Crim

The Progressive Era (1900-1919)

"The Great Light." Critical of the gilded age, critical of corruption, political indolence, materialism and power wielders. SOught to improve America - make punishment more humane, efficient and fair. Teddy Roosevelt was aligned with the Progressives, who worried about monopolies, too much government power, social welfare and dreamed of reducing human ills. Made advances in public education, religion women's rights, legal thinking and governmental philosophy. FBI was invented and there was a great interest in morality crimes, but there were race riots following WWI. Due process revolution and exclusionary rule.

Widening the net

- "Net widening" or "widening the net" is the name given to the process of administrative or practical changes that result in a greater number of individuals being controlled by the criminal justice system. The net of social control is widened to manage the behavior of a greater number of individuals.

The Death Penalty

- the climactic emotional point of the criminal law - a moment of terror around which the legal system revolves, justified by deterrence, dark figure of innocence are the 119 people who were freed while on death row. Religious and philosophical reasons are an argument against it.

Non-lethal force

- there's both positives and negatives- initially idea by Robert Peel for his officers that limited injuries of officers and people; however, nonlethal weapons could get into the wrong hands and could backfire for the officers

Prisons are humane v. non-humane

2 systems -Pennsylvania system was not humane, associated with solitary confinement and they were kept in silence. Auburn or New York system was when prisoners worked all day and then went into solitary and were silent.

Index Crime Formulation

= murders (or other type 1 offence) / population x 100,000

Adult Court v. Juvenile Court

Adult system: the defendant's guilt in breaking a law, protections exist against unreasonable searches of one's person, home. and possessions, both children and adults are protected against self-incrimination, the defendant is assumed innocent until proven guilty, adversarial, warrant required, both children and adults have the right to an attorney, public trial, convicted adults are punished with rehab and/or treatment, no right to treatment, release via bail or release on recognizance, the results of the trial and judgement remain on public record, incarcerated in prison or jail. Juvenile system: the child's delinquency in breaking the law or committing a status offense, protections against unreasonable searches are limited, the best interests of the child are paramount, remedial proceedings, children aren't arrested but taken into custody via petition or complaint, there are no trials but closed hearing, children are protected and rehabilitated, right to treatment, parental or guardian custody, records are sealed and destroyed once children reach a certain age, children are held or incarcerated in non-adult facilities.

Concentric Rings

An ecological theory that divides cities into zones based on environmental and other characteristics and measure the relationship b/w those zones and the crime and delinquency rates within them.

Cesare Beccaria

Beccaria is the founder of the classical school. Beccaria presented nine principles that should guide our thinking about crime and the way society responds to lawbreakers. Beccaria suggested that punishment should only be stringent enough to deter crime. He also advocated the abolition of physical punishment and the death penalty. The presumption of innocence, the right to confront accusers. The right to a speedy trial, and the right not to be required to testify against oneself are all traceable to Beccaria.

Criminal justice is the system of last resort

Criminal Justice system - (formal) institution of last resort. The family, religion, school, and the media exert a tremendous amount of influence over the individual behavior. When these institutions fail to develop law-abiding citizens, the criminal justice system must deal with the consequences.

How society controls crime: Criminal Justice system

Criminal Justice system - (formal) institution of last resort. The family, religion, school, and the media exert a tremendous amount of influence over the individual behavior. When these institutions fail to develop law-abiding citizens, the criminal justice system must deal with the consequences. Social norms - (informal) an expected form of behavior in a given situation. Peers, family, church, work (informal) - the primary institution of socialization is the family, religion influences the way people think about dealing with others, schools are a powerful force in socializing children into the culturally approved ways of interacting with other people. The way the media treats crime influences how we think about it and react to it.

Critical Sociological Theories

Critical theories examine how power is distributed in society and how the criminal justice system is a reflection of power and sometimes a tool of power. Marxism, feminism, critical race theory - criminal justice system targets and oppresses people of color

5 goals of the criminal justice system

Deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, and restoration. Two types of deterrence are important to the criminal justice system: specific and general. Specific deterrence occurs when an offender is caught and punished and decides not to break the law anymore because they understand the consequences. General deterrence occurs when an offender is caught and punished, and the rest of us don't break the law because we saw what happened to that person. Incapacitation entails removing the offender's ability to break the law. Retribution, punishment that is considered to be deserved, is considered by many to be one of the most important goals of the criminal justice system. Rehabilitation involves correcting the offender's behavior and giving him or her the skills and ability to survive in society without violating the law. The goal of restorative justice is to repair the harm crime has done to the relationship between the offender and victim and between the offender and the community.

Why did President Johnson call for a commission on crime in a free society?

During the late 1950s and into the early 1960s, both the crime rate and the number of crimes committed in the United States increased dramatically. Coupled with social protests for civil rights and against the war in Vietnam, there emerged a perception—fed by media and exploited by politicians—that there was a crisis requiring federal intervention. In response, President Lyndon B. Johnson called for the formation of the Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (also known as the Crime Commission) in 1965. He charged the members of the commission to determine the causes of crime and to recommend what society could do to reduce it.

First Prison in America

Eastern State Penitentiary in Pennsylvania,

Why do some states employ parole and others do not?

First it gives a lot of discretion to the state, second there might be too many inmates and the state can't afford to pay for them, lastly parole doesn't work as there have been 205,000 repeat offenders in 2000.

Integrated theory

Integrated theories attempt to link theories in an end-to-end approach to demonstrate where one theory's dependent variable might be used as another theory's independent variable or look for central issues that run through several theories. Integrated theories do not attempt to link biological, psychological and sociological families of theories. Strain theory, social control, and social learning theories are combined to explain delinquency within the lower and middle classes. Low social control to exposure to delinquent peers over the course of adolescent development contribute to delinquency and antisocial behavior. People seek to correct and balance power differentials in their relationships.

A good beating never hurt anyone

Irish and Child abuse - it was believed that corporal punishment was necessary in child care, Ireland was notable for their punishment of children. Corporal punishment instills respect for authority, discipline, good child-rearing. maintained discipline, worst was in County Mayo. Father got 1 year for beating his daughter to death

DC Sniper Film

John Allen Muhammad and Lee BOyd Malvo, ten killed and three injured, 17 killed and ten injured in total, Bushmaster rifle, CHevy Caprice

Crime defined

Part 1 crimes: also known as index crimes, are murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, theft, and auto theft. Part 2 crimes - all other crimes, everything else (simple assault, drug use, public drunkenness, loitering, DUI). Many people are arrested for Part 2 crimes in hopes that police will catch people that have also committed part 1 crimes

How do police try to control crime?

Police try to control crime by thinking of themselves as crime fighters. Unable to live up to this idealized image, the police are forced to construct appearances. These appearances result in what can be called "goal displacement," in which the police concentrate on presenting themselves a crime-fighters as opposed to public servants.

Why Community Corrections

Prison is an artificial society, the total control of the prison does little to prepare inmates to take responsibility for their actions, the community has resources that are unavailable in the prison, the offender can contribute to the financial upkeep of his or her family when gainfully employed, the state spends less money on offenders in community corrections programs than when incarcerating them, the state can accurately identify the dangerous offenders and ones that are safe, the number of trained probation and parole officers is sufficient to supervise the offenders in the community corrections program.

Modern Day Police

Professional, Public, Specialized - police want to be public (be seen), specialized () and professional.

Why does America experience urban rioting

Rapid urbanization, in urban areas police are more prevalent and there is a greater prevalence of perceived police bias.

Dugdale and Jukes

Richard Dugdale studied the Jukes family in 1877, the crimes they committed were criminality, drunkenness, insanity, epilepsy and were closely related. Proved inheritance of pauperism, positivist- criminality can be softened. Max was the first Juke.

History of Police

Starts in ancient Babylonia (2181 - 2123 BC), kin police in ancient Greece, Roman empire needed police, England birthplace of larger police, in England it went from citizen participation to shire reeves to parish constable. 1740 Henry Fielding organized the Bow Street Runners (first police chief?). Then 1829 Metropolitan Police Act organized by Robert Peel

UCR

The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports are the most extensive and useful measure of crime available. The annual publication compiles the volume and rate of crime offenses for the states and many cities and counties. it also includes arrest, clearance, and law enforcement employment data. The UCR is a cooperative statistical effort of law enforcement agencies that voluntarily report data on offenses they know about. The program's main objective is to provide reliable information for use in law enforcement administration, operation and management.

Dark Figure of Crime

The dark (or hidden) figure of crime is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime

Life-course and crime

Use longitudinal data to observe how subject grow and mature over long periods of time. provide a broader context to their explanations of crime and demonstrate how continuity and change are important. Pathway Theory- life-course persistent offenders engage in antisocial behavior for long periods of time, possibly all their lives. Adolescent-limited offender break the law in adolescence, but desist upon adulthood. Persistent-offending and desistance from crime theory - As delinquents age, some continue to break the law well into adulthood, while others experience turning points in which they bond to conventional society.

Plea Bargain

a compromise reached by the defendant, the defendant's attorney, and the prosecutor in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest in return for a reduction of the charges' severity, dismissal of some charges, further information about the offense or about others involved in it, or the prosecutor's agreement to recommend a desired sentence. Over 90% of cases are plea-bargained

Strain Theory

a sociological theory that the causes of crime can be connected to the pressure on culturally or materially disadvantaged groups or individuals to achieve the goals held by society, even if the means to those goals require the breaking of laws. by Robert Murton

panopticon

a type of institutional building designed by Jeremy Bentham that allowed a single watchman to observe inmates of an institution without the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being watched.

What is three strikes and you're out?

after three felonies you get life in prison

What are the predictors of prison recidivism?

age at first admission, history of revocation, prior incarceration, employment history, offense committed, current age, gang membership, education, prison training, disciplinary record and offense severity. Male, non-white, young- major ones.

Restorative Justice

an alternative justice model that uses community programs to repair the harm done by offenders.

What is a power vacuum?

an analogy used during a political or social situation "when someone has lost control of something and no one has replaced them." The situation can occur when a government has no identifiable central power or authority. The physical analogy suggests that in a power vacuum, other forces will tend to "rush in" to fill the vacuum as soon as it is created, perhaps in the form of an armed militia insurgents, military coup, warlord or dictator.

In New Jersey Prisons inmates are classified

as to their offense

United States Insanity

asylums were full from the first day, many incorrect ideas about mental illness - believed it was caused by immigrants and modern stimulants, all efforts failed to curb insanity, mental illness has increased ninefold since 1880, patients and doctors left mental hospitals due to conditions.

Victimless Crimes

behaviors deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property-

Pennsylvania Coal

by WWI 175,00 miners in this area, labor unions became secret societies. Anthracite coal. The Coal and Iron Police were formed to protect the interest of the company. Allen Pinkerton - strikes and labor union actions brought his services, came up with Pinkerton Detective Agency - private police. Molly Maguires were killed when attempting to establish unions and rebel through aggressive means

Police Function

community shapes police function, patrol, investigation, traffic enforcement, peacemaking and Order maintenance. James Q Wilson - city - watchman, suburb - legalistic, pricy suburb -service

plea bargaining

compromise reached by the defendant, the defendant's attorney, and the prosecutor in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest in return for a reduction of the charges' severity, dismissal of some charges, further information about the offense or about others involved in it, or the prosecutor's agreement to recommend a desired sentence. Over 90% of cases are plea-bargained

Constitutional Rights and Criminal Justice (Bill of Rights)

constitutions play a central and critical role in the development of criminal law. In the US, the Constitution governs the nation. The US Constitution doesn't proscribe many behaviors, it sets out some broad values that can't be abridged by criminal law. Bill of rights - first 10 Amendments to the US Constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights and privileges to citizens

Intermediate sanctions

corrections options that are less restrictive than a normal jail or prison sentence but more restrictive than standard probation or parole. Home arrests

The Chicago School

criminological theories that rely on individuals' demographics and geographic location to explain criminal behavior. Associated with social disorganization theory - structural and cultural conditions of the neighborhood affect criminal behavior. Established by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

Punishment of the installment plan

dealing with parole violators - long term plan for management rather than integration. Parole does not work - goes against goals of reintegration by marking and managing parolees

Pains of imprisonment

deprivation of liberty - the inmate is confined to an institution and the further confined within that institution. Deprivation of goods and services - inmates do not have access to the food, entertainment, and services that free people routinely enjoy. Deprivation of heterosecual relationships - the deprivation of heterosexual activities sometimes leads to sexual deviation within the prison. Deprivation of autonomy, inmates cannot make decision about some of the most basic tasks. Deprivation of security - there are few places in the prison where one can feel secure, Inmates constantly test each other for physical or emotional weaknesses.

Federal prisons are filled with _____________

drug offenders

Sex Work

exchange of coital or sex-related activities for payment

Due Process v. Crime Control

fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. Due Process - Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. Crime Control refers to methods taken to reduce crime in an area. Pursuing crime aggressively can violate due process, there is the need for discretion to determine what offenses to arrest for.

Difference between a jail and prison

jails are a secure facility that typically holds arrestees, criminal suspects, and inmates serving sentences less than a year. Prisons are designed for long-term confinement and are run by the state for federal government, jails are run by the county sheriff.

Diversion

juveniles divert from criminal justice system, labeling theory

Prison as a deterrent

known offenders look at the short term consequences of their actions, so prisons serve as a deterrent, but not to the degree the justice system wishes

Parens Patraie

latin for father of the country. Refers to the philosophy that the government is the ultimate guardian of all children or disabled adults.

Chronic Juvenile Offender

long-term, chronic and consistent law violators. 6 percent of the juvenile delinquent population was responsible for 52 percent of all offenses. Juvenile court did little to deter them.

Twelve Angry Men

made up of 12 men as they deliberate the guilt or acquittal of a defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt.

Crime maps and dangerous cities

making geographic maps of where criminal offenses occur and were suspects and offenders live is not a particularly new technique. Technology through computers helps as well.

Prison gangs

most prisoners adopt argot roles, which are specific patterns of behavior that inmates develop in prison to adjust to the environment. Prison gangs are an issue and concern for corrections officers, without proper vigilance gangs can take partial control of any prison.

Drug Testing

officers can require probationers to submit a urine sample for drug tests

Why was there so much crime in the 1920's

organized crime, a lot of gambling, corruption on the part of the government, and youth were enticed by the gang life that was started by Al Capone

Role of Religion in a transformation

peacemaking criminology recognizes the contributions to meaningful communities and individual well-being that religion can supply and argues that the criminal justice system should be aware of the transformative power of religion

Discretion

power of a criminal justice official to make decision on issue within legal guidelines. Police discretion, Judicial discretion and discretion for the prosecutor's office/ District Attorney.

Shock probation

practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to serve a short time, and then granting them probation without their prior knowledge

Pornography and community standards

practices, acts, and/or media accepted by a given social group who share a geographic area and/or government.

Indeterminate sentencing

prison term that does not state a specific period of time to be served or date of release. Determinate sentencing - a prison term that is determined by law and states a specific period of time to be served

Philosophies of punishment

punishment is justified on the 5 goals of the criminal justice system: retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation/restoration. Retribution involves revenge, punishment - you get what you deserve, incapacitation - designed to decrease the physical capacity of the offender, selective incapacitation - high rates of false positives and false negatives, deterrence - most effective if deterrence is severe, swift and certain, rehabilitation - therapeutic communities - reflect and repent, restoration - return the situation to its previous condition

Transportation

punishment to offenders in Great Britain - to rid the mother country of petty offenders and to supply the colonies with a work force.

Pre-sentence investigation

report prepared by a probation officer to assist a judge in sentencing; also be called a pre-sentence report

Limiting Judicial Discretion

sentencing guidelines are in 25 states and in the government. Formal mechanism seek to limit judicial discretion, reduce disparities, increase uniformity, tie sentence to the crime and consider the criminal history. The impact on sentencing is impacted by urbanization, bureaucratization, court size, age of defendant, unemployment, race, crime rates and resources.

Social control and socialization

social control is the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms. Socialization is a process by which individuals acquire a personal identity and learn the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to their society. To live with other people, individuals must curb their appetites, ambitions, and desires. People who are inadequately socialized not only fail to contribute to society, but also can become so problematic that society believes they must be confined, exiled, or, in extremely rare cases eliminated. How these decisions are made is the purview of the criminal justice system

Social Structure and crime

social disorganization theory - structural and cultural conditions of the neighborhood affect criminal behavior. Strong social structure limits crime; consequently, a weak social structure leads to a lot of crime

Differential Association Theory

sociological theory developed by Edwin Sutherland that states that crime is learned.

Merton

sociologist influenced by Durkheim, came up with strain theory. Believed during times of social change, Durkheim contended that the old norms break down and people lack controls on their behavior.

Juvenile delinquency has remained ______

stable

Status Offenders

status offense - act that is considered a legal offense only when committed by a juvenile and which can be adjudicated only in a juvenile court

House Arrest

stay at home and are electronically monitored. Benefits include allowing offenders to maintain family ties, remain employed, pay taxes ,take advantage of community resources, and save the state the cost of incarceration.

Probation

suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community

Terrorist have no legal protections

terrorists are treated in a more efficient and determined way than other types of lawbreakers. They aren't subject to constitutional protections, and protections of prisoners of war. Members of the Taliban are held at Guantanamo Bay and are denied basic legal rights.

Why Prohibition ended?

the 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, prohibition led to an increase in crime - did not fulfill its goal. Actually increased domestic abuse

Classical School

the classical school of criminology argues that people freely choose to break the law. The principle of "free will" allows us to consider various courses of action, then select the one we believe is the most desireable. If we structure the criminal justice system in such a way that penalties for breaking the law are sufficiently severe, swift, and certain, then people will rationally choose not to break the law

Homicide - solving crimes and clearance rates (1960 v. 2014

the clearance rates is the total amount of crimes solved divided by the total crimes. Homicide clearance rates have decreased since the 60's. Police fail to solve 80% of index crimes and one of three violent crimes.

Emile Durkheim

the father of sociology, rejected mysticism and religion in the sciences, studied suicide, social self- man lives in the midst of shared beliefs and values. Direct pedagogy - aims to teach complexity

Crime Funnel

the funnel effect - this figure represents the pattern of how cases move through the criminal justice system. The actual number of cases varies by jurisdiction, severity, and annual occurrence. At each point along the way, cases drop out of the system. Only a small number of offenders go to prison. Offenses - Offenses known to the police - arrests - prosecutions - trial - sentencing - probation - prison- parole

Victim-precipitation theory

the idea that crime victims sometimes play an active role in initiating a crime or escalating it.

Relationship between local, state and federal agencies

the lines of authority and distinction between local, state, and federal agencies are not always clear and sometimes must be negotiated according to the politics of the case. Responsibilities are spread unevenly across different levels of government. Each state has a different configuration of political jurisdictions. State-level law enforcement functions are usually confined to specialized missions. Federal-level law enforcement functions include a wide range of agencies responsible for enforcing federal laws and assisting state and local governments.

Charles Darwin

the moral sense 1871, crime is hereditary and so is morality, when two tribes come together, competition exists, selfish people will not prevail, discipline and obedience will prevail

The 0ver-reach of the law

the overreach of the criminal law contributes toward the crime problem, creates a crime tariff. Enforcement of high morality crime takes police away from serious crime detection, crimes lack victims. Many arrests for narcotics offenses and gamblings is the greatest source of income for organized crime.

Positivist School of Criminology

the positivist school of criminology is a natural outgrowth of the scientific method, which developed during the enlightenment in the nineteenth century. By applying emerging scientific disciplines, criminologists shifted the focus of criminology away from the law and the criminal justice system and toward the offender. The question now became: What factors influence people to break the law? Even more interesting to later theorists was the possibility that social behavior is part of a biological imperative that can explain human interactions.

Police Discretion

the power conferred on criminal justice officials to use their judgement to take action in given situation. Not every law can be enforced nor every criminal arrested due to the fact that there aren't enough resources. Police have more discretion, opposite of the military

Why do police suffer from PTSD?

the threat of physical injury or death is a daily possibility, feel as though no one else can relate to them - can't turn off the cop mentality and that negatively affects family life. Also, the job is very stressful

War on terror

the war on terrorism has a clear and identifiable outside enemy, war on terrorism is political rather than social, uses military weapons, outside terrorist don;t enjoy US legal protections, terrorist believe their acts are justifiable and in many cases spiritually ordained.

Peacemaking criminology

theoretical perspective that focuses on nonviolence, social justice and reducing the suffering of both the victim and the offender.

Issues- re-intry

three major adjustments: prisonization - life in prison is lived according to rigid rules established by both the administration and the inmate social system. Weakened social ties - the world that the inmate left behind is not the same as the one her or she returns to. Stigmatization - Goffman includes imprisonment as one of the stigmas that individuals must constantly fight to overcome. The legal stigma may involve losing the right to vote, to parent, to hold public employment, to serve on a jury, to hold public office, and to possess a firearm and could mean registering as a felon

How should police control crime?

through deterrence and should think of themselves as public servants

Type of Victims

victims of violent crime, victims of hate crime, victims of financial crime, the elderly and the children.

Crime Issues of the elderly

vulnerable because they have little or no control over their caregivers and because they may not understand the nature of their victimization.

Waiver

when you charge a juvenile as an adult, mostly for murder cases

William Penn and the Great Law

wrote the Great Law established liberty of conscience, extended suffrage and limited the death penalty. Attempted to legislate a perfectly moral state. Treated Indians as humans - best relationships in the colonies. His democratic principles served as an inspiration for the Constitution. Freedom of religion in Pennsylvania brought many ethnic groups