Criminal Justice 101

Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of an intermediate sanction? Shock incarceration Intensive probation 30 days in jail House arrest with electronic monitoring

30 days in jail

Approximately what percentage of states use grand juries as part of the pretrial process? 100% 20% 50% 30%

50%

Which of the following is a just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders? Retribution Deterrence Rehabilitation Restoration

A

Which of the following sentencing goals is closely associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye"? Retribution Incapacitation Deterrence Rehabilitation

A

_______ deterrence seeks to reduce the likelihood of recidivism by convicted offenders. Specific Primary General Focused

A

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions. deliberate indifference recklessness wanton infliction criminality

A Deliberate Indifference

Which of the following is TRUE of the ILP era? A. It is still evolving and involves efforts to deal with threats to the homeland. B. It is characterized by close ties between police and public officials. C. It began around 1930 and lasted until the 1970s. D. It stresses the service role of police officers.

A It is still evolving and involves efforts to deal with threats to the homeland.

Which local law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail? A. Sheriff B. Precinct captain C. Police chief D. Prosecutor

A Sheriff

The legalistic style of policing ________. A. enforces the letter of the law B. seeks to legalize controversial forms of deviant behavior C. is marked by the order-maintenance function of the police D. requires police action in disruptive situations even if no law is broken

A enforces the letter of the law

The Constitution prohibits the enactment of ________ laws, which make acts committed before the laws in question were passed punishable as crimes. A. ex post facto B. actus reus C. stare decisis D. corpus delicti

A ex post facto

Which among the following examples is the lowest-level of police corruption? A. Playing favorites B. Property crimes C. Violent crimes D. Denial of civil rights

A. Playing favorites

Which of the following is NOT one of the most frequent violations for which revocation occurs? Armed robbery Failure to report to a probation or parole office Failure to participate in a stipulated treatment program Alcohol or drug abuse while under supervision

Armed robbery

Court-appointed defense attorneys, whose fees are paid at a set rate by local or state government, are also called ________. assigned counsel public counsel opposing counsel private counsel

Assigned Counsel

Which of the following is NOT a function of a probation or parole officer's work? Supervision of clients Assistance to prosecutors by conducting arrests and investigations Needs assessment and diagnosis Intake procedures

Assistance to prosecutors by conducting arrests and investigations

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served? Leniency of the parole board Inmate's behavior while incarcerated Pressure from politicians Leniency of the judge

B

Which of the following is NOT a right under the Crime Victims' Rights Act to the victims of federal crimes? The right to be reasonably protected from the accused The right to appeal any state or federal grant of clemency The right to confer with the federal prosecutor handling the case The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay

B

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of fines? Fines can be collected by existing criminal justice agencies and are relatively inexpensive to administer. The impact of a fine depends on the ability of the sentenced person to pay. Fines can promote rehabilitation by enforcing economic responsibility Fines can be made proportionate to both the severity of the offense and the ability of the offender to pay.

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of contemporary sentencing? Incapacitation Mitigation Restoration Rehabilitation

B

Of the women entering prisons, about ________ have at least one child younger than age 18. 56% 70% 85% 25%

B 70%

What is the best way to describe police subculture? A. Groups of deviant officers who mask their illegal activity B. A particular set of values characteristic of the police C. The borrowing of norms and behaviors by officers from society D. The characteristics that officers bring to the job

B A particular set of values characteristic of the police

Which type of law refers to the body of regulations that the government creates to control the activities of industries, businesses, and individuals? A. Procedural law B. Administrative law C. Criminal law D. Case law

B Administrative Law

Why doesn't police response time result in a significant number of arrests? A. Police departments do not train officers well. B. Citizens do not report the event to the police until a considerable amount of time passes. C. Police officers do not drive fast enough to get to the crime scene. D. There are not enough police officers on the street to respond to all calls.

B Citizens do not report the event to the police until a considerable amount of time passes.

The ________ is the type of prisoner who thinks of prison as home and feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets. gangbanger colonizer opportunist retreatist

B Colonizer

Which of the following is NOT a cause of prison riots? Insensitive prison administration Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates Regulation of inmate society Dehumanizing prison conditions

B Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates

Which part of the law specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law? A. Administrative law B. Procedural law C. Civil law D. Common law

B Procedural Law

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial? A. Fifth Amendment B. Sixth Amendment C. Fourth Amendment D. Eighth Amendment

B Sixth Amendment

Which of the following is typically NOT a function of a sheriff's department? A. To serve court papers B. To appoint a local coroner C. To provide law enforcement throughout a county or area between municipalities D.To maintain and manage county jails

B To appoint a local coroner

Which model of criminal justice assumes that the efforts of the component parts of the system are fragmented, leading to a criminal justice nonsystem? A. Due-process model B. Conflict model C. Crime-control model D. Consensus model

B conflict model

The American criminal justice process begins with ________. A. arraignment B. investigation C. warrant D. indictment

B investigation

The political era of American policing was characterized by ________. A. police officers running for political office B. police serving the interests of politicians C. politicians funding police research D. police, citizens, and politicians developing a close working relationship

B police serving the interests of politicians

Which of the following advocates would support the interests of society over those of an individual? A. Consensus model advocates B. Public-order advocates C. Individual-rights advocates D. Due-process advocate

B public-order advocates

The principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations is called ________. A. mens rea B. stare decisis C. actus reus D. corpus delicti

B stare decisis

________ is the collection and analysis of information to produce an intelligence end product designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels. A. Bivens action B. Intelligence-led policing C. Police ethics D. Criminal intelligence

B. Intelligence-led policing

What is the meaning of the term grass eater as a form of police corruption? A. Officers who solicit bribes through threat or intimidation B. Officers who accept small bribes and minor services from citizens C. Officers who seek illicit moneymaking opportunities D. Officers who serve as informers for the commission

B. Officers who accept small bribes and minor services from citizens

The research reported in Enhancing Police Integrity, published by the Department of Justice, found that ________ is (are) important in shaping the ethics of police officers. A. set work-hour standards B. an agency's culture of integrity C. media and human relations skills D. hand-to-hand tactics

B. an agency's culture of integrity

________ refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research. A. Consensus model B. Evidence-based practice C. Social control D. Social justice

B. evidence-based practice

One purpose of ________ is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial. arraignment plea bail adjudication

Bail

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing? Quasi-independent sentencing Contemporary sentencing Determinate sentencing Indeterminate sentencing

C

Which of the following refers to the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime? Rehabilitation Retribution Incapacitation Deterrence

C

Which the following is the primary sentencing tool of the just deserts model? Fine Restitution Imprisonment Probation

C

In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes described the pains of imprisonment, or the ________ that prisoners experience. importations illnesses deprivations victimizations

C Deprivations

Which of the following is an excuse defense? A. Necessity B. Consent C. Duress D. Double jeopardy

C Duress

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation by the Task Force on the Female Offender to address the problems of imprisoned women? Literacy programs should form the basis on which other programs are built. Female inmates need to acquire greater literacy skills. Female offenders should be housed in buildings with male inmates. Substance-abuse programs should be available to female inmates.

C Female offenders should be housed in buildings with male inmates

Which of the following advocates would support the protection of personal freedoms and civil rights? A. Public-order advocates B. Crime-control advocates C. Individual-rights advocates D. States'-rights advocates

C Individual-rights advocates

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________. adaptation administration prisonization neutralization

C Prisonization

Which agency would NOT be encompassed by the term local police? A. Municipal department B. Sheriff's department C. State police D. Campus police

C State police

Which word describes aggressive men who assume the masculine role in homosexual relations in male prisons? Chester Fag Wolf Punk

C Wolf

Which model emphasizes individual rights? A. Conflict model B. Consensus model C. Due-process model D. Crime-control model

C due-process model

A person's reason for committing a crime is a(n) ________. A. negligence B. concurrence C. motive D. causation

C motive

Which type of a defense is used when a defense attorney claims that the defendant's actions were necessary to ensure his or her safety? A. Consent B. Alibi C. Self-defense D. Entrapment

C self-defense

Which of the following is NOT part of the "Police Use-of-Force Continuum"? A. Officer presence B. Verbal commands C. Calculus of reasonableness D. Hard techniques

C. Calculus of reasonableness

Which of the following is NOT a type of juror challenge? Challenges for knowledge Peremptory challenges Challenges to the array Challenges for cause

Challenges for knowledge

Who creates a record of all that occurs during the trial? Bailiff Court reporter Clerk of court Court administrator

Court reporter

The Sentencing Project says that ________ American citizens across the nation are barred from voting because of previous felony convictions. 390,000 11.7 million 1.2 million 3.9 million

D 3.8 Million

What strategy is designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the application of scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques? A. Supervised patrol B. Analytical patrol C. Centralized patrol D. Directed patrol

D Directed patrol

Which of the following elements of crime means "guilty mind"? A. Stare decisis B. Actus reus C. Corpus delicti D. Mens rea

D Mens Rea

Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are NOT well controlled by traditional methods? A. Community policing B. Team policing C. Problem-solving policing D. Strategic policing

D Strategic policing

An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a ________ institution. correctional regimented juvenile total

D Total

One purpose of ________ is to provide an opportunity for bail. A. an arrest B. the preliminary hearing C. an indictment D. a first appearance

D a first appearance

Which model assumes that the system's subcomponents work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice? A. Conflict model B. Crime-control model C. Due-process model D. Consensus model

D consensus model

________ is the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders. A. Due process B. Criminal justice C. Psychology D. Criminology

D criminology

Which of the following is NOT an element of crime? A. Culpable mental state B. Criminal act C. Concurrence of act and intent D. Motive for the crime

D motive for the crime

________ describes a society that is home to a multitude of different cultures. A. Polygamy B. Postmodernism C. Professionalism D. Multiculturalism

D multiculturalism

According to the Status of Women in Policing Survey, about what percentage of women fill all sworn law enforcement positions nationwide? A. 25 B. 62 C. 50 D. 13

D. 13

Which of the following is NOT an element of the federal deadly force policy? A. Defense of life B. Fleeing subject C. Warning shot D. Racial bias

D. Racial bias

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of educated police officers? A. Wiser use of discretion B. Fewer citizen complaints C. Better written reports D. Reduced sensitivity to racial issues

D. Reduced sensitivity to racial issues

Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases specified the conditions under which deadly force could be used to apprehend a suspected felon? A. Hunter v. Bryant B. Saucier v. Katz C. Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Agents D. Tennessee v. Garner

D. Tennessee v. Garner

A recent study by the FBI found that most slain officers ________. A. were not laid back or easy going B. were not friendly to everyone C. were more likely to use physical force than most officers D. were good-natured and well liked by the department

D. were good-natured and well liked by the department

________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle. Construction Design Operational Rated

Design

What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"? Custodial supervision Intense supervision Close supervision Direct supervision

Direct supervision

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that probation officers may search a probationer's residence without a search warrant? Morrissey v. Brewer Mempa v. Rhay Griffin v. Wisconsin Escoe v. Zerbst

Griffin v. Wisconsin

Which Supreme Court case held that new evidence of innocence is no reason to order a new state trial when constitutional grounds are lacking? Marbury v. Madison McNabb v. U.S. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes Herrera v. Collins

Herrera v. Collins

What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States? Split probation House arrest Shock probation Intensive probation supervision

Intensive probation supervision

Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire? Maximum-security Medium-security Minimum-security Supermax-security

Medium-security

As state court systems developed, which of the following court models was copied by most states? Federal Reorganization Act of 1801 Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 Magistrate's Act of 1968 New York State Field Code of 1848

New York State Field Code of 1848

Which of the following is NOT an alternative to bail? Third-party custody Conditional release Release on recognizance Nolo contendere

Nolo contendere

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states? One or more open-type institutions for low-risk, nonviolent inmates One high-security prison for long-term high-risk offenders One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like One institution for adult women

One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like

Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy? Parole Restitution Probation Community service

Parole

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States? House arrest Imprisonment Probation Shock incarceration

Probation

Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral against pretrial flight. What type of bail did he post? Deposit bail Property bond Signature bond Unsecured bond

Property Bond

Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts? Design capacity Rated capacity Prison capacity Operational capacity

Rated capacity

Which of the following intermediate sanctions exposes offenders to a highly regimented environment involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor? Shock incarceration Intensive probation Shock probation Mixed sentencing

Shock incarceration

Which of the following is NOT a general condition for probations? Remain within the jurisdiction of the court Maintain employment Possess no firearms Surrender the driver's license

Surrender the driver's license

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the U.S. Supreme Court? The U.S. Supreme Court wields immense power. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest federal court. The U.S. Supreme Court justices serve for eight years. The U.S. Supreme Court consists of nine justices.

The U.S. Supreme Court justices serve for eight years.

Who is responsible for summoning members of the public for jury duty and subpoenaing witnesses for the prosecution and the defense? The bailiff The clerk of court The court administrator The court recorder

The clerk of court

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the role of the judge in the courtroom work group? The judge holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law. If a guilty verdict has been returned, the judge is responsible for imposing a sentence. The primary duty of a judge is to ensure justice. The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant.

The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant.

Which of the following is NOT a dimension that can be used to measure prison crowding? The length of confinement of inmates in cells The prison's fiscal budget The space available per inmate Living arrangements (i.e., single vs. double bunking)

The prison's fiscal budget

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a bailiff? To cross-examine witnesses To announce the judge's entry into the courtroom To ensure order in the courtroom To prevent the escape of the accused

To cross-examine witnesses

What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing? To help ensure reappearance of the accused To give the defendant the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for detention To allow the defendant to enter a plea To once again inform the defendant of the specific charges against him or her

To give the defendant the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for detention

On appeal, when a trial court of general jurisdiction offers a new trial instead of the review of the lower court's decision, it is giving a ________. jury trial adversarial trial trial de novo constitutional trial

Trial de novo

Which of the following represents the order of the steps in a criminal trial? Trial initiation, jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judge's charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict Jury selection, trial initiation, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judge's charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict Opening statements, jury selection, presentation of evidence, trial initiation, closing arguments, the judge's charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict The judge's charge to the jury, jury selection, opening statements, trial initiation, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, jury deliberations, the verdict

Trial initiation, jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judge's charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict

High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________. federal correctional institutions U.S. penitentiaries honor type camps federal prison camps

U.S. penitentiaries

The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________. handle certain matters relating to individuals declared mentally incompetent test the credibility and the memory of the witness charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense serve as a judge of probate to oversee wills and the administration of estates

charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

Most states use a(n) ________ system to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors. design-capacity classification random direct-supervision

classification

Most people sentenced to federal prisons have been convicted of ________ crimes. white-collar violent property drug

drug

One study suggests that some prosecutors have an inherent tendency to be lenient toward ________ defendants but discriminate against ________ defendants when deciding whether to prosecute. minority; female female; minority minority; male male; female

female; minority

The largest growth group in jails nationwide is ________. males females minorities juveniles

females

All of the following discretionary decisions are always inappropriate, EXCEPT ________. deciding not to prosecute friends or political cronies overzealously prosecuting a case to seek heightened visibility following a state bar version of the ABA rules reducing charges in exchange for personal considerations

following a state bar version of the ABA rules

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearm, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. binding general special specific

general

A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________. arraignment assessment enforcement indictment

indictment