Criminal Justice Ch. 10-13

Which of the following statements is true of probation? A. A violation of court-mandated conditions of probation may possibly lead to probation revocation. B. Probation always involves incarceration followed by a supervised community reentry program. C. Federal judges are currently prohibited from ordering probation. D. Probation is the least common form of criminal sentencing.

A. A violation of court-mandated conditions of probation may possibly lead to probation revocation.

____________ for juveniles are fact-finding processes during which a juvenile court decides whether there is sufficient evidence of a law violation. A. Adjudicatory hearings B. Transfer hearings C. Detention hearings D. Preliminary hearings

A. Adjudicatory hearings

Which of the following cases, if true, would be an example of civil death? A. An offender serving her sentence was not allowed to marry because she was a prisoner. B. An offender was prohibited from publishing newsletters for use by other inmates. C. An offender who is mentally ill was forcibly treated with psychoactive drugs. D. An offender's cell was searched without a warrant or prior announcement.

A. An offender serving her sentence was not allowed to marry because she was a prisoner.

Jim is a 15-year-old juvenile offender who has been charged with a number of offenses, including breaking and entering and rape. Which of the following sentences will he most likely receive? A. He will be instructed to undergo psychological counseling to work on his behavioral deviations. B. He will be sentenced to 10 years in prison, which would allow him to be released when he is 25 years old. C. He will be given capital punishment. D. He will be confined with other rapists, regardless of age.

A. He will be instructed to undergo psychological counseling to work on his behavioral deviations.

The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) _____________. A. disposition B. petition C. writ of certiorari D. adjudication

B. petition

Sasha, arrested for drinking and driving, pleads guilty in court. After hearing her case, the judge orders her to abide by certain conditions, such as abstaining from alcohol, maintaining employment, and remaining within the jurisdiction. Sasha also agrees to attend a program that targets individuals for alcohol-related problems. She will have to report to an officer once a month who will supervise her progress. This is an example of _____________. A. parole B. probation C. curfew D. split sentencing

B. probation

Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are _____________. A. juvenile delinquents B. status offenders C. dependent children D. neglected children

B. status offenders

Why are geriatric offenders a growing concern for correctional authorities? A. Prisons are not equipped to deal with the medical needs of aging offenders. B. A majority of aging prisoners pose a serious threat when they reenter the society. C. Geriatric offenders are more likely to have had histories of high-risk behavior. D. Geriatric offenders are often more violent than younger offenders.

A. Prisons are not equipped to deal with the medical needs of aging offenders.

Which of the following statements is true of juvenile proceedings? A. They focus on delinquency and a special category of status offenses. B. They allow comprehensive rights against unreasonable searches of person, home, and possessions. C. They require authorities to maintain a public record of trial and judgement. D. They require the arrest of a delinquent and a subsequent public trial.

A. They focus on delinquency and a special category of status offenses.

The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition is called a(n) ______________ hearing. A. adjudicatory B. transfer C. dispositional D. intake

A. adjudicatory

The federal Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 requires states accepting federal funds for their juvenile justice systems to agree to separate juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners by "sight and sound" and to ______________. A. deinstitutionalize status offenders B. abandon the doctrine of parens patriae C. establish teen courts D. grant juveniles the right to trial by jury

A. deinstitutionalize status offenders

In the context of the categories of children in the juvenile justice system, a child who violates the criminal law is called a(n) ____________. A. delinquent child B. neglected child C. undisciplined child D. dependent child

A. delinquent child

Karen, a nine-year-old, is caught stealing from a retail store. The store owners let her go after her parents promise to discipline her. In this scenario, Karen is categorized as a(n) ____________. A. delinquent child B. dependent child C. status offender D. abused child

A. delinquent child

The juvenile justice system of the mid-twenty-first century may be quite different from that of the past as ______________. A. it embraces methods that provide the best results for both public safety and young offenders B. the juvenile court, in general, is predicted to become more punitive in nature C. it is expected to incorporate harsher sentencing strategies, even for nonviolent juvenile offenders D. a shift in sentencing practices may require juveniles to be imprisoned in adult facilities

A. it embraces methods that provide the best results for both public safety and young offenders

A shift in juvenile justice policies away from the criminalization of juveniles and back toward the original principles of the juvenile court, is supported by the finding that _____________. A. there are significant differences in developing adolescent brains from those of adults B. retributive practices have no impact on juvenile behavior C. juveniles are more prone to drug use and therefore are in more need of treatment D. delinquents are subjected to higher rates of family dysfunction than adults

A. there are significant differences in developing adolescent brains from those of adults

Who among the following is most likely to be tried in the juvenile system? A. Cathy is accused of murdering her aunt. Her attorney demands a trial by jury. B. Ben is accused of theft. The judge ensures that trial transcripts are not created. C. Vivian is accused of stealing her friend's jewelry. Her trial extends over four weeks. D. Janet is accused of robbery. The judge decides to conduct her trial in an open court.

B. Ben is accused of theft. The judge ensures that trial transcripts are not created.

A reading of the Supreme Court's decision in New Jersey v. T.L.O. leads to the conclusion that a school employee's search of a student could be considered reasonable if it does all of the following, EXCEPT which? A. It is required to maintain order, discipline, and safety among students. B. It is preceded by a Miranda warning. C. It does not exceed the scope of the original suspicion. D. It is based on a logical suspicion of rule-breaking actions.

B. It is preceded by a Miranda warning.

Which of the following statements best describes the results delivered by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974? A. Juveniles can claim minimal due-process requirements during a juvenile trial. B. Juveniles cannot be held in institutions where they might come into regular contact with adult prisoners. C. Juveniles are allowed the basic rights and privileges afforded to adult criminals. D. Juveniles are exempted from being sentenced to capital punishment.

B. Juveniles cannot be held in institutions where they might come into regular contact with adult prisoners.

Before the 1960s, the United States followed a policy of nonintervention with regard to prison management. Which of the following policies did the U.S. government advocate? A. Selective incapacitation B. The hands-off doctrine C. The nothing-works doctrine D. Civil death

B. The hands-off doctrine

Most states consider a child who is forced into delinquent behavior to be a(n) ______________ child. A. dependent B. abused C. undisciplined D. neglected

B. abused

The youngest offenders are known as ____________. A. undisciplined children B. child delinquents C. abused children D. status offenders

B. child delinquents

The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ____________. A. adjudication B. intake C. the disposition D. the arraignment

B. intake

A child who has not been receiving the proper level of physical or psychological care from his or her parents or guardians is a(n) _____________. A. dependent child B. neglected child C. delinquent child D. undisciplined child

B. neglected child

Which of the following cases restricted the conditioned under which transfers from juvenile to adult court may occur? A. Miller v. Alabama (2012) B. Graham v. Florida (2010) C. Breed v. Jones (1975) D. In re Gault (1967)

C. Breed v. Jones (1975)

The 1967 Arizona case that granted juveniles many of the due-process protections enjoyed by adults, including the right to counsel, was ____________. A. Roper v. Simmons B. In re Winship C. In re Gault D. Breed v. Jones

C. In re Gault

Which of the following statements is true of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act? A. It established the determination of guilt or innocence as the primary duty of juvenile court judges. B. It necessitated a strict adherence to the due-process requirements of adult prosecutions in cases involving juveniles. C. It created a juvenile court, separate in form and function from adult criminal courts. D. It applied the term criminal young adjudicated offenders.

C. It created a juvenile court, separate in form and function from adult criminal courts.

Who among the following belongs to the category of a status offender? A. Treesa, a ten-year-old, who attacks her school teacher. B. Merlin, an eleven-year-old, who is accused of shoplifting. C. Willy, a twelve-year-old, who fears that his mother would punish him for losing money and runs away from home. D. Kevin, a ten-year-old, who commits a murder and flees from his house.

C. Willy, a twelve-year-old, who fears that his mother would punish him for losing money and runs away from home.

In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ___________ in adult court. A. verdict B. warrant C. criminal complaint D. waiver

C. criminal complaint

A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she is in need of care the natural parents are unwilling or unable to provide, is called ______________. A. In re Gault B. status offense C. parens patriae D. stare decisis

C. parens patriae

Influenced by tragic stories of delinquent violence, the public has supported get tough on crime policies that have impacted juvenile offenders. However, Jerry wishes to change thing and bring back jurisdiction to the juvenile court. As such, he makes suggestions in line with the recent trends cited by the NCSL to gain the support of the public. Which from the following would be included? A. Comprehensive juvenile justice reforms B. Upping the age of juvenile court jurisdiction C. recognizing the mental health needs of juvenile offenders D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Simon, a six-year-old boy, is a suspect in an accidental homicide case. Before taking him into custody, the police issue the Miranda warning to him. In the absence of parents or gaurdians who can guide him, he unknowingly waives his rights and confesses. Which of the following Supreme Court judgements can be stayed by Simon's attorney in a court in Simon's favor? A. New Jersey v. T.L.O. B. Kent v. United States C. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania D. J.D.B. v. North Carolina

D. J.D.B. v. North Carolina

Carey wants to help juveniles reintegrate back into society and decides to follow a recent trend that helps restore jurisdiction to the juvenile court, rather than the criminal court, by improving _____________. A. the relationship between custody and treatment professionals B. educational and vocational programs for juveniles C. the relationship of juvenile offenders and their families D. aftercare programs

D. aftercare programs

A child who has no parents or whose parents are unable to care for him or her is called a(n) _____________. A. abused child B. undisciplined child C. neglected child D. dependent child

D. dependent child

The juvenile system is more likely to maximize the use of discretion and ____________ than the adult system. A. focus on legal issues of guilt or innocence B. apply the death penalty for first-degree murder C. protect the offender's due process rights D. employ diversion from further formal processing

D. employ diversion from further formal processing

Transfer hearings are held in ____________. A. appellate courts B. family group C. adult courts D. juvenile courts

D. juvenile courts

Government agencies that function to investigate, supervise, adjudicate, care for, or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court make up the _____________ system. A. juvenile disposition B. status C. juvenile petition D. juvenile justice

D. juvenile justice

The child-savers movement of the nineteenth century produced the _____________. A. teen court B. adjudicatory hearing C. blended sentences D. reform school

D. reform school

Which of the following is true of high-security facilities in the federal prison system? A. They are also known as federal prison camps. B. They are architecturally designed to contain disturbances. C. They are also known as federal correctional institutions (FCIs). D. They are essentially honor-type camps.

B. They are architecturally designed to contain disturbances.

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states? A. One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like B. One institution for adult women C. One or more open-type institutions for low-risk, nonviolent inmates D. One high-security prison for long-term high-risk offenders

A. One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like

Nick is arrested for selling cocaine. During trial, the judge sentences him to six months' imprisonment and a year on probation. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is indicated in this scenario? A. Shock parole B. Split sentencing C. Shock incarceration D. Curfew

B. Split sentencing

Which state has the largest number of female prisoners? A. New York B. Texas C. Ohio D. California

B. Texas

Which of the following terms used by female inmates is indicative of a style of adaption to prison life? A. The colonizer B. The square C. The radical D. The hedonist

B. The square

Tom, a substance abuse offender, is ordered to remain at home every day from 8 PM to 6 AM. This type of intermediate sanction is known as ____________. A. split sentencing B. curfew C. shock incarceration D. shock probation

B. curfew

A __________ was an early form of imprisonment whose purpose was to instill habits of industry in the idle. A. medical model B. fusion center C. dispute-resolution center D. workhouse

D. workhouse

Caroline is a corrections officer in a state-run prison. She is responsible for adverting crises among prison inmates that could arise as a result of outside terrorist actions. Which of the following will help her against terrorism? A. Collecting and sharing information. B. Confining more prisoners than the prison's capacity. C. Transferring influential inmates and altering the power structure. D. Forming security threat groups within the prison.

A. Collecting and sharing information.

When considering the tasks of correctional staff, which of the following is a major concern that leads to institutionalized procedures for ensuring security in most facilities? A. Custody and control B. Rehabilitation C. Instructions D. Counseling

A. Custody and control

Tommy, a convict in a burglary case, is placed on probation. Tina, his probation officer, visits Tommy's home as a general condition of probation. She searches his belongings for drugs without an actual warrant. In this scenario, Tina's search is in accordance with the Court ruling in _____________. A. Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987) B. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) C. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1979) D. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott (1988)

A. Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)

Which of the following statements is true of the Second Chance Act? A. It intends to break the cycle of criminal recidivism. B. It drastically decreases the percentage of federal sentences that can be served in home confinement. C. It authorizes the allocation of one probation officer per federal judge. D. It requires release from county supervision within one year for persons who demonstrate good behavior.

A. It intends to break the cycle of criminal recidivism.

Which of the following statements best describes parole? A. It is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term. B. It is a sentencing strategy that requires offenders to do community service as an alternative to incarceration. C. It is a type of home confinement program. D. It is a sentence that requires offenders to serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week.

A. It is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term.

Which of the following statements is true of the strategy of selective incapacitiation? A. It is based on the assessment of dangerousness of offenders. B. It suggests imprisonment for almost all serious offenders. C. It is gradually being replaced by collective incapacitation. D. It discourages the use of less expensive alternative sanctions.

A. It is based on the assessment of dangerousness of offenders.

Which of the following scenario illustrates a probation officer carrying out the task of client supervision? A. Joel meets with Gregory, a probationer, every week. B. Matilda tries to settle a case of shoplifting between a 15-year-old and a storekeeper. C. Barney determines that a juvenile offender requires enrollment in alcohol-education program to prevent him from reoffending. D. Frida collects background information about Mariam, an offender, and provides the details to a sentencing judge.

A. Joel meets with Gregory, a probationer, every week.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of prison riots? A. Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates B. Insensitive prison administration C. Regulation of inmate society D. Dehumanizing prison conditions

A. Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates

Which of the following is a difference between parole and probation? A. Parole is a correctional strategy, while probation is a sentencing strategy. B. Parole cannot be revoked once granted, while probation can be revoked. C. Parole does not involve confinement, while probation involves a specific period of confinement. D. Parole acts as a deterrent for positive behavioral changes, while probation acts as a stimulus for positive behavioral changes.

A. Parole is a correctional strategy, while probation is a sentencing strategy.

Who among the following provides a valid argument against the privatization of prisons? A. Patrick believes that governments will lose the capability to perform correctional functions if private prisons are encouraged. B. Benjamin believes that the privatization of prisons will require government to assume long-term debts instead of paying for capacity as needed. C. Adrian believes that government liability will increase with the privatization of prisons. D. Vivian believes that private prisons discourage competition between private and public organizations.

A. Patrick believes that governments will lose the capability to perform correctional functions if private prisons are encouraged.

Susan is a probation officer. She inquires about the background of Hilary, a defendant in a robbery case, to provide the information to a sentencing judge. Which of the following tasks of probation and parole officers is indicated in this scenario? A. Presentence investigation B. Client supervision C. Warrantless search D. Diagnosis

A. Presentence investigation

Who among the following is most likely to be serving his or her sentence in a minimum-security prison? A. Sean, a convict in a shoplifting case, is housed in a dormitory-style setting and has access to prison facilities and training programs. B. Miriam, a convict in a robbery case, is housed in a prison where she is expected to report for a head count that takes place once in every four hours. C. Jean, a rape convict, is housed in a cell guarded by armed prison guards. D. Dean, a homicide convict, is housed in a secure cell and permitted to shower only twice a week.

A. Sean, a convict in a shoplifting case, is housed in a dormitory-style setting and has access to prison facilities and training programs.

Which of the following is true of non-revocable parole (NRP)? A. Sex offenders are ineligible for NRP. B. Parolees need to report to parole officers during the parole period under NRP. C. Prisoners found guilty of serious disciplinary offenses are eligible for NRP. D. NRP has resulted in the increase of state prison populations.

A. Sex offenders are ineligible for NRP.

Jason is sentenced to 150 days in a confinement facility similar to as military-style boot camp with a highly regimented environment. The facility involves high standards of discipline and strenuous physical exercises and labor. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is indicated in this scenario? A. Shock incarceration B. Shock parole C. Split sentencing D. Mixed sentencing

A. Shock incarceration

Which of the following acts was passed to reduce the number of people being returned to prison after parole release? A. The Second Chance Act B. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act C. The Mann Act D. The National Probation Act

A. The Second Chance Act

___________ holds that correctional treatment programs have had little success in rehabilitating offenders. A. The nothing-works doctrine B. The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine C. The three-strikes law D. The justice model

A. The nothing-works doctrine

In Jennifer's jurisdiction, she is denied the right to vote or hold public office because she is a convicted felon. Jennifer is experiencing what is known as _____________. A. civil death B. the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine C. the balancing test D. the hands-off doctrine

A. civil death

Minimum-security prisons are also known as ___________. A. federal prison camps B. administrative facilities C. U.S. penitentiaries D. federal correctional institutions

A. federal prison camps

Jon has been serving time for several months now. By getting to know other inmates, he has embraced their values and language to survive within the prison gates. From Jon's experience, it is evident that an inmate's world is controlled by ____________. A. prison subculture B. official structures C. prison rules and procedures D. popular culture

A. prison subculture

A correctional institution in Florida is conducted and controlled by the management of Clarkson Corp. on behalf of the government of Florida. This correctional institution is an example of a ___________. A. private prison B. podular prison C. workhouse D. regional jail

A. private prison

Sam was sentenced to two months of community service for a hit-and-run case. Sam performed community service for the month but then failed to appear at the work site for the second month. Sam's action will most likely lead to _______________. A. probation revocation B. reentry C. shock incarceration D. discretionary release

A. probation revocation

Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called ____________. A. regional jails B. jail boot camps C. county jails D. direct-supervision jails

A. regional jails

As a condition for granting parole, a court requires John to pay back the money he stole form a liquor store. In this scenario, the payment made by John is best referred to as _____________. A. restitution B. a penalty C. equity D. bail

A. restitution

Probation and parole are disadvantageous in terms of ______________. A. social costs B. ics C. restitution D. opportunities for rehibilitation

A. social costs

Prisonization refers to the _____________. A. socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture B. release of an accused person from custody upon his promise to appear in court C. movement toward the wider use of private prisons D. transition involving prisoner reentry into the community

A. socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture

Probation is less likely to increase ____________. A. the risk of criminal socialization B. social costs C. rehabilitation opportunities D. opportunities for profitable employment

A. the risk of criminal socialization

An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a _____________ institution. A. total B. correctional C. juvenille D. regimented

A. total

Who among the following provides a valid argument in support of privatization of prisons? A. Sean states that private operators will be more experienced in handling correctional operations. B. Amir states that private prisons provide employment opportunities to the local population. C. Susanna states that there are many private companies available from which to choose. D. Mia states that the procurement process for private prisons is devoid of risks.

B. Amir states that private prisons provide employment opportunities to the local population.

According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a major problem that prisons face today? A. Mental illness B. An increasing number of inmate escapes C. Geriatric offenders D. AIDS

B. An increasing number of inmate escapes

According to the different inmate types who among the following is a radical? A. Pablo, who accepts imprisonment as a natural consequence of criminal activity, and patiently waits to serve his sentence to go back to his criminal way of life. B. David, who believes that the unequal distribution of power and wealth in the society has made criminals out of good people. C. Vincent, who spends most of his time in solitary confinement and is often violent to other inmates. D. Linda, who becomes heavily involved in alcohol abuse through the illicit prison economy to psychologically retreat from the realities of imprisonment.

B. David, who believes that the unequal distribution of power and wealth in the society has made criminals out of good people.

Roy, a probation officer, ensures that a probationers has taken written tests administered by a psychologist. Which of the following tasks is Roy performing in this scenario? A. Presentence investigations B. Diagnosis C. Client Supervision D. Revocation hearings

B. Diagnosis

Who among the following is most likely to be a proponent of the justice model? A. Brian believes that drug offenders should be sent to de-addiction centers. B. Fatima believes that all crimes should have minimum sentencing as mandatory. C. Ruth believes that measures such as good time credits should be used more often. D. Catherine believes that alternative sentencing options should replace imprisonment.

B. Fatima believes that all crimes should have minimum sentencing as mandatory.

Which of the following sanctions is not considered an intermediate sanction? A. Community service B. Fines C. Home confinement D. Shock incarceration

B. Fines

Who among the following is most likely to be considered for non-revocable parole (NRP)? A. Lorenzo, who is convicted of kidnapping his boss's daughter for ransom. B. Gia, who is convicted for the possession of marijuana. C. Sasha, who is convicted of first-degree murder. D. Carl, who is convicted of raping a teenager.

B. Gia, who is convicted for the possession of marijuana.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a specific condition of probation? A. Keith is asked to remain within the jurisdiction of a state trial court. B. Katie is ordered to attend an alcohol education program. C. Janet is required to pay a fine to a court to reimburse the medical expenses of a victim. D. Jamal is not allowed to possess firearms.

B. Katie is ordered to attend an alcohol education program.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment? A. Lowers cost B. Provides the offenders with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders C. Increases the likelihood that restitution will be paid D. Increases employment opportunities for offenders

B. Provides the offenders with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders

Ricardo was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment for aggravated assault. His attorney appealed to the court to release him on probation. However, the court refused and ordered that he complete his prison sentence. Which of the following is true? A. Ricardo would not be able to serve society's interest in restitution if released on probation. B. Ricardo's release on probation would have added social costs. C. Ricardo would have been under increased risk of criminal socialization if released on probation. D. Ricardo would not have had an opportunity for rehabilitation if released on probation.

B. Ricardo's release on probation would have added social costs.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits by prisoners charging a violation of Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code was made in the case of _____________. A. Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko B. Richardson v. McKnight C. Brown v. Plata D. Minneci v. Pollard

B. Richardson v. McKnight

Roberto is convicted in a shoplifting case and is sentenced to eight months imprisonment. He is housed in a facility where correctional officers and inmates are free to interact with one another. He is allotted an individual room, which is easily accessible to the prison officials. Roberto is most likely to be housed in a(n) _____________. A. administrative maximum B. direct-supervision jail C. maximum-security prison D. U.S. penitentiary

B. direct-supervision jail

A nationwide lockdown of 73 federal prisons occurred in 1995 due to riots related to inmate grievances concerning ______________. A. the unwarranted physical abuse of inmates by correctional officers B. disparities in federal drug sentencing policies C. overcrowded conditions D. a lack of food given to inmates

B. disparities in federal drug sentencing policies

Joel, a prison inmate, engages in homosexuality. He gambles and smuggles drugs into the prison. According to the types of prisoners, Joel is most likely to be identified as a ____________. A. radical B. hedonist C. retreatist D. mean dude

B. hedonist

Janice is arrested for committing a string of high-profile murders. The judge presiding over Janice's trial convicts her on multiple counts of first-degree murder and sentences her to death. In this case, Janice is most likely to be housed in a(n) ____________. A. medium-security institution B. high-security prison C. federal correctional institution (FCI) D. open-type istitution

B. high-security prison

Pam is a 53-year-old prisoner serving her sentence for theft. She had been arrested and convicted for similar offenses several times before and shows little interest in being rehabilitated. She is well aware of prison norms and participates in its social and economic arrangements. In this context, Pam is an example of a ____________. A. cool inmate B. life inmate C. square inmate D. radical inmate

B. life inmate

James, a convict, is housed in a dormitory-like setting. He is not required to wear the prison uniform. He is also granted access to attend the course on job seeking that takes place on the prison grounds. In this case, James is housed in a(n) _____________. A. administrative maximum B. minimum-security institution C. U.S. penitentiary D. maximum-security prison

B. minimum-security institution

Thomas is arrested for shoplifting from a department store. The judge presiding over this case takes into consideration Thomas's cooperation during the trial and the low-risk nature of his crime and sentences him to six months' imprisonment. In this scenario, Thomas is most likely to be housed in a(n) ____________. A. U.S. penitentiary B. open-type institution C. administrative maximum D. high-security

B. open-type institution

This term applies to parolees released through discretionary or mandatory supervised release from prison, those released through other types of post-custody conditional supervision, and those sentenced to a term of supervised release. The term is known as ____________. A. medical parole B. parole C. prisoner reentry D. parole board

B. parole

Gary, a correctional officer, has noticed that one inmate has been particularly nice to him, as if he is trying to befriend him. However, one of the leading formative influences on correctional officers, such as Gary, that keeps him from interacting with the inmate in a manner that could be seen as unprofessional is _____________. A. the tendency for officers to uphold the retributive nature of the prison environment B. the potential threat that inmates pose C. the disdain of other correctional officers toward his relationship with the inmate D. the fear of being disciplined by the superior officer

B. the potential threat that inmates pose

In contrast to men's prisons, the institutions for women _____________. A. have meaningful prison programs B. were not designed to specifically house them C. have a violent and predatory subculture D. do not have activities of sexual misconduct between staff and inmates

B. were not designed to specifically house them

The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ____________ of prison riots. A. "historic era" B. "death knell" C. "explosive decade" D. "mainstay"

C. "explosive decade"

The _____________ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government. A. FCC at Allenwood, Pennsylvania B. California City Correctional Center C. ADMAX at Florence, Colorado D. CCM at Washington, D.C.

C. ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

Marci works for her state's Department of Corrections. As part of her job, she must identify the common characteristics in institutions for women and help develop new institutions. Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic Marci would find? A. Some institutions that house female inmates also house men. B. Female institutions are mostly located in smaller towns. C. All the female institutions were probably designed specifically for women. D. Female institutions have few work assignments available to female inmates.

C. All the female institutions were probably designed specifically for women.

In the 1820s, a New York State Prison used the ___________, which enforced a congregate but silent system, under which inmates lived, ate, and worked together. A. state-use system B. public-account system C. Auburn system D. Irish system

C. Auburn system

Which of the following is not a purpose of jails? A. Transferring inmates to federal, state, or other authorities B. Holding individuals for protective custody C. Conducting therapy sessions D. Holding inmates sentenced to short terms

C. Conducting therapy sessions

_____________ capacity refers to inmate population the institution was originally built to handle. A. Rated B. Construction C. Design D. Operational

C. Design

What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"? A. Intense supervision B. Close supervision C. Direct supervision D. Custodial supervision

C. Direct supervision

Timothy, a convicted robber, is not granted an early release by a parole board. The paroling authorities do not provide specific evidence or reasoning for the denial of his parole. This is acceptable in accordance with the Court ruling in the case of _____________. A. Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987) B. Escoe v. Zerbst (1935) C. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1979) D. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984)

C. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1979)

Which of the following is not a total institution? A. Prison B. Concentration camp C. High school D. Mental hospital

C. High school

Which of the following scenarios involving riots indicate power vacuums as the most likely cause? A. Inmates riot against overcrowding in prison cells. B. Inmates riot against forced treatment of mentally ill inmates with psychoactive drugs. C. Inmates riot against the changes made by the new prison administration. D. Inmates riot against a warden who does not consider their legitimate demands.

C. Inmates riot against the changes made by the new prison administration.

Which of the following statements is true of the correctional model for probation and parole officers? A. It stresses an officer's service role. B. It depicts probation or parole as a helping profession. C. It emphasizes community protection. D. It views probationers and parolees as clients.

C. It emphasizes community protection.

Tommy, a parolee, accidentally tells his parole officer, Rob, that he has lost his job. Rob uses this statement against Tommy as Tommy did not explicitly claim a right against self-incrimination. This results in the parole revocation of Tommy. Which of the following Court rulings support's Rob's action? A. Mempha v Rhay (1967) B. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1987) C. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) D. U.S. v. Knights (2001)

C. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984)

Perry, a substance abuse offender, was sentenced by a state court to serve weekends in jail and spend the weekdays at his home under probation for a year. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is demonstrated in this scenario? A. Curfew B. Shock probation C. Mixed sentencing D. Shock incarceration

C. Mixed sentencing

___________ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services. A. Design B. Rated C. Operational D. Prison

C. Operational

Which of the following is a disadvantage of privatizing prisons? A. Private companies offer expensive and poorly designed correctional facilities. B. Privatizing prisons increases government's liability exposure. C. Private operators may be inexperienced with key corrections issues. D. Private operators take a long time to build a new correctional facility.

C. Private operators may be inexperienced with key corrections issues.

Three months prior to completing her five-year prison sentence, Tina, a convict in a case of arson, is released under supervision. Which of the following is indicated in this scenario? A. Parole revocation B. Probation C. Reentry parole D. Restitution

C. Reentry parole

______________ prohibits cruel and unusual punishment of prisoners. A. The Fourteenth Amendment B. The First Amendment C. The Eighth Amendment D. The Second Amendment

C. The Eighth Amendment

Which of the following statements is true of the prison system in the United States today? A. The rate of construction of new prisons is accelerating in the United States. B. Low incarceration rates persist in the United States. C. The size and capacity of prisons vary greatly. D. States follow a uniform convention for imprisonment.

C. The size and capacity of prisons vary greatly.

Which of the following is a problem faced by female inmates? A. They are always imprisoned in facilities that are structurally different from a system designed for male offenders. B. They are often confronted with meaningful prison programs. C. They often receive insignificant prenatal care. D. They face interventions that prevent them from substance abuse.

C. They often receive insignificant prenatal care.

Nancy, a prison inmate, prefers to spend her time in prison than in the outside world. She is respected by her fellow inmates and considers the prison her home. She is most likely to be described as a _____________. A. radical B. legalist C. colonizer D. retreatist

C. colonizer

A career offender who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison is called a ______________. A. square B. femme C. cool D. lifer

C. cool

Julie, a convict in a bank robbery, is sentenced to five years imprisonment. She is housed in a dormitory-style setting and is allowed to visit the prison library under limited supervision. She is instructed to be present for the head count of inmates that is taken five times a day. In this scenario, Julie is most likely to be housed in a _____________. A. minimum-security prison B. direct-supervision jail C. medium-security prison D. maximum-security prison

C. medium-security prison

Low-risk, nonviolent offenders are housed in a(n) _____________. A. mental hospital-type security prison B. high-security prison C. open-type institution D. medium-security institution

C. open-type institution

When Mark first arrived in prison, he realized that he had a lot to learn about getting along with others and adjusting to this new world. This process of socialization that Mark experiences is called ______________. A. rehabilitation B. prisoner reentry C. prisonization D. psychological manipulation

C. prisonization

A jail in Colorado is built by integrating the resources of local jurisdiction of a few cities in Colorado. This jail is an example of a ___________. A. private person B. medical model facility C. regional jail D. workhouse

C. regional jail

The Aryan Brotherhood, NETA, and the Nazi Low Riders are gangs who act together and pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff and prey on other inmates. Corrections personnel refer to these groups or organizations as ______________. A. organized threat groups (OTGs) B. organized criminals C. security threat groups (STGs) D. custodial deviants

C. security threat groups (STGs)

Of the women entering prisons, about ___________ have at least one child younger than age 18. A. 25% B. 56% C. 85% D. 70%

D. 70%

Which of the following is not part of the intake procedure duties of a probationary officer? A. Recommendation of the best sentencing alternative for a particular case B. Defender-victim dispute resolution C. Presentence investigation D. Client supervision

D. Client supervision

Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of probation and parole? A. Increased social costs B. Increased risk to the community C. Relative lack of punishment D. Increased opportunity for rehabilitation

D. Increased opportunity for rehabilitation

Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts? A. Design capacity B. Prison capacity C. Operational capacity D. Rated capacity

D. Rated capacity

____________ refers to the size of the inmate population that a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts. A. Diminished capacity B. Design capacity C. Operational capacity D. Rated capacity

D. Rated capacity

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole? A. Increased use of community services B. Increased employment C. Reduced risk of criminal socialization D. Relative lack of punishment

D. Relative lack of punishment

Who among the following is least likely to support the just deserts model of imprisonment? A. Heather believes in the "get tough on crime" approach to deal with criminals. B. Juan believes that rigid sentencing schemes should be developed for drug offenders. C. Katy believes that the imprisonment of criminal offenders is the proper consequence of irresponsible and unlawful actions. D. Saleem believes that an increase in crime rate is solely based of an economic system unable to reform its charges.

D. Saleem believes that an increase in crime rate is solely based of an economic system unable to reform its charges.

____________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals. A. Focused B. Collective C. Massive D. Selective

D. Selective

Sheldon is a parole officer. His responsibilities include providing indigent medical care, family therapy, and substance-abuse counseling to his clients. Which of the following models of the officer's role is shown in this scenario? A. Custodial supervision model B. Home confinement model C. Mixed-sentence model D. Social work model

D. Social work model

Which of the following is not a distinct result of intermediate sanctions? A. They are less expensive to operate per offender than imprisonment. B. They are socially cost-effective because they keep an offender in the community. C. They provide flexibility in terms of resources. D. They contribute to the breakup of an offender's family.

D. They contribute to the breakup of an offender's family.

Hector believes that only the tough and the strong can survive inside a prison. He often spends time in solitary confinement. In this case, he is most likely to be described as _____________. A. an opportunist B. a hedonist C. religious D. a mean dude

D. a mean dude

Jennifer works as a prison staff in the local institution for women. She enforces rules strictly, searches cells for contrabands, and makes use of cameras to monitor the inmates. Jennifer is most likely working as a(n) _______________. A. area supervisor B. instructor C. staff counselor D. corrections officer

D. corrections officer

Several inmates of a state prison had complained to prison authorities about the poor quality of food that was being served to them. Even after a few incidents of food poisoning, the authorities continued to neglect the issue. This example demonstrates the influence of ______________. A. gender responsiveness B. hands-off doctrine C. civil death D. deliberate indifference

D. deliberate indifference

A temporary confinement facility that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is called a ____________. A. federal prison camp B. federal correctional institution C. regional D. direct-supervision jail

D. direct-supervision jail

William, a serial killer, is sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. His prison cell is under 24-hour video surveillance, and he is prohibited from interacting with his fellow prisoners. Two armed personnel guard his cell, which is located in the middle of the prison facility. In this case, William is most likely to be housed in a(n) _______________. A. minimum-security prison B. medium-security prison C. open-type prison D. maximum-security prison

D. maximum-security prison

A court-ordered period of correctional supervision of offenders in the community, generally as an alternative to imprisonment, is called ___________. A. parole B. mandatory release C. incarceration D. probation

D. probation

A concentration camp is best described as a _____________. A. recreation club B. dispute-resolution center C. fusion center D. total institution

D. total institution