Crim 155 Final
Smith et al. (1998) - how can maternal neglect of infant lab animals result in changes in how they will behave in response to stress as adults?
maternal neglect of infant lab animals can affect production of stress hormones by altering development of neural circuits which can change how the animal will behave in response to stress as an adult
Regarding Smith et al. (1998), how can maternal neglect of infant lab animals result in changes in how they will behave in response to stress as adults?
maternal neglect of infant lab animals can affect production of stress hormones by altering development of neural circuits.
Temperament researchers believe ________brain functions are most protective against later violent behavior. What part of the brain do these come from?
Higher cortical; frontal lobes
What animal is the only mammal to separate neonates from their mothers at birth?
Homo-sapiens
How does hypersensitivity develop?
Hypersensitivity can become wired into basic brain chemistry and bodily functions. And attention and capacities in the brain originally available for learning other skills may be deflected to help defend against future trauma.
Pituitary Gland—is attached to the _________ and produces ___________.
Hypothalamus, oxytocin
Children at greatest risk of later aggression . . begin life with high degrees of ___________.
IRRITABILITY
Describe Mary Ainsworth's study of babies and their mothers regarding securely attached vs. ambivalent vs. avoidant vs. Type D/disorganized attachments.
In brief sequences, researchers watched babies as they played with their mothers, as the baby was separated from the mother when she left the room, and as the mother returned. It was used to determine the type of attachment relationship infants experienced with their mothers. Ainsworth classified the infants' reactions into three distinct profiles.
How do rodent studies provide troubling evidence of the damage that prenatal stress may cause?
In one study, pregnant mice were exposed to unfamiliar laboratory mice, which physically attacked them. High levels of prenatal attacks during late gestation - not early - consistently produced offspring that were aggressive in adulthood. These behavioral differences were accompanied by measurable increases in plasma corticosteroid levels, indicating high stress. This team of researchers hypothesizes that antisocial behavior in children may include the fetuses' experience of domestic violence before birth.
Raine & Glenn study may explain the brain-based difference in psychopathic v. normal empathy!
In subsequent research, Andrea Glenn and I found this same brain region to be significantly less active in psychopathic individuals when they contemplate moral issues. Psychopaths know at a cognitive level what is right and what is wrong, but they don't feel it.
Regarding the study by Raine, Brennan, & Mednick (1993) on delivery complications and parental mental illness, what were the findings?
In this 1993 study they dound a significant correlation between delivery complications, parental mental illness, and violent crime during adolescence and adulthood. The highest rates of violent crime occurred when subjects had experienced both a high number of delivery complications and a mentally ill parent. Of those subjects who experienced both parental mental illness and high delivery complications, 32.3 percent were violent as adults compared with 5 percent for mental illness only and 0 percent for high delivery complications only.
What were some of the routine ways newborns were treated, according to Chamberlain?
Infants were held by ankles and slapped at delivery. They were immediately removed from their mother, cleaned, weighed, and given stinging eye drops. They were placed in the "isolette" with other distressed babies and if circumcised, only half were given anesthesia.
What was the purpose of "biofeedback" in treating Danny and others with ADD?
It is a technique that is used to enable them to learn how to control their brainwaves.
Why are affected sleep patterns especially important as to identify when diagnosing ADD?
It is possible that some individuals whom have been diagnosed as having ADD might in fact actually just have a sleep disorder instead.
Neurologist ______________ (2007) discovered that children diagnosed with ADHD may display the same symptoms of ADHD but in fact may merely have sleep disorders (Restless Legs Syndrome; Sleep Apnea).
Jerald Simmons
Aggression tends to be highest when testosterone levels are high and cortisol levels are ______.
LOW
Which single factor can account for both the rise in violence in the U.S. from 1950s to 1970s AND the major drop since the 1970s?
Lead
David Farrington - What is the most consistent predictor of criminal behavior?
Low resting heart rate
How can a diet that is deficient in certain proteins result in an increased tendency in an individual to behave impulsively?
Malnutrition negatively affects brain growth. It can lead to shortages of tryptophan or tyrosine, amino acids essential to production of serotonin and dopamine, which are linked to reactive behavior. A shortage in either of these NTs may cause already aggressive children to perceive hostile intentions where none exist Relationship between malnutrition and externalizing behavior
What was the result of early routines with premature babies?
Many of these premature babies died from pain and shock.
Classic ADD with hyperactivity
Most prevalent; reduced activity in PFR; Rx with stimulant drugs Underactive prefrontal cortex is linked with deficiency in dopamine
What is the "guardian angel?"
Murderers, for instance, tend to have poorer functioning in the prefrontal cortex—the "guardian angel" that keeps the brakes on impulsive, disinhibited behavior and volatile emotions.
How are hormones more like radio stations than telephone lines?
NTs are like telephone lines in that they communicate directly and exclusively to a receiver. Hormones are like radio stations: they convey messages to whomever is tuned in.
Are children with one of the three styles of temperament predestined for aggression or violence?
No. No one style is predestined for aggression, violence, or any other particular outcome.
Regarding Bruce Perry's research on children from the Waco Davidian compound of cult leader David Koresh, what were his findings on noradrenaline levels?
Perry documented that these kids had abnormally high noradrenaline levels (i.e., the chemical signature of PTSD).
Postpartum blues vs. Postpartum Depression vs. Postpartum Psychosis
Postpartum blues: 2days-2wks mild lack of interest in newborn. Postpartum depression: hopelessness, shame,difficult bonding; serious. Postpartum psychosis: sudden onsets, hallucinations, thoughts to harm children.
What are the 3 types of ADD currently recognized by the medical community?
Predominantly inattentive, predominatly hyperactive and impulsive
Early and continuing malnutrition combined with extreme deprivation may lead to mental ______________.
RETARDATION
What were the findings of Raine, et al. (1994) study of birth complications (e.g., breech birth) and maternal rejection? How can the results of this study be considered "good news?"
Raine, Brennan, & Mednick found that infants who experienced birth complications and maternal rejection in the first year were 3 times more likely to commit violent crimes by eighteen years old; The results can be interpreted as good news due to the fact that birth complications and maternal rejection are interacting factors, meaning if you can knock out one of these factors you can positively affect the potential negative outcome.
o Ring of fire ADD
Severe oppositional behavior; irritable; distractible; increased activity in frontal lobes; antipsychotic and SSRI drugs EX schizophrenic drugs (Thorzine) If you try to treat kids with ring of fire ADD with traditional drugs (Ritalin) can cause children to have psychotic symptoms Believes that the use of nutrients can help (omega 3)
"It has long been an established fact that injury to the head, even a single blow, can cause __________ ________ __________ ________ ."
Subsequent recurring violent behavior.
The woman interviewed in the video clip that advertises the new edition of Ghosts from the Nursery is the mother of ____ ________
TED KACZYNSKI
Ed Tronick's (1975) still-face experiment; What does he mean by the good, the bad, and the ugly?
THE GOOD: the normal stuff that we do; THE BAD: when something bad happens but the infant can overcome it; THE UGLY is when you don't give the child any chance to get back to the good so they get stuck there
EEG (brainwave activity) of the "dangerous few" have a predominance of ______ waves (i.e., slow/underaroused waves) when they are awake.
THETA
EEG (brainwave activity) of the "dangerous few" have a predominance of _______ waves (i.e., slow/underaroused waves) when they are awake
THETA
What is the difference between "personality" and "temperament"?
Temperament is often confused with personality, but the two are not the same. Personality consists of the combination of temperament and learned experience. Temperament, a subset of personality, refers to children's basic orientations to emotion and arousal.
What is meant by "goodness of fit" with respect to parents and their children?
Temperaments of parents versus temperaments of their children. It describes how well parents and teachers or caregivers of children respond to the children's temperaments.
effects on testosterone levels of sports fans of their vicarious victories and defeats (e.g., Bernhardt, Dabbs, Fielden, Lutter, 1998)
Testosterone levels in winners go even higher, losers levels decrease.
What endocrine glands does the HPA-axis involve? How is the HPA-axis response different from the ANS response?
The HPA Axis is comprised of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex; Compared to the autonomic nervous system, the HPA axis reacts more slowly, but it becomes the dominant response to prolonged stressors, such as living with an abusive parent or spouse.
In Robert Sapolsky's study of monkeys allowed to form a social hierarchy, what was the result of injecting the third monkey in the hierarchy with either normal or very high amounts of testosterone?
The Middle Monkey Picks on the lower monkeys due to increase testosterone
How long does the World Health Organization recommend for breast feeding? (How does this compare to US guidelines?)
The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, then gradually incorporate foods while continuing to breastfeed until the baby is 2 years or more. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and then continue with food until the baby is 1 year old or more.
Which interactive process, beginning in the first year after birth, provides the foundation for the three key protective factors?
The formation of a secure attachment relationship with a primary caregiver.
Describe Ed Tronick's (1975) still-face experiment. What does he mean by the "good, the bad, and the ugly?"
The good is the normal stuff that occurs between caregivers and their children, the bad is when something bad happens but the infant can overcome it, and the ugly is when one never gives the infant a chance to get back to the good and there is no reparation.
Allan Schore - biology of attachment; orbitofrontal cortex integrates sensory input (e.g., sight and smell of mother) with infant's emotional state arising from limbic system.
The loss of the ability to regulate the intensity of feelings. Bio of Attachment: the crucial period of the first two years when negative patterns are rooted in structural and neurochemical changes.
development of frontal lobe areas associated with attention and impulse control; What area of the brain matured faster in ADHD children?
The motor cortex regions matured faster while the frontal cortex areas responsible for higher-order executive control functions peaked later, during the teen years, they said.
What is the paradox of Ritalin (and other stimulant drugs) to calm people with an ADD?
The paradox is that we are using stimulants which aim to heighten arousal in individuals whom don't appear to need to aroused any further.
Which region of the brain produces oxytocin?
The posterior pituitary, which is part of the pituitary gland, which is attached to the hypothalamus, is the region of the brain that produces the hormone oxytocin.
What are the 3 key protective factors (that protect against later violent behavior)?
The three key protective factors are: 1) the learning of empathy or emotional attachment to others 2) the opportunity to learn to control and balance feelings, especially those that can be destructive 3) the opportunity to develop capacities for higher levels of cognitive processing
How are there conflicts of interest among panel members deciding changes made in the revisions of the DSM-IV, acording to Cosgrove et al. (2006)?
There are strong financial ties between the industry and those who are responsible for developing and modifying the diagnostic criteria for mental illness. The connections are especially strong in those diagnostic areas where drugs are the first line of treatment for mental disorders.
sensitivity to malnutrition is particularly profound during the period of most rapid brain growth: from the _______ trimester through the ________ year after birth.
Third, second
What is the significance of the Gilbertson et al, 2002 study? In Koenigs et al. (2008) study of Vietnam veterans what was the significance of damage to the amygdala?
Those who suffered PTSD had smaller hippocampuses, as did their identical twins who did not have a traumatic experience. If there was brain damage that included the amygdala, the person did not suffer PTSD.
Shaw & Rapoport (2007) - brain scan research; ADHD children had ________ to _____ -year delays in
Three, Five
Developmental neuropsychologist James Prescott - critical importance of mother-infant relationship in the pathways to peace, love, harmony vs. alienation, depression, rage, violence; sensory systems and bonding and intimacy; Human breast milk is rich in what amino acid? (—think serotonin here!)
Tryptophan
According to Chamberlain, 30 years ago, doctors viewed newborns very differently than they do today. How did they view them?
Until 1986, doctors did not view infants as sentient beings
As opposed to the other three types of babies, how do these (Type D) babies respond when their mothers returned to the room?
Upon reunion, they show conflicted, sad, or fearful behavior.
Describe Jeffrey's cerebral hypoxia at time of delivery.
When Jeffrey was born he did not breathe for seventy-nine seconds. The umbilical cord was wrapped around his neck, and he was blue.
What did economists Levitt & Dubner (2005) conclude was responsible for a significant reduction in crime rates in society?
abortion
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
- Infants respond to fear (threat or hunger or pain) by becoming very _________. (i.e., _________ ) or _______ (i.e., ___________ .
alert. (i.e., hyperarousal), becoming numb (i.e., dissociation).
The trim tab in this research:
begin with the babies and their families
"Whether children become poets or ax murderers depends on the interaction of ______ and _______."
biological and social
Regarding the case of Ray Deford (youngest child ever charged with murder in Oregon), what does the textbook say explains why one boy wreaks such havoc on innocent people and another who experienced the same pain does not commit such crimes (e.g., "Whether children become poets or ax murderers depends on the interaction of ________ and __________ factors.")
biological and social
ADD capacity self monitor
can not control behavior and is uneffected by positive and negative reinforcement
Neurocriminologist Adrian Raine proposes that criminality is a _________.
clinical disorder
Anterior pituitary gland,
composed of glandular tissue, synthesizes six hormones, although the hypothalamus controls their release. The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones which flow through the blood to the anterior pituitary. There they stimulate the release of different horomones
Posterior pituitary gland,
composed of neural tissue, can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus. Neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which migrate down axons to the posterior pituitary. Later, the posterior pituitary releases these hormones into the blood
ADHD children who also develop _______ disorder are at most risk for later criminal behavior. Why is this significant?
conduct disorders; This is significant because psychopaths would meet the criteria for that disorder in their childhoods!
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome. Audio clip: Case study of "Kevin:" What part of his brain had a tumor and what were the behavioral consequences of that tumor?
damage to the anterior temporal lobes of the brain
Researchers estimate that 90% of abused and neglected children exhibit ____________ attachment.
disorganized
"Chronic over-activation of neurochemical responses to threat in the CNS, particularly early in life, can result in lifelong states of either _______ or _________ ."
dissociation or hyperarousal
Ritalin increases the amount of the NT _______ , by blocking its reuptake and/or by amplifying its release. This helps people with ADD to focus.
dopamine
According to recent research by psychiatrist Nora Volkow, low levels of the NT __________ have been linked to ADHD in the part of the brain involved in reward and _________.
dopamine, motivation
Exhaustion
during this stage, the individual is tired, inactive, and vulnerable because the nervous system and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened responses
Early abuse undermines the foundation for developing self-control, ____ , and focused cognitive learning.
empathy
ADD capacity resist distraction
filtering out distractions is almost impossible
According to Kanwaljeet Anand, why are we losing the educational battle with China and Korea?
"We're not losing the educational battle with China or Korea because of the math and science scores of our high school students...we are losing because our babies are losing synapses at an alarming rate in the beginning of life"
Bruce Perry - What organ of the body rapes?
"it isn't the finger that pulls the trigger, its the brain. It isn't the penis that rapes, its the brain."
How does Selye's concept of stress differ from McEwan's view?
- Selye's concept of stress included any change in one's life, such as either getting fired from your job or getting promoted - McEwen proposed events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses
Describe the three types of attachment relationships referenced by Ainsworth.
1) Securely Attached: Babies cried when their mother left the room but when she returned reached up and greeted her with smiles and obvious signs of pleasure. These infants accounted for 70 percent of the total 2) Ambivalent Attachment: Babies were clingy with their mothers and seemed afraid to explore the room. When mothers left, babies became agitated, anxious, cried. When the mothers, they reached to their mothers for contact, but then they arched away and resisted their mothers' efforts to comfort them 3) Avoidant attachment: this group of babies looked very independent while their mothers were with them. They explored the new environment and seemed not to look much to their mothers for reassurance.When left alone, showed little response. When mothers returned, babies went their own way or avoided contact.
What proportion of people diagnosed with ADD may actually have a sleep disorder?
1/3 of children diagnosed with ADD may actually have a sleep disorder
What proportion of people diagnosed with ADD may actually have a sleep disorder
1/3 of people diagnosed with ADD may actually have a sleep disorder
Larry Singleton Case (High Levels of Testosterone)
1978: 15 year old victim, Mary Vincent (given 14 years) Singleton had severed off Vincent's arms. Vincent survived (Served 8 years). 1997 Singleton was 69 years of age. Killed/ rapped a 31 year old Florida woman Found guilty of capital murder, given the death penalty (Vincent Testifed in case). Given Death Penalty. Died on death row of Natural causes 2002
Donta Page capital murder case-
1999 he robbed a young woman named Peyton Tuthill, raped her, slit her throat and killed her by plunging a kitchen knife into her chest. He was found guilty of first-degree murder and possible death penalty. Raine brought him to a lab to assess his brain functioning. Scans revealed a distinct lack of activation in the ventral prefrontal cortex—the brain region that helps to regulate our emotions and control our impulses. As a child he suffered from poor nutrition, severe parental neglect, sustained physical and sexual abuse, early head injuries, learning disabilities, poor cognitive functioning and lead exposure. He also had a family history of mental illness.
What is 'perinatal'?
20th-28th week of gestation to 1-4 weeks after birth.
According to Shaw & Rapoport (2007) brain scan research, ADHD children had __ to __ year delays in development of frontal lobe areas associated with attention and impulse control. What area of the brain matured faster in ADHD children?
3 to 5 year delays; the motor cortex
Liu et al. (2014) - Malnutrition at ___ _____ old correlated with increased externalizing, hyperactive, and antisocial behavioral problems later on.
3 years
England and Netherlands studies show adding omega-3 supplements in diets of juvenile offenders reduces serious offending by
35%
Sensitivity to malnutrition is particularly profound during the period of most rapid brain growth: from the _______ trimester through the ______ year after birth.
3; 2
Allen (2010) - What percentage of inmates were found to have ADD in 2004
45% 139 inmates
ADHD is a brain-based condition attributed to heritable genetics about _____% of the time and to insults to the neurological system _______% of the time.
50, 50
ADHD is a brain-based condition attributed to heritable genetics about _____ % of the time and to insults to the neurological system ______ % of the time.
50;50
TBI among prison inmates; ~ 8.5% of non-incarcerated adults have a history of TBI; How does percentage this compare with adults in prison?
60%
What is the relationship of ADD to delinquency?
ADD is nine times more likely to be found in delinquents than non-delinquents.
relationship of ADD to delinquency (Moffitt, et al., 1987):
ADHD is 9 times more likely to be found in delinquents than nondelinquents
absence of essential nutrients during gestation has similar effects as prenatal exposure to ______ or _________.
ALCOHOL, DRUGS
behavior of malnourished children resembles that of children prenatally exposed to _________ or ___________.
ALCOHOL, DRUGS .
"Soda is the cigarettes of the 21st century." - relates to the fact that sugar, like cigarettes, is ___ ___________
AN ADDICTION
ADD capacity Plan
Ability to think b4 acting
What is the prevalence of ADD?
About 6% of the general population(about 5% of school children, although 10-15% will be diagnosed with ADD)
What is John Bowlby's attachment theory?
According to this man's attachment theory, children form templates for future relationships based on experiences with their first caregivers (usually mothers).
What are the 9 temperamental traits as defined by Chess and Thomas (1977)?
Activity adaptability, approach/withdrawl, rhythmicity, threshold, intensity, mood, persistence, distractibility, and sensory threshold.
Dustin Pardini found men with a smaller ____________ are 3X more likely to commit violence 3 years later.
Amygdala (fill in the blank)
Regarding Feldmar's (1974) study of suicidal boys, to what did their suicide attempts relate?
An interesting small study of a handful of boys by Andrew Feldmar in 1974 followed four suicidal boys. Through extensive interviews of the families of these adolescents, Feldmar found that in all cases the suicide attempts were taking place at the same time of the year as their mothers had tried to abort them, a fact that none of the adolescents had consciously known.
- What is the order of development of the following brain regions? cortex; mid-brain; limbic area; brainstem (and with what basic functions is each of these regions involved?)
BRAIN STEM>MIDBRAIN>LIMBIC SYSTEM>CORTEX
What is the echo effect?
Because development occurs in stages that build upon each other, that which occurs first tends to echo through subsequent development. For example, negative experiences such as chronic maternal stress or drug consumption that occur prenatally and affect the development of the brain stem or midbrain will subsequently affect the development of the limbic and cortical areas of the brain as they mature.
Describe Bowlby's construct of the child's "internal working model."
Behaviors of the baby trigger behaviors by the parent. Together they leave a cumulative imprint on the developing brain, which, over time, forms a template or pattern for anticipated behavior. Bowlby calls this the child's "internal working model."
- psychophysiological measures (e.g., HR, brainwaves, skin conductance) and delinquency
Biofeedback research has shown that individuals can learn to consciously control brainwave activity, cardiovascular and respiratory functioning, reduce skin temperature, etc. It helps reduce delinquency by helping person to be aware of their emotions and response to stimuli
Are abused children more OR less likely to explore new environments?
By kindergarten, the world of non-abused children is expanding to include their focused learning of numbers, letters, and a kaleidoscope of interests. But children who have been unable to develop trust and security with a primary caregiver in the first two years show a depressed interest in the world and in themselves.
Satterfield - ADHD children who also develop ____________ disorder are at most risk for later __________ ____________.
CONDUCT, criminal behavior
A resilient child is competent and ___________.
CONFIDENT
Babies perceived by their caregivers as having difficult temperaments are at higher risk of ___________ .
Child abuse
ADD life stage early
Colicky, fussy baby Hypersensitive to sound Sleep problems
What endocrine gland produces cortisol? How does cortisol help us cope with stress?
Cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland. Cortisol provides a more sustained release of energy which allows for coping with stress, to a point.
Meredith Wiley's Presentation: How does the amount of money we spend on programs to "change the brain"/change behavior (e.g., Head Start; Juvenile Justice System) correspond with the brain's capacity for change?
Current programs are good but they are starting too late. The brains capacity to change "critical period" is at the first 33 months most of the programs start after after that time frame when the brain is less susceptible for change.
neurocriminologist Adrian Raine proposes that criminality is a __________.
DISORDER
Ritalin (methylphenidate; the most common drug used to treat ADD today) increases the amount of the NT ____________ , by blocking its reuptake and/or by amplifying its release. This helps people with ADD to focus.
DOPAMINE
recent research (2009 interview with psychiatrist Nora Volkow): low levels of the NT ____________ have been linked to ADHD in the part of the brain involved in reward and ____________ .
DOPAMINE, MOTIVATION
How do researchers relate prenatal adaptation to stress this to experiencing domestic violence before birth? (e.g., case of murderer Robert Harris)
Dr David Chamberlain illustrated how prenatal adaptation to stress can play out in a human life. he told the early story of Robert Harris, who had been executed in the state of California's gas chamber: Harris was born three months early after his mother was kicked brutally in the abdomen by her angry husband and began hemorrhaging. This was only the first of many violent experiences this murder-in-the making suffered at the hands of his mother and father, a violence he later turned on innocent animals and people. At age twenty-five, he shot two teenagers point blank, laughed at them.
Modern-day scientists present a compelling argument for _________ and _____________ components of criminal behavior; AKA, ____________
genetic, neurological, neurocriminology
Temperament researchers believe ________ brain functions (from the frontal lobes) are most protective against later violent behavior.
higher cortical
The element of _________ is more commonly the root factor in aggressive or violent behavior (due to its associated aspects of _______ and restlessness).
hyperactivity, impulsivity
With hyperaroused children, the child's neural thermostat becomes stuck on high. The child becomes ____________ for signs predictive of the feared event and the brain organizes around the over-activated systems to ensure the child's survival.
hypervigilant
What does Robert Sapolsky see are the kinds of problems that result from today's stressors (e.g., years of paying a mortgage)
if a long-term, almost inescapable issue activates the general adaptation syndrome, the result can be exhaustion
Regarding the Brennan, et al Danish study of birth complications and maternal rejection during first year of life, what were the results? How do these results compare with the results of birth complications X poverty (i.e., but when mothers do not reject their babies?)
Dr. Patricia Brennan at Emory University studied a group of 4,269 males born in Denmark between 1959 and 1961. Birth complications had been recorded at the time of delivery. When the boys were seventeen to nineteen years of age, their criminal status was assessed through a search of the Danish National Criminal Register. Children who suffered birth complications together with maternal rejection in their first year of life were far more likely than others to become violent offenders as adults. Most people would assume that poor social circumstances - especially poverty - would exert an impact at least as strong as maternal rejection, but poor social circumstances combined with birth complications did not produce violent outcomes. The effect was specific to the interaction of maternal rejection with birth complications in this study.
Who is Bruce Perry and what does he study?
Dr. Perry's research is at the forefront of our evolving understanding of the impact of early trauma and its relationship to the early precursors of impulsive violence.
Describe Brazelton's study of intergenerational caretaking behaviors.
Dr. T. Brazelton's study of intergenerational caretaking behaviors documented the process of intergenerational transfer of basic care-taking behaviors on videotape. Dr. Brazelton created several two-generation sequences each different from the other and each graphically illustrating the transference of patterns stored and remembered from babyhood.
Is resiliency best viewed as more environmentally or biologically based?
ENVIORNMENTAL
How do early experiences (e.g., exposure to music vs. physical or sexual abuse) affect later behavior?
Early developmental experiences that build cortical functions, such as exposure to language or music or a loving relationship with a parent, are investments that protect against the expression of violent or impulsive behavior. Conversely, experiences that increase reactivity of the lower areas of the brain, such as physical or sexual abuse by a parent, will increase the capacity for impulsive emotional responses and the likelihood of later violence.
What behaviors have been linked to abnormally high levels of circulating testosterone?
Early onset of Precocious sexual behavior, drug use, and commit vicarious crime
How were early routines with underweight and premature babies, according to Chamberlain?
Early routines with premature babies assumed that these babies had no feeling of pain or any awareness. From the 1960s-1980s, these babies were operated on with breathing, suction, feeding tubes and shunts all without anesthesia.
What are "endocrine glands"?
Endocrine glands are hormone-producing glands
Temperament researchers believe __________ _________ brain functions (from what part of the brain?) are most protective against later violent behavior.
FRONTAL LOBE
As many as 30 to 50% of individuals with a criminal history may have sustained injuries to their _____ or _____ lobes
Frontal, temporal lobes
What do Cheung et al. (2015) at UBC have to say that might caution students of CRIM 155 to be careful what they might wish for?
Genetic explanations for violent crimes may encourage jurors to support an insanity defense, but jurors may also believe the defendant is a persistent threat who will commit more crimes in the future, Defendants should be wary about using a genetic defense because it's a double-edged sword," Cheung said. "Judges or jurors may believe the perpetrator couldn't control his actions, but they also may think he is a danger to society who will strike again." research on the anatomy of violence is a step toward a world where our fundamental human rights are lost,
Conduct Disorder The element of ____________ is more commonly the root factor in aggressive or violent behavior (due to its associated aspects of ____________ and restlessness).
HYPERACTIVITY, IMPULSIVITY
Was Kevin convicted in court?
He got 26 months in federal prison.
What is she telling us about what happened to her son?
He never formed a secure attachment with his mother which led to a downward spiral for him. Chronic fear, not secure attachment.
1986 and 1988 studies (by Dorothy Otnow Lewis, et al) of juvenile and adult violent offenders sentenced to death - all had a history of ________ _________.
Head injuries
Regarding what behaviorist John Watson recommended about child rearing 25 years ago and practices of using isolettes, etc., it has now replaced with notion of connected _________ communication between an adult and a newborn.
interactive
"Children at greatest risk of later aggression ... begin life with high degrees of ____________ ."
irritability, are persistent, are low in their responsivity to caregiver feedback, and show marked levels of early distress to limitations, such as dressing diapering.
Alarm
is characterized by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, readying the body for brief emergency activity
Lorenz's idea of imprinting in ducklings was applied to human babies ("bonding"). However, we now know that for human babies, attachment does not occur all at once but rather ________________________.
it is a cumulative process of minute interchanges between a child and a caregiver over a period of many months, perhaps even years.
In the DSM-IV, symptoms for ADHD had to be present at 7 years of age; in the DSM-V this age has been changed to "by 12 years of age" What is a likely, and unfortunate, explanation for this change?
it's a big business industry for the drugs children are being over-diagnosed and over-medicated
What is the Trim tabs (idea from Buckminster Fuller)?
its a leverage point with minimal amount of leverage it can change the direction you're wanting to go in.
acting out behaviors (screaming, biting, hitting, kicking) may be a result of high ______________ levels
norepinephrine
Cathy Spatz Widom asserts that the cycle of violence across generations of a family serves as a function of __________ (i.e., it is learned from growing up in an abusive home), as opposed to Bruce Perry and others who argue for a ____________ explanation.
nurture, nature
Oppositional Defiance Disorder
ongoing pattern of uncooperative, defiant and hostile behavior towards authority adds hostile, defiant behavior to attention problems; openly argumentative, blame others for their mistakes; behavior negatively affects parents and peers; oppositional
comparative costs of offenders to society vs. annual cost of incarcerating juveniles vs. annual cost of treating a juvenile delinquent
over costs society over a their lifetime: $2 million incarcerating a juvenile for 1 yeasr: $34,000 treating a juvenile for a year: $4,000
Harry Harlow's studies of monkeys showed that an infant's failure to bond has dire consequences (Seth Pollack believes the mechanism for this, at least in part, has something to do with __________.
oxytocin
Before 1987, what drugs were routinely given to very young children to operate on them?
paralytic drugs
The Paradox of Ritalin
people who have ADD is the overactive child has an underactive brain; the explanation: the prefrontal cortex (rational thinking) in a normal brain, moderates the limbic system (emotional) and therefore our behavior (that is under control).... in the paradox
How does Bruce Perry (2012) fill in the following blanks? "Disrupted neurodevelopment as a result of maltreatment can cause children to adopt a _____________ state as well as attributes that are normally helpful during threatening moments but __________ ."
persistent fear; counterproductive in the absence of threats, such as hypervigilance, anxiety, and behavior impulsivity
People with ADD have an under aroused __________ __________ they are unable to moderate the limic system that inhibits ________ behavior.
prefrontal cortex, impulsive
If mother (or infant) is institutionalized, disrupting the mother-infant attachment process is associated with affectionless __________ criminal behavior, due to lack of development of __________ between primary caregiver and infant which is basis for empathic connections later on.
psychopathic, trust
Yang, Schug & Raine (2009) MRI study of psychopaths v. "normals" re: % of amygdala (What is this part of the brain involved with?)
psychopaths had an 18% smaller amygdala, which is critical for emotions like fear and is part of moral decision-making.
hormones function more like a
radio station: they convey a message to any receiver tuned into the right station
According to Chamberlain, "Pain feeds _____."
rage
In what way could this research have dire consequences?
research on the anatomy of violence is a step toward a world where our fundamental human rights are lost,
Biological (e.g., prenatal exposure to drugs) and social factors (e.g., abusive or nurturing parents) can serve either as _______ factors or as protective factors.
risk
What specimen was collected from the 7- to 12-year old boys to measure cortisol levels? Boys with low levels of cortisol appears to make those boys far less likely to __________.
saliva; fear retribution for their aggressive behavior.
Bruce Perry defines neglect in terms of the absence of necessary brain _________ and refers to such extreme neglect as resulting in "total global neglect" (in terms of its effects all over the brain).
sensory stimulation
"The dismissal of the ____________ of the baby is a major obstacle to the curtailment of violence."
sentience
ADD capacity sustain attention
sleep and arousal may be affected
Regarding Harry Chugani's PET scans of Romanian girl "warehoused" in orphanage he found that brain areas linked to language were barely active. The area that interprets ___ and ____ were described as a "black hole."
sound and emotion
Children with very high norepinephrine levels appear to be more reactive to extremely low doses of ____________.
stimulation
In addition to neurological impairments or psychological illnesses, most violent children have _________ disorders.
substance abuse
Stress activates two body systems: (1) the ________ nervous system of the ANS (—which increases ____________ ), and (2) the ________ (—a group of structures that help the body cope with stress).
sympathethic (which increases cortisol) and HPA Axis
a neurotransmitter is like a:
telephone signal: it conveys a message from the sender to the intended receiver
ADD capacity selectivity
tend to pick the wrong/important details
What does sentience mean?
the ability to feel
Schore believes the most far-reaching effect of early trauma and neglect is the loss of...
the ability to regulate the intensity of feelings.
Resistance
the sympathetic response declines, but the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, and heal wounds
What is the result of noradrenaline in kids keeping the body in a constant state of readiness?
these children are quick to erupt.
The phrase "fight or flight"' was coined by W. B. Cannon in 1929 to describe the classical adult response to _________.
threat
"Oprah" on case of feral child, Danielle; Danielle initially presented with medical neglect at the hospital; MRI of an extremely neglected child; marginal functioning of her biological mother; In her adoptive family, what does Danielle crave most from her adoptive parents?
to be held and carried
5 basic capacities affected by ADD
to plan, to be selective, to resist distraction, to sustain attention, self monitor
diet and serotonin levels (What amino acid is needed to make serotonin?
tryotophan
"triple imbalance hypothesis"
violent behavior depends not only on high testosterone levels but also levels of cortisol and serotonin;
Neurological abnormalities make a child more _______ to negative environments.
vulnerable
twins and adopted children studies confirm ______ or ______of the variance in aggressive and antisocial behavior is genetically based
½ , 0.5 %
ADD life stage, Adult
• Difficult interpersonal relationships • Job failure or work in job below abilities • Depression (suicidal ideation) • Sleep problems
prevalence of ADDs in the general population vs. how often it is diagnosed prevalence of ADD
•Affects ~6% of the general population •Is found worldwide (although 90% of the world's Ritalin is consumed in the US) •May be equally distributed between the sexes but often unrecognized in girls •~5% of school-age kids meet the clinical criteria for an ADDs •Yet ~10-15% of kids are diagnosed with it •Kids are over diagnosed because •Ritalin stock, doctors make money on it •Easy fix to misbehaving children
ADD life stage school age
•Inability to focus attention/concentrate;easily distracted; restless •Easily bored •Learning problems; poor school performance •Poor impulse control •Disruptive behavior in class; unpopular with peers • Disorganized • Accident-prone
How we become who we are is the result of genes interacting with environment, especially temperament with ___________ ____________.
PARENTAL RESPONSES.
- What disorder can result from overuse of the alarm response in young children? (although it is rarely diagnosed in very young children)
PTSD
Describe the Clark & Schneider (1993) study of rhesus monkey babies of stressed vs. non-stressed mothers (using bursts of noise), who were then put in stressful conditions themselves after birth.
Removed six pregnant monkeys from their home cages once a day and exposed them to three brief, unpredictable bursts of sound from an alarm horn over a ten-minute period. This was done beginning in mid-gestation for ninety days. The sound produced a startle response (a stress symptom) and raised the mother monkeys' blood levels of brain chemicals associated with stress. Six undisturbed monkeys, matched for age, weight, and time of gestation, served as controls. The fetuses whose mothers were stressed during pregnancy reflected their mothers' emotional states. After birth, the babies of the stressed mothers and the control mothers were subjected to a series of stressors. When the monkeys were assessed at 15 and 18 mos, the baby monkeys stressed both during gestation and after birth were more likely to experience extreme stress and extreme emotional responses to later stressful events. Studies on this same group of prenatally stressed infant monkeys as youngsters showed increased and unpredictable defensive behavior and reduced interest in exploring a new environment . The prenatally stressed babies resulted in less adaptive social relationships and ultimately a much higher risk of aggressive behavior to the point that four abnormally stressed animals attempted to kill or actually killed their cage mates.
Kent Kiehl's brain scans of New Mexico inmates with low activity in the anterior cingulate cortex correctly predicted which ones would ___________
Reoffend
children with very high norepinephrine levels appear to be more reactive to extremely low doses of _____________ .
STIMULATION
stress activates two body systems: (1) the _____________ nervous system of the ANS (—which increases __________),
SYMPATHETIC, CORTISOL
ADD life stage Adolescence
School failure; drop-out Teen pregnancy Substance abuse Smoke (2Xs the norm) Stimulant, self medicating for their ADD (stimulates prefrontal cortex)
What is Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
Selye inferred that any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, consisting of three stages known as "alarm", "resistance", and "exhaustion."
Conduct disorder
more intensified ODD behavior; problems with authority, behaving in socially unacceptable ways; warning signs: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, lying, stealing, serious rule violations, and lack of empathy; more likely to drop out of school, get arrested, or have an unplanned pregnancy
What area of the brain matured faster in ADHD children?
motor cortex