Criminal Justice 203-Exam 2 (6-8)

Which strategic model of policing emphasizes applying policies fairly such that the public believes in the legitimacy of the police department as an institution in its community? a. differential response b. the procedural justice model c. evidence-based policing d. intelligence-led policing

b. the procedural justice model

______ involves a scientific method of discovery to support an informed decision-making process. a. Hot-spot policing b. Problem-oriented policing c. Evidence-based policing d. Intelligence-led policing

c. Evidence-based policing

______ focuses on reducing crime by reducing crime opportunities and increasing risk to the offenders. a. Differential response policing b. Hot-spot policing c. Situational crime prevention d. Directed patrol

c. Situational crime prevention

Hard performance measures can be expressed as all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. numbers b. rates c. attitudes d. ratios

c. attitudes

Which of the following refers to the process of hiring more nonofficers within police agencies? a. areal specialization b. police-community reciprocity c. civilianization d. reorientation of patrol

c. civilianization

Which of the following is considered to be an important segment of the pulling levels policing approach? a. training b. education c. communication d. diversity

c. communication

Investigations are typically carried out by ______. a. patrol officers b. dispatch personnel c. detectives d. police chiefs

c. detectives

Which of the following is regarded by the authors of your text as "one of the most promising police strategies"? a. broken windows policing b. directed patrol c. problem-oriented policing d. community-oriented policing

c. problem-oriented policing

Police patrol staffing has three performance areas that include all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. crime reduction b. visibility c. professionalism d. political accountability

c. professionalism

______ means evaluating the selected response to determine its effectiveness. a. Analysis b. Scanning c. Response d. Assessment

d. Assessment

______ involves rejecting the idea of dispatching each request for assistance or service in the order the call is received. a. Evidence-based policing b. Direct patrol policing c. Hot-spot policing d. Differential response policing

d. Differential response policing

CompStat originated in ______. a. California b. Ohio c. Texas d. New York

d. New York

______ refers to a "genuine feeling" on the part of the police that the public they serve has something to contribute to policing. a. Hot-spot policing b. Areal decentralization of command c. Reciprocity d. Police-community reciprocity

d. Police-community reciprocity

Which of the following would NOT be described as a "soft measure" of officer performance? a. citizen satisfaction with the officer b. problem-solving skills of the officer c. order-maintenance skills of the officer d. the number of field reports written

d. the number of field reports written

Directed patrol with targeted deterrence strategies would focus patrol officers on all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. specific behaviors b. individuals c. places d. times

d. times

Saturation patrol increases police ______. a. transparency b. accountability c. loyalty d. visibility

d. visibility

A reexamination from data collected in a 1991 study reported that approximately ______ of a police officer's shift is unassigned time. a. 47% b. 33% c. 50% d. 67%

a. 47%

______ means answering who, what, where, when, how, and why questions. a. Analysis b. Scanning c. Response d. Assessment

a. Analysis

Which of the following mantras would best represent the us-versus-them mentality held by the police in terms of how they view the public?v a. Don't tell anyone more than they have to know. b. Quid pro quo at every opportunity. c. Protect the community above all else. d. The more police administrators and precincts involved, the better.

a. Don't tell anyone more than they have to know.

______ involve geographic areas with clusters of criminal offenses occurring within a specific interval of time. a. Hot spots b. Crackdowns c. Crime maps d. Stop and frisks

a. Hot spots

______ is a useful strategy that can help law enforcement agencies better prepare for and prevent serious violent crime and acts of terror by taking advantage of the partnerships built through COP. a. ILP b. POP c. CAPS d. INOP

a. ILP

Which of the following is true about mounted patrol? a. It was estimated in the Chicago Police Department that one mounted police officer has the effect of 10-20 police officers on foot. b. With the increasing use of bicycles, mounted patrols are also increasing. c. Mounted patrols are not involved in crime prevention, community interaction, and crowd control. d. Mounted patrols are effective only in areas where citizens are used to seeing horses.

a. It was estimated in the Chicago Police Department that one mounted police officer has the effect of 10-20 police officers on foot.

______ policing is associated with production as measured in arrests and tickets written. a. Legalistic b. Watchman c. Service d. Executive

a. Legalistic

A symbolic assailant is a term that refers to_______. a. an officer viewing all contacts with citizens as potentially dangerous b. a person who commits a crime as a symbol of his or her own political beliefs c. an officer viewing contacts with citizens as initially safe until other evidence to the contrary shows itself d. an offender who is covered in tattoos

a. an officer viewing all contacts with citizens as potentially dangerous

Deeply held beliefs that guide the behaviors of an organization are known as organizational ______. a. assumptions b. attitudes c. mantras d. traditions

a. assumptions

Intelligence-led policing focuses on ______. a. serious crime offenders and recidivists b. nonviolent offenders and serious crime offenders c. recidivists and probationers d. parolees and probationers

a. serious crime offenders and recidivists

The ______ style of policing values higher education. a. service b. watchman c. legalistic d. realistic

a. service

Which organizational style of policing appears to represent the current trend? a. service b. watchman c. legalistic d. realistic

a. service

Determining the motivation of the criminal act, eliminating the reward, and focusing on the opportunity for misconduct and not the individual offender is an example of ______. a. situational crime prevention b. intelligence-led policing c. evidence-based policing d. crime prevention through environmental design

a. situational crime prevention

The emphasis on ______ is one of the main features that distinguishes problem-oriented policing from community-oriented policing. a. strategy b. solving c. implementation d. application

a. strategy

A study conducted on the Internal Affairs Division of the Houston Police Department cited that more than 50% of complaint investigations were initiated by internal officers as opposed to the general public. This suggests that ______. a. the blue wall or code of silence is not as prevalent as the media portray it to be b. the general public does not care about officer misconduct c. officers should adopt a "lay low" attitude to cope with organizational stress d. police officers generally have a distrust of human behavior and motives, even among their peers

a. the blue wall or code of silence is not as prevalent as the media portray it to be

All of the following govern the way police officers approach their job EXCEPT for ______. a. union regulations b. local ordinances c. state statutes, court decisions, and mandates d. federal statutes, court decisions, and mandates

a. union regulations

Traditional police agencies tend to be characterized by which of the following? a. unionization b. partnerships c. professionalism d. service orientations

a. unionization

______ are concerned with the enforcement of laws versus protection of individual rights. a. Optimists b. Enforcers c. Realists d. Idealists

b. Enforcers

Which of the following statements regarding community-oriented policing is true? a. It is cosmetic. b. It must involve the entire department. c. It is soft on crime. d. It is antitechnology.

b. It must involve the entire department.

Which of the following cities was noted in the text for having the worst citizen-to-officer ratios in the country? a. Detroit, MI b. New York, NY c. Los Angeles, CA d. Tampa, FL

b. New York, NY

Some police agencies appoint a ______ to represent the agency in all contacts with the media. a. FTO b. PIO c. PTO d. director of media relations

b. PIO

______ focuses on addressing some police-community issues through unique approaches or thinking outside the box. a. Problem-oriented policing b. Solution-oriented policing c. Community-oriented policing d. Crime-fighting-oriented policing

b. Solution-oriented policing

An officer is equipped with a uniform, a firearm, a Taser, handcuffs, a radio, and access to backup officers as needed to ensure that his or her ______ is unmistakable. a. presence b. authority c. location d. jurisdiction

b. authority

Fighting against minor indicators of neighborhood decay and disorder, such as graffiti and litter, are strategies of those who buy in to which theory? a. graffiti b. broken windows c. litter d. conspiracy

b. broken windows

The inability to find a way to relieve stress may lead to ______. a. shift changes b. burnout c. rank changes d. lateral movement within the force

b. burnout

Although ______ can help officers maintain control in combative situations, it can have a negative effect on an officer's professional performance. a. prejudice b. desensitization c. stress d. cynicism

b. desensitization

Which of the following is a primary predictor of stress in employees? a. work assignment b. management/leadership styles c. pay rate d. turnover rate

b. management/leadership styles

According to broken windows theorists, police should direct their focus to ______. a. the basic police functions b. order maintenance c. criminological theory d. physical skills and agility

b. order maintenance

Which of the following would NOT be considered a stressor that selectively interacts with an officer's life? a. social isolation stressors b. organizational stressors c. philosophical stressors d. individual stressors

b. organizational stressors

The ______ style of policing involves the principal function as order maintenance rather than law enforcement in cases that do not involve serious crime. a. legalistic b. watchman c. service d. executive

b. watchman

Zero tolerance policing was adopted in the ______. a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s

c. 1980s

Crisis Intervention Training (CIT) is an approach that gives officers ______ hours of specialized training on de-escalation techniques and education on mental illness. a. 15 b. 25 c. 40 d. 55

c. 40

In 2013, ______ of municipal police departments had a mission statement that includes community policing. a. 25% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90%

c. 70%

Reactive policing is also known as ______ policing. a. targeted b. hot spot c. 911 d. grassroots

c. 911

The musty smell characteristic of a station house, the rigid feel of dress blues, and the sound of bagpipes playing at an officer's funeral are all notable ______ of police culture. a. souvenirs b. highlights c. artifacts d. memories

c. artifacts

Which term is used to describe the control an officer is expected to exert over his or her emotions while in the public view? a. game face b. mean mug c. courtroom face d. poker face

c. courtroom face

What is one method used by the San Jose Police Department to deal with stress attributed to dealing with critical incidents? a. traumatic incident response team b. independent police review authority c. critical incident stress debriefing team d. citizen oversight board

c. critical incident stress debriefing team

The police ______ can be described as having bravery, autonomy, and secrecy. a. element b. ethereal c. ethos d. epiphany

c. ethos

In most cases, officers are influenced by formal organizational structures and expressed organizational values and also by ______. a. the worst criminals in society b. victims who become revictimized through the criminal justice system c. expectations of other police officers that are passed along through the organizational structure d. politicians, attorneys, and judges

c. expectations of other police officers that are passed along through the organizational structure

If you were a police officer and learned that you lacked sufficient college education to be eligible to take the captain's exam, this would be categorized as a(n) ______ stressor. a. performance b. individual c. external d. internal

c. external

Which of the following traits would NOT be associated with police cynicism? a. contempt b. distrust c. humility d. suspiciousness

c. humility

For police, increasing contact with ______ under positive circumstances could help alleviate stress. a. their immediate supervisor b. service animals c. law-abiding citizens d. incarcerated individuals

c. law-abiding citizens

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the police subculture known as the blue wall? a. shared beliefs regarding world views b. protective nature toward other officers c. openness to public inquiries regarding fellow officers' conduct d. social isolation from non-police members of society

c. openness to public inquiries regarding fellow officers' conduct

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation by the International Association of the Chiefs of Police for reducing the risk of suicide among police officers? a. invest in agency-wide training in mental health awareness and stress management b. recruit and hire resilient officers who have a proven commitment to public service and stress management skills c. take a vote on what the standardized protocol should be for how police suicides should be handled d. begin mental wellness training at the academy and continue the training throughout officers' careers

c. take a vote on what the standardized protocol should be for how police suicides should be handled

Which of the following is NOT a category of stressors that is known to affect police officers? a. internal b. external c. team d. individual

c. team

The concept of problem-oriented policing originated in ______. a. 1956 b. 1964 c. 1971 d. 1979

d. 1979

______ is perhaps one of the most significant and urgent reasons to address job stress. a. The harmful police subculture b. Work-life balance c. Police misconduct d. Police officer suicide

d. Police officer suicide

Which of the following describes the best unilateral formula that departments should implement to assist their officers with job-related stress reduction? a. suggested group therapy among officers working the same shifts in the same departments b. mandatory biannual psychological evaluations c. mandatory monthly counseling for officers d. There is no exact formula for stress reduction for every single individual.

d. There is no exact formula for stress reduction for every single individual.

An officer's definition of a suspicious person may be rooted in which of the following? a. appearance of person b. time and place c. demeanor d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is considered a source of police stress? a. task demands b. interpersonal demands c. physical demands d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following social changes within police departments brings new challenges to police subculture? a. generational changes b. increased diversity c. technological advances d. all of these

d. all of these

Police recruits quickly learn police jargon, how to address superiors, how to communicate on the radio, and a writing style for police reports. These are all examples of police ______. a. blue wall of silence b. culture c. subculture d. artifacts

d. artifacts

Which of the following would NOT be associated with the "six normative orders" within policing? a. machismo b. competence c. morality d. brevity

d. brevity

All of the following are considered new sources of stress EXCEPT for ______. a. reduced salary raises b. loss of morale due to layoffs c. increased scrutiny by the media d. hiring less educated managers

d. hiring less educated managers

Which of the following is generally regarded as the most important reason to implement programs to help officers address job-related stress? a. officer-involved shootings b. terrorism threats c. mass casualty events d. officer suicide

d. officer suicide

Which of the following would NOT be considered an artifact of policing? a. handcuffs b. jargon c. uniform d. posttraumatic stress disorder

d. posttraumatic stress disorder

Police officers have a tendency to generalize the public into one of three types. Which of the following is NOT one of those types? a. suspicious persons b. a$$holes c. know-nothings d. public nuisances

d. public nuisances

Which stage of cynicism is the most accepting of the flawed system and most notably passive and detached? a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three d. stage four

d. stage four

If you were a captain, which of the following scenes that your officers could respond to would give you the greatest concern for risk of suicide? a. mass casualty b. domestic dispute c. traffic accident with a fatality d. suicide of another officer

d. suicide of another officer

An officer who routinely patrols the same streets just in time for the city street sweeping ordinances to go into effect so that she can write an excessive number of parking tickets might be categorized as which of the four working personalities of police officers? a. an enforcer b. an idealist c. a realist d. an optimist

a. an enforcer

Approaches that are ______ appear to be much more promising in crime prevention. a. place based b. reactive c. individual based d. general

a. place based

Which of the following become the basic unit of police work with POP? a. problems b. crimes c. calls d. incidents

a. problems

A ______ is an officer who does not take advantage of the full time allocated for a given task. a. rate buster b. grass eater c. symbolic assailant d. meat eater

a. rate buster

One lesson rarely taught in the academy but learned very quickly by new officers is that members of the community often ______ their assistance. a. resent b. reciprocate c. remember d. embrace

a. resent

Police spend the least amount of time on which of the following? a. serious crime b. taking statements c. attending court d. traffic

a. serious crime

Often the single most important determinant of whether a case will be solved is ______. a. the information a victim provides to the responding officer b. the evidence at the crime scene c. the interrogation of suspects d. the retrieval of stolen property

a. the information a victim provides to the responding officer

Community policing is NOT directed solely at addressing problems that cannot be addressed by ______. a. traditional policing methods b. saturated patrol c. aggressive patrol d. crime mapping

a. traditional policing methods

Which of the following makes women officers in particular much more susceptible to police suicide than male police officers? a. working in a male-dominated organization b. cynicism associated with the police culture c. often being the first officer to report to the scene of a suicide d. role conflict between what is expected of them and what is feasible to accomplish

a. working in a male-dominated organization

Which term refers to the protective, supportive, and shared attitudes, values, understandings, and views of the world associated with the police society? a. blue street b. blue wall c. blue line d. wall of silence

b. blue wall

Which of the following is true regarding the expectations of persons who marry a police officer? a. They must be police officers themselves. b. They are expected to adhere to the norms of the subculture. c. They must not be police officers themselves. d. There are no expectations regarding persons who marry a police officer.

b. They are expected to adhere to the norms of the subculture

Directed patrol works with ______ strategies to help saturate high crime areas. a. rehabilitative b. deterrence c. incapacitation d. restorative

b. deterrence

What enables police to decide when to enforce the law and when to allow infractions to go without consequence? a. deterrence b. discretion c. deviance d. detriment

b. discretion

The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment revealed that ______. a. police response times were much lower in areas where preventive patrol was increased b. citizen satisfaction was much higher in areas where preventive patrol was increased c. officers spent an enormous amount of time waiting for a call for service d. citizens reported feeling less fearful of crime in areas where preventive patrol was increased

c. officers spent an enormous amount of time waiting for a call for service

Problem-oriented policing involves the use of four problem-solving stages, also known as the SARA model. What does the acronym stand for? a. scanning, analysis, response, allocate b. searching, analysis, research, assess c. scanning, assessing, researching, arriving d. scanning, analysis, response, assessment

d. scanning, analysis, response, assessment

Research can be categorized according to all of the following dimensions of crime prevention EXCEPT for ______. a. the nature of the target b. the extent to which the strategy is proactive or practice c. the specificity or generality of the strategy d. the character of the police officers

d. the character of the police officers

Which of the following would be an example of a hard measure of officer performance? a. citizen satisfaction with the officer b. problem-solving skills of the officer c. order-maintenance skills of the officer d. the number of field reports written

d. the number of field reports written

Which individual is responsible for working with a new police officer during the officer's initial time out on the street? a. shift sergeant b. field training officer c. lieutenant d. captain

b. field training officer

Research has revealed that ______ can have a meaningful effect on crime without simply displacing it to nearby areas. It involves locating geographic areas in which there are clusters of criminal activities and focusing on that particular area. a. third-party policing b. hot-spot policing c. differential response policing d. crime prevention through environmental design

b. hot-spot policing

At the end of working four consecutive 12-hour shifts with very few calls for service, an officer may find herself in a state of ______. a. hyperstress b. hypostress c. insomnia d. none of these

b. hypostress

The ______ involves little more than an educated guess and is often based on tradition, such as personnel numbers from previous years. a. comparative approach b. intuitive approach c. workload analysis approach d. side-by-side approach

b. intuitive approach

In the legalistic style of policing, administrators prefer ______. a. lower-class officers with low levels of education b. middle-class officers with high school educations c. middle-class officers with higher education experience d. upper-class officers with graduate degrees

b. middle-class officers with high school educations

Which of the following contributes to the subculture that stresses bravery, which is ultimately related to the perceived as well as actual dangers of policing? a. lack of breaks between the rash of calls and assignments b. potential for becoming a victim of a violent encounter c. need for praise from other officers d. legitimate use of technology to accomplish the police mandate

b. potential for becoming a victim of a violent encounter

All of the following are considered basic functions of police EXCEPT for ______. a. order maintenance b. public relations c. crime prevention d. law enforcement

b. public relations

A major issue with many community-oriented policing programs is that they are merely deploying officers in neighborhoods on foot patrol, as opposed to incorporating the philosophy of community policing into the initiative. Thus, these departments embrace the ______ but do not employ the practice of community policing. a. mandate b. rhetoric c. policy d. law

b. rhetoric

______ refers to identifying the problem in terms of time, location, and behavior. a. analysis b. scanning c. response d. assessment

b. scanning

Which of the following strategies focuses on the fact that some community-police issues are best addressed through the development of unique approaches or thinking outside the box. a. creative policing b. solution-oriented policing c. rabbit-out-of-a-hat policing d. pulling levers policing

b. solution-oriented policing

A physical attack intended to rectify what police interpret as a personal insult is also known as ______. a. vigilantism b. street justice c. revenge d. training

b. street justice

If you are an officer in a department and your senior officer has assigned you to patrol an area where several abandoned houses are frequently used for illicit activity, you are being sent to which of the following? a. A war zone b. A neighborhood watch c. A hot spot d. A storefront office

c. A hot spot

______ refers to an increase in the number of police targeted toward a particular crime (but not necessarily a particular area). When this type of strategy is implemented, evidence suggests that immediate crime prevention benefits are likely. a. Hot-spot policing b. Directed patrol c. Crackdown d. Saturated patrol

c. Crackdown

Which of the following scenarios would be best suited for mounted patrol? a. Preventive patrol along a lakeshore running path b. Crowd surveillance across a densely populated park area full of music festival attendees that spans several acres c. Crowd management through a closed city street which houses several bars during a festival weekend d. Assisting gate security at a motor speedway

c. Crowd management through a closed city street which houses several bars during a festival weekend

______ is a conceptual framework and an information-gathering process that builds on the major developments in the last two decades of the 20th century, including COP and POP. a. Situational crime prevention b. Differential response policing c. Intelligence-led policing d. Alternative policing strategy

c. Intelligence-led policing

______ describes the police maintaining the status quo by using interventions with short-term effects to keep society stable and functioning by acceptable rules. a. Law enforcement b. Performance measures c. Order maintenance d. Preventive patrol

c. Order maintenance

______ involves moving from car to foot patrol to increase police interaction with other citizens. a. Hot-spot policing b. Areal decentralization of command c. Reorientation of patrol d. Police-community reciprocity

c. Reorientation of patrol

______ refers to the development of alternative problem-solving approaches and the selection of those most appropriate. a. Analysis b. Scanning c. Response d. Assessment

c. Response

Which of the following statements is true of soft measures? a. They are quantitative. b. They are expressed numerically. c. They are difficult to assess. d. They are based on inputs.

c. They are difficult to assess.

The workload analysis approach to determining the number of patrol officers needed in a jurisdiction includes all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. documenting the total amount of patrol workload that occurs b. determining how many patrol officers are needed on different days of the week c. determining how many cars, bikes, motorcycles, and dogs will be efficient d. determining how many patrol officers are needed at different times of the day

c. determining how many cars, bikes, motorcycles, and dogs will be efficient

Which of the following was identified as a near future challenge for police departments? a. police militarization b. technological change c. local and transnational criminal behavior d. shifts in the practice of community policing

c. local and transnational criminal behavior

CompStat is composed of all of the following principles EXCEPT for ______. a. effective strategies b. relentless follow-up and assessment c. quick intelligence d. specific objectives

c. quick intelligence

All of the following were identified as goals of investigations EXCEPT for ______. a. identifying the suspect b. locating the suspect c. sentencing the suspect d. arresting the suspect

c. sentencing the suspect

All of the following were identified as duties and responsibilities associated with an investigation EXCEPT for ______. a. interrogating suspects b. testifying c. submitting parole recommendations d. searching the crime scene

c. submitting parole recommendations

A police officer sees two people walking in a quiet, residential neighborhood at 3 a.m. Which of the following terms describes how the police officer may view the pair? a. symbolic assailants b. potential fatalities c. organizational assumptions d. symbolic offenders

a. symbolic assailants

Which major national event became a model for police departments to follow in times of crisis in keeping the public informed directly via social media without the intervention of media outlets? a. the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 b. the Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, Florida, in June 2016 c. the shooting at the Las Vegas Harvest music festival in October 2017 d. the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in February 2018

a. the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013

According to the National Institute of Justice (2009), "episodes where police engage in excessive use of force" have been ______. a. well publicized in the media b. overreported by witnesses c. mostly fictitious d. none of these

a. well publicized in the media

______ refers to the establishment of substations, mini-stations, and other attempts to increase interaction between police officers and the public they serve in a particular geographic area. a. Hot-spot policing b. Areal decentralization of command c. Reciprocity d. Civilianization

b. Areal decentralization of command

Which of the following best articulates the mantra perpetuated by the police subculture regarding how to handle job-related stress? a. Take care of yourself so that you can take better care of others. b. Real police officers can handle their own problems without the need for shrinks. c. That's what partners are for. d. That's what spouses are for.

b. Real police officers can handle their own problems without the need for shrinks.

Most agree that reducing opportunities and increasing risk center around five major strategies. Which of the following is one of the strategies? a. Create optional excuses for committing the crime. b. Reduce the reward derived from the crime. c. Increase the provocation. d. Increase the manpower of police agencies.

b. Reduce the reward derived from the crime.

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between DNA technology and television shows such as CSI? a. CSI viewers often hold unrealistic expectations of the ability to convict criminals based on scientific evidence alone. b. The advent of television shows such as CSI could be attributed to the increased use of crime lab analysis of evidence from crime scenes. c. DNA is approximately half as likely as fingerprints to result in the identification of a suspect. d. all of these

b. The advent of television shows such as CSI could be attributed to the increased use of crime lab analysis of evidence from crime scenes.

Which of the following is true about the police culture? a. The police culture isn't viewed negatively. b. The organizational culture can have many positive effects and actually reduce anxiety. c. Regardless of the blue wall of silence, police officers are always held accountable for misconduct. d. Most people disagree that the organizational culture of a police department affects the behavior of the officers.

b. The organizational culture can have many positive effects and actually reduce anxiety.

The police subculture creates a set of truths officers are expected to subscribe to. Which of the following is one of them? a. Patrol work is for those who are smart enough to realize its advantages and not transfer to more stressful assignments. b. The police are the only real crime fighters. c. Policing your own colleagues counts more than anything else. d. It is possible to win the war on crime without bending the rules.

b. The police are the only real crime fighters.

Which of the following would NOT describe police subculture? a. shared values, attitudes, and norms created within the occupational and organizational environment of policing b. a framework of acceptable behaviors for police officers that dictates how to interact with the public c. a set of informal norms based on tradition and passed on generation to generation, that influence police behavior and the perception of the public by the police d. behaviors that are understood to be acceptable and sanctioned within the brotherhood of fellow police

b. a framework of acceptable behaviors for police officers that dictates how to interact with the public

Third-party policing is most often used in areas that are known for ______. a. prostitution b. drugs c. arson d. thefts

b. drugs

______ are crimes that the police officer actually observes while on patrol. a. On-view crimes b. Off-view crimes c. Unreported crimes d. Reported crimes

a. On-view crimes

Which of the following statements is true of the watchman style of policing? a. Police officers are encouraged to follow the path of least resistance in carrying out their daily duties. b. Police officers are encouraged to handle commonplace situations as if they were matters of law enforcement. c. Police officers frequently issue traffic tickets and are under pressure to produce arrests and tickets. d. Police officers are required to intervene frequently, but not formally.

a. Police officers are encouraged to follow the path of least resistance in carrying out their daily duties.

Which innovative approach to policing involves concentrating more attention on the relatively small number of chronic offenders who commit a disproportionate amount of crime? a. Pulling levers policing b. Broken windows policing c. Evidence-based policing d. CompStat policing

a. Pulling levers policing

Which of the following is NOT a rationalization for police involvement in the lives of the homeless? a. They are human. b. They are a danger to themselves. c. They create an appearance of community neglect. d. They have a negative impact on businesses.

a. They are human.

______ policing is associated with enforcing the letter of the law and using little to no discretion in considering situational or contextual elements in infractions of the law. a. Zero tolerance b. Community c. Targeted d. Grassroots

a. Zero tolerance

Officers assigned to ______ shifts experience lower amounts of stress, according to research presented in the text. a. day b. rotating c. graveyard d. evening

a. day

Which term is used to refer to a police officer's ability to withstand interaction with an aggressive and/or combative person and not physically engage unless it becomes necessary to restrain the person? a. desensitization b. devaluation c. degradation d. destabilization

a. desensitization

Which of the following is the leading cause of death among officers? a. firearms-related incidents b. traffic-related incidents c. drug-related incidents d. hostage situations

a. firearms-related incidents

The term given for what happens to an officer who experiences an extreme amount of stress for an exceedingly long time is ______. a. general adaptation syndrome b. generalized depressive disorder c. major depressive disorder d. anxiety

a. general adaptation syndrome

Culture consists of all but which of the following? a. hierarchy b. expectations c. assumptions d. beliefs

a. hierarchy

Which would most likely be experienced by an officer working the night shift in a sparsely populated rural suburb? a. hypostress b. hyperstress c. role conflict d. role ambiguity

a. hypostress

Ordinances govern police operations at the ______ level. a. municipal b. state c. federal d. tribal

a. municipal

______ involves schools, banks, businesses, housing, and so on being constructed in such a way that potential offenders are discouraged from targeting them as a result of the materials employed, the use of open spaces and lighting, the location of the buildings, and a variety of other factors. a. ICS b. POP c. COP d. CPTED

d. CPTED

Which of the following statements pertaining to community-oriented policing is NOT true? a. It is a philosophy based on the belief that law-abiding citizens should have input with respect to policing, provided they are willing to participate in and support the effort. b. Community policing is an organizational strategy that requires all police personnel (civilian and sworn) to explore ways to turn the philosophy into practice. c. Police departments that implement community policing must develop community-policing officers (CPOs) to act as links between the police and community residents. d. Community policing is reactive and is intended to help improve the quality of life for those who are most vulnerable, such as the poor, the elderly, and the homeless.

d. Community policing is reactive and is intended to help improve the quality of life for those who are most vulnerable, such as the poor, the elderly, and the homeless.

______ is a possible approach to crime prevention in which a geographic area is saturated with enforcement activities for all crimes, not just for specific crimes. a. Differential response policing b. Third-party policing c. Pulling levers policing d. Directed patrol

d. Directed patrol

Which of the following is true about foot patrol? a. Foot patrol does not work well where there are large concentrations of citizens on foot. b. Directed foot patrol is the least popular form of foot patrol. c. It is effective only when used in collaboration with mounted officers. d. It was the original form of patrol.

d. It was the original form of patrol.

Critics of broken windows policing have argued that it leads to all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. mass stop-and-frisks b. repeated arrests of minor misdemeanants c. mass searches of housing projects d. a decrease in violent crime

d. a decrease in violent crime

In the two decades leading up to the 21st century, the police have changed to ______. a. a more closed community b. an incident-driven community c. a reactive bureaucracy d. a quality-oriented partnership with the community

d. a quality-oriented partnership with the community

Which theory of policing suggests that a reduction in minor crimes will lead to a reduction in violent crimes? This approach suggests that order maintenance can be a major factor in crime control. a. evidence-based policing b. pulling levers policing c. saturated patrol d. broken windows policing

d. broken windows policing

There are a variety of ways to determine the appropriate number of police officers needed in any jurisdiction. Which approach involves comparing one or more cities using the ratio of police to population? a. workload analysis b. similarities approach c. side-by-side approach d. comparative approach

d. comparative approach

A community service officer (CSO) is a component of which type of response strategy? a. directed patrol b. crackdown c. situational crime prevention d. differential response

d. differential response

James Q. Wilson identified all of the following types of policing EXCEPT for ______. a. legalistic b. watchman c. service d. executive

d. executive

The watchman style of policing is common in departments with ______. a. high-level educational requirements b. relatively low wages c. considerable on-the-job training d. few formal policies

d. few formal policies

Patrol officers' responsibilities in large municipal police departments include all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. traffic enforcement b. narcotics investigation c. dispatching d. forensics

d. forensics

Which of the following police personality types would be most likely to support body cameras worn by all police officers? a. optimist b. enforcer c. realist d. idealist

d. idealist

All of the following were identified as police functions that are common in police agencies EXCEPT for ______. a. preservation of public peace b. prevention of crime c. detection and arrest of those breaking the law d. making judicial decisions regarding cases

d. making judicial decisions regarding cases

Which police operational style depicts officers as more service oriented and valuing individual rights? a. enforcer b. idealist c. realist d. optimist

d. optimist

In community-oriented policing, patrol officers become all of the following EXCEPT for ______. a. liaisons b. ombudsmen c. problem solvers d. political mobilizers

d. political mobilizers