Criminal justice chapter 2 review

The 2009 estimates for crime costs in corporate crimes is $260 billion in annual lossess which is nearly _______ times greater than the cost to victims reported in the NCVS.

16

In 2009, the Uniform Crime Reports reports that the police were able to clear _________% of property crimes

18.6

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ______, and the lower limit is usually ______.

18:17

Survey results discussed in your text suggest that there is a greater fear of being _______ than there is of being

A crime victim in generql

Three of the following are reasons that explain the inaccuracy of official crime statistics. Which one does NOT belong?

They only include respondents who have been victimized within the last 12 months.

Any index of crime varies with changes in police practices, court policies, and public opinion.

True

Clearance rates are a rough index of police performance in solving crimes.

True

Crime rates provide a more accurate indication of increases or decreases in crime indexes than do total numbers of crimes.

True

In most jurisdictions, deadly force may be used to protect one's property.

True

Offenses known to the police are probably the best index of crime—that is, the least inaccurate.

True

The United States Constitution forbids expost facto laws.

True

The object of criminal justice in the United States is to prevent and control crime.

True

The ________ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

One problem with finding an appropriate definition of crime is that:

many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.

Which of the following is a reason why victims fail to report crimes?

may consider the crime insignificant and not worth reporting; may hope to avoid embarrassing the offender; may be intimidated by or afraid of the offender.

Perhaps the greatest and most important difference between the NIBRS and the UCR is that the NIBRS:

contains more data on each crime, making it possible to examine crimes in much more detail

Any record of crimes—such as offenses known to the police, arrests, convictions, or commitments to prison—can be considered a _______, or an estimate of crimes committed.

crime index

A(n) _______ is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base.

crime rate

When an individual commits a crime and claims that he or she committed it under duress, on whom is the burden of proof?

offender

A(n) _______ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home.

status offense

Which of the following tests of insanity did attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial?

the irresistible impulse or control test

What was the index crime for which women were most frequently arrested in 2009?

Larecy theft

What is the Latin term for crimes that are "wrong in themselves"; crimes characterized by universality a

Mala in se

Most legal excuses for criminal responsibility are based on the belief that certain offenders lack the capacity or competence or have diminished capacity or competence to form: (30)

Mens rea

The textbook lists several factors indirectly related to crime that can affect crime rates. Three are listed below. Which of the following was NOT listed in your textbook?

family size

Which of the following crimes is NOT a uniform crime report Part I offense?

fraud

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, in 2008 _________ states have been NIBRS certified in meeting their respective data submissions:

31

Approximately what percent of murders and nonnegligent manslaughters do the police "clear" each year?

66

Which of the following is NOT a problem or criticism with a legal definition of crime?

All of the above

According to official statistics, what percent of all crime committed annually is violent crime?

B. 5 to 15

The National Crime Victimization Survey was formerly called:

Criminali victiazation

Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the police in 2009?

Drug abuse violations

In general, norms do not change from time to time or from place to place.

False

Most people in American society have never committed a crime.

False

The biggest obstacle to the implementation of the NIBRS is that its reporting system requires the use of extensive paper records.

False

The further a crime index is from the initial commission of crime, the more accurate it is as a measure of the true amount of crime.

False

The major advantage of a social definition of crime, at least on the surface, is that it is narrower and less ambiguous than a legal definition of crime.

False

For many crime victims, ________ is/are the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization.

Fear

The practice of counting only the most serious offense in a multiple-crime event is a feature of the:

NIBRS

Which of the following legal defenses was used successfully by Amy Carter, daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, Jerry Rubin, and other activists who were charged with trespassing for protesting apartheid on the property of the South African embassy in Washington, D.C.?

Necessity

A(n) _______ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances.

Norm

Which of the following statements about fear of crime is true?

Younger people are more fearful than older people of sexual assault and burglary.

The term _______ refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm.

actus reus

People are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they are:

all of the above

A study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) determined which crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Three of the following crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Which one does NOT belong?

arson

According to a 2009 NIJ study of the costs of crime, which included long-term costs as well as the intangible costs of pain, suffering, and reduced quality of life, what is the annual cost of crime?

c.) $16.3 billion.

Which of the following tests for insanity currently is used in most of the United States?

d.) the substantial capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code

Crimes that are NOT officially recorded by the police are called:

dark figure of crime

Perhaps the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule is that:

it does not address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but nevertheless was unable to control his or her actions.

A typical _______ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state."

legal

To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to:

school children

A typical _______ definition of crime is "behavior that violates the norms of society."

social

If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will, he or she committed the crime:

under duress

Which of the following sets of characteristics best describes the typical arrestee in 2009?

young, male, white