CPSY 318 week 2

Retrospective developmental studies have?

identified problems in childhood that existed prior to the onset of schizophrenia. Because these studies were nit desgined to predivt schizophrenia.

Neurological soft signs common in individuals with schizophrenia include

impairments in motor coordination, sensory integration, and motor sequencing of complex movements; left-right confusion; and disinhibition of associated movements. In addition, minor physical anomalies of the face and limbs may occur.

A) Uninterrupted episode with psychotic sx AND mood episode B) Psychotic Sx present at least 2 weeks on their own C) Mood episode present for majority of total duration Specify: Bipolar or Depressive Type

schizoaffective disorder

The essential feature of __________________________ is a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. This pattern begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts. Individuals with ____________________________________often have ideas of reference (i.e., incorrect interpretations of casual incidents and external events as having a particular and unusual meaning specifically for the person) (Criterion A1).

schizotypal personality disorder

The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia appears to be approximately ?

0.3%-0.7%, although there is reported variation by race/ethnicity, across countries, and by geographic origin for immigrants and children of immigrants. * The sex ratio differs across samples and populations: for example, an emphasis on negative symptoms and longer duration of disorder (associated with poorer outcome) shows higher incidence rates for males, whereas definitions allowing for the inclusion of more mood symptoms and brief presentations (associated with better outcome) show equivalent risks for both sexes.

Psychopathology in Parents Percentage: No parent with schizophrenia

0.86%

The diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder is made under two conditions.

1) when an episode of illness lasts between 1 and 6 months and the individual has already recovered, and 2) when an individual is symptomatic for less than the 6 months' duration required for the diagnosis of schizophrenia but has not yet recovered.

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: Spouse

1.00%

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: DZ Twins

12.08%

Psychopathology in Parents Percentage: One parent with schizophrenia one parent with bipolar disorder.

15.6%

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: Nieces/Nephews

2.65%

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: Grandchildren

2.84%

Psychopathology in Parents Percentage: Both parents with schizophrenia

27.3%

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: RZ Twins

44.30%

Psychopathology in Parents Percentage: One parent with schizophrenia

7.0%

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: Siblings

7.30%

Relation to person with schizophrenia Percentage: Children

9.35%

_______________ refers to a significant reduction in the amount of speech. Simply put, people with this symptom do not talk much. A person may answer a question with one or two words and will not be likely to elaborate on an answer with additional detail. For example, if you ask a person with alogia to describe a happy life experience, the person might respond "getting married" and then fail to elaborate even when asked for additional information.

Alogia

What is symptom of schizophrenia is this? 3. Sophia didn't want to go out to dinner with her family. She reasoned that these dinners were always the same food and conversation, so why bother? Later in the week, her mother mentioned that Sophia was not doing much around the house. Sophia said that nothing she could think of to do would be fun.

Anhedonia (anticipatory)

cortisol increases dopamine activity, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, perhaps increasing the likelihood of developing schizophrenia symptoms True or False

True

_________________________, refers to a lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including work or school, hobbies, or social activities. For example, people with __________ may not be motivated to go to a movie or hang out with friends. They may have difficulty persisting at work, school, or household chores and may spend much of their time sitting around doing nothing.

Apathy, or avolition

What is symptom of schizophrenia is this? 1. Charlie enjoyed going to the movies. He particularly liked to see horror movies because they made him feel really scared. His sister was surprised to learn this because when she went to the movies with Charlie, he didn't gasp out loud or show fear on his face.

Blunted affect

_____________ refers to a lack of outward expression of emotion. A person with this symptom may stare vacantly, the muscles of the face motionless, the eyes lifeless. When spoken to, the person may answer in a flat and toneless voice and not look at his or her conversational partner

Blunted affect The concept of blunted affect refers only to the outward expression of emotion, not to the patient's inner experience, which is not impoverished at all.

A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms. At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3): 1. Delusions. 2 Hallucinations. 3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence). 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Note: Do not include a symptom if it is a culturally sanctioned response. B. Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning. but less than 1 month, with C. The disturbance is not better explained by major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or another psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or catatonia, effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, and is not attributable to the physiological a medication) or another medical condition.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

___________ and ____________ are two candidate genes that have been associated with schizophrenia.

COMT DRD2

A. The clinical picture is dominated by three (or more) of the following symptoms: 1. Stupor (i.e., no psychomotor activity; not actively relating to environment). 2. Catalepsy (i.e., passive induction of a posture held against gravity) 3. Waxy flexibility (i.e., slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner). 4. Mutism (i.e., no, or very little, verbal response [exclude if known aphasia]). 5. Negativism (i.e., opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli). 6. Posturing (i.e., spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity). 7. Mannerism (i.e., odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions). 8. Stereotypy (i.e., repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements). 9. Agitation, not influenced by external stimuli. 10. Grimacing. 11. Echolalia (i.e., mimicking another's speech). 12. Echopraxia (i.e., mimicking another's movements).

Catatonia Specifier

Delusional Disorder/Diagnostic Criteria

Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met. Note: Hallucinations, if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional theme (e.g., the sensation of being infested with insects associated with delusions of infestation). The presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer. If manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd. Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly to the duration of the delusional periods. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder

What is symptom of schizophrenia is this? 2. Marlene was convinced that Christian Bale was sending her messages. In his movie The Dark Knight, his battles with the Joker were a signal that he was prepared to fight for them to be together. That he signed autographs at his movie opening also told her that he was trying to get in touch with her.

Delusion or ideas of reference

A. The presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer. B. Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met. Note: Hallucinations, if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional theme (e.g., the sensation of being infested with insects associated with delusions of infestation). C. Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd. D. If manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods. E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Specify whether: Erotomanic type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual. Grandiose type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great (but unrecognized) talent or insight or having made some important discovery. Jealous type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the individual's delusion is that his or her spouse or lover is unfaithful. Persecutory type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion involves the individual's belief that he or she is being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals. Somatic type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations. Mixed type: This subtype applies when no one delusional theme predominates. Unspecified type: This subtype applies when the dominant delusional belief cannot be clearly determined or is not described in the specific types (e.g., referential delusions without a prominent persecutory or grandiose component). Specify if: With bizarre content: Delusions are deemed bizarre if they are clearly implausible, not understandable, and not derived from ordinary life experiences (e.g., an individual's belief that a stranger has removed his or her internal organs and replaced them with someone else's organs without leaving any wounds or scars).

Delusional Disorder * The essential feature of delusional disorder is the presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least 1 month (Criterion A). A diagnosis of delusional disorder is not given if the individual has ever had a symptom presentation that met Criterion A for schizophrenia (Criterion B).

What are the major symptom domains in Schizophrenia: Positive

Delusions Hallucinations

__________________ symptoms include disorganized speech and disorganized behavior.

Disorganized

What are the major symptom domains in Schizophrenia: Disorganized

Disorganized behavior Disorganized Speech

What is symptom of schizophrenia is this? 4. Jevon was talking with his doctor about the side eff ects of his medication. He talked about having dry mouth and then immediately began talking about cottonmouth snakes and jungle safaris and how hiking was good for your health but that Barack Obama was in better shape than George Bush.

Disorganized thinking or derailment

What are the different specfied types of delusion disorders?

Erotomanic Grandiose Jealous Persecutory Somatic Mixed Unspecified

This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual.

Erotomanic type: Delusional Disorder

Cognitive behavior therapy, but not cognitive remediation therapy, is effective for schizophrenia, if given along with medications True or False

False

___________ and __________studies do not do such a good job of teasing out genetic and environmental studies; ___________ studies do a better job.

Family; Twin Adpotion

This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great (but unrecognized) talent or insight or having made some important discovery.

Grandiose type: Delusional Disorder

What are the three components of expressed emotion?

Hostility Critical comments Emotional overinvolment

Brief Psychotic Disorder With postpartrum onset:

If onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum

Moreover, the suicide rate among people with schizophrenia is high:

Indeed, they are 12 times more likely to die of suicide than people in the general population.

This subtype applies when the central theme of the individual's delusion is that his or her spouse or lover is unfaithful.

Jealous type: Delusional Disorder

This subtype applies when no one delusional theme predominates.

Mixed type: Delusional Disorder

This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion in- volves the individual's belief that he or she is being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Persecutory type: Delusional Disorder

_____________ symptoms comprise excesses and distortions, and include hallucinations and delusions. For the most part, acute episodes of schizophrenia are characterized by _____________ symptoms.

Positive;positive

What are the three components sociocultural risk factors for schizophrenia.

Proverty Urbancity Migration

A. An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode (major depressive or manic) concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia. Note: The major depressive episode must include Criterion A1: Depressed mood. B. Delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood epi- sode (depressive or manic) during the lifetime duration of the illness. C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness. D. The disturbance is not attributable to the effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse a medication) or another medical condition.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3): Delusions. Hallucinations. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence). Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition). B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset (or when the onset is in childhood or adolescence, there is failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning). C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A (i.e., active-phase symptoms) and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form (e.g., odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences). D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness. E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition. F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also present for at least 1 month (or less if successfully treated).

Schizophrenia

________________ involve several areas, including thought, perception, and attention; motor behavior; emotion; and life functioning. Symptoms are typically divided into posi- negative, and disorganized categories.

Schizophrenia

an excess of dopamine receptors appears to be related mainly to positive and disorganization symptoms, and antipsychotic medications help these symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway in what disorder?

Schizophrenia Dopamine theory

_____________________ is a disorder characterized by disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness; and disturbances in behavior, such as a disheveled appearance. People with _____________________ may withdraw from other people and from everyday reality, oft en into a life of odd beliefs (delusions) and hallucinations.

Schizophrenia; schizophrenia

Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a or 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be present 1, 2 or 3. 1 Delusions 2. Hallucinations. 3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence). 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition). B. An episode of the disorder lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months. When the diagnosis must be made without waiting for recovery, it should be qualified as "provisional." C. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have occurred dur- ing active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness. D. The distrubance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.

Schizophreniform

A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference). 2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or "sixth sense"; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations). 3. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions. 4. Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped). 5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation. 6. Inappropriate or constricted affect. 7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar. 8. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives. 9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be as- sociated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self. B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

Schizotypal Disorder

A) pervasive social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, 5+: - 1. ideas of reference - 2. odd beliefs or magical thinking - 3. unusual perceptual experiences - 4. odd thinking and speech - 5. suspiciousness or paranoid ideation - 6. inappropriate or constricted affect - 7. odd, eccentric, or peculiar behavior or appearance - 8. lack of close friends or confidants other than relatives - 9. excessive social anxiety re: paranoid fears • B) R/O psychotic disorders, ASD

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

__________________________________ may be first apparent in childhood and adolescence with solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety, underachievement in school, hypersensitivity, peculiar thoughts and language, and bizarre fantasies. These children may appear "odd" or "eccentric" and attract teasing.

Schizotypal personality disorder

This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations.

Somatic type: Delusional Disorder

There are two types of pleasure experiences in the anhedonia construct.

The first, called consummatory pleasure, refers to the amount of pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of something pleasurable. For example, the amount of pleasure you experience as you are eating a good meal is known as consummatory pleasure. The second type of pleasure, called anticipatory pleasure, refers to the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities. For example, the amount of pleasure you expect to receive aft er graduating from college is anticipatory pleasure.

The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is ?

around 1 percent, and it aff ects men slightly more oft en than women.

Brief psychotic disorder may appear in adolescence or early adulthood, and onset can occur across the lifespan, with the average age at onset being the mid 30s. True or False

True

Cannabis use in adolescence has been linked to a higher risk for developing schizophrenia, primarily for those who genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia. True or False

True

Catatonia is typically diagnosed in an inpatient setting and occurs in up to 35% of individuals with schizophrenia, but the ma- jority of catatonia cases involve individuals with depressive bipolar disorders. Catatonia can also be a side effect of a medication. True or False

True

Delusional disorder has a significant familial relationship with both schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. True or False

True

Delusional disorder, jealous type, is probably more common in males than in females, but there are no major gender differences in the overall frequency of delusional disorder. True or False

True

Many individuals diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder are also diagnosed with other mental disorders, especially substance use disorders and anxiety disorders. Similarly, the incidence of medical conditions is increased above base rate for the general population and leads to decreased life expectancy. True or False

True

People with schizophrenia are also more likely to die from any cause than people in the general population, and their mortality rates are as high as or higher than the rates for people who smoke True or False

True

People with schizophrenia typically have several acute episodes of their symptoms and less severe but still debilitating symptoms between episodes. True or False

True

Schizophrenia is diagnosed more frequently among some groups, such as African Americans, though this likely reflects a bias among clinicians True or False

True

Schizophrenia rarely begins in childhood; it usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood, and usually somewhat earlier in men than in women. True or False

True

Substance use rates are high, perhaps reflecting an attempt to achieve some relief from the symptoms. True or False

True

The brains of some people with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles as well as problems with the prefrontal cortex, the temporal cortex, connectivity between brain regions. True or False

True

The lifetime prevalence of delusional disorder has been estimated at around 0.2%, and the most frequent subtype is persecutory. True or False

True

The lifetime risk of suicide for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder is 5%, and the presence of depressive symptoms is correlated with a higher risk for suicide. There is evidence that suicide rates are higher in North American populations than in European, Eastern European, South American, and Indian populations of individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder True or False

True

Family therapy and psychoeducation has been shown to be valuable in preventing relapse. True or False

True In addition, social skills training and various cognitive behavioral therapies (or their combination) have helped people with schizophrenia meet the inevitable stresses of family and community living. Recent efforts to change the thinking of people with schizophrenia using cogni- tive behavior therapy are showing promise as well. Cognitive remediation therapies focus on improving cognitive skills. These therapies help promote memory, attention, and problem- solving skills and improve daily functioning.

Neurotransmitters are also implicated in schizophrenia. It appears that increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the brain is related to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, are also involved. True or False

True Some of these structural abnormalities could result from maternal viral infection during the first trimester of pregnancy or from damage sustained during a difficult birth. The combination of brain development during adolescence, stress, and the HPA axis is important for understanding why symptoms typically emerge during late adolescence, even if a brain disturbance has been in place since gestation

A revision to the dopamine theory hypothesized that dopamine abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex may account for negative symptoms True or False

True Nevertheless, the dopamine theory is not a complete theory of schizophrenia. Later revisions to the theory now suggest that the negative symptoms may be more clearly accounted for by other neurotransmitters

This subtype applies when the dominant delusional belief cannot be clearly determined or is not described in the specific types (e.g., referential delu- sions without a prominent persecutory or grandiose component).

Unspecified type: Delusional Disorder

A loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experience of pleasure is called _________________.

anhedonia

Some people with schizophrenia have severe impairments in social relationships, referred to as __________________. They may have few friends, poor social skills, and very little interest in being with other people. They may not desire close relationships with family, friends, or romantic partners. Instead, they may wish to spend much of their time alone. When around others, people with this symptom may interact only superficially and briefly and may appear

asociality

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are?

behavioral deficits, which include avolition, asociality, anhedonia, blunted affect, and alogia.

The psychotic features of schizophrenia typically emerge ?

between the late teens and the mid-30s; onset prior to adolescence is rare. The peak age at onset for the first psychotic episode is in the earlyto mid-20s for males and in the late-20s for females. The onset may be abrupt or insidious, but the majority of individuals manifest a slow and gradual development of a variety of clinically significant signs and symptoms. Half of these individuals complain of depressive symptoms. Earlier age at onset has traditionally been seen as a predictor of worse prognosis. However, the effect of age at onset is likely related to gender, with males having worse premorbid adjustment, lower educational achievement, more prominent negative symptoms and cognitive impairment, and in general a worse outcome.

____________, which are beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held despite disconfirming evidence, are common positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

delusions

The essential feature of brief psychotic disorder is a disturbance that involves the sudden onset of at least one of the following positive psychotic symptoms:

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence), or grossly abnormal psychomotor behavior, including catatonia (Criterion A). Sudden onset is defined as change from a nonpsychotic state to a clearly psychotic state within 2 weeks, usually without a prodrome. An episode of the disturbance lasts at least 1 day but less than 1 month, and the individual eventually has a full return to the premorbid level of functioning (Cri- terion B).

Also known as formal thought disorder, ________________ speech refers to problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand.

disorganized Speech may also be disorganized by what are called loose associations, or derailment, in which case the person may be more successful in communicating with a listener but has diff iculty sticking to one topic.

___________________ may go into inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unusual clothes, act in a silly manner, hoard food, or collect garbage. They seem to lose the ability to organize their behavior and make it conform to community standards. They also have difficulty performing the tasks of everyday living.

disorganized behavior

Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia include?

disorganized speech and behavior.

Individuals with brief psychotic disorder typically experience

emotional turmoil or overwhelming confusion. They may have rapid shifts from one intense affect to another. Although the disturbance is brief, the level of impairment may be severe, and supervision may be required to ensure that nutritional and hygienic needs are met and that the individual is protected from the consequences of poor judgment, cognitive impairment, or act- ing on the basis of delusions. There appears to be an increased risk of suicidal behavior particularly during the acute episode.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include?

excesses and distortions, such as delusions and hallu- cinations.

Season of birth has been linked to the incidence of schizophrenia, including

late winter/early spring in some locations and summer for the deficit form of the disease. The incidence of schizophrenia and related disorders is higher for children growing up in an urban environment and for some minority ethnic groups.

Schizotypal personality disorder may be slightly more common in _____________?

males

The __________________ symptoms of schizophrenia consist of behavioral deficits in motivation, pleasure, social closeness, and emotion expression. These symptoms tend to endure beyond an acute episode and have profound eff ects on the lives of people with schizophrenia. They are also important prognostically; the presence of many negative symptoms is a strong predictor of a poor quality of life (e.g., occupational impairment, few friends) 2 years following hospitalization

negative

Schizophrenia symptoms are oft en described in three broad domains:

positive, negative, and disorganization.

Individuals with schizohernia disorder appear to be very __________________ to the stressors we all encounter in daily living.

reactive

Neurotransmitters play a role in schizophrenia. For years, dopamine was the single focus of study, but later findings led investigators to conclude that this one neurotransmitter could not fully account for schizophrenia. Other neurotransmitters are now also the focus of study, such as

serotonin, GABA, and glutamate.

Treatments for schizophrenia may include a combination of?

short-term hospital stays (during the acute phases of the illness), medication, and psychosocial treatments

Catatonia is defined by

the presence of three or more of 12 psychomotor features in the diagnostic criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder and catatonic disorder due to another medical condition. The essential feature of catatonia is a marked psychomotor disturbance that may involve decreased motor activity, decreased engagement during interview or physical examination, or excessive and peculiar motor activity.

The symptoms of schizophrenia invade every aspect of a person:

the way someone thinks, feels, and behaves. Not surprisingly then, these symptoms can interfere with maintaining a job, living independently, and having close relationships with other people. They can also provoke ridicule and persecution.

Etiology of Schiozphrenia

• Genetic predisposition- - behav genetics studies; schizo " spectrum " 5-6x more common in families of schizophrenic proband • Biochemical factors—dopamine (DA) hypothesis; also serotonin and glutamate • Physiological factors—enlarged ventricles, smaller less active frontal lobes (PFC) • Environmental factors—perinatal risk factors • Psychosocial factors—high expressed emotion (HEE) families, stress (HPA axis)

Delusions may take several forms, including the following:

• A person may believe that thoughts that are not his or her own have been placed in his or her mind by an external source; this is called thought insertion. For example, a woman may believe that the government has inserted a computer chip in her brain so that thoughts can be inserted into her head. • A person may believe that his or her thoughts are broadcast or transmitted, so that others know what he or she is thinking; this is called thought broadcasting. When walking down the street, a man may look suspiciously at passersby, thinking that they are able to hear what he is thinking even though he is not saying anything out loud. - A person may have grandiose delusions, an exaggerated sense of his or her own importance, power, knowledge, or identity. For example, a woman may believe that she can cause the wind to change direction just by moving her hands. • A person may have ideas of reference, incorporating unimportant events within a delusional framework and reading personal significance into the trivial activities of others. For instance, people with this symptom might think that overheard segments of conversations are about them, that the frequent appearance of the same person on a street where they customarily walk means that they are being watched, and that what they see on TV or read in magazines somehow refers to them.