Criminal Investigation Review: Chapters 5-7

Laboratory examinations of hair evidence: -two main approaches (1) microscopic examination and comparison of the questioned hairs to the known hairs and (2) genetic marker analysis, including DNA of the follicular material when present and possible DNA analysis of the hair shaft -Unaided eye and stereoscopic (low-power) microscope examinations- general examination is for hair type, length, curl, and color; exterior surfaces of the hair is also examined -High-power microscopic examination- examined with the high-power microscope for contaminants, hair treatments, and any unusual features that may be present -Comparison microscope examinations- comparisons between the evidence hair and submitted to standards from known sources for the hair. allows examiner to make a side-by-side comparison of the questioned and standard hairs in order to note similarities and dissimilarities between the two -DNA analysis of the hair- examined for its DNA content in the root sheath, mitochondrial DNA *

*

What Laboratory examinations can reveal: -animal or human hair -body type of the hair -investigative leads -if hair matches a suspected source -if the hair does not match a suspected source -the hair comparison is inconclusive -DNA in hair *

*

Soil Evidence: -crime scene want to take soil samples standard operating procedure would be to take multiple samples form a variety of places at or around crime scene -take samples recommended to take from the top ______ inch of soil so only capturing recent soil as opposed to past soil and take _____ tbsp for each sample from 4 or 5 different areas -should also be tested for chemicals b/c it can help individualize a sample for comparative purposes -be examined macroscopic and microscopic -contaminants can make the soil unique -check soil density -want profile of soil to see minerals in it - look for pollen, insect parts, plant fragments b/c help compare it to questioned samples -soil samples should be dried completely before packaging them for storage -don't package properly - wet, plastic bag - mold, anything continues growing -any impressions in soil - _____ them (shoes, tires) normally done w/ plaster

1/4, 3, caste

Scalp Hair Standards: -collect in this order (1) pulled hairs, (2) back-combed hairs, & (3) cut (near the skin) hairs -investigator record the overall hair color, age, and any signs of hair treatment -hair samples for those who frequent location of crime or household members -Combed hair specimens: use new/plastic combs and only used for one subject and packaged with the hair sample. comb and capture items onto a paper as you comb -Pulled or cut scalp standards: should represent the entire scalp and include samples from the front, left side, right side, crown area, and back of the scalp. At least ____ to ______ hairs from each area should be submitted for a total of ______ to ______ hairs Pubic Hair Standards: -collect about _______ hairs in total by collecting about 10 hairs from the top left, top right, top center, middle left, and middle right fo the pubic region Other Body Hair Standards: -collect body hairs from the area immediately surrounding the appropriate region (at least 20-30 hairs from each area are recommended) - separate container for each area, labeling with the exact location of the collection Animal Hair Standards: -comb and pull a total of 100 hairs (head, back, tail, underbelly), collect the different colors, undercoat and topcoat

15, 20, 75, 100, 50

Paint Evidence: -______ has paint samples form every make and model from beginning to today (paint standards) -not been repainted will be a standard for paint found at crime scene -paint common form of physical evidence -burglary and hit-and-runs -paint evidence found in 3 states - intact on a object, in smears (wet paint or paint rubbed off), and chalking (old paint will dust off onto clothing) -gather sample of paint will want to take a sample using lifting ______ and lifted paint will be packaged and start the chain of custody -accidents common for paint to transfer from one vehicle to another and also common when a person or animal is struck by a vehicle that paint will transfer form the vehicle to that person -tools used to gain entrance to house/car often times paint pressed on surface that can be matched back to the crime scene -proper way to package evidence is small plastic bags for paint chips and can also use paper or packages made of paper or cardboard

FBI, tape

Latent Processing Sequence: 1) visual examination followed by laser/alternate light/ultraviolet light search 2) photographs of all patent prints and other evidence in the impressions prior to removal or tape lifting 3) processing with physical or chemical methods 4) photographs of latent prints after the development of visualization 5) sketches of the location and orientation of the latent impression on the lift card or in the investigator's notes -LPS photographs of part of scene need to be accurate b/c used again to reconstruct the crime in court rooms -wet surface need to let it _____ dry -temps above 86 degrees F can ______ prints and freezing temp items should be warmed to ______ temp before dusting for prints

air, damage, room

Notes: -genetic markers - double helix structure made up of amino acids and the pairing that are unique to the individual - unique thing is the sequencing of the _______ acids -typing DNA and compare to known or questioned samples -23 pairs of Chromosomes and total of 46 singles in the human body -genetic material is the blueprint for the unique development of each human being -down syndrome is an extra chromosome on the 21st -Sir _________ _________- developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling and used today in forensic investigations -there are genetic diseases that can be passed down -_______- Short Tandem Repeat analysis is a common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples. -need strong, clean sample of DNA if going to be useful -some tests are more reliable than others -heat DNA up enough can unravel the double helix -small amount of DNA best test is the _______ test -DNA material carries the genetic material for inheritance from one generation to the next -2 primary types are containing the presence and/or absence of cell nucleus -nuclear DNA - cells in nucleus and found in the mouth - easier to get samples of -nuclear DNA in liver and muscles cells

amino, Alec Jeffreys, STR, PCR

Arson Investigations: -primary thing trying to examine if the cause of the fire was accidental or intential -any fire creates a _______ pattern -every fire of questioned origin must be traced back to its origin (where it started) and should also check to see if an accelerant was used (gasoline, lighter fluid) -there are dogs that sniff out accelerants or a mechanical device called a sniffer -was an accelerant used to start fire or spread fire - see if artificial intervention b.c accelerant will leave behind a burn pattern -accelerants can leave signs- accelerant will heat up quickly and intensely compared to the surroundings -_______ ______ will determine how fire started - natural or accelerant -arson in outdoor as well - forests - on purpose or negligent -interview any onlookers and take pictures of them as the arsonist likes to return to the scene to see what they've done -not unusual to have multiple points of origin in the arson -have evidence want to gather using clean, empty paint cans and label the for chain of custody -airtight containers and have standards for comparative purposes in case material checking doesn't have accelerant -investigating arson chain of custody demands that the investigator includes location of gathering (photos, sketches, and notes), date, time, name suspect/victim, case #, and name of individual who gathered the evidence

burn, fire marshal

Series of Steps if want evidence suitable for court: -mark all evidence (photograph, date, time, case #, name person who submitted it) -should be delivered in sealed package w/ appropriate documentation to prove and maintain chain of custody -for any print or evidence found -can write down on a card to put in photos next to evidence with pertinent information - use in w/ and w/o scales -no traditional scale use something that has a known set of physical characteristics ($ bill) -______ prints- eliminate suspects, small kits can be kept in car or on person; just as important as finding a match to prints -still areas that use inked prints -main goal is to ______ evidence -special cases where evidence has to be treated certain way - beyond chain of custody - documents burned partially/full need to take a bunch of photographs before doing anything intrusive and want to put them in soft package that cannot be easily contaminated or squashed - sent straight to crime lab

elimination, preserve

Techniques Suitable for the Crime Scene: -Laser light, alternate lights, ultraviolet light -powder and brush -cyanoacrylate, iodine fuming, small particle reagent, ninhydrin -lights to capture prints can harm _____ -do not need an entire fingerprint to match a sample -suspects/witnesses can ask to provide prints if they are willing -need probable cause to compel someone to give prints -superglue fuming (cyanoacrylate - found in super glue) is used to get prints by heating up the superglue to a gas as it causes it to stick to a fingerprint -_______ is useful for processing wet items at the scene without prior drying -other compounds and or chemicals can be useful to develop prints -different chemicals are needed in different situations -some chemicals are also _______ - so beware (ninhydrin, iodine)

eyes, SPR, lethal

-nature of the print- surface, pressed into surface, what is it composed of -age of print- can't always figure out, tells whether or not the theory of your crime is plausible -under the right conditions fingerprints can last forever or disappear -some print technology can be hazardous - fingerprint powders, chemicals, lasers, and other high energy light sources - use respiratory masks -crime labs will have a ____ ____ which draws particles, gases, and odors out through the hood and you can work w/ items under it w/o breathing in harsh chemicals -should start w/ non-destructive methods when gathering prints then work towards the more destructive methods -______ is the #1 issue as crime scenes and certain lab items can be dangerous

fume hood, safety

Notes: -use sterile water and Q-tip to gather blood sample if evidence w/ blood can't be taken to the lab -close-up photos of fluid left behind at crime scene w/ and w/o scale -bloodstain patterns large enough size document them using a _______ pattern and catalog and document each evidence in each square -take pictures of bloodstains directly overhead and straight on -bloodstain evidence needs to be completely dried and frozen to preserve genetic material -let things dry completely before storage and put it in a breathable container - most storage containers used are paper or cardboard -collect samples from any surface w/ right techniques

grid

Biological Fluid - Stain Evidence (Blood/Semen/Saliva): -follow universal precautions when dealing w/ biological fluid (coveralls, mask, gloves, shield) -biological material is _________ -bloodstains typically found in ______ crime scene but blood can also be deposited from noncriminal means like accidents and other noncriminal human interactions -can find bloodstains at homicides, sexual assaults, hit-and-runs, burglary, and robbery -main thing doing w/ biological stain evidence to eliminate suspect or est. a particular person is related to a specific crime -bloodstain patterns that can help us determine whether a crime or something else occured -2 primary things w/ bloodstain evidence: 1) determine pattern bloodstain - flow, castoff, and 2) gather evidence to est. generic marker typing -blood behaves consistently so fairly easy to recreate how a blood pattern was created -get samples for DNA testing; different DNA testing methods and a national database that can be for comparative purposes -gathering evidence for bloodstain patterns etc. take extra precaution just in case that the DNA is from the perpetrator

hazardous, violent

Precautions for evidence hairs: -package individual hairs in an ______ container -do not package _____ evidence -place exhibits only on a clean, paper-covered flat surface -______ each evidence container with Standard Identification Data (submitter's initials, case number, item number, source, and date) - document the chain of custody Collection at the scene: -Hairs visible and firmly attached to an inanimate object: photograph the hairs in place, leave hair intact on the object, diagram and note the exact location and the # of hair on object, package it, label it -Hairs visible but not firmly attached to an inanimate object: photograph, sketch and note the location of hairs and amount, carefully remove the hairs, package them, label it -Hairs Possibly transferred to the clothing of a victim or suspect: make sure clothing is dry and separated, draw diagram, label -Fingernail Scrapings/Clippings: scrapings from suspect and victim, label -Tape Lifting of dead bodies: photograph, collect with post-it or tape, secure them -Hairs w/ possible roots adhering to the hair shaft: air-dry specimens and package them properly in paper -Vacuuming for Trace Evidence: evidence vacuums w/ filtered collection chambers, collect any evidence you can see before

individual, wet, label

Chapter 5 Vocab: -______ ______- an impression of the friction ridges of the fingers, palms, soles of the feet, or bottom surface of the toes made by the application of fingerprint ink to the friction ridge surface and by applying the inked surface to a fingerprint card or other card -______ ______- a fingerprint, palm, toe, or foot sole impression not readily visible, made by contact of the hands or feet with a surface and resulting in the transfer of materials from the skin to the surface -_______ ______- a fingerprint (or other object) impression readibly visible to the naked eye -_______ ______- a high-energy light of a pure wavelength that evokes luminescence in certain objects or chemicals, which is used to visualize latent fingerprints, semen, and other biological fluids, fibers, and other trace materials -_______ ______ _______- a high-intensity light with filters of specific light wavelengths for use as an alternative to a laser light, used for visualization of certain types of evidence (physiological fluids, fingerprints, fibers, etc.) -___________- emission of electromagnetic radiation, especially visible light, resulting from the absorption of incident radiation and persisting only as long as the stimulating radiation is continued -__________- superglue (also referred to as CA), the vapors of which react with latent fingerprints to form a white substance that can then be photographed and/or treated with chemicals that form a compound that is visualized with laser or alternate light source -______ ______ _______- a suspension of molybdenum sulfide grains in a detergent solutions; used primarily to develop latent fingerprints on wet surfaces

inked fingerprint, latent prints, patent prints, laser light, alternate light source, fluorescence, cyanoacrylate, small particle reagent

Fingerprint Evidence: -there are three types of fingerprints and impressions: inked fingerprints, latent prints, and patent prints -________- not visible to the naked eye, need to dust for fingerprints to find them (powder is usually black) -_______- visible at crime scene - blood, oil -_______- book them and use ink -fingerprints not taken for all crimes but can be extremely valuable in most cases -use hinge-lifters -fingerprint is a collection of oil, sweat, and dirt (some contaminants) different types of fingerprints based on friction ridges and each is unique to one ________: tented arch, loop, plain arch, central pocket loop, plain whorl, double loop -fingerprints ______ change over time but can be altered

latent, patent, ink, individual, can't

3 Common Methods for Investigator and/or Technician: -water-soluble components, water-insoluble components, special conditions (print in blood) -use universal precautions like PPE -certain types of crime you need full hazmat suit -main goal to get prints to be examined and tied to crime -use adequate ________ for visual examination, everything photographed -types of surfaces and contaminants can render a print useless -today can get prints on ______ different surfaces b/c our methods are better and evolving -prints not the final say in who is responsible for a crime - until you match print is is presumptive not conclusive evidence -# of different reagents that can help enhance prints (ninhydrin react w/ chemicals so that is why it is a reagent) (reagent = reactions) -very difficult to get prints off of a body but one can use multiple methods to see if they can -want to submit prints as evidence for crime or evidence that suggests that there was no crime

lighting, multiple

Significant Features of Hair: -hair color; two pigments in hair that gives it it's color ________ (brown) and _______ (red) -white hair has no ________ -can look at hair length and degree of curl to help determine whether it could be related to a particular person -degree of darkness v. lightness and or hair has been colored -hair grows at a particular rate and can be predicted -hair follicle is the root hair grows from -3 phases of growth of hair are anagen (hair follicle actively produces the hair shaft and extrudes it through the skin), catagen (transitional phase leading the third phase, telogen (hair stops growing and rests until it falls from the skin or is pushed out by its replacement hair shaft) -cuticle through microscope looks like _______; can look at the scale pattern and can tell if hair was cut, broken, or pulled; scales help determine if animal or human hair -cortex has pigments and appear as small individual cells that will reflect the color of hair -medulla is filled w/ ______, human hair medulla fairly small but on animals it is bigger

melanin, tricosidern, pigment, scales, air

Hair Evidence: -animal and human hair, human hairs occur frequently from the scalp and pubic area, hairs consist of three layers (cuticle, cortex, medulla) -through _________ DNA (traced from mother's side and occurs in greatest abundance of all DNA in the cell) can test hair w/ much greater accuracy than past -hair can contain ________ long after death; can withstand severe conditions, some environments can maintain hair quality -core on outside hair shaft acts as lay to resist environmental degradation (cuticle) -hair withstands decomp more than any part of the body -mitochondrial DNA is in hair shaft -before mitochondrial DNA examination the only way to trace DNA in hair was if you had an an intact hair root attached to the hair; hair root is only going to be present if hair was pulled and hairs that shed do not normally have a root as the hair has died

mitochondrial, evidence

Chapter 5 Vocab: -______ ________- results from the removal of surface material by contact of the friction ridges with the material -_______ _____- how long the print has been on a surface -______ _______- the materials that comprise the latent impression; deposit is usually made up of either water-soluble or water-insoluble -_______ ______- a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin. Such glands are found over most of the body, and have a simple coiled tubular structure -_______- 1 type of sweat glands; sweat glands in the skin (including the friction ridge surfaces) secrete a large amount of water that contains many of the water-soluble components of the deposit (amino acids, urea, sodium chloride, and others) -_______- 1 type of sweat glands; sweat glands are found in the armpits, groin, and nipples and rarely contribute to the latent deposit -_______ ______- used to find fingerprints on smooth, nonporous surfaces such as glass, paint, glossy plastics, and other polished surfaces can usually be developed with this -______ ______- oldest technique for visualizing latent fingerprints, but is still used by crime scene investigators. solid crystals but heated to gas to capture late print which is temporary and then must be photographed or will lose it after fuming ends -_______ _______- inked fingerprints of those individuals who may have contributed to latent fingerprints at the scene

negative impression, print age, print deposit, sweat gland, eccrine, apocrine, latent powders, iodine fuming

-types of surfaces will determine what methods to employ to gather prints -traditional is powder and brush but the problem is sometimes users do not know how to brush correctly or use too much powder which leads to over dusting -cyanoacrylate- fuming in a tank, fuming wand, fumes toxic and shouldn't use in an environment where you cannot control (wind, poor ventilation) -most common way of fuming is fuming chamber -small particle reagents- used in special situations where there is a lot of moisture and will bind to items at the scene and don't have to dry them first -_______- a SPR and should only be used in well ventilated areas and can be used on paper, cardboard, and raw wood; it is a poison

ninhydrin

Chapter 5 Vocab: -________- a chemical used to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces -_______- a chemical (1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one) used in place of or in conjunction with ninhydrin to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces, such as paper or cardboard -_________ _______- surfaces that do not absorb the components of a letent fingerprint impression, such as glass -_______ _______- surfaces that will absorb the components of a latent fingerprint -_______ ______- a dye that reacts with bloody impressions such as fingerprints or footwear impressions to produce visible prints that can then be photographed -_______ ________ ______- articles such as disposable gloves, masks, and eye protection that serve to provide a barrier to keep biological or chemical hazards from contacting the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and to avoid contamination of the scene with materials from the investigation -_______- a derivative of benzidine, a chemical in presumptive blood tests. Benzidine was found to be extremely powerful carcinogen, and has been replaced by several other screening tests, including tetramethylbenzidine -_______ _______ _______- patent print; resulting from a transfer of a contaminant material on the skin surface (such as blood, grease, stains, etc.) to the surface receiving the patent impression

ninhydrin, DFO, nonabsorbent surfaces, absorbent surfaces, Amido Black, personal protective equipment, TMB, positive transfer impression

Fingerprint Evidence: -photograph everything before, during, and after the prints are lifted -want photographs taken directly ________ the print so no distortion -need to maintain chain of custody w/ images and need to label prints at the scene -AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) more often than not fingerprints won't be in this system -elements in the environment can destroy a fingerprint (wind, water) -ridge characteristics of fingerprints are ending ridge, short ridge, dot, spur, bridge, Island (eye), bifurcation (fork), double bifurcation, and trifurcation -can also be no identifiable features of a fingerprint -contaminants are common within fingerprints -often times methods for capturing fingerprints destroy the print once it has been done

overhead

Types of Patent Prints: -________ transfer impression- contaminants on fingers on the surface of an object like oil, grease, or blood -________ impressions- results from the removal of surface material by contact of the friction ridges with the material -________ fingerprints- results from contact of the skin surface with a soft substance such as clay, fresh paint, and the like, where the friction ridges are impressed into the surface, creating a negative impression of the ridge formations -compare a known print to a suspect print -extra care needs to be taken when gathering/capturing print -surface the print is deposited on will dictate the methods that can be employed to gather and preserve it and will determine if we can get a print and if it'll be identifiable and may not be able to use traditional/common methods

positive, negative, plastic

Chapter 7 Vocab: -_______ _______- after death (post = after, mortem = death), individuals who have died -_______- acronym for polymerase chain reaction, a method for multiplying the amount of DNA in a biological stain sample, the preliminary procedure in most DNA typing methods -________- acronym for Combined DNA Index System, a DNA database -_______- term used to describe the male ejaculate, which consists of secretions from a number of glands (prostate, Cowper's, seminal vesicle, urethral) and the spermatozoa from the testes -_______- refers to the lack of sperm in a person's semen -___-______ _______- a protein manufactured and secreted by the prostate gland, not found in any other human gland or secretion; found in small amounts in the blood of men and in elevated concentration in meant with prostate cancer; the protein that is the basis for the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test for men. identification of this protein in a stain is considered proof of the presence of semen -________ _______- swabs of cheeks of mouth interior -______ _______ collecting buccal swabs, bloodstains, and saliva stains -_______ _______- surfaces that are porous, and therefore may absorb the components of a latent fingerprint impression

postmortem subjects, PCR, CODIS, semen, aspermic, P-30 protein, buccal swabs, swab box, porous surfaces

Chapter 6 Vocab: -_______ ________- the measurement of the speed of light through an object, compared to the speed of light through air -________- the number or amount of a substance per unit of area of volume (e.g. darker shades of hair are primarily due to the higher density of hair pigment) -________ _______ ________- evidence produced when an object is separated in some fashion whereby the laboratory analyst can match the fracture surfaces of the separated components jigsaw-puzzle style -_________ ________- the percentages of each of the identified minerals in a soil sample -________- term for a liquid that readily evaporates, as in volatile flammable used to ignite an arson fire -________ _______- a flammable liquid added to an area where an arsonist intends to start a fire, also referred to as an "accelerant," although some added flammable merely help to start the fire, but not accelerate its spread (e.g. wadded newspapers) -______ _______- the three elements necessary for fire (oxygen, fuel, and heat) represented as a triangle -______ ________- the geometric representation of the four elements of a fire (the fourth, the chemical reaction that sustains the fire) has been added to the original fire triangle, so that a 3D drawing can depict the four elements -_______ _______- subsequent transfer of trace evidence from the place to which it was transferred to in its primary transfer to another place of thing (victim fiber's to attacker to chair)

refractive index, density, physical matching evidence, mineralogical profile, volatile, added flammable, fire triangle, fire tetrahedron, secondary transfer

Notes: -Examples of cells w/o a nucleus are blood cells, epidermis, and cells in fingernails and toenails -DNA is in blood, semen, throw up, saliva -need to gather stuff correctly to avoid contaminates -cross-contamination of samples are a real ______ -take extreme precautions when gathering evidence that will be tested for DNA -must be able to show chain of custody of that evidence of it can be thrown out in court -document evidence before, while, and after it has been gathered -gathering evidence follow structured operating system -liquid sample should be put in the fridge and not frozen except for blood -biological evidence should be transported to the crime lab as soon as possible -photograph in ______ -tests that are presumptive are not conclusive and not sufficient to make a direct accusation -________ ______- test used on a bloodstain to see if it is of human origin -need to find blood that has been cleaned up use luminol and causes the blood to glow and can photos of it, careful b/c it can destroy samples

risk, color, Hematrace test

Fiber Evidence: -can be textile fibers (fibers used to make cloth), carpet fibers, or fibers used in rope and cordage manufacture -classify fibers either natural fibers or synthetic fibers -look at dyes to distinguish source Occurrence of fiber evidence: -happens in crimes in which there is contact between an assailant and a victim -Locard's Transfer Principle -primary or secondary transfer -Laboratory examinations of fiber evidence: -questioned fibers compared to known or standard fibers Collection of Fiber Evidence: -hard to find ______ fibers; need to be aware Fibers on Immovable Objects: -use fiber lifting tape to lift the fibers -visible fibers should be photographed, then sketched w/ location, add to notes and evidence list, package correctly Fibers on Garments: -collect entire garment, stains make sure air-dried

single

Glass Evidence: -comparisons to glass samples: matches can be made at macroscopic ad as helpful as microscopic -damage (cracks, holes) can help w/ investigation - glass intact around hole can tell looking at the hole in glass which direction it came from and sequence of shots -crack in glass and somebody shoots through glass, the cracks from the bullet won't pass over existing cracks (can tell sequence of bullets this way) -holes in glass side it went in is _____ hole and the side it goes out has a ______ hole -Conchoidal cracks - circular cracks around bullet hole -glass can be matched up like a puzzle -common window glass referred to as soda lime glass -specialty glasses - optical glass; can break glass down into compounds for a variety of tests and help accept/reject working hypothesis -decorator glass (colorful), thermal glass (boron added to this) microwave or oven, thicker glass, thinner glass

small, big

Glass Evidence: -fracture edge matches like jigsaw puzzle match -physical match need large samples -found at violent crime scenes and elements of violent crime - burglary, robbery, sexual assault, hit-and-run, homicides -tend to get glass on them when break it, suspects clothing taken and examined for it -done utilizing standard investigative procedure and same thing can be true for each sample including establishing a chain of custody -often times tell direction of force, series of impacts, physical properties -want to gather ________ of broken glass and compare to any question glass to it -accident investigations glass is _______ -glass tends to behave the same way in how it cracks and scatters when you consider the force that created the broken glass

standards, common

Chapter 6 Vocab: -_______ ______- evidence of a microscopic nature or for which the primary examinations consist of microscopic and/or instrumental methods (e.g. air, fibers, paint, soil, glass fragments, and gunshot residues) -________ ______- evidence such as hairs, fibers, and blood that are transferred from victim to suspect, suspect to victim, from either to the scene, or from the scene to either. Also called "contact evidence," "linkage evidence," or "associative evidence" -_________ ______- the material that contains all the genetic material in an organism; DNA in the mitochondria, small bodies within the cell) -________- the active growing phase of a hair (cf. catagen and telogen) -________- the transitional phase of hair between active growth (anagen) and the terminal resting phase (telogen) -________- the terminal growth phase of a hair prior to its falling from the skin -________- the outer layer of the hair, consisting of overlapping scales -_______- the middle layer of hair that contains the pigments that give the hair its color -________- the central;; canal-like layer of the hair -_____ _________- sample of hair obtained from the scalp or pubic region from an individual for use in a comparison with evidence hairs; consists of hairs that are pulled, combed, cut, or a combination of these -________ _______- fiber produced chemically

trace evidence, transfer evidence, mitochondrial DNA, anagen, catagen, telogen, cuticle, cortex, medulla, synthetic fibers

______ Evidence: -evidence of a microscopic nature or for which the primary examinations consist of microscopic and/or instrumental methods (e.g. air, fibers, paint, soil, glass fragments, and gunshot residues) -evidence that requires extra/different examination than common; can't let method destroy evidence -where Locard's theory of transfer comes into play -multiple techniques that can be used to gather and document trace evidence; need _______ -w/ this trying to match w/ someone or someplace -using technology many forms of evidence can be enhanced and documented

trace, standards

Chapter 7 Vocab: -________ _______- term that requires that all biological materials must be treated as though contaminated with pathogens such as HIV or hepatitis B and that requires the wearing of personal protective equipment -_____ _______ __________- the explanation by an expert of how a bloodstain pattern was produced, after documentation of the pattern characteristics, and analysis of the physical characteristics of the stain components by the expert -________ _______ _______- substances that are the product of an individual's DNA (e.g. manufactured in the body's cells under instructions from the DNA) and that can be typed (e.g. blood types such as ABO, Rh factor); the DNA itself or certain segments of the DNA -_______- acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains all the genetic material in an organism, may be nuclear DNA (DNA in the cell nucleus) or mitochondrial DNA (DNA in the mitochondria, small bodies within the cell) -_________ ________- DNA in the cell nucleaus -__________ _______- a test that is used to screen for a suspected substance; nonconfirmatory test; screening test. a positive test raises the presumption that the material in question is present -_______________- a persistent emission of light following exposure to and removal of incident radiation; organically generated light emission (bioluminescence); compare fluorescence -________-_________- the unwanted transfer of material between two or more items of physical evidence

universal precautions, bloodstain pattern interpretation, genetic marker typing, DNA, nuclear DNA, presumptive test, phosphorescence, cross-contamination