay to straight. a. The literature in scientific and peer reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered from same sex attraction to opposite sex attraction. b. ACA prohibits counselors from practicing conversion or reparative therapies although no studies exist in this area. c. Longitudinal studies with clients who have been through reparative or conversion therapy indicate that the treatment is effective, but it still remains unethical. d. ACA ethics indicate that a counselor trained in conversion or reparative therapy can practice these modalities if the client insists on the treatment.

a. The literature in scientific and peer reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered from same sex attraction to opposite sex attraction.

An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention? a. The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns. b. The therapist is professional but distant. c. The therapist joins the family and sympathizes with their difficulties. d. Joining is used during the final session of therapy.

a. The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns.

Which statement is true of Hispanic families? a. They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees. b. They have higher than average incomes but usually don't finish high school or college. c. They have college degrees, but still generally live in poverty. d. They prefer long-term treatment in therapy.

a. They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees.

Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a: a. Type I error. b. Type II error. c. beta error. d. b and c.

a. Type I error.

Kia was given a new client with a morbid fear of heights. Her supervisor emphasized that he wanted her to use the most hi- tech form of treatment available. Kia should use: a. VRT (Virtual reality therapy). b. William Glasser's new reality therapy with choice theory. c. Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization (also known as reciprocal inhibition) a form of behavior therapy that works well with fears d. REBT created by Albert Ellis, which was once called RET.

a. VRT

Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of: a. Virginia Satir. b. Albert Ellis. c. Jay Haley. d. Salvador Minuchin, the father of structural family therapy.

a. Virginia Satir.

The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the: a. WPPSI-III. (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence). b. WAIS-III (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). c. WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). d. Myers-BriggsTypeIndicator.

a. WPPSI-III. (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence).

Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of: a. "Workbook in Vocations" by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn. b. "The Interpretation of Dreams" by Freud. c. "Behaviorism" by Watson. d. "Counseling and Psychotherapy" by Rogers.

a. Workbook in Vocations by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn.

A question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a preexperimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for: a. X stands for treatment and O stands for observation, measurement, or score. b. X is the mean while O implies that no treatment was given. c. X is the median while O stands for other group. d. X stands for treatment while O is the number of observations taken.

a. X stands for treatment and O stands for observation, measurement, or score.

Which of these responses is the best example of the double- bind concept used in Jay Haley's strategic therapy? You are trying to help a client stop smoking: a. You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days. b. You recommend that the client chart the number of cigarettes she smokes. c. You tell her to mentally visualize herself as a nonsmoker whenever she has the desire to smoke. d. All of the above.

a. You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.

Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girl friend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that." b. a counselor who remarks, "Can you tell me about it in the present moment, as if she is yelling at you this very minute?" c. a counselor who remarks, "You are upset by her verbal assaults." d. a counselor who remarks, "Are you really hurt by your girl friend's remarks or is it the fact that you are telling yourself how catastrophic it is that she said these things?"

a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that."

Section A, which is the general section of NBCC's Code of Ethics, cautions counselors against sexual harassment defined as "unwelcome comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature." An example of an ethics violation in this respect would be: a. a female counselor who repeatedly tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned. b. a male counselor who smiles to reinforce a female client (who is overly critical of her looks) who has just said that she is beginning to accept her feminine qualities. c. a female career counselor who tells a male client that she feels his gray flannel suit would be the most appropriate for a given job interview. d. when a client who has been very depressed and neglecting her looks comes into the therapy session looking much better and the counselor comments, "You certainly look nice today."

a. a female counselor who repeatedly tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned.

Holland believed that: a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities. b. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes. c. one's personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one's occupational choice. c. b and c.

a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for: a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less. b. social workers to do most of the testing. c. psychiatrists to do most of the testing. d. counselors to ban all computer-assisted tests.

a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less.

Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because: a. a group cannot not have structure. b. only structured groups are effective. c. unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic. d. unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapygroups.

a. a group cannot not have structure.

A test battery is considered: a. a horizontal test. b. a vertical test. c. a valid test. d. a reliable test.

a. a horizontal test.

The ordinal scale rank-orders variables, though the relative dis- tance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be: a. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race. b. an IQ score of 111. c. the weight of an Olympic barbell set. d. a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit.

a. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race.

Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist from Norway, became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on: a. a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team. b. three therapists. c. the gestalt empty chair technique. d. homework assignments.

a. a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team.

The directive or prescription given to the smoker in the previous question could best be described as: a. a paradoxical intervention. b. a cognitive intervention. c. an object relations intervention. d. a behavioristic intervention

a. a paradoxical intervention.

The term skeleton keys as used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution-focused therapy (BSFT) indicates: a. a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems. b. a technique where the client goes home to see his or her family of origin. c. a technique that works for one specific problem, but usually will not work with other difficulties. d. a technique in which the therapist hands the client or clients a sheet of paper with a compliment on it.

a. a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems.

In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical stand- point the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like: a. a symmetrical bell. b. the top half of a bowling ball. c. the top half of a hot dog. d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.

a. a symmetrical bell.

Test bias primarily results from: a. a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients. b. the use of projective measures. c. using Whites to score the test. d. using IQ rather than personality tests.

a. a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients.

Francis Galton felt intelligence was: a. a unitary faculty. b. best explained via a two factor theory. c. best explained via the person's environment. d. fluid and crystallized in nature.

a. a unitary faculty.

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that: a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college. b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance. c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance. d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior high school or middle-school-level students did not.

a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

State laws can govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern: a. accreditation. b. counselor licensure. c. psychologist licensure. d. involuntary commitment to state psychiatric facilities.

a. accreditation.

According to researchers, groups are effective: a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true. b. due to increased transference in group work. c. due to better morale in a group setting. d. due to the emphasis on cognitive restructuring.

a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.

In terms of group risks: a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client. b. an ethical leader should never discuss risks with a client. c. research has demonstrated that the less said about them the better the group will interact. d. an ethical leader allows the group to discover risks and work through them at their own pace.

a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.

The DOT was first published by the Department of Labor in 1939. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to: a. an occupational group. b. career options. c. OOH data. d. the transfer of skills.

a. an occupational group.

The WAIS-III is given to 100,000 individuals in the United States who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that: a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115. b. approximately 68% would score between 70 and 130. c. the mean IQ would be 112. d. 50% of those tested would score 112 or above.

a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115.

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice: a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms. b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment. c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness. d. are the result of irrational cognitions.

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described: a. as a displaced homemaker. b. as a victim of underemployment. c. by a DSM diagnosis. d. as a victim of the hidden job market.

a. as a displaced homemaker.

A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be: a. aspirational ethics. b. mandatory ethics/standards of practice. c. empathy. d. all of the above.

a. aspirational ethics.

A man has a rare, highly contagious disease that is fatal. He is keeping it a secret and insists that he will never tell his wife. You should: a. break confidentiality and tell his wife. b. honor the man's decision not to tell his wife for therapeutic reasons. c. honor the man's decision not to tell his wife in order to maintain ethical confidentiality. d. handle it based on your clinical intuition since ethical guidelines fail to address this emotionally charged issue.

a. break confidentiality and tell his wife.

Family counselors generally believe in: a. circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members). b. linear causality. c. random causality. d. dream analysis.

a. circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members).

Counselors often shy away from self-reports since: a. clients often give inaccurate answers. b. ACA ethics do not allow them. c. clients need a very high IQ to understand them. d. they are generally very lengthy.

a. clients often give inaccurate answers.

One major testing trend is: a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations. b. more paper and pencil measures. c. to give school children at least three IQ tests per year. d. to train pastoral counselors to do projective testing.

a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations.

Most ethical dilemmas are related to a. confidentiality. b. testing. c. diagnosis. d. research.

a. confidentiality.

The newest career theory would be: a. constructivist and cognitive approaches. b. the trait-and-factor approach. c. the developmental and psychoanalytic approaches. d. the transactional analysis approach.

a. constructivist and cognitive approaches.

You find yourself sexually attracted to a client. This is known as: a. countertransference. b. ambivalent transference. c. negative transference. d. positive transference.

a. countertransference.

A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using: a. deductive logic. b. inductive logic. c. an empathic assertion. d. an "I" statement.

a. deductive logic.

P = .05 really means that: a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times. b. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 99 out of 100 times. c. there is a 95% error factor. d. there is a 10% error factor.

a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.

The _______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly. a. difficulty. b. critical. c. intelligence. d. personal.

a. difficulty.

A family member who is emotionally distant is: a. disengaged. b. enmeshed. c. an example of equifinality. d. a placater.

a. disengaged.

Sybil refers to a famous client who had 15 personalities. At the time Sybil was said to suffer from multiple personality disorder (MPD). Today her diagnosis would be: a. dissociative identity disorder. b. a mood disorder. c. related to RS issues. d. a personality disorder.

a. dissociative identity disorder.

Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as: a. extreme. b. very typical or within the average range. c. close to the mean. d. very low scores.

a. extreme.

All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist except: a. family sculpting. b. a functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning. c. modeling. d. chaining and extinction.

a. family sculpting.

Super's theory emphasizes _______ life stages. a. five. b. four. c. three. d. nine.

a. five.

The DSM uses a multiaxial classification system with five axes. Diagnostic codes have _______ digits. a. five. b. four. c. nine (which correspond to the DOT). d. 12.

a. five.

A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a: a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b. a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c. a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members: a. for all groups. b. only when the group is in a hospital inpatient setting. c. only when the group is composed of minors. d. only if the group deals with chemical dependency.

a. for all groups.

Group cohesiveness refers to: a. forces which tend to bind group members together. b. an analysis of group content. c. a common coleadership style. d. a style of leadership.

a. forces which tend to bind group members together.

Standardized tests always have: a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring. b. a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. c. a mean of 100 and a standard error of measurement of 3. d. a reliability coefficient of +.90 or above.

a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring.

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage? a. forming. b. storming. c. norming. d. performing.

a. forming.

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate. a. gatekeeper. b. interrogator. c. scapegoat. d. storyteller.

a. gatekeeper.

A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of: a. gender bias. b. counselor bias. c. the trait-and-factor theory. d. developmental theory and career choice.

a. gender bias.

A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have: a. good concurrent validity. b. good face validity. c. superb internal consistency. d. all of the above.

a. good concurrent validity.

A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be: a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class. b. smaller in the afternoon class. c. impossible to speculate about without more data. d. nearly the same in either class.

a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.

Experts predict that in the future: a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers. b. group leaders will become more person-centered. c. group leaders will return to a psychodynamic viewpoint. d. groups will lose their popularity and eventually die out.

a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.

Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that: a. group tests are quicker to administer. b. group tests are superior in terms of predicting school performance. c. group tests always have a higher degree of reliability. d. individual IQ tests are not appropriate for school children.

a. group tests are quicker to administer.

In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as: a. group unity. b. a sociogram. c. Karpman's triangle. d. the transition stage.

a. group unity.

In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family: a. has the authority to make rules and enforce them. b. is usually extremely aggressive. c. is usually not willing to follow a family therapist's prescriptions or directives. d. is the one who talks the most.

a. has the authority to make rules and enforce them.

A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would: a. have high criterion/predictive validity. b. have excellent face validity. c. have excellent construct validity. d. not have incremental validity or synthetic validity.

a. have high criterion/predictive validity.

Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that: a. he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal. b. he will need to use a convenience sample or a volunteer sample. c. his distribution will be positively skewed. d. his distribution will be bimodal.

a. he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal.

The standard error of measurement tells you: a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is. b. what population responds best to the test. c. the accuracy for personality but not IQ tests. d. the number of people used in norming the test.

a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is.

One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that: a. if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members. b. closed groups cannot provide depth therapy. c. it promotes paranoid feelings in group members. d. closed groups are much more structured.

a. if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members.

In experimental terminology IV stands for _______ and DV stands for _______. a. independent variable; dependent variable. b. dependent variable; independent variable. c. individual variable; dependent variable. d. independent variable; designer variable.

a. independent variable; dependent variable.

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _______ into account: a. individual change throughout the life span. b. relevant psychometric data. c. personality. d. job requirements.

a. individual change throughout the life span.

Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters: a. interpret the results in the simplest manner. b. interpret the results in the most complex manner. c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient. d. interpret the results using a clinical interview.

a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means: a. interpreting the results in the simplest way. b. interpreting the results in the most complex manner. c. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient. d. interpreting the results using a clinical interview.

a. interpreting the results in the simplest way.

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type. a. investigative. b. social. c. enterprising. d. artistic.

a. investigative.

A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by: a. involving parents and asking them for input. b. keeping the parents uninvolved. c. reminding the children to speak softly at all times d. b and c.

a. involving parents and asking them for input.

Coleadership: a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference. b. exacerbates the harm of countertransference. c. has no impact on the issue of countertransference. d. eliminates all difficulties associated with countertransference.

a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference.

A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor: a. is interested in reliability. b. is interested in validity. c. is looking for information which is not available. d. is magnifying an unimportant issue.

a. is interested in reliability.

Most experts would agree that a resume: a. is like an art project and must look good. b is not an art project and looks have little if anything to do with effectiveness. c. need not utilize bold headings as personnel officers often spend an extensive amount of time reading them. d. contrary to popular opinion, can sport typos and spelling errors yet still have a powerful impact on future employers.

a. is like an art project and must look good.

Midlife career change: a. is not that unusual. b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare. c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse. d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave home.

a. is not that unusual.

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.: a. is very behavioristic. b. is indicative of a client-centered approach. c. is psychodynamic. d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.

a. is very behavioristic.

All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except: a. it is a correlation coefficient. b. it controls for sample differences which exist. c. it helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables. d. it statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates.

a. it is a correlation coefficient.

In a culture-fair test: a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture. b. the test is not standardized. c. culture-free items cannot be utilized. d. African Americans generally score higher than Whites.

a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture.

A counselor is counseling an executive secretary. The counselor notes that he is writing a book and explains to the client that he will see her for free if she types the manuscript. This is: a. known as bartering and unethical as described here. b. known as bartering and ethical. c. known as bartering and is highly recommended for clients with limited income. d. is known as bartering and ethics encourage this practice whenever possible.

a. known as bartering and unethical as described here.

Face validity refers to the extent that a test: a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute. b. measures a theoretical construct. c. appears to be constructed in an artistic fashion. d. can be compared to job performance.

a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute.

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice: a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs. b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower order needs. c. all needs are given equal consideration. d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need.

a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs.

You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith: a. may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client. b. may pay you a referral fee if you have a written contract with her. c. may pay you a referral fee if she has expertise in the client's area of concern and you don't. d. can pay you a referral fee if and only if she is a psychiatrist.

a. may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client.

The most useful measure of central tendency is the: a. mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it. b. median often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn. c. mode often abbreviated by Mo. d. point of maximum concentration.

a. mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that: a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality. c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints. d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion.

a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware: a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases. b. that Asian Americans rarely choose scientific careers. c. that Black males will often choose enterprising jobs in terms of Holland's typology. d. that career inventories have eliminated cultural biases.

a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases.

Statistics reveal that: a. on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma. b. fewer workers possess a high-school degree than ever before. c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs. d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have less skill.

a. on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A z- score of +1 would be the same as: a. one standard deviation above the mean. b. one standard deviation below the mean. c. the same as a so-called T-score. d. the median score if the population is normal.

a. one standard deviation above the mean.

You are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. During one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. The husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. He has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. You feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. You should: a. only tell his wife if he gives you permission. b. communicate his intent to his wife since ethics guidelines state you may do so when a member of the couple is contemplating divorce. c. not tell the wife since research indicates that women respond more positively to divorce when they have less time to think about it. d. terminate the husband unless he tells her.

a. only tell his wife if he gives you permission.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except: a. outdoor. b. semiskilled. c. semiprofessional/small business. d. professional and managerial.

a. outdoor.

An operational definition: a. outlines a procedure. b. is theoretical. c. outlines a construct. d. is synonymous with the word axiom.

a. outlines a procedure.

If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be: a. positive. b. negative. c. 0.00. d. impossible to ascertain.

a. positive.

Kohlberg's three levels of morality are: a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional. b. formal, preformal, self-accepted. c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed. d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.

a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: a. predictive, value, and decision. b. internal, external, and in between. c. predictive, external, and internal. d. internal and external.

a. predictive, value, and decision.

Primary groups are: a. preventive and attempt to ward off problems. b. always follow a person-centered paradigm. c. generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy. d. always focused on the client's childhood.

a. preventive and attempt to ward off problems.

Stage theorists assume: a. qualitative changes between stages occur. b. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured. c, that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint. d. b and c.

a. qualitative changes between stages occur.

A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of: a. quid pro quo. b. a legal but not an ethical violation. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

a. quid pro quo.

Coleadership: a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety. b. increases burnout. c. has no impact on burnout. d. should not be used for open groups.

a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.

A strategic family therapist says to a family, "I don't know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house." This is an example of: a. restraining. b. quid pro quo. c. pretending. d. interpretation.

a. restraining.

You have achieved the status of NCC. NBCC, nevertheless, feels you have violated professional ethics. NBCC can do any of the following except: a. revoke your state counseling license. b. remove your name from the list of NCCs in the U.S. c. revoke your NCC status. d. note in their newsletter that your NCC status has been revoked.

a. revoke your state counseling license.

A woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. Her husband turns to her in a session and says, "You're on your own, I've got my own problems." A structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are: a. rigid. b. clear. c. diffuse. d. a combination of a and c.

a. rigid.

A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch, the family has achieved: a. second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change. b. first-order change that is more desirable than second-order change. c. mediation. d. a Greek chorus.

a. second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change.

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the: a. sensorimotor stage. b. formal operational stage. c. preoperational stage. d. acquisition of conservation.

a. sensorimotor stage.

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the: a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. b. preoperational stage—2 to 7 years. c. concrete operational stage—7 to 12 years. d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.

a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.

During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as: a. setting ground rules. b. ambivalent transference. c. blocking. d. scapegoating.

a. setting ground rules.

As you are reading the DSM you see this code: 296.2X. In this case the X (i.e., the fifth digit) refers to a. severity, and thus it will be replaced with a diagnostic number. b. an adjustment disorder. c. developmental disorder. d. physical disorders and conditions.

a. severity, and thus it will be replaced with a diagnostic number.

Krumboltz proposes a _______ model of career development. a. social learning. b. trait-and-factor. c. developmental. d. psychoanalytic.

a. social learning.

SCCT stands for: a. social-cognitive career theory. b. social-cognitive family therapy. c. self-control career theory. d. self-contained career therapy.

a. social-cognitive career theory.

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the _______ school of family counseling. a. strategic. b. behavioral. c. psychodynamic. d. objectrelations.

a. strategic.

A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) _______ format. a. subjective. b. objective. c. very precise. d. concise.

a. subjective.

A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting: a. summarization. b. clarification. c. blocking. d. linking.

a. summarization.

One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called: a. test-retest reliability. b. equivalent forms reliability. c. alternate forms reliability. the split-half method.

a. test-retest reliability.

The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be: a. that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70. b. that a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight. c. that a first-place runner is three times as fast as the third- place finisher. d. that a baseball player with number 9 on his uniform can get 9 times more hits than player number 1.

a. that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be: a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo Effect. c. the Rosenthal effect. d. a Type II error in the research.

a. the Hawthorne effect.

The Strong is considered an Interest inventory. So is: a. the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder. b. the Wechsler. c. the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. d. theMMPI-2.

a. the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder.

The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative/affirmative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e., the group receiving the IV). Thus, if the experiment in question 708 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that: a. the biofeedback would raise board scores. b. the control group will score better on the board exam. c. there will be no difference between the experimental and the control groups. d. the experiment has been confounded.

a. the biofeedback would raise board scores.

The DSM provides diagnostic criteria for mental retardation. It states that: a. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. b. the client must have an IQ score on any IQ test below 70. c. The client must have an IQ score on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 21. d. The client must have an IQ of 85 or below on an individual or a group IQ test.

a. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18.

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies: a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. b. the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds. c. the client will be standing a lot. d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily.

a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.

One of the primary goals of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is: a. the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self. b. the extent that one is different from one's peers. c. the extent that one is different from one's childhood. d. the same as fusion.

a. the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self.

An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to: a. the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead. b. the fact that a genogram should depict a single generation. c. the fact that emotional discord is a function of the unconscious mind. d. the miracle question.

a. the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead.

Super's theory includes: a. the life-career rainbow. b. the life-career stars. c. the life-career moon. d. the life-career psychosis.

a. the life-career rainbow.

The median is: a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest. b. the arithmetic average. c. the most frequent value obtained. d. never more useful than the mean.

a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest.

The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is: a. the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency. b. always 10% less than the mean. c. the arithmetic average. d. the middle score in the distribution of scores.

a. the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency.

Appraisal can be defined as: a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes. b. testing which is always performed in a group setting. c. testing which is always performed on a single individual. d. a pencil and paper measurement of assessing attributes.

a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes.

One major difference between the psychology versus the counseling movement seems to be that: a. the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not. b. counselors are working to give up tests for licensure. c. psychology boards are made up primarily of psychiatrists. d. in most states psychologists do not need to take an exam.

a. the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not.

When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal: a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder. b. the probability that a significant difference exists. c. an "F" test. d. percentile rank.

a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in: a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage. b. the first stage known as the orientation stage or formation stage. c. the separation stage. d. the intimacy stage.

a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.

A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in: a. the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage. b. the orientation stage. c. the separation stage. d. the intimacy stage.

a. the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage.

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize: a. the student's "t" test. b. a correlation coefficient. c. a survey. d. an analysis of variance or ANOVA.

a. the student's "t" test.

Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family's income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity: a. there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage. b. it may seem paradoxical; nevertheless, Mrs. Chance will be more committed to making the marriage work. c. it may seem paradoxical; nevertheless, Mr. Chance will consider leaving the marriage. d. this situation will have virtually no impact on this couple's marriage.

a. there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage.

Interest inventories are positive in the sense that: a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker. b. they are always graded by the test taker. c. they require little or no reading skills. d. they have high validity in nearly all age brackets.

a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker.

Coleaders are apt to work at cross-purposes when: a. they do not meet between group sessions. b. they do meet between group sessions. c. they are master's level practitioners. d. they are doctoral level practitioners.

a. they do not meet between group sessions.

J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his: a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking. b. work on cognitive therapy. c. work on behavior therapy. d. work to create the first standardized IQ test.

a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and: a. thus individual issues are not properly examined. b. the group becomes too behavioristic. c. a and b. d. thus the group focuses too much on content.

a. thus individual issues are not properly examined.

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to: a. try to face the group member. b. not face the group member, as this does not appear genuine in a group setting. c. smile while listening. d. suppress genuine emotion.

a. try to face the group member.

An achievement test measures maximum performance while a personality test or interest inventory measures: a. typical performance. b. minimum performance. c. unconscious traits. d. self-esteem by always relying on a Q-Sort design.

a. typical performance.

An experiment is said to be confounded when: a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment. b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment. c. basic research is used in place of applied research. d. the sample is random.

a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.

A counselor is treating a woman for a mood disorder. The counselor has sex with the woman's daughter. According to the revised 2005 ACA Code of Ethics this is considered: a. unethical. b. ethical. c. ethical only after the counselor terminates the client and then waits two years. d. debatable since ACA guidelines fail to deal with sexual issues of this nature.

a. unethical.

As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a: a. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. reinforcement system that counselors truly cannot explain.

a. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as: a. vertical interventions. b. horizontal interventions. c. crossed transactions. d. parallel transactions.

a. vertical interventions.

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to: a. volume or mass. b. defenses of the ego. c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage. d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.

a. volume or mass.

A 39-year-old female secretary you are seeing in your assertiveness training group reveals that she is plotting to shoot her husband. Based on the Tarasoff case you should: a. warn the husband. b. keep it confidential because an assertiveness training group is decidedly not the same as one-to-one counseling. c. make a police report in the city in which the husband resides. d. tell a supervisor, administrator, or board member if one exists, but do not contact her husband.

a. warn the husband.

The zone of proximal development: a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky. b. was pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg. c. emphasized organ inferiority. d. a, b, and c.

a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.

In the field of testing, validity refers to: a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure. b. whether the same test gives consistent measurement. c. the degree of cultural bias in a test. d. the fact that numerous tests measure the same traits.

a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure.

According to Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style: a. will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics. b. will become a people pleaser. c. will analyze the situation more than most. d. all of the above.

a. will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by: a. Crites. b. Holland. c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara. d. Super.

c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara.

In terms of the labor market: a. music is very effective in terms of increasing the workers' output. b. the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up. c. the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases. b and c.

b and c.

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of: a. ASGW (Association for Specialists in Group Work). b. AMECD (Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development). c. NASW (National Association of Social Workers). d. AHEAD (Association on Higher Education And Disability).

b. AMECD.

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of: a. Joseph Wolpe. b. Albert Bandura. c. Donald Super. d. Karen Homey.

b. Albert Bandura.

A career counselor who relies on the constructivist viewpoint would emphasize that: a. unconscious conflicts influence career decisions. b. An individual's career choice is influenced by his or her attempt to make meaning out of the world of work. c. Most career counselors do not give enough career inventories. d. SCCT (Social Cognitive Career Theory) is the best theory.

b. An individual's career choice is influenced by his or her attempt to make meaning out of the world of work.

Which group would most likely avoid eye contact with the counselor and benefit from assertiveness training? a. African/Black Americans. b. Asian Americans. c. European Americans. d. All of the above.

b. Asian Americans.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of: a. Raymond B. Cattell. b. Carl Jung. c. William Glasser. d. Oscar K. Buros.

b. Carl Jung.

Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of: a. Virginia Satir. b. Carl Whitaker. c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. d. William Glasser.

b. Carl Whitaker.

Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical? a. Jay Haley. b. Carl Whitaker. c. Alfred Adler. d. Nathan Ackerman.

b. Carl Whitaker.

A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _______ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary. a. AACD. b. DSM or ICD. c. percentile. d. standard error.

b. DSM or ICD.

Dr. X recommends to his agency clients that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking: a. Dr. X has every right to do this. b. Dr. X is diverting agency clients to c. his practice and this is unethical. guidelines do not address this practice. d. NBCC encourages this method for private practitioners.

b. Dr. X is diverting agency clients to c. his practice and this is unethical.

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a some- what continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families? a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower in-comes than families in which only one partner works. b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working. c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working. d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.

b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.

A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize: a. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). b. ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), for primary and secondary resources. c. O*NET. d. a random number table or random number generation computer program.

b. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources.

The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by: a. Frank Parsons, the Father of guidance. b. Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama. c. E. G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint. d. Fritz Perls, the Father of gestalt therapy.

b. Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing: a. David Tiedeman. b. John Holland. c. Anne Roe. d. John Crites.

b. John Holland.

Mrs. Kim wanted her daughter to attend a private school for gifted children who have very high intelligence. Mrs. Kim's daughter took the Otis Lennon IQ test. Her T score was 80. Kim's counselor knew that: a. Mrs. Kim would be very upset because her daughter's low score would not allow her to be admitted. b. Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted. c. she could not give Kim mother any feedback since a T- score tells you nothing about one's actual IQ score. d. a T-score of 80 is very average.

b. Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted.

In the late 1970s, AACD ( known as ACA since 1992) began to focus very heavily on professional credentialing. This led to the formation of the: a. CCMHC (Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor). b. NBCC (National Board for Certified Counselors). c. CACREP (Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs), formed in 1981. d. APGA (American Personnel and Guidance Association), formed in 1952.

b. NBCC (National Board for Certified Counselors).

Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of: a. Freud and Ellis. b. Norbert Wiener. c. Virginia Satir. d. behavioral family therapists and cognitive family therapists.

b. Norbert Wiener.

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be: a. Richard N. Bolles's book "What Color Is Your Parachute?" b. The Bureau of Labor Statistics website. c. Any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature. d. DISCOVER and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as "Sigi Plus."

b. The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single male would be the: a. WPPSI-III. (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence). b. WAIS-III (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). c. WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). d. Computer-based testing.

b. WAIS-III.

Another type of preexperimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by: a. OXO. b. XO. c. OX. d. XX.

b. XO.

You are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches. a. You are required to contact the PCP. b. You are not required to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ideal course of action. c. The answer would be no for headaches, but yes if the client had visited the PCP regarding a mental health complaint. d. Yes, but only if the client is abusing a child or a senior citizen.

b. You are not required to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ideal course of action.

A client wants to read her record. Pick the statement which is not accurate. a. You should allow her to read the record or a summary of it because she has an ethical right to do so. b. You should allow her to read it, however, you should go back and change things you don't want her to see; for example, the fact that you said she was schizophrenic. c. You should allow her to read the record realizing that it is best if you enter the information as soon as possible after the session and then sign and date the entry. d. Since your agency inputs the client's record on a computer, each entry will be dated and have a time on it. You could then print the document for her perusal.

b. You should allow her to read it, however, you should go back and change things you don't want her to see; for example, the fact that you said she was schizophrenic.

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that: a. a male leader in a designer suit and a female client in cut-off jeans will sit close together. b. a Hispanic male leader in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together. c. a Caucasian female leader in a designer outfit and a Caucasian male client in a pair of old jeans and an undershirt will sit close together. d. a male leader in a designer suit and a female client in a jogging suit and old tennis shoes with holes in them will sit close together.

b. a Hispanic male leader in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together.

A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e., most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this looks roughly like: a. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve. b. a camel's back with two humps. c. the top half of a bowling ball. d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.

b. a camel's back with two humps.

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that: a. it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems. b. a difficulty or disturbance is present. c. two therapists are utilized. d. all of the above.

b. a difficulty or disturbance is present.

In psychoanalytic family therapy the word "object" means: a. a dream. b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond. c. transference. d. counter transference.

b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond.

Group specialists define role conflict as: a. tension between two group members who have assumed different roles. b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves. c. tension between the group leader and a group member. d. members criticizing other members between group sessions.

b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.

Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is: a. a nonstandardized measure. b. a standardized measure. c. a projective measure. d. b and c.

b. a standardized measure.

NBCC has developed a Code of Ethics to help counselors behave in a professional manner. The code is divided into a preamble and seven sections. The first section (i.e., Section A) warns against stereotyping and discrimination. All of the following would be examples of stereotyping and discrimination except: a. advising an African-American client to avoid graduate school because you believe the Jensen research regarding Blacks and IQ scores. b. advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery. c. advising a female client to avoid taking a management position because you feel women are generally nonassertive. d. advising a female client to avoid taking a management position because you feel women managers are generally too aggressive.

b. advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery.

The word dynamic means the group is: a. normal. b. always changing. c. static. d. defined in an operational manner.

b. always changing.

A valid test is _______ reliable. a. not always. b. always. c. never. d. 80%.

b. always.

Bulimia is classified as: a. an eating disorder which occurs equally in both men and women. b. an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women. c. an adjustment disorder. d. a narcissistic personality disorder.

b. an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women.

A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout could best be described as: a. a mesomorph. b. an impaired professional. c. a paraprofessional. d. a counselor who is wise enough to use his own experiences to help others.

b. an impaired professional.

The word psychometric means a form of measurement: a. used by a neurologist. b. any form of mental testing. c. a mental trait which cannot be measured. d. the test relies on a summated or linear rating scale.

b. any form of mental testing.

Gay men and women: a. primarily live the gay or lesbian lifestyle. b. basically have the same range of gender role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals. c. cannot be characterized in terms of lifestyle due to a distinct lack of research. d. are always transgendered.

b. basically have the same range of gender role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals.

A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a T- score of 40 would: a. be -2 SD. b. be -1 SD. c. be a z-score of +2. d. be a z-score of +1.

b. be -1 SD.

You are a licensed professional counselor in one state but will soon relocate to another state. The new state informs you that they will grant you reciprocity or so-called endorsement. You will thus: a. simply need to take the licensing test in the new state. b. be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam. c. need to take numerous graduate courses. d. not be allowed to practice until you serve an internship.

b. be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam.

A client who takes a normative test: a. cannot legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test. b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test. c. could not have taken an IQ test. d. could not have taken a personality test.

b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test.

You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir's experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before-and after- assessment that accurately depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a "t" test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is: a. an ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) correlation study. b. causal-comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research. c. a true experiment. d. simple survey research.

b. causal-comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research.

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on: a. fields and levels. b. circumscription and compromise theory. c. the career rainbow. d. mainly on the concept of career maturity.

b. circumscription and compromise theory.

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered: a. symbolics chema. b. conservation. c. androgynous psychosocial issues. d. trust versus mistrust.

b. conservation.

Ethical dilemmas rarely have clear-cut answers. Thus when a complex ethical situation manifests itself, it is best to: a. consult only ethical codes and not colleagues. b. consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes inasmuch as legal standards are very often based on the methods of fellow professionals in analogous situations. c. consult ACA but not your colleagues. d. consult your state licensing bureau but not your colleagues.

b. consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes inasmuch as legal standards are very often based on the methods of fellow professionals in analogous situations.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category. a. artistic. b. conventional. c. realistic. d. social.

b. conventional.

Freud and Erikson: a. could be classified as behaviorists. b. could be classified as maturationists. c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual. d. were prime movers in the biofeedback movement.

b. could be classified as maturationists.

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as: a. the Pygmalion effect. b. counterbalancing. c. a historic therapy. d. multiple treatment interference.

b. counterbalancing.

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels: a. the burden of senile psychosis. b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage. c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities. d. the burden of generalized anxiety as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM).

b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called: a. counterbalancing. b. equilibration. c. balance theory. d. ABA design.

b. equilibration.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development: a. informal, formal, and concrete. b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s). c. sensorimotor, formal, and concrete. d. oral, anal, and phallic.

b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing: a. unconscious and preconscious. b. fields and levels. c. yin and yang. d. transactional analysis nomenclature.

b. fields and levels.

The NCE is a(n) _______ test. a. free choice. b. forced choice. c. projective. d. intelligence.

b. forced choice.

The _______ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group. a. follower. b. gatekeeper. c. social isolate. d. harmonizer.

b. gatekeeper.

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that: a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice. b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. c. genetics are important while upbringing is not. d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.

b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.

Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem solving group) in that: a. group counseling would be of longer duration. b. group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration. c. group counseling requires far more training. d. group therapy addresses a less disturbed population of clients.

b. group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration.

The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader: a. assigns a group member as the authoritarian. b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little. c. has the most desirable style of leadership. d. nearly always run open-ended groups.

b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little.

A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate: a. high validity. b. high reliability. c. excellent norming studies. d. culture fairness.

b. high reliability.

Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as: a. vertical interventions. b. horizontal interventions. c. crossed transactions. d. parallel transactions.

b. horizontal interventions.

Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent will: a. decrease. b. increase. c. remain static. d. will continue to go up and down on a fairly regular basis.

b. increase.

A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of: a. deductive logic or reasoning. b. inductive logic or reasoning. c. attrition or so-called experimental mortality. d. construct validity.

b. inductive logic or reasoning.

Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as _______ activities, while reading the job hunting book "What Color Is Your Parachute?" would be _______. a. noninteractive; interactive. b. interactive; noninteractive. c. interactive; interactive. d. noninteractive; noninteractive.

b. interactive; noninteractive.

One of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized: a. social issues. b. intrapsychic processes. c. referrals to secure antidepressant medicine. d. career counseling.

b. intrapsychic processes.

Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy: a. does not attack the symptoms directly either. b. is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms. c. does not take a position on whether a counselor should attempt to ameliorate symptoms or not. d. takes the position that if you can change each family member's unconscious, then symptoms will gradually disappear.

b. is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms.

Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as: a. quiet and empathic. b. joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member. c. a reality therapist. d. a cognitive behavior therapist.

b. joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member.

The law requires clinicians to: a. keep process/psychotherapy notes. b. keep progress notes. c. keep process and progress notes. d. keep the client's name and address, but no other information.

b. keep progress notes.

Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has: a. more members than an adult group. b. less members than an adult group. c. at least two group leaders. d. 9 to 12 members.

b. less members than an adult group.

Formal diagnosis, also known as nosology, is most closely related to the _______ model. a. behavioral. b. medical. c. cognitive-behavioral. d. rational-emotive behavior therapy.

b. medical.

Infant IQ tests are: a. more reliable than those given later in life. b. more unreliable than those given later in life. c. not related to learning experiences. d. never used.

b. more unreliable than those given later in life.

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation: a. most women hold high paying executive jobs. b. most women hold low paying jobs with low status. c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree. d. men still make considerably less than women.

b. most women hold low paying jobs with low status.

A good practice for counselors is to: a. always test the client yourself rather than referring the client for testing. b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score. c. stay away from culture-free tests. d. stay away from scoring the test yourself.

b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score.

The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) _______ test because the scoring procedure is specific. a. subjective. b. objective. c. projective. d. subtest.

b. objective.

Marital satisfaction: a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home. b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home. c. correlates high with performance IQ. d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children.

b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home.

Freud postulated psychosexual stages: a. id, ego, and superego. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego. d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.

b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? a. behaviorism b. organicism c, statisticaldevelopmentalism d. all of the above

b. organicism

A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" ASGW ethics state that: a. the leader must insist that the client stay. b. the client must be allowed to withdraw. c. the leader should allow other members to put pressure on the participant to stay. d. a and c.

b. the client must be allowed to withdraw.

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by: a. the principle of negative reinforcement. b. sex role socialization. c. Konrad Lorenz's studies on imprinting. d. ethological data.

b. sex role socialization.

A woman who is in private practice mentions in her phone book advertisement that she is a licensed counseling psychologist. This generally means that: a. she has a doctorate from a counselor education program. b. she has a graduate degree from a psychology department. c. she has a degree from a CACREP program. d. she has a degree in counseling but is trained in projective testing.

b. she has a graduate degree from a psychology department.

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely: a. artistic. b. social. c. enterprising. d. realistic.

b. social.

A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as: a. ambivalent transference. b. splitting. c. dysthymia. d. psychotic behavior.

b. splitting.

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to: a. the MRI model. b. structural family therapy. c. intergenerational family counseling. d. behavioral family counseling.

b. structural family therapy.

Most experts would agree that overall: a. structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques. b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques. c. all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques. d. ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client.

b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.

Some research demonstrates that: a. structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members. b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members. c. autocratic or authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best. d. structured exercises are never appropriate.

b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice. a. subliminal. b. sublimation. c. suppression. d. introjection.

b. sublimation.

You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should: a. always refer the client to a board certified psychiatrist. b. terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral. c. change therapeutic modalities and see the client for another six months. d. change therapeutic modalities and see the client for at least another year.

b. terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral.

A time-series design is a quasi-experimental design: a. that utilizes two randomly chosen groups; a control group and an experimental group. b. that relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (i.e., the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs. c. a and b. d. is not depicted by any of the answers above.

b. that relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (i.e., the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs.

The APGA and APA had joint ethics guidelines for counselors and psychologists. This changed during the 1970s when: a. PsyD programs were introduced. b. the APA did not wish to credential master's-level counselors or psychologists. c. psychologists were doing more testing. d. joint ethics became illegal in the United States.

b. the APA did not wish to credential master's-level counselors or psychologists.

You gave your client Ester a personality test and then shared your interpretation of the test with her. Your client was amazed at how accurate the test results were in terms of depicting her personality. She readily accepted the interpretation. The next day you discovered that you had interpreted the wrong test! The test you were analyzing was not Ester's but rather belonged to another client! Ester's behavior could best be explained by: a. the obvious fact that she is psychotic which means that she is not in touch with reality. b. the Barnum effect. c. negative transference. d. the placebo effect.

b. the Barnum effect.

A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of: a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the Rosenthal effect. d. trend analysis.

b. the Halo effect.

Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be: a. Alfred Adler. b. the Hungarian analytically trained psychiatrist Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (enunciated Naahge). c. Andrew Salter. d. Mara Selvini-Palazzoli.

b. the Hungarian analytically trained psychiatrist Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (enunciated Naahge).

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to: a. the Occupational Options Handbook. b. the Occupational Outlook Handbook. c. the Career Options Occupational Titles. d. the Optional Occupations Handbook.

b. the Occupational Outlook Handbook.

There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however: a. the researcher has an accomplice pose as a client. b. the same people are studied over a period of time. c. the researcher relies on a single observation of a variable being investigated. d. all of the above.

b. the same people are studied over a period of time.

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except: a. stereotyping. b. the tests all take at least three hours to administer. c. the counselor may rely too heavily on test results. d. many tests are biased in favor of White middle-class clients.

b. the tests all take at least three hours to administer.

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of: a. the number of hours of group conflict. b. theories of group stages. c. the Rosenthal Effect. d. the Hawthorne Effect.

b. theories of group stages.

P = .05 really means that: a. five subjects were not included in the study. b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors. c. the level of significance is .01. d. no level of significance has been set.

b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that: a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters' lives. b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed. c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would en- gage in more consultation work. d. should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts.

b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.

You are supervising a licensing candidate who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. You are very attracted to her and have sex with her. According to ethics guidelines: a. this is perfectly ethical, since this is a student and not a client. b. this is unethical. c. this is perfectly ethical, since this is a supervisee and not a client. d. a and c are both correct.

b. this is unethical.

You are a well-known cognitive behavior therapist who heads up a private practice in New Jersey. For the next two years you will be in Canada conducting a research project. Your practice has six other counselors. The practice is sending brochures to schools, agencies, and hospitals in an attempt to boost referrals. Your name appears on the front of the brochure as if you are available for referrals. This is: a. totally ethical. b. unethical. c. possibly ethical and possibly unethical. Not enough information is given to answer this question. d. irrelevant since ACA and NBCC ethics do not address private practice.

b. unethical.

A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor: a. used an invalid procedure to test reliability. b. was testing reliability via the split-half method. c. was testing reliability via the equivalent forms method. d. was testing reliability via the inter-rater method.

b. was testing reliability via the split-half method.

According to the concept of wage discrimination: a. women make more than men for doing the same job. b. women make less than men for doing the same job. c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation. d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.

b. women make less than men for doing the same job.

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that: a. an ipsative measure cannot be utilized for career guidance. b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test. c. an ipsative measure is never valid. d. an ipsative measure is never reliable.

b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position? a. "Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother's attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?" b. "Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I'd say you should be optimistic and go for the position." c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality." d. "In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?

c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."

Identify the DSM code. a. 29622. b. 29.622. c. 303.90. d. 2962.2.

c. 303.90.

In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine: a. 1. b. 9. c. 5. d. 7.

c. 5.

The Binet stressed age-related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9- year-old task would be one which: a. only a 10-year-old child could answer. b. only an 8-year-old child could answer. c. 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly. d. 75% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

c. 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology? a. A 72-year-old part-time male ballet instructor. b. A 29-year-old female fiction writer. c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator. d. A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band.

c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator.

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become: a. the American Psychological Association. b. AACD. c. APGA. d. NASW.

c. APGA.

_______ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy. a. Carl Jung. b. David Wechsler. c. Alfred Adler. d. Franz Anton Mesmer.

c. Alfred Adler.

A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? a. A shy librarian. b. An anxious salesman with no group experience. c. An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker. d. A student with 16 hours toward her M.Ed in counseling.

c. An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker.

The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by _______. a. John Ertl. b. Raymond B. Cattell. c. Arthur Jensen. d. Robert Williams.

c. Arthur Jensen.

Pick the most accurate statement: a. behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are used primarily with clients who have bipolar disorder. Lithium is no longer used. b. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are much more effective than CBT when treating mood disorders. c. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders or OCD. d. Behavior therapy is never based on classical conditioning

c. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders or OCD.

Pick the most accurate statement. a. Brief solution-oriented therapy requires the use of a one-way mirror with a treatment team behind the mirror. b. Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize a treatment team behind a one-way mirror. c. Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required. b. Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize paradoxical interventions.

c. Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.

Which statement best describes the counseling profession's reaction to computer assisted counseling and computer managed counseling? a. Counselors are very humanistic and seem to dislike CMC and CAC technology. b. Counselors have welcomed both forms of computer technology with open arms. c. CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling. d. Counselors dislike CMC but praise CAC highly.

c. CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling.

Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. _______ is sometimes called the dean of experiential (symbolic) family therapy. a. Ludwig von Bertalanffy. b. Gregory Bateson. c. Carl Whitaker. d. Murray Bowen.

c. Carl Whitaker.

Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has _______ members. a. 9 to 12. b. 3 to 5. c. 11 to 16. d. 5 or 6 to 8.

d. 5 or 6 to 8.

If an ANOVA yields a significant "F" value, you could rely on _______ to test significant differences between group means. a. one- and two-tailed "t" tests. b. percentile rank. c. Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test. d. summative or formative evaluation.

c. Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test.

A counselor has an answering machine in her office. Which statement most accurately depicts the ethical guidelines related to this situation. a. Ethical guidelines forbid the use of answering machines. b. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but forbid speaking with clients via a cell phone. c. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages. d. Ethical guidelines are clear that a pager should be used rather than an answering machine.

c. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages.

The U.S. Employment Service created the: a. ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery). b. DAT (Differential Aptitude Test). c. GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery). d. SCII.

c. GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery).

An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like _______ the distinction is unclear. a. Binet. b. Wechsler. c. GRE. d. Bender.

c. GRE.

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area—who were the first to forsake the matching models—were: a. Super and Roe. b. Hoppock and Holland. c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma. d. Brill and Bordin.

c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

Matt was diagnosed with somatization disorder which falls under the category of somatoform disorders. It safe to say that: a. Matt is under 21. b. Matt has never had a physical exam. c. His symptoms have lasted over six months and his condition manifested itself prior to age 30. d. Matt's only complaint is his back pain.

c. His symptoms have lasted over six months and his condition manifested itself prior to age 30.

A counselor who possesses a graduate degree wishes to become a licensed psychologist. Which statement most accurately depicts the current situation? a. Any counselor can easily become a psychologist if he or she can pass the EPPP. b. A counselor can become a licensed psychologist by taking three graduate credit hours in physiological psychology and then passing the EPPP. c. In nearly every case individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists. d. A counselor with a doctorate in counseling could be licensed as a counseling psychologist if he or she has a degree from a recognized department of counseling.

c. In nearly every case individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists.

A popular TWA (Theory of Work Adjustment) career counseling model by Renee V. Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for: a. Person Emotion Consequence. b. Person Education Consequence. c. Person Environment Correspondence. d. Person Environment Consequence.

c. Person Environment Correspondence.

Which group has been most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure? a. Social workers. b. Psychiatrists. c. Psychologists. d. AAMFT members.

c. Psychologists.

Which statement is true of families? a. The divorce rate has decreased markedly in the last several years. b. Remarriage today is uncommon. c. Remarriage today is common. d. The divorce rate in the United States hovers at about 10%.

c. Remarriage today is common.

A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that: a. Sam and Jeff's scores will stay about the same if they take the test again. b. Sam and Jeff will both score over 95 next time. c. Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down. d. Sam will beat Jeff if they both are tested again.

c. Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down.

In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary? a. Standard (i.e., simple) random sampling is adequate. b. Cluster sampling is called for. c. Stratified sampling would be best. d. Horizontal sampling is required.

c. Stratified sampling would be best.

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling? a. The approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job. b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information. c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity. d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson.

c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

A researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. She conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of .05. Several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. She thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of .01. Her chances of making a Type I error or so-called alpha error went down. Now assume you compare her new research with her old research. What could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant? a. Statistically, nothing. b. The chance of this occurring will go down when compared to the first experiment. c. The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment. d. It would totally depend on the sample size.

c. The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment.

A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions. a. This is most likely a projective measure. b. This is most likely a speed test. c. This is most likely a power test. d. This is most likely an invalid measure.

c. This is most likely a power test.

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time: a. Tom will score between 100 and 103. b. Tom will score between 100 and 106. c. Tom will score between 103 and 109. d. Tom will score higher than Betty who scored 139.

c. Tom will score between 103 and 109.

An example of a V Code diagnosis would be: a. Major Depression Single Episode Mild. b. Borderline Personality. c. Uncomplicated Bereavement. d. Cocaine Dependence.

c. Uncomplicated Bereavement.

Before _______ child psychologists studied the child, sociologists studied the family, anthropologists studied society, econo- mists analyzed the economic framework, and political scientists investigated the political structure. a. James W. Fowler. b. Daniel Levinson. c. Urie Bronfrenbrenner. d. Nancy Chodorow.

c. Urie Bronfrenbrenner.

In terms of the previous question: a. A certified public accountant or CPA would be preferable to a mental health professional such as Dr. Kline to use as a custodian for the records. b. An attorney would make the best custodian for the records. c. Using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA. d. A CPA, an attorney, or a mental health professional would be an excellent choice.

c. Using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA.

Which is more important, validity or reliability? a. Reliability. b. They are equally important. c. Validity. d. It depends on the test in question.

c. Validity.

The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the: a. WPPSI-III. (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence). b. WAIS-III (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). c. WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). d. Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests (for infants).

c. WISC-IV.

Historically speaking, the first psychology laboratory was set up by: a. Frank Parsons, who set up community centers to help individuals in search of work. b. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. c. Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. d. E. G. Williamson.

c. Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.

Jay Haley believes in giving clients directives. You are counseling a family and during the session the 14-year-old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. The best example of a directive would be: a. You turn to the 14-year-old daughter and say, "You seem to be saying that living is too painful." b. You turn to the 14-year-old daughter and say, "Could it be that you want to hurt yourself because your boyfriend no longer wishes to see you?" c. You turn to the family and say, "If your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family—including your daughter—to stay home and nobody leaves for the day." d. You turn to the family and say, "Could this be a family problem rather than a difficulty for your daughter?"

c. You turn to the family and say, "If your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family—including your daughter—to stay home and nobody leaves for the day."

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or: a. be widowed and seeking employment. b. be divorced and seeking employment. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

c. a and b.

A registry would be: a. a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois. b. a list of CRCs in the United States. c. a and b. d. the registration process for counselor licensure in the state of Missouri.

c. a and b.

According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 (also known as the Buckley Amendment): a. a parent can see his or her daughter's middle school record. b. an 18-year-old college student can view his or her own educational record. c. a and b. d. a and b are both illegal.

c. a and b.

An adept group leader will: a. attempt to safeguard clients against risks. b. work to reduce risks and dangers. c. a and b. d. let the group handle the dangers on their own.

c. a and b.

Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as: a. it can stunt creativity. b. it can abet conformity. c. a and b. d. it can cause the group to split into factions.

c. a and b.

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in question 708 the experimental group would need to receive: a. the manipulated IV. b. the biofeedback training. c. a and b. d. the organismic IV.

c. a and b.

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage: a. abstract thinking emerges. b. problems can be solved using deduction. c. a and b. d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless.

c. a and b.

SIGI Plus is: a. an achievement test. b. a personality test used in career counseling. c. a computer career program known as the System of Interactive Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options. d. a computerized projective test for career counseling.

c. a computer career program known as the System of Interactive Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options.

Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as: a. an histogram. b. a sociogram. c. a genogram. d. family sculpting.

c. a genogram.

One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that: a. new members are not accepted after the first meeting. b. the leader does not control the screening process. c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences. d. the group is generally too behavioristic for depth therapy to occur.

c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences.

Everybody picks on: a. the gatekeeper. b. the harmonizer, also known as the conciliator. c. the scapegoat. d. the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker, and the joker.

c. the scapegoat.

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates: a. a lot of variance in the test. b. a score with a high level of error. c. a perfect score which has no error. d. a typical correlation on most psychological and counseling tests.

c. a perfect score which has no error.

A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A "t" test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be: a. a between-groups design. b. a correlation coefficient. c. a related measures within-subject design. d. survey research.

c. a related measures within-subject design.

When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that: a. group counseling has more research than individual counseling. b. researchers and practitioners are working very closely to provide accurate and effective group strategies. c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work. d. no journals focus solely on group work.

c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to: a. Freud's lectures in this country. b. a shortage of competent career counselors. c. a shortage of individual therapists during World War II. d. pressure from nondirective therapists pushing encounter groups.

c. a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisticians call it: a. Gauss's curve. b. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve. c. a skewed distribution. d. an invalid distribution.

c. a skewed distribution.

Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be: a. a power test. b. neither a speed test nor a power test. c. a speed test. d. a fine example of an ipsative measure.

c. a speed test.

Piaget is: a. a maturationist. b. a behaviorist. c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. d. cognitive-behavioral.

c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

A counselor wins the lottery and closes her practice without telling her clients. This counselor's course of action is best described as: a. a multiple relationship. b. defamation. c. abandonment. d. nonmaleficence.

c. abandonment.

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to.001, then: a. alpha and beta errors will increase. b. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease. c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase. d. This will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors.

c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with: a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences. b. personal rules. c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes. d. the self-directed search.

c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

Urie Bronfenbrenner is one of the codevelopers of the National Head Start Program. He proposed a theory of development that is: a. essentially the same as Piaget's constructivism. b. almost identical to Watson's behaviorism. c. an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem (any immediate or close relationships or organizations the child interacts with); the mesosystem (the way microsystems work together such as family and school); the exosystem (i.e., the school, church, neighborhood, parents' places of employment, in essence other places the child interacts with but not as often); and the mac- rosystem (i.e., the largest and most remote system which includes, culture, wars, the federal government, and customs). d. based on 12 discrete stages.

c. an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem (any immediate or close relationships or organizations the child interacts with); the mesosystem (the way microsystems work together such as family and school); the exosystem (i.e., the school, church, neighborhood, parents' places of employment, in essence other places the child interacts with but not as often); and the mac- rosystem (i.e., the largest and most remote system which includes, culture, wars, the federal government, and customs).

An interest inventory would be least valid when used with: a. a first-year college student majoring in philosophy. b. a third-year college student majoring in physics. c. an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136. d. a 46-year-old White male construction worker.

c. an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136.

A 16-year-old girl threatens to kill herself and you fail to inform her parents. Your behavior as a counselor is best described as: a. an example of a dual relationship. b. an example of informed consent. c. an example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, which in this instance is an obligation to protect the client. d. multiple submission.

c. an example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, which in this instance is an obligation to protect the client.

Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be: a. an unethical practice based on NBCC ethical guidelines. b. considered a standardized test. c. an informal assessment technique. d. an aptitude measure.

c. an informal assessment technique.

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or: a. an energizer. b. a scapegoat. c. an interrogator. d. a follower.

c. an interrogator.

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes: a. id impulses. b. the critical parent. c. the self-concept. d. ego strength.

c. the self-concept.

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life: a. still developed in a normal fashion. b. still related very well with animals reared normally. c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic. d. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns.

c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic.

Elementary school counseling and guidance services: a. have been popular since the early 1900s. b. became popular during World War II. c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. d. none of the above.

c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.

In a healthy group, members: a. assume a role and never change it. b. have no roles. c. are flexible and can change roles. d. spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal.

c. are flexible and can change roles.

A colleague of yours who is not a certified counselor behaves in an unethical manner. The ethical thing for you to do is: a. ignore it; unfortunately you have no rights in this situation. b. consult the school the person graduated from. c. attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, turning to NBCC procedures if this fails. d. all of the above are considered ethical.

c. attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, turning to NBCC procedures if this fails.

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice: a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning. c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. d. based on the work of Pavlov.

c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists: a. emphasizeidprocesses. b. refute the concept of the superego. c. believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior. d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.

c. believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior.

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client: a. is culturally biased. b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity. c. belongs to a different culture from the helper. d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.

The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that: a. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam. b. systematic desensitization might work better than bio- feedback. c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores. d. meta-analysis is required.

c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.

A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _______, and the DV will be the _______. a. professor; anxiety level. b. anxiety level; board exam score. c. biofeedback; board exam score. d. board exam score; biofeedback.

c. biofeedback; board exam score.

A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on: a. summarization. b. clarification. c. blocking. d. linking.

c. blocking.

John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with: a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist. b. developmental stage theories. c. bonding and attachment. d. the unconscious mind.

c. bonding and attachment.

The new ACA 2005 Code of Ethics forbids sexual or romantic counselor-client interactions or relationships with current clients, as did the old code. The old 1995 Code stipulated that a counselor would need to wait two years after termination bevore entering into a romantic relationship with a former client. The new regulations: a. are virtually identical in this area. b. changed 2 years to 10 years. c. changed 2 years to 5 years. d. changed 2 years to just 1 year.

c. changed 2 years to 5 years.

A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called: a. sculpturing. b. ego state analysis. c. charting a pictorial sociogram. d. charting the variance.

c. charting a pictorial sociogram.

To complete a "t" test you would consult a tabled value of "t." In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would: a. consult the mode. b. consult a table for t values. c. consult a table for F values. d. compute the chi-square.

c. consult a table for F values.

In order for the professor of counselor education (see question 708) to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _______ and a(n) _______. a. biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group. b. control group; systematic desensitization group. c. control group; experimental group. d. at least 60 subjects in the control group; at least 60 subjects in the experimental group.

c. control group; experimental group.

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests: a. positive transference. b. negative transference. c. counselor bias based on gender bias. d. sex wage discrimination.

c. counselor bias based on gender bias.

APA is to psychologist as ACA is to: a. APGA. b. certified clinical mental health counselor. c. counselor. d. NCC.

c. counselor.

One possible negative aspect of counselor licensure is that: a. counselors would receive more third-party payments. b. counselors might be accepted as providers by insurance companies. c. counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam. d. it will take business away from psychologists.

c. counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam.

A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. This is an example of: a. positive transference. b. negative transference. c. counter transference. d. ambivalent transference.

c. counter transference.

Counseling is a relatively new profession. The first counselors in the United States were not called counselors. They were: a. psychoanalysts practicing short-term therapy. b. behaviorists practicing short-term therapy. c. deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women. d. humanistic psychologists.

c. deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women.

A true/false test has _______ recognition items. a. similar. b. free choice. c. dichotomous. d. no.

c. dichotomous.

Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet: a. must be administered in a group. b. favored the geriatric population. c. didn't seem to be the best test for adults. d. was biased toward women.

c. didn't seem to be the best test for adults.

Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to: a. assess high school seniors in America. b. assess U.S. military recruits. c. discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children. d. measure genius in the college population.

c. discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children.

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families: a. dual-career families have more leisure time. b. dual-career families have the same amount of leisure time as families with one wage earner. c. dual-career families have less leisure time. d. dual-career families have more weekend leisure time.

c. dual-career families have less leisure time.

Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be: a. height. b. weight. c. ego strength. the ability to name all men who have served as U.S. presidents.

c. ego strength.

In the 1960s Gilbert Wrenn's book, "The Counselor in a Changing World," urged counselors to: a. use biofeedback. b. rely more heavily on projective testing. c. emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness. d. stick to proven nondirective techniques.

c. emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness.

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as: a. organismic theorists. b. statistical developmentalists. c. empiricists. d. all of the above.

c. empiricists.

A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter's boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, "Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter's boyfriend is mentioned." The structural family therapist is using a technique called: a. joining. b. reframing (defined as an alternative way of describing or perceiving an event). c. enactment. d. cognitive disputation.

c. enactment.

Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be: a. artistic. b. social. c. enterprising d. realistic.

c. enterprising

When counselors state that privileged communication is "qualified," they actually mean that: a. the counselor must have certification before privileged communication applies. b. privileged communication applies only to doctoral level counselors. c. exceptions may exist. d. all of the above.

c. exceptions may exist.

The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons: a. experiencing bipolar disorder. b. experiencing suicidal ideation. c. experiencing marriage and family problems. d. who abuse their children.

c. experiencing marriage and family problems.

Your sexual attraction toward your client is hindering the counseling process. You should: a. continue treatment but be honest and empathic with the client. b. ignore your feelings; after all you are a professional. c. explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider. d. continue to see the client but ignore psychosexual topics.

c. explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider.

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a _______ design. a. Pearson product-moment r b. Spearman rank order rho c. factorial d. Solomon four-group design created by psychologist Richard L. Solomon.

c. factorial

A client wants his records sent to a psychiatrist he is seeing. You should: a. advise against it based on current research. b. refuse to do so based on ethical guidelines. c. first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information. d. call the psychiatrist to discuss the case but explain that state law prohibits a counselor from sending anything in writing about the client.

c. first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information.

A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would: a. hand out a written evaluation form during the final session. b. hold a follow-up session so members can share experiences. c. have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change. d. give each member a pretest and a posttest utilizing a projective measure.

c. have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often: a. make the same job choice as a man. b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man. c. have lower career aspirations than a man. d. choose a career well above her ability level.

c. have lower career aspirations than a man.

Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place: a. in a group setting. b. with the entire family present. c. in a dyadic relationship. d. in Behavior Therapy clinics.

c. in a dyadic relationship.

The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980s: a. was reality therapy. b. was behavior modification. c. included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing. d. was the group movement.

c. included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing.

Cloe Madanes insists that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as: a. symptom substitution. b. the perverse triangle. c. incongruous hierarchy. d. latency.

c. incongruous hierarchy.

Your agency uses a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills. You should: a. not take a chance on degrading the therapeutic relationship by mentioning it. b. Explain to the client that ethically the agency can do this; however, a private practitioner is not allowed to use a collection agency and thus a private counselor might be a wiser choice. c. inform the client of this before the counseling begins. d. never do this as it is unethical in our field.

c. inform the client of this before the counseling begins.

A lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative therapy. You explain that you ethically do not believe in this form of intervention. She asks you to provide her a referral to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy. You should: a. initially comply, since ethical counselors provide an appropriate referral. b. initially comply, but you must provide her with at least three referrals. c. initially, tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment. d. Initially, tell her to secure a consultation with a licensed physician prior to making a referral.

c. initially, tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment.

IQ means: a. a query of intelligence. b. indication of intelligence. c. intelligence quotient. d. intelligence questions for test construction.

c. intelligence quotient.

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is: a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages. b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35 to 60. c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34. d. a critical factor Erikson fails to mention.

c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.

Development: a. begins at birth. b. begins during the first trimester of pregnancy. c. is a continuous process which begins at conception. d. a and c.

c. is a continuous process which begins at conception.

The school psychometrician refers Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie's IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie's IQ: a. is in the mentally retarded range. b. cannot be estimated based on this statistic. c. is approximately 100. d. is well above the norm for children her age.

c. is approximately 100.

The psychometrician calls you to tell you that she has another student who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student's IQ: a. is somewhere in the gifted range, say 140. b. is most likely near 105. c. is approximately 115. d. is between 75 and 80.

c. is approximately 115.

The WAIS-III IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115? a. 7 people. b. 99 people. c. 95 people. d. 68 people.

d. 68 people.

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment: a. is parsimonious. b. is an example of Occam's Razor. c. is confounded/flawed. d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling.

c. is confounded/flawed.

The person who becomes overly reasonable ("the responsible analyzer)": a. practices excitation. b. cries a lot during therapy sessions. c. is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization. d. has a high degree of emotion.

c. is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization.

A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is: a. probably not running an assertiveness training group. b. is running an unstructured group. c. is running a structured group. d. is invariably running a self-help group.

c. is running a structured group.

A 37-year-old Caucasian male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's: a. career. b. lifestyle. c. job or position. d. occupation.

c. job or position.

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? a. IQ and salary. b. ICD diagnosis and salary. c. length in inches and length in centimeters. d. height and weight.

c. length in inches and length in centimeters.

Over 7,000 ACA members are now in private practice. The consensus among experts is that: a. most private practitioners will not need to deal with managed care. b. managed care companies are becoming increasingly difficult to deal with. c. managed care companies are becoming easier to work with. d. ACA ethics now prohibit practitioners from being on managed care panels.

c. managed care companies are becoming easier to work with.

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the: a. mean. b. median. c. mode. d. range.

c. mode.

Most counselors would agree that: a. more preschool IQ testing is necessary. b. teachers need to give more personality tests. c. more public education is needed in the area of testing. d. the testing mystique has been beneficial to the general public.

c. more public education is needed in the area of testing.

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that: a. every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories. b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless. c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI). d. a and b.

c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).

An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall: a. at the 40th percentile. b. at the 5th stanine. c. near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine. d. in the 6th stanine.

c. near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine.

Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be: a. a bell-shaped curve. b. positively skewed. c. negatively skewed. d. more information would be necessary.

c. negatively skewed.

A reliable test is _______ valid. a. always. b. 90%. c. not always. d. 80%.

c. not always.

You are treating a man who suffers from panic disorder. His panic attacks are so severe he cannot drive to work. After just three sessions he is not only driving to work but has taken up sky diving to demonstrate his progress over his fear. You would love to put his testimonial on your brochure to show how adept you are at treating this affliction. You should: a. ask him if he will write you a few sentences to place on the brochure with his name at the end. b. ask him if you can write the testimonial for him and place it on the brochure. c. not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation. d. ask him if he will write you a few sentences to place on the brochure but assure him that his name will not appear.

c. not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation.

The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental de- sign since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design: a. all groups receive a pretest. b. there is no pretest. c. one control group receives a pre-test and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not. d. there is no posttest.

c. one control group receives a pre-test and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not.

Group norms: a. exist only in encounter groups. b. exist only in career counseling groups. c. are not related to group cohesiveness. d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.

d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.

Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _______ is necessary for an effective group leader. a. a master's degree in guidance and counseling b. a doctorate in counselor education c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified) d. three credit hours in a graduate course in group theory

c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)

Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses: a. a dozen inkblot cards. b. verbal and performance IQ scales. c. pictures. d. incomplete sentences.

c. pictures.

A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely: a. analyze the man's dreams. b. have him chart the incidence of the behavior, but do little else. c. practice thought stopping. d. rely primarily on Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization.

c. practice thought stopping.

A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, "Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious quarrel at least twice every evening." This is an example of: a. relabeling, which is commonly used in this form of therapy. b. refraining, which is commonly used in this form of therapy. c. prescribing the symptom. d. a directive that is not paradoxical or a double bind.

c. prescribing the symptom.

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means: a. portion. b. population parameter. c. probability. d. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach.

c. probability.

One impetus for counselor licensing was that: a. ACSW wanted to restrict counselors. b. politicians demanded that counselors be licensed. c. psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third party payments from insurance and managed care companies. d. insurance companies pushed strongly for it.

c. psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third party payments from insurance and managed care companies.

In terms of research and the group leader's personality, a. extroverts are the most effective leaders. b. introverts are the most effective leaders. c. qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree. d. qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have a tremendous positive impact.

c. qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.

You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to: a. contact a local APA clinical b. psychology graduate program. make a long distance call to the person who created the test. c. read the test manual included with the test. d. give the test to six or more clients at random.

c. read the test manual included with the test.

Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called _______ items. a. vague. b. subjective. c. recognition. d. numerical.

c. recognition.

Counselor certification: a. is synonymous with licensure. b. is synonymous with program certification. c. recognizes that you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title. d. is primarily a legal process.

c. recognizes that you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title.

An elementary school counselor is giving a child a standardized test. On several occasions the child says he does not understand what the counselor has said. The counselor should: a. refuse to repeat the question. b. tell the child to answer the question nevertheless. c. repeat the question, but talk more slowly. d. ignore the child's verbalizations.

c. repeat the question, but talk more slowly.

Ethics state that a counselor should _______ all clients for group counseling. a. diagnose. b. test. c. screen. d. a and b.

c. screen.

Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is: a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor. b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor. c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations. d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.

c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.

The OOH contains approximately 800 job descriptions. Job trends suggest that: a. less women will be employed. b. less minorities will be employed. c. service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth. d. jobs dealing with computers have peaked and will rapidly decline.

c. service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth.

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that: a. she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment. her research will absolutely, b. positively be casual comparative research. c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling. d. her research will be correlational.

c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.

Section B of NBCC's Code of Ethics deals with the counseling relationship. Thus a counselor who uses a paradoxical strategy: a. has committed a blatant ethics violation. b. does not need to explain the purpose of the paradox to the client. c. should explain the purpose of this technique to the client. d. must tape record the interview.

c. should explain the purpose of this technique to the client.

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is: a. the primal scene. b. preconscious psychic processes. c. sibling rivalry. d. BASIC-ID.

c. sibling rivalry.

When counseling Asian-American families the best approach would most likely be: a. Nathan Ackerman's psychoanalytic approach. b. behavioral family therapy. c. solution focused/problem focused modalities. d. a, b, and c.

c. solution focused/problem focused modalities.

Ethical guidelines were first created for the helping professions in 1953 when the American Psychological Association (APA) published their first code of ethics. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) created their code in 1960, and in 1961, the organization that is now ACA adopted ethics for counselors. Ethics always describe: a. laws. b. universal principles which apply to all helpers. c. standards of conduct imposed by ACA and NBCC. d. all of the above.

c. standards of conduct imposed by ACA and NBCC.

Studies indicate that: a. students receive ample vocational guidance. b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance. c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive. d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.

c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

You have just made a landmark discovery which you feel could literally change the entire field of counseling and thus you write an article which depicts your findings. The next step would be to: a. submit the article to no more than two journals simultaneously. b. submit the article to every major APA and ACA journal published. c. submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published. d. write NBCC and request permission for multiple submission privileges.

c. submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published.

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client: a. has "learned helplessness" syndrome. b. suffers from a phobia. c. suffers from fixation. d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon.

c. suffers from fixation.

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely: a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations. b. give the client a standardized career test. c. suggest a site visit to a work setting. d. a and b.

c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.

The 2005 ACA code addresses end-of-life issues since these issues are getting a high degree of social attention (e.g., the Oregon assisted suicide law and the Terri Schiavo right-to-die case). The new code: a. finally takes a moral stance on abortion and gives counselors a road map for dealing with this issue. b. suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death must break confidentiality. c. suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death would have the option of breaking or not breaking confidentiality. d. suggests that a counselor who morally refuses to assist a terminally ill client who wants to hasten her death (and hence, wishes to explore end-of-life options) is acting in an unethical manner.

c. suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death would have the option of breaking or not breaking confidentiality.

In the general population: a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000. b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts. c. suicide rates tend to increase with age. d. b and c.

c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.

The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of _______ to be accurate. a. survey; 5%. b. survey; 10%-25%. c. survey; 50-75%. d. survey; 95%.

c. survey; 50-75%.

Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to: a. consult a random number table. b. decide on a nonparametric statistical test. c. take a baseline measure. d. compute the range.

c. take a baseline measure.

The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via _______ and is generally required for insurance payments. a. DSM (e.g., 296.22). b. the ICD (e.g., 311). c. the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844). d. the Psychiatric Dictionary.

c. the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844).

In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created: a. NASW and NBCC. b. ASGW and AAS. c. the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama and the American Group Psychotherapy Association. d. AACD and APA.

c. the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama and the American Group Psychotherapy Association.

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called: a. the Father of lifestyle. b. the Father of modern counseling. c. the Father of vocational guidance. d. the fourth force in counseling.

c. the Father of vocational guidance.

A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize: a. the split-half method. b. the test-retest method. c. the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence. c. cross-validation.

c. the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence.

Some support for Roe's theory comes from: a. the BDI. b. the WAIS-R. c. the Rorschach and the TAT. d. the gestalt therapy movement.

c. the Rorschach and the TAT.

An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via: a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect. d. observer bias.

c. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect.

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as: a. the recency effect. b. the leniency/strictness bias. c. the compensatory effect. d. spillover.

c. the compensatory effect.

When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles: a. the autocratic is the most desirable. b. the laissez faire is the most desirable. c. the democratic is the most desirable. d. there is no discernable difference in effectiveness.

c. the democratic is the most desirable.

The landmark 1969 case, "Tarasoff versus the Board of Regents of the University of California" illuminated: a. difficulties involved in client/counselor sexual behavior. b. ethical issues in relation to research. c. the duty to warn a client in imminent danger. d. the impact of an impaired professional.

c. the duty to warn a client in imminent danger.

The most valuable type of research is: a. always conducted using a factor analysis. b. conducted using the chi-square. c. the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships. d. the quasi-experiment.

c. the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships.

A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that: a. the family has clear boundaries. b. the family has rigid boundaries. c. the family has diffuse boundaries. d. the family supports individuation.

c. the family has diffuse boundaries.

A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be: a. the 17-year-old son. b. the 14-year old-daughter. c. the family. d. both children.

c. the family.

Solution-Oriented therapy as practiced by William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on: a. the past. b. the present. c. the future. d. dream analysis.

c. the future.

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in: a. the final stage of separation or termination. b. the intimacy stage. c. the group formation/exploratory stage. d. a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation.

c. the group formation/exploratory stage.

An SDS score will reveal: a. career aptitude. b. the personality via projective measures. c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types. d. spillover personality tendencies.

c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types.

As a professional counselor you develop a self-help software package for use by the general public. Ethics indicate that: a. the package must be designed to use with counseling. b. the package must be designed to use with counseling and then modified for stand-alone usage. c. the package must be initially designed for stand-alone usage as opposed to modifying a package requiring counselor support. d. this is an unethical practice.

c. the package must be initially designed for stand-alone usage as opposed to modifying a package requiring counselor support.

During the course of a family session you discover that a man and his 14-year-old boy are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley's theory this set of dynamics would be called: a. reframing. b. equifinality. c. the perverse triangle. d. paradox.

c. the perverse triangle.

A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the indi- vidual's depression begins to lift. This is known as: a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the placebo effect. d. the learned helplessness syndrome.

c. the placebo effect.

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach: a. the researcher manipulates the IV. b. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV. c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables. d. the researcher will rely on a 2×3 factorial design.

c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables.

If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that: a. the curve will be normal. b. the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell. c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations. d. the research is useless in the field of counseling.

c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations.

Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know: a. the range of scores in his class. b. the standard deviation. c. the standard error of measurement (SEM). d. the mode for the test.

c. the standard error of measurement (SEM).

If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be: a. the median. b. the "t" test. c. the two-way ANOVA or MANOVA. d. the ANOVA.

c. the two-way ANOVA or MANOVA.

A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like: a. the upper half of a bowling ball. b. the normal distribution. c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa. d. a camel's back.

c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa.

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects: a. the work of Anne Roe. b. the work of Donald Super. c. the work of John Holland. d. the work of Jane Loevinger.

c. the work of John Holland.

One major criticism of interest inventories is that: a. they have far too many questions. b. they are most appropriate for very young children. c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs. d. they favor female pursuits.

c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs.

Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability: a. to open up. b. to listen. c. to trust. d. to convey empathy.

c. to trust.

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for: a. techniques. b. taxonomy. c. training. d. testing.

c. training.

The statement, "Native Americans have a problem with alco- holism and suicide," is: a. false. tb. rue as far as alcoholism is concerned, however, false where suicide is concerned. c. true. d. true regarding the suicide rate, however, false regarding their use of alcoholic beverages.

c. true.

A client asks you for classical psychoanalysis yet you have no training whatsoever in this area. If you agree to analyze the client, you are: a. violating the duty to warn. b. still ethical if you possess LPC or NCC. c. unethical as this is misrepresentation. d. still ethical if and only if you have a doctorate.

c. unethical as this is misrepresentation.

Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus: a. use the median, or middle score when the data are ranked from lowest to highest. The median divides the distribution in half since half the scores will fall above the median, while half the scores will fall below the median. b. use the mode, which is the most frequently occurring score or category. c. use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average. d. use the median or the mode.

c. use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average.

The most critical factors in test selection are: a. the length of the test and the number of people who took the test in the norming process. b. horizontal versus vertical. c. validity and reliability. d. spiral versus cyclical format.

c. validity and reliability.

Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means: a. that most people have three ego states (i.e., the Parent, the Adult, and the Child) in their personality. b. that most people have a personality structure composed of the id, the ego, and the superego. c. when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. d. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict. therapy has three distinct phases.

c. when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. d. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict.d

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor: a. in the preconscious mind. b. in the mind of the child in latency. c. which evolves primarily during the oral age. d. a and b.

c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child: a. experiences neurosis or psychosis. b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment. c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people. d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed.

c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

In a cyclical test: a. the items get progressively easier. b. the difficulty of the items remains constant. c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature. d. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time.

c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature.

A Type I error occurs when: a. you have a beta error. b. you accept null when it is false. c. you reject null when it is true. d. you fail to use a test of significance.

c. you reject null when it is true.

The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance (i.e., the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both) is: a. 70%. b. 100%. c. 50%. d. 49%.

d. 49%.

Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product? a. "Jim seems more relaxed today." b. "Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening." c. "I hear a lot of sadness in Betty's voice." d. "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."

d. "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? a. .05 b. .01 c. .2 d. .001

d. .001

You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at: a. 0.0. b. .5 regardless of the admission requirement. c. 1.0. d. .25.

d. .25.

Which DSM diagnosis indicates the most serious pathology? a. 296.21. b. 296.22. c. 296.23. d. 296.24.

d. 296.24.

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then: a. the average score on the test would be 122. b. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115. c. 99% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115. d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

Which choice would most likely violate the counseling ethic or law termed "scope of practice"? a. A counselor who is using good accurate empathy with a client, but fails to confront her about her excessive drinking. b. A licensed counselor who gives the client a DSM diagnostic code for insurance. c. A counselor who is too active-directive with a client. d. A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client.

d. A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client.

Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? a. Freud. b. Jung. c. Jessie B. Davis. d. Adler.

d. Adler.

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of: a. Roe. b. Holland. c. H. B. Gelatt. d. Albert Bandura.

d. Albert Bandura.

The first intelligence test was created by: a. David Wechsler. b. J. P. Guilford. c. Francis Galton. d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures? a. Mann-Whitney U-test, often just called the U-test. b. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs. c. Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H-test. d. All of the above are nonparametric measures.

d. All of the above are nonparametric measures.

Which statement is true regarding Native-American families? a. They are a very diverse group as they belong to over 500 state-recognized tribes. b. Extended family and the tribe are very significant. c. A high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

The agency you work for insists that you diagnose every client. Since this is in violation of the new ACA ethics this would qualify as "negative conditions." You could handle this by: a. Meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing other ways to secure funding that go beyond DSM reimbursement. b. Advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis that in some cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. You could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might not be in her best interest. c. Show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company/managed care firm the actual ACA Code of Ethics so they can see it in writing that the code stipulates that "Counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm." d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Virginia was the first state to license counselors in 1976. The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the: a. American College Personnel Association. b. American School Counselor Association. c. Association for Specialists in Group Work. d. American Counselor Education and Supervision.

d. American Counselor Education and Supervision.

Lewis Terman: a. constructed the Wechsler tests. b. constructed the initial Binet prior to 1910. c. constructed the Rorschach. d. Americanized the Binet.

d. Americanized the Binet.

Section G of NBCC's Code of Ethics describes ethical issues related to private practice. Which of these situations is clearly an ethics violation? a. A private practitioner who advertises in the Yellow Pages. b. A private practitioner who advertises in a daily newspaper. c. A counselor who terminates a professional relationship with a client because she feels it is no longer productive for her client. d. An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed in a Yellow Pages advertisement as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years.

d. An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed in a Yellow Pages advertisement as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years.

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was: a. Krumboltz. b. Parsons. c. Super. d. Bordin.

d. Bordin.

The new ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can refrain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnosis could harm the client or others. a. Therefore, a counselor could ethically diagnose all clients as having an adjustment disorder to secure insurance since this diagnosis is somewhat benign and not likely to harm the client. b. A counselor could refrain from making an Axis I or an Axis II diagnosis if it is in the best interest of the client. c. A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say. d. Choices "b" and "c" are both correct.

d. Choices "b" and "c" are both correct.

Which theorist would most likely assert that EQ is more important than IQ? a. David Wechsler. b. Alfred Binet. c. Charles Spearman. d. Daniel Goleman.

d. Daniel Goleman.

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach. a. Donald Super. b. Robert Rosenthal. c. David Wechsler. d. Henry Murray.

d. Henry Murray.

Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the: a. DV. b. dependent variable. c. the variable you will measure to determine the outcome. d. IV or independent variable.

d. IV or independent variable.

A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance? a. There is no such concept. b. You would subtract 36 from 100. c. It would still be 36%. d. It would be 64%.

d. It would be 64%.

Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; So are: a. Carl Rogers and Albert Ellis. b. Arnold Lazarus and Joseph Wolpe. c. William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding. d. James Framo and Robin Skynner.

d. James Framo and Robin Skynner.

Ken's supervisor told Ken to do a meta-analysis related to treating children with sleep disorders. a. Ken can use a correlation coefficient. b. Ken can set up a true experiment with a control group and an experimental group. c. Ken can use a single subject N = 1 intensive design. d. Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue.

d. Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue.

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by: a. CA/MA×100. b. CA/MA×100. c. MA/CA×50. d. MA/CA×100.

d. MA/CA×100.

Narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of: a. William O'Hanlon. b. William Glasser. c. Milton H.Erickson. d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston.

d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston.

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the: a. Rorschach and the TAT. b. Binet and the Wechsler. c. BDI and the MMPI. d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

As a private practice counselor your _______ would be most important in terms of filing claims. a. graduate transcript. b. undergraduate and graduate transcript. c. NCC provider number. d. NPI (National Provider Identifier) number.

d. NPI number.

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with: a. William Glasser. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker. d. Nathan Ackerman.

d. Nathan Ackerman.

A counselor wants to suggest an easy-to-read source for a client in search of career information. The counselor should recommend: a. DOT. b. SOC (Standard Occuptational Classification Manual). c. SIC (Standard Industrial Classification Manual). d. OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook).

d. OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook).

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the: a. State Department of Economic Regulation. b. SOC (Standard Occuptational Classification Manual). c. SIC (Standard Industrial Classification Manual). d. OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook).

d. OOH.

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of: a. Hoppock. b. Freud. c. Lloyd Morgan. d. R. A. Fisher.

d. R. A. Fisher.

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs? a. Albert Ellis. b. John O. Crites. c. John Krumboltz d. Robert Hoppock.

d. Robert Hoppock.

The doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation. In order for the doctor- patient structure to work, the consultee (i.e., the person receiving the consultation) must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives. This model is associated most closely with the work of: a. Caplan. b. Freud. c. Adler. d. Schein.

d. Schein.

Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work? a. Group work usually focuses on the here-and-now. b. Group work is always time limited. c. Group work is always superior for career counseling. d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.

d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.

In a counseling research study two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible? a. The researcher is not telling the truth. The groups could not possibly have taken the same test. b. The test was horizontal. c. The test was not a power test. d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.

d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.

In the DSM the so-called V Codes refer to conditions which are not attributable to a mental condition. An example of a V Code would be: a. 6282.V. b. 62V.82. c. 628V2. d. V62.82.

d. V62.82.

A critical period: a. makes imprinting possible. b. emphasizes manifest dream content. c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all. d. a and c.

d. a and c.

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered a. object permanence. b. reflexive response. c. representational thought. d. a and c.

d. a and c.

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles: a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development. b. is in the preconventional level. c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles. d. a and c.

d. a and c.

The model Krumboltz suggested is: a. a human capital theory. b. an accident theory of career development. c. a status attainment theory. d. a behavioristic model of career development.

d. a behavioristic model of career development.

Madanes advocates pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be: a. a child who has panic attacks pretends he has a mental bullhorn in his head and shouts "stop." b. a child who has panic attacks pretends in his mind that a therapist is counseling him. c. a child who has panic attacks pretends his dad is a therapist during the actual family therapy session. d. a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.

d. a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.

A major limitation related to group work is that: a. REBT cannot be utilized in group therapy. b. it is not really cost effective. c. gestalt therapy cannot be used in a group setting. d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.

d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is: a. setting too many goals. b. using a male and a female coleader. c. that the leader uses a democratic style. d. a lack of goal setting.

d. a lack of goal setting.

A word association test would be an example of: a. a neuropsychological test. b. a motoric test. c. an achievement test. d. a projective/self-expressive test.

d. a projective/self-expressive test.

The MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2) is: a. an IQ test. b. a neurological test. c. a projective personality test. d. a standardized personality test.

d. a standardized personality test.

Clients should know that: a. validity is more important than reliability. b. projective tests favor psychodynamic theory. c. face validity is not that important. d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need: a. a correlation coefficient b. only descriptive statistics. c. percentile rank. d. a test of significance.

d. a test of significance.

The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as: a. a brick is to a house. b. Freud is to Jung. c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback. d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing: a. Piaget's concept of conservation. b. Erik Erikson's trust versus mistrust paradigm. c. Piaget's formal operations. d. a visual cliff.

d. a visual cliff.

The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer: a. will sacrifice others to feel good about himself. b. will often say "if it weren't for you...." c. will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues. d. all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer.

d. all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer.

A group has: a. a membership which can be defined. b. some degree of unity and interaction. c. a shared purpose. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because: a. the group can go on even if one leader is absent. b. two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader. c. leaders can process their feelings between sessions. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

According to Public Law 93-380, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19-year-old college student attending college: a. could view her record, which included test data. b. could view her daughter's infant IQ test given at pre-school. c. could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as: a. cross-cultural counseling. b. multicultural counseling. c. intercultural counseling. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

An exception to confidentiality could occur when a client is suicidal. Suicidal warning signs include: a. repeatedly joking about killing one's self. b. giving away prized possessions after one has been depressed for an extended period of time. c. a previous suicide attempt and a very detailed suicide plan for the future. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when: a. leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group. b. leaders are intimate with each other. c. leaders question each other's competence. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Culture refers to: a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups. b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to: a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family. b. the opposite of stagnation. c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies: a. because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality). b. because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns—one for men and one for women). c. because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same- sex relationships. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that: a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood. b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span. c. career choice is reversible. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Heredity: a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromo- somes. b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes. c. assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

In a group, task roles: a. help solve problems. b. aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused. c. are seen as positive. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

PL94-142 (The Education Act for All Handicapped Children) states that: a. all children between 5 and 21 are assured free education. b. handicapped persons are placed in the least restrictive environment (LRE). c. an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is: a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types. b. self-administered. c. self-scored and self-interpreted. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The new ACA ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to: a. a situation in which a counselor became disabled. b. a situation in which a counselor died. c. a situation where a counselor moved to another state. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The significance of the 1958 National Defense Education Act was that it: a. provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling. b. expanded school guidance services. c. improved guidance for gifted children. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that: a. girls grow up to smile more. b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2. c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues atany age. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

When counseling women a counselor can assume that: a. a woman generally makes less money than a man for the same job. b. most complaints against counselors for exploitation come from women complaining about male counselors. c. women are not as comfortable as men when they are involved in competitive situations d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read: a. professional journals. b. the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook. c. classic textbooks in the field as well as test materials produced by the testing company. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by in- stincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists: a.conduct therapy in the here-and-now. b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior. c. believe group work is most effective. d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.

d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.

You are a supervisor at a sexual abuse treatment agency. Sally is one of your counselors and you give her a performance rating on a yearly basis. Sally has been having panic attacks on a daily basis at home for almost a month and her physician feels that counseling rather than medicine is indicated. Now—for the first time—she has a terrible panic attack at work. If you don't see her the nearest counselor is 150 miles away. You should: a. refer her to the counselor who is 150 miles away. b. absolutely refuse to see her as dual relationships violate ethical guidelines. c. teach her relaxation but refuse to counsel her. d. attempt to counsel her.

d. attempt to counsel her.

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that: a. in general, boys have better verbal skills than girls. b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys. c. in general, boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

A family counselor treats an Asian-American family exactly like he treats the Hispanic families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as: a. culturally sensitive. b. lacking cultural sensitivity. c. culturally encapsulated, a term suggested by counseling pioneer Gilbert Wrenn. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson: a. Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage simply doesn't exist. b. Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises. c. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance: a. ego strength. b. stability and change. c. morphostasis and morphogenesis. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since: a. an effective group needs some self-serving roles. b. if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers. c. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by: a. psychosexualurges. b. a desire to live up to society's expectations. c. a desire to conform. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting. a. A client who realistically perceives her therapist as a very empathic person. b. A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities. c. A client who sees her therapist as all bad. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as: a. they promote democratic leadership. b. they work against the group. c. they serve the individual and not the group. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that: a. job selection is a long-term development process. b. testing is an important part of the counseling process. c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

Which statement is true of African-American families? a. They are the largest minority in the United States. b. Fewer African Americans are getting married than at any time in history and out-of wedlock births account for two out of three first births to African-American women under the age of 35. c. African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals orwork outside of the home). d. b and c.

d. b and c.

A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coefficient would now: a. be approximately .88. b. remain at.82. c. be at least 10 points higher or lower. d. be lower than .82.

d. be lower than .82.

The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would: a. be the mean. b. be the "t" test. c. be the two-way ANOVA d. be the ANOVA

d. be the ANOVA

Group planning occurs: a. in the initial stage. b. in the stage after the transition or conflict stage. c. in the final stage, also known as the termination stage. d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.

d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means: a. behavior results from unconscious aggression. b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men. c. a and b. d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.

d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are: a. unstructured. b. psychodynamic or person-centered. c. focused heavily on existential concerns. d. behavioristic and highly structured.

d. behavioristic and highly structured.

The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward: a. developing intimacy. b. working through power and control issues. c. exploration. d. breaking away.

d. breaking away.

The leading method adults use to find career information in the United States is: a. to see a state employment counselor. b. to visit a private practice career counselor. c. to undergo counseling with a counselor with NCCC credentials. d. by securing information via the newspaper.

d. by securing information via the newspaper.

An 11-year-old child comes to your office with a black eye and tells you she can't remember how she received it. You have reason to suspect abuse. You should: a. be empathic and discuss her feelings regarding the matter. b. drop the matter as it could embarrass her. c. refer her to a medical doctor of your choice. d. call the child abuse/neglect hotline.

d. call the child abuse/neglect hotline.

When Haley began investigating psychotherapy he: a. was already trained as a Freudian analyst like so many other pioneers in the field. b. was already trained as a behaviorist. c. had studied REBT with Ellis. d. had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions.

d. had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions.

A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of: a. adaptability. b. enmeshment. c. Nonsummativity. d. homeostasis.

d. homeostasis.

Three years ago an inpatient chemical dependency center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhem Reich known as "vego- therapy." Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—three years later—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as: a. correlation research. b. a true experiment. c. a cohort study. d. causal comparative research.

d. causal comparative research.

Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that: a. open groups are limited to hospital settings. b. in an open group members can socialize between group meetings. c. closed groups always employ coleaders. d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins.

d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins.

John Bowlby has asserted that: a. attachment is not instinctual. b. attachment is best explained via Skinnerian principle. c. a and b. d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should: a. keep it a secret as the client is not a minor. b. call the state child abuse/neglect hotline even though he is an adult. c. call his wife and mention that a serious problem exists but be very careful not to discuss the issue of suicide since to do so would violate the client's confidentiality. d. contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions.

d. contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions.

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because: a. systematic desensitization is clearly not a behavioral strategy. b. this can only be determined via a histogram. c. the study suffers from longitudinal and maturational effects. d. correlation does not imply causal.

d. correlation does not imply causal.

A counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation. This counselor could be accused of: a. beneficence. b. justice. c. nonmaleficence d. defamation

d. defamation

Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to: a. blind study. b. double-blind study. c. N = 1 design. d. degree of relationship.

d. degree of relationship.

A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chairman. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify: a. internal versus external validity. b. ipsative versus normative interpretation of test scores. c. the use of the nonparametric chi-square test. d. demand characteristics of experiments.

d. demand characteristics of experiments.

A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format: a. each item depends on the item before it b. each item depends on the item after it. c. the client must possess an IQ within the normal range. d. each item is independent of all other items.

d. each item is independent of all other items.

You are seeing a client who is extremely concerned about her body weight and shape. She vomits to keep her weight down, nevertheless, she does not engage in binge eating. The most appropriate diagnosis would be: a. anorexia. b. bulimia. c. gender identity disorder. d. eating disorder NOS (not otherwise specified).

d. eating disorder NOS (not otherwise specified).

A homosexual protests that he has been homosexual long enough and wants to lead a heterosexual lifestyle. He tells you that he wants a family and children. You should: a. refer him to a psychiatrist as medicine is necessary. b. use dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). c. bring in other members of his family since homosexuality has its roots in the family system. d. explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed.

d. explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed.

A short answer test is a(n) _______ test. a. objective. b. culture free. c. forced choice. d. free choice.

d. free choice.

You are counseling your first cousin for depression. This is: a. ethical. b. not actually an ethical issue. c. ethical if you continue to counsel her and refer her to a psychiatrist for an antidepressant. d. generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship.

d. generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship.

A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions—cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term "cohesion" refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to: a. a family's level of enmeshment or disengagement. b. a family's ability to adapt to the therapist's personality. c. a family's ability to adapt to the theoretical persuasion of the therapist. d. how rigid, structured, flexible or chaotic the family is.

d. how rigid, structured, flexible or chaotic the family is.

In Minuchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are: a. pathological. b. rigid. c. also called diffuse boundaries. d. ideal—firm yet flexible.

d. ideal—firm yet flexible.

18. A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage: a. generativity versus stagnation. b. initiative versus guilt. c. identity crisis of the later years. d. integrity versus despair.

d. integrity versus despair.

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman: a. generally has children before entering the work force. b. rarely if ever has children. c. is not self-reliant. d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as: a. summarization. b. clarification. c. blocking. d. linking.

d. linking.

You have written a very popular book on reality therapy. Now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. Ethically, you: a. may not use the textbook in your class. b. may not use the textbook in your class but other teachers at the university may indeed use your book as a textbook. c. may use the book as a textbook in your class, however, the royalties you receive must be donated to the institution. d. may use the book as a textbook in your class.

d. may use the book as a textbook in your class.

Regardless of the shape, the _______ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically. a. df. b. mean. c. median. d. mode.

d. mode.

A group therapist must make: a. fewer decisions than an individual therapist. b. the same number of decisions as an individual therapist. c. modality changes for each group. d. more decisions than an individual therapist.

d. more decisions than an individual therapist.

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that: a. he is roughly a B student. b. he answered 82% correctly. c. his percentile rank is 82. d. more information is obviously necessary.

d. more information is obviously necessary.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that: a. most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards. b. most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids. c. most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads. d. most jobs are not advertised.

d. most jobs are not advertised.

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research: a. the ratio scale is the most practical. b. all true studies utilize the ratio scale. c. a and b. d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.

d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a

An IQ score on an IQ test which was three standard deviations above the mean would be: a. about average. b. slightly below the norm for adults. c approximately 110. d. near the genius level.

d. near the genius level.

In a projective test the client is shown: a. something which is highly reinforcing. b. something which is highly charged from an emotional standpoint. c. a and b. d. neutral stimuli.

d. neutral stimuli.

The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is: a. aggressive. b. assertive. c. practicing excitation. d. nonassertive.

d. nonassertive.

Minuchin would often mimic the family's style. This is known as: a. cognitive disputation. b. the structural map. c. permeable boundaries. d. none of the above.

d. none of the above.

Nondirective is to person-centered as: a. psychological testing is to counseling. b. confounding is to experimenting. c. appraisal is to research. d. parsimony is to Occam's Razor.

d. parsimony is to Occam's Razor.

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists. a. behavior modification. b. ego psychologists. c. experiential. d. personality/structural.

d. personality/structural.

Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within: a. plus or minus 1 SD of the mean. b. the average IQ range. c. an IQ score which is more that 2 SD above the mean. d. plus or minus 2 SD of the mean.

d. plus or minus 2 SD of the mean.

When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to: a. good concurrent validity. b. construct validity. c. face validity. d. predictive validity.

d. predictive validity.

Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to: a. ferret out unconscious material. b. enhance rational self-talk. c. illuminate dysfunctional nonverbal behavior. d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.

d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.

The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a: a. Rogerian. b. strict behaviorist. c. TA therapist. d. psychodynamic clinician.

d. psychodynamic clinician.

A behavioristic marriage and family counselor is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "I know you like to play golf. Therefore, every time you cut the grass your father will take you to play golf. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contract that you agree with this policy." Which principle is primarily guiding her strategy? a. negative reinforcement. b. thought stopping. c. shaping with successive approximations. d. quid pro quo.

d. quid pro quo.

In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers: a. showed marked borderline personality traits. b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly. c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion. d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role? a. energizer. b. scapegoat. c. gatekeeper. d. reactive schizophrenia.

d. reactive schizophrenia.

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _______ typology. a. artistic. b. conventional. c. social. d. realistic.

d. realistic.

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will: a. confound the experiment in nearly every case. b. raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors. c. have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors. d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of: a. group tasks. b. transition. c. power and control. d. separation and termination.

d. separation and termination.

The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that: a. she had a z score of +1. b. she had a z score of -1. c. she had a t score of 40. d. she had a z score of -2.0.

d. she had a z score of -2.0.

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume: a. should downplay the value of the cover letter. b. should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more effective. c. should emphasize the importance of listing height and weight data. d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized: a. only since the late 1950s. b. only since the late 1960s. c. only since nondirective counseling became popular. d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments. a. two. b. five. c. three. d. six.

d. six.

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as: a. the contrast effect. b. sublimation. c. the compensatory effect. d. spillover.

d. spillover.

Piaget felt: a. homework depresses the elementary child's IQ. b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings. c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily. d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.

d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.

Krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means: a. generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation. b. Pavlov's principle of stimulus generalization. c. Skinner's principle of operant conditioning. d. that in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation.

d. that in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation.

One criticism of using cognitive- behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be: a. that the theory is not intended to be used with diverse populations. b. the theory suggests that the therapist must have ethnic or racial ties with the client in order for efficacious treatment to occur. c. that it ignores present moment problems. d. that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages.

d. that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages.

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as: a. systematic desensitization. b. covert desensitization. c. in vivo desensitization. d. the Electra complex.

d. the Electra complex.

Equilibration is: a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes. b. performed via the id according to the Freudians. c. a synonym for concrete operational thought. d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).

d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).

In 2005, the American Counseling Association released the first revision of the ACA Code of Ethics in a decade. One major change was that: a. the code eliminated the concept of confidentiality. b. the code bans Internet counseling. c. the code bans telephone counseling. d. the code eliminated the phrase "dual relationships."

d. the code eliminated the phrase "dual relationships."

In a spiral test: a. the items get progressively easier. b. the difficulty of the items remains constant. c. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time. d. the items get progressively more difficult.

d. the items get progressively more difficult.

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to: a. analysis of the unconscious. b. analysis of the ego. c. the T-group paradigm. d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.

d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.

In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The counselor is using: a. a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. b. a factorial design. c. the harmonic mean. d. the mean.

d. the mean.

A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says "no" when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to: a. the period when positive reinforcement is being implemented. b. the period when negative reinforcement is being implemented. c. the period when quid pro quo is being implemented. d. the period before the behavior modification begins.

d. the period before the behavior modification begins.

When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means: a. the limits of the human mind. b. the limits of behavior in the family. c. the separation of the family members from their family of origin. d. the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family.

d. the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family.

Group norms refer to: a. a statistically normal group composed of 8 to 12 members. b. a statistically normal group composed of 12 to 14 members. c. a normal group with no cultural differences. d. the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

d. the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group: a. the tertiary focuses less on individual members. b. the tertiary focuses more on the here-and-now. c. the tertiary is less likely to deal with severe pathology. d. the tertiary is more likely to deal with severe pathology.

d. the tertiary is more likely to deal with severe pathology.

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean: a. the client is having fun at work or away from work. b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work. c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work. d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as: a. mesokurtic. b. the y axis. c. the ordinate. d. the x axis.

d. the x axis.

The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using: a. shaping. b. shaping with successive approximations. c. reciprocity. d. time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.

d. time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.

Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the: a. cognitive therapy movement. b. humanistic psychology movement. c. individual psychology movement. d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined. a. three hours per session. b. one hour per session. c. six hours per session. d. two hours per session.

d. two hours per session.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except: a. service. b. science. c. arts and entertainment. d. unskilled.

d. unskilled.

Groups promote the concept of universality/mutuality, which suggests that: a. we are unique and so are our problems. b. there is a universal way to solve nearly any difficulty. c. a and b. d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.

d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.

A counselor who sports NCC after her name: a. will need not concern herself with continuing education. b. will need three graduate courses every 10 years. c. will never receive credit for workshops but should attend for her own personal growth nevertheless. d. will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

d. will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client: a. can be revealed in a court of law if the counselor decides it is beneficial. b. can be revealed only if a counselor testifies in court. c. is protected by laws in every state. d. will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.

d. will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.

Assume that you have decided to refer a client elsewhere because you were unable to help her. The client insists upon seeing you. Ethics guidelines would dictate that: a. you must see her; your duty is to the client. b. you must refer her to a medical practitioner. c. you must ask her to consider hospitalization. d. you are not obligated to continue the relationship.

d. you are not obligated to continue the relationship.

You are a counselor in a state that does not legally support privileged communication. You refuse to testify in court. In this situation: a. ACA will back you for doing the ethical thing. b. NBCC will back you if and only if you have attained NCC status. c. you need not testify if your case was supervised by a licensed psychologist and/or psychiatrist. d. you could be held in contempt of court.

d. you could be held in contempt of court.

Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e., communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant. Placating means: a. you disagree with all the other family members. b. you pick a favorite family member and agree with him or her. c. you ignore the other family members. d. you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection.

d. you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection.