Cram 22: Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
LT10: Point 14: Wilson wanted a League of Nations...that would give all nations an opportunity to work out their grievances without resorting to war LT11: Wilson hoped that a League of Nations could peacefully negotiate solutions to future conflicts
Germany's punishment
LT12: A League of Nations that would serve as an international organization to keep peace among nations and that all members would work together to stop future acts of aggression. LT13: The terms of the treaty severely punished Germany by having them give up land in Europe & all of its overseas colonies. LT14: The German military was reduced to 100,000 troops, 6 warships, no submarines, & could not manufacture war equipment
War Guilt clause
LT15: Germany was forced to sign the "war guilt clause" accepting all blame for the war & pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies.
Demilitarized
LT16: Central Europe was redrawn to reduce the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. LT17: Land was taken from Germany to create Poland; The German-French border was demilitarized to avoid a future invasion.
Mandates
LT18: New nations were created from territories that Russia gave up when it left the war early. LT19: Ottoman Empire was divided; Britain & France gained Mandates in the Middle East; The mandates gave Britain & France control over oil resources in the Middle East.
Armistice
LT1: On November 11, 1918, the German government agreed to an armistice & World War I came to an end. LT2: World War I was the largest, most deadly, & most destructive war the world had yet seen.
Treaty of Versailles
LT20: Most nations celebrated the official end of World War I, but Germans protested the harsh terms & resented their gov't for signing the treaty. LT21: In the United States, reactions to the Treaty of Versailles were mixed.
America's fears
LT22: Many Senators feared that signing the treaty & joining the League would force America to become involved in future wars. LT23: As a result, the USA never signed the treaty or joined the League of Nations.
Total war tactics
LT24: Nations used total war tactics to commit all their resources to winning, drafted soldiers, rationed, used propaganda.
Devastation
LT25: New war technologies increased the rates of death & destruction to unprecedented levels. LT26: The war changed expectations for women & led to voting rights for women in many nations. LT27: The war devastated the economies of European nations who had little money to rebuild & few jobs to offer citizens.
Main causes
LT27: The Treaty of Versailles was said to be a "peace built on quicksand" LT28: The treaty did not address the MAIN causes of WWI.
Desire for revenge
LT29: The League of Nations did not include the USA & its leaders would do anything to avoid another war. LT30: High unemployment & desire for revenge would lead to aggressive dictators in the 1920s & 1930s.
Aftermath
LT3: 8.5 million soldiers & 13 million civilians died as a result of the war. 21 million soldiers were wounded during the war. LT4: Homes, farms, towns were destroyed; The war cost $338 billion & most national treasuries were empty.
Big Four
LT5: The conference was led by the "Big Four": Britain, France, Italy, & the United States accompanied by 32 nations total. LT6: Neither Germany nor any of the Central Powers were allowed to attend...Russia could not attend because they already quit WWI.
Woodrow Wilson
LT7: Britain & France wanted to weaken Germany by having them accept full blame, pay reparations, & lose all overseas colonies. LT8: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson disagreed with the harsh punishments for Germany.
Fourteen Points
LT8: Points 1-5: Wilson hoped to eliminate the causes of WWI & called for an end to secret treaties (alliances), freedom of the seas, eliminating imperial colonies, & reducing national militaries LT9: Points 6-13: Wilson suggested changing national boundaries, creating new nations, & allowing self determination so that the people of each nation could decide their own form of government
