Crime, Victimization & Public Health Midterm

What is a misdemeanor? a) A less serious crime. b) A crime that has a conviction sentence of at least one or more years in prison. c) A crime that cannot have the consequence of jail time. d) A more serious crime.

a) A less serious crime.

Of the following answers, which is the best definition of Crime? a) An action or behavior that breaches a criminal law and is open to punishment. b) An action or behavior that breaches a criminal law and may or may not be open to punishment. c) An action or behavior that is deviant and is open to punishment. d) An action or behavior that is deviant, breaches a criminal law and is open to punishment.

a) An action or behavior that breaches a criminal law and is open to punishment.

___________________________ refers to the percentage of the reported offenses for a specific crime that is cleared by an arrest of a suspect. a) Clearance Rate b) Arrest Rate c) Prosecution Rate d) Crime Rate

a) Clearance Rate

The social ecological model calls attention to the diversity of causes and potential sites for prevention activities. Similar to the causal chain, which arrays events in temporal sequence, the circles of influence model array causes according to their social proximity to targeted individuals. Of the following potential answers, which answer correctly identifies the four level of the ecological model? a) Individual, Relationship, Community, and Societal b) Biological, Psychological, Sociological, and Societal c) Psychological, Sociological, Community, and Societal d) Personal, Family, Community, and National

a) Individual, Relationship, Community, and Societal

If someone gets drunk in public, which term best suits that situation? a) Mala prohibita b) Mala in se c) Infraction d) Corporal crime

a) Mala prohibita

______________ is when a respondent (interviewee) fails to share about a victimization because he/she has forgotten about it (or blocks it out). Correct answer: a) Memory decay b) PTSD c) Location of the victimization d) Forward telescoping

a) Memory decay

_________________ separates crimes into the three categories of crimes against persons, crimes against property, and crimes against society. a) National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) b) FBI Crime Data-base System (FBICDBS) c) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) d) Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

a) National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

What landmark case overturned several other cases and made it possible for victims to share a Victim Impact Statement at sentencing? a) Payne v. Tennessee b) Michigan v. Bryant c) Maryland v. Craig d) Michigan v. King

a) Payne v. Tennessee

According to Yager, the most common reason why victims do not report crime is "I didn't think they would be able to do anything about it." a) True b) False

a) True

During a preliminary hearing, a judge will determine if there is enough evidence for probable cause for the case to proceed or for the case to be dismissed. a) True b) False

a) True

NCVS includes unreported as well as reported crimes. a) True b) False

a) True

Situational victimization is also known as environmental criminology. a) True b) False

a) True

Working a late night shift without nearby security puts someone at greater risk of becoming a crime victim, is an example of Lifestyle Exposure Theory. a) True b) False

a) True

A popular treatment for primary and secondary victims includes ... EDMR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) a) Trauma therapy b) All of the answers are popular treatments for primary and secondary victims. c) Grief counseling d) EDMR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)

b) All of the answers are popular treatments for primary and secondary victims.

What is the criteria for winning a civil lawsuit? a) By a preponderance of the facts and witness testimony b) By a preponderance of the evidence c) By unreasonable doubt d) No doubt whatsoever

b) By a preponderance of the evidence

Of the following answers, which is defined as "An act that goes against the norms of society but is not a crime because it has not broken a law. a) Sin b) Deviance c) Precursor to criminal bevavior d) Crime

b) Deviance

Arrest rate is the percentage of reported offenses for a specific crime that are cleared by the arrest of a suspect. a) True b) False

b) False

Forward projecting is when the victimization actually happened earlier then the time period under study, but the interviewee wants to include it anyway. a) True b) False

b) False

NCVS does report on murder or crimes that occur at businesses. a) True b) False

b) False

NIBRS utilizes the hierarchy rule. a) True b) False

b) False

Only after reviewing a case with a district judge can prosecutors dismiss a case completely and close the case. Incorrect answer: a) True b) False

b) False

Quaternary victims is another term for primary victims. a) True b) False

b) False

Rape is the most reported of all crimes. a) True b) False

b) False

Routine Activity Theory states that differences in victimization rates can be explained by the differences in the exposure to crime based on such demographics as age, gender, even occupation. a) True b) False

b) False

Sutherland's Lifestyle Exposure Theory has nine postulates that state criminal behavior is learned. a) True b) False

b) False

What does the expression "There's safety in numbers" mean as it applies to victimology? a) The number of victims has no relationship to whether or not someone will become a crime victim. b) Potential victims who are part of a group of two or more are less likely to become crime victims. c) None of the above. d) Potential victims who are part of a group of two or more are more likely to become crime victims.

b) Potential victims who are part of a group of two or more are less likely to become crime victims.

____________ is the actual number of victims. a) Clearance rate b) Raw number c) Incident rate d) Prevalence rate

b) Raw number

Which of the following crimes is defined as "The taking, or attempting to take, anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control, custody, or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and/ or by putting the victim in fear of immediate harm." a) Burglary b) Robbery c) Extorsion d) Larcey

b) Robbery

Which of the following theories holds that there are three factors/assumptions that need to coincide for a crime to occur: 1) a motivated offender 2) a suitable target; and 3) the absence of capable guardians? a) Ecological Model b) Routine Activity Theory c) Victim Blaming d) Lifestyle Exposure Theory

b) Routine Activity Theory

The _________________ -level encompasses the influence of broad cultural, social, and economic factors on the risk of violence and its prevention. This level of interventions are directed at characteristics of the general society, such as economic opportunity, firearm availability, or media exposure. Such interventions generally involve the concerted efforts of multiple groups to educate both the general population and policymakers about the necessityfor change. a) Relationship b) Societal c) Individual d) Community

b) Societal

______________________________ is defined as "A police report must be filed by the victim within a certain time limit for the case to be pursued." a) Time limit to pursue b) Statute of limitations c) Out of time to pursue d) Experiation of proceedings

b) Statute of limitations

_________________ states that if something bad happens, the person it happened to had to have done something to cause it. a) False Victimization b) The Just World Hypothesis c) System Blaming d) Facilitation

b) The Just World Hypothesis

At the Federal level, which of the following answers is not a gauaranteed right of victims? a) The right to protection. b) The right to have a victim advocate present at each level of the investigative and court proceedings. c) The right to financial compensation for crime-related losses. d) The right to give a victim impact statement at sentencing.

b) The right to have a victim advocate present at each level of the investigative and court proceedings.

Breaking and entering is another term for ________________. a) vandalism. b) burglary. c) robbery. d) larceny.

b) burglary.

Which of the following crimes has the definition of "To unlawfully and intentionally damage, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incendiary device." a) Destruction of Property b) Vandalism c) Arson d) Attempted Assault in the First Degree

c) Arson

"An unlawful attack by one person upon another" is the definition of what crime? a) Rape b) Larceny c) Assault offenses d) Robbery

c) Assault offenses

The ________________ -level focuses on the characteristics or settings within communities (e.g., neighborhoods, schools, churches, and workplaces) thatmay create conditions that increase or decrease the risk of violence and with which the target group has frequent contact. This level of interventions are designed to improve the attitudes, training skills, and interpersonal skills of those who work in those settings and to modify the climate of the settings themselves. a) Societal b) Individual c) Community d) Relationship

c) Community

____________________ is when someone claims to have been a victim but it never happened. For example, someone wants to collect insurance money so they claim an antique vase was stolen, but they really are hiding it. a) Facilitation b) System Blaming c) False Victimization d) The Just World Hypothesis

c) False Victimization

The ______________ level of the ecological model addresses biological and personal characteristics (e.g., gender, age, history of aggression) that may influence injury-related behaviors. This level of interventions are directed specifically toward members of the target group themselves. They often are designed to affect an individual's social and cognitive skillsand behavioral practices. Examplesinclude classroom training or mentoring. a) Community b) Societal c) Individual d) Relationship

c) Individual

Which of the following answers is defined as "Crimes that are prohibited by statute but the acts are not inherently evil." a) Infractions b) Mala in se c) Mala prohibita d) Corporal Crimes

c) Mala prohibita

The _____________ level addresses the influence that close interpersonal relationships such as those with family members, peers, caregivers, and intimate partners have on the occurrence of violence andits prevention. This level of interventions might be designed, for example, to improve parenting practices or to modify the nature of peer group interactions. a) Individual b) Societal c) Relationship d) Community

c) Relationship

Which of the following offenses is defined as "Any sexual act directed against another person, without consent of the victim including instances where the victim is incapable of giving consent." a) Assault b) Forcible Rape c) Sex offenses, Forcible d) Molestation

c) Sex offenses, Forcible

SAFE stands for ... a) Sexual Assault First responders Estimates b) Sexually Assault Form Exam c) Sexual Assault Forensic Exam d) Safety for Assault Forensic Exam

c) Sexual Assault Forensic Exam

When someone looks to society for the reasons for a crime and someone's victimization, it is referred to as ... a) the Just World Hypothesis. b) Facilitation. c) System Blaming. d) False Victimization.

c) System Blaming.

Which of the answers is defined as "Those who respond to victims of crime including law enforcement, EMT (emergency medical technicians), doctors, nurses, SAFE (Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners), and even crime victim counselors and hotline operators?" a) Secondary victim b) Quaternary victim c) Tertiary victim d) Bystander

c) Tertiary victim

Which of the following answers can be best described as "applied to those criminal homicides in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator in the crime. The role of the victim is characterized by his having been the first in the homicide drama to use physical force directed against his subsequent slayer. ...the first to show and use a deadly weapon, to strike a blow in an altercation..." a) Fault of the victim homicide b) Victim blaming homicide c) Victim precipitated homicide d) Victim initiated homicide

c) Victim precipitated homicide

Another approach to victimology whereby practitioners go into the field, studying specific crime scenes and presenting their findings in court, is known as ... a) crime-scene victimology. b) Agent Starling effect. c) forensic victimology. d) public defenders.

c) forensic victimology.

The average time to bleed out is ... a) 30 seconds b) 15 minutes c) 20 minutes d) 5 minutes

d) 5 minutes

What is a real concern in getting medical help? a) How long it takes for the ambulance to arrive b) Response time c) How long it takes for the police to arrive d) All of the answers

d) All of the answers

_______________ data is based on interviews, observations, participant observation, and case studies. a) Survey b) Quantitative c) Existing d) Qualitative

d) Qualitative

Beginning in the 1990s, a new approach to victim-offender interaction known as _______________________ started to develop as an alternative to incarceration, in addition to confinement, as well as a way to help victims heal. a) "Three hots and a cot" approach to punishment b) The doctrine of an "eye for an eye" c) Victim Impact Statements d) Restorative Justice

d) Restorative Justice

Which of the answers is defined as "Those family, friends, and even co-workers who are impacted by the crime?" a) Bystanders b) Tertiary victim c) Primary victim d) Secondary victim

d) Secondary victim

Which of the following is not a circumstance when the police can make a lawful arrest? a) The officer has probable cause to believe the person arrested committed a crime. b) The officer personally observed the crime. c) The officer has an arrest warrant issued by a judge. d) The officer has reasonable suspicion to believe the person arrested committed a crime.

d) The officer has reasonable suspicion to believe the person arrested committed a crime.

Which of the following answers is the best example of a male in se crime? a) pan handling b) public drunkeness c) jay walking d) theft

d) theft

In the 1991 decison of Payne v. Tennessee, the Supreme Court allowed victim impact statements at sentencing. In addition to this right, the Supreme Court also allowed all of the following victim rights except for which of the following? a) The right to information. b) The right to financial compensation for losses suffered because of a crime. c) The right to protection d) The right to be present and heard at criminal justice proceedings e) The right for legal representation at civil hearings/trials.

e) The right for legal representation at civil hearings/trials.