Criminal Justice--Chapter 3: Criminal Law and the Criminal Justice Process, CCJ Final, CCJ 2002 Chapter 1, soca 234 criminal justice system corey colyer exam 1, soca 234 criminal justice wvu colyer exam 2 (ch 4,5,6), soca 234 wvu colyer exam 3, soca...

SULLIVAN v. Florida (2010) Juvenile Court Case

- 13 yr old convicted of sexual battery - sentenced to life in prison without parole

strip search

- St. Louis County Jail prisoners are strip searched before entering the general population, unless they are being held on minor charges (traffic) and have never been arrested on more serious charges (drugs).

Juvenile Court

- also called family court in STL county

Keyster

-Keystering is slang (argot) for hiding contraband in your keyster. What is your keyster? - Female inmate homosexual behavior does not focus on sex. - What is important? - What is the predominate nature of male homosexual behavior?

According to the speedy trial act how many days are between arrest and trial?

100. 30 days between arrest and indictment

bifurcated trials

A double trial system used for capital cases. The first trial is the guilt trial, while the second determine his punishment

Sentencing guidelines

A type of structured sentencing based on criminal history and severity of the crime usually presented in a grid format that dictates the sentence served

situational model

Emphasizes the place, time, and person to understand the behavior of inmates

School resources officer

Generally an officer employed at the local police agency who is stationed in a school

alford v north carolina

I will plead guilty not because of guilt but because I want to avoid greater punishment

What is the formal justice system process?

It functions as an assembly line. Arrest > Trial > Sentencing

What is a contracting law firm?

Local law firm where jurisdictions bid and they provide all defendants with defense

What is the Crime Control Model?

Primary emphasis is the right of society to be protected from crime. Arrest and incarceration are the goals. Harsher sentences. Allows police to do their jobs without being questioned. Limits defendants personal freedom.

Which amendment guarantees right to trial?

Six

pains of imprisonment

The five primary pains that come from being incarcerated: deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security

Tech affect

The phenomenon whereby the publics increased awareness of modern technology results and the expectation of unnecessary and at times unrealistic forensic evidence at trial

dual court system

US court structure wherein the federal gov has a court system and procedures distinct from the states

acquittal

a finding after trial of not guilty

ghost inmate

a nonexistent inmate charged to the government (and taxpayer) by private prisons

booking

a procedure in which an official record of the arrest is made

frankpledge

a system of policing that replaced the borh. a frankpledge included all boys and men age 12 or older from 10 households into groups referred as tythings

tything/tithing

a system of policing that replaced the borh. a tithing was a group of all boys and men age 12 or older from 10 households

Insanity is what kind of criminal defense? A. Excuse B. Justification C. Bull-#$@&.

a. excuse

discretion

allows police and others throughout the criminal justice system the latitude to make an arrest (or other action) or not

branding

an early form of punishment that also served as a record to alert others of an individual's past offenses

dying declaration

an exception to the hearsay rule that allows the dying words of a witness to a crime to be used in court

reputation concerning character

an exception to the hearsay rule that allows witnesses to testify under oath about the reputation of a person's friends and acquantancess

worldwide incident tracking system

an fbi database containing info on completed terrorist attacks since 1996

presentence report

an important aggregation of facts about the offender, usually prepared by the probation officer

CopLink

an information technology system that offers tactical lead generation, crime analysis, and information sharing among local, regional, state, and national law enforcement agencies

A woman is charged with the murder of her three young children. The case has been in the news for several weeks. Which of the following pretrial motions will the defense likely file? a. Motion in limine b. Motion for a change of venue c. Motion for recusal d. Motion to suppress

b. Motion for a change of venue

______ are the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system. a. Prosecutors b. Police officers c. Judges d. Court officials

b. POLICE OFFICERS

At the federal level, ______ decides whether someone should be charged with a crime. a. the petit jury b. the grand jury c. the U.S. attorney d. the U.S. Attorney General

b. The grand jury

Which of the following groups are arrested at the highest rate for serious violent and property crimes? a. Hispanic children b. Black children c. White children d. American Indian children

b. black children

______ is the practice of police officers stopping, searching, and detaining people based on skin color. a. Stop and frisk b. Driving while black c. Entrapment d. Cross-race effect

b. driving while black

The socialization process distinct within prison subcultures is called: a. argot b. inmate code c. prisonization d. institutionalization

c. prisonization

______ posits that criminal behavior is learned from parents and peers.

differential association theory

landmark cases

establish precedent that markedly changes the interpretation of a prior law or establishes new case law

exculpatory evidence

evidence that may be favorable to a defendant in a criminal trial, often clearing some or all guilt during criminal proceedings

Evidence obtained through torture is permitted in cases of international terrorism. True False

false

Houses of refuge were reform schools that sought to rehabilitate delinquent children through hard work. True False

false

The terrorist attacks of 9/11 were the first to take place on U.S. soil. True False

false

The majority of murders in the United States are committed using a:

firearm

in loco parentis

in place of parents

super-maximum prisons

the most secure and restrictive of all prisons, which are in theory reserved for the most dangerous offenders

adjudicate

to render a formal judgment about a disputed matter

Jail

- In the U.S. the prevailing sentencing philosophy is JUST DESERTS. - reward or punishment that is deserved - Penance is the root word (origin) of penitentiary - The Walnut Street Jail was the first real jail in the U.S. It was finished in 1773 - it had separate cells - it was located in Philadelphia

Suspended imposition of Sentence (SIS)

- at end of probation period, no sentence imposed - no sentence, no conviction

victim

A person or party that is injured or harm to the action of a Nother person or party

According to Dr. kohler, mine county uses which system for indigent defendants?

Assigned counsel

sex trafficking

The trade and sexual acts or exploitation

split sentences or shock probation

a form of intermediate sanction in which the offender initially spends some time in jail or prison (usually 30 days) and then is released into corrections in the community

venire

a list of potential jurors from which the jury is selected

offenders under ______ meet often with their probation officer and have their homes and workplaces searched frequently. a.house arrest b. intensive supervised probation c. day fines d. electronic monitoring

b. intensive supervised probation

5th amendment

*Indictment. - GRANTS THE RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS. *Prohibits double jeopardy *Privilege against self-incrimination. Right to remain silent. Due process of law.

rochin v california

(la sheriffs were trying to find a narcotic trafficker and the guy swallowe dthe pills and they pumped his stomach - shocking conscience standard. If they beat incriminating statements out of somebody etc ) (due process)

website to study from:

- https://www.koofers.com/flashcards/soc-exam-4-final/review

Consent decree

Document outlining the terms and conditions of Defurred status

Delinquency

Illegal actions by a youthful offender

What type of jury finds the facts?

Petit jury

jury nullification

ability of a jury to ignore the law and acquit a guilty defendant

who was the first female police officer

alice stebbins wells from los angeles

Excessive bail is prohibited under the ______ Amendment of the Constitution. a. Fourth b. Eighth c. Fifth d. Sixth

b. 8th

DNA is found in all of the following except: a. saliva b. urine c. blood d. semen

b. urine

The first step in juvenile justice processing is: a. diversion b. arraignment c. intake d. booking

c. intake

DNA data are stored in the ______ database a. NCIC b. IBIS c. NIBIN d. CODIS

d. CODIS

Early English ______ operated in some ways like modern day bounty hunters. a. watchmen b. shire reeves c. bondsmen d. thieftakers

d. thieftakers

Ordering offenders to pay fines to help compensate victims is an example of retribution. True/false

false; restitution

Threatened, failed, and completed terrorist attacks since 1970 are compiled in the ______ at the University of Maryland.

global terrorism database

disorganized

inmates With a mental illness or low IQs

Who is the father of probation

john augustus

jails

local facilities managed by cities and counties that perform an overlapping but distinct purpose from prisons and penitentiaries

ordinances

municipal or city rules

shire reeves

precursors to sheriffs

literacy tests

tests used to deny african americans the right to vote

penology

the study of principles of punishments for criminal (and in the past, immoral) acts

8th amendment

*Regulates reasonable bail and fines for the accused. *Just and humane punishment for the convicted. *The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.

6th amendment

*Regulates trial and conviction. The defendant has a right to a speedy and public trial by a jury of their peers. *Grants the accused the right to confront the evidence against them, examine the evidence (confront the witness). If they aren't it can be thrown out *You have the right to an attorney. If you can not afford an attorney one will be provided at the public's expense

MILLER v. Alabama (2012) Juvenile Court Case

- 14 yr old Evan Miller, along with Colby Smith, killed Cole Cannon by beating Cannon with a baseball bat and burning Cannon's trailer while Cannon was inside

GRAHAM v. Florida (2010) Juvenile Court Case

- 16 year old convicted of armed burglary and attempted armed robbery - served 12 month sentence and then released - Six months later, tried and convicted for armed home robbery - sentenced to life in prison without parole

prison mail

- All prisoner mail (incoming and outgoing) is read and if necessary, censored. - Some magazines, if mailed from the publisher, are not censored. - Prisoners are not allowed to communicate with prisoners in other prisons.

Suspended Execution of Sentence (SES)

- At end of probation period the sentence is executed or imposed - sentence = conviction

Prisoners in Court

- Belly Chains are not worn. - Cuff and Leg Irons are not worn. - Escape is prevented with leg restraint and remote control Taser.

Juveniles pt. 1

- Can juveniles be sentenced to death? (NO) Know the deciding Supreme Court case (from Missouri) in 2005. - Roper v. Simmons: ruled that the execution of people who were under 18 at the time of their crimes violates the federal constitutional guarantee against cruel and unusual punishments - In Missouri, a juvenile may be certified to stand trial as an adult at age 12. - What is the meaning of Parens Patriae? - Age 7 is the minimum age for Juvenile Court.

- Federal Parole

- Federal parole was eliminated in 1987, in the Sentencing Reform Act. - It is now called SUPERVISED RELEASE. - Missouri still has parole for most offenses. - A Parole Board will decide if someone is released early on parole. - 12 states still allow conjugal visits. - visit to a prisoner, by the spouse of the prisoner, especially for sexual relations

culture in prison (male/female)

- Female inmates develop social structures resembling family systems. - Male inmates establish a hierarchy or pecking order, which has more to do with strength, size, reputation or ability to manipulate other inmates. - Female Correctional Officers can supervise male inmates.

George Stinney

- GEORGE STINNEY was executed in South Carolina in 1944, at age 14. He was convicted of raping and murdering two white girls, ages 8 & 11. He carried a Bible into the execution and it was used as a booster-seat.

Freddie Joe Booker

- In 2003, Freddie Joe Booker was convicted of possession 92.5 grams of crack cocaine. During the investigation he admitted to possession 566 grams of crack cocaine. The judge sentenced Booker under the greater amount. The jury didn't know about the greater amount. - In 2005, the USSC overturned his conviction and made Sentencing Guidelines ADVISORY.

adulthood (MO)

- In Missouri and Illinois, adulthood is 17. - Juveniles are under 17 - In Missouri juveniles can be certified as adults at age 12, for FELONIES. - Minimum age of execution is 18. - ROPER v. SIMMONS (2005)

Status Offenses (MO)

- In Missouri, there are 5 status offenses. (RSMo. 211.031). These are violations only a juvenile can commit. - Curfew - Truancy - Incorrigibility - Runaway - Injurious Behavior

jail fights in STL county

- In St. Louis County Jail a fight is not broken-up by one correctional officer. - Fight may be a subterfuge. - subterfuge: deceit in order to achieve one's goal - Correctional officer must see exactly what happened. Who? Why? - When the first responding correctional officer enters a pod with a fight, everyone outside their cell is considered part of the fight.

inmates

- Inmates cannot swear. - Inmates cannot shout. - Inmates have no expectation of privacy. - Jewish inmates have a right to Kosher meals. - Norman Lee Toler - won the rights to kosher meals in prison - Long hair and beards may be restricted.

contraband

- Inmates transferred from prisons frequently have contraband. - They actually have more freedom in prison. - Contraband is frequently keystered. - No smoking at St. Louis County Jail.

Juvenile pt. 2

- Is a juvenile "arrested?" - yes - Why is "custody" different? - detention - Is a juvenile tried like an adult? - no, see next juvy flashcards - Why is a Hearing different? - many reasons: see flashcards - Why is a Disposition different? - Is a juvenile "incarcerated" in a "prison"? - not under the age of 18 - Where was the first Juvenile Court? - Illinois - When? - 1899

Incarceration in MO prisons

- It costs about $50,000 / year to incarcerate a prisoner in Missouri Prison. - Jails are cheaper. - Death Row and Infirmaries are more expensive.

Juvenile Court Terminology

- Juvenile Court terminology is important. It allows juveniles to truthfully deny being arrested or convicted of a crime. - All Juvenile Court records are CONFIDENTIAL.

Juveniles pt. 4

- Juveniles are not entitled to jury trials - McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) - Minimum age of execution is 18. - Roper v. Simmons (2005) - In Missouri, for traffic offenses, juveniles over 15 1/2 are treated as adults. - Juveniles get traffic tickets like adults. - In Missouri you can get a Learner's Permit at 15 1/2

Juvenile Court Cases

- Juveniles cannot be sentenced to LIFE. Not for felonies. Not for homicide. - GRAHAM v. Florida (2010) - No for felonies - SULLIVAN v. Florida (2010) - No for felonies - MILLER v. Alabama (2012) - No for homicide - JACKSON v. HOBBS (2012) - No for homicide

Juveniles treated like adults when

- Juveniles certified to stand trial as an adult will be treated like adults. Except that they are not held with adults in jail. - Juveniles over 15 ½ are treated like adults in misdemeanor traffic violations. - Given traffic tickets. - Felony traffic violations are still referred to Family Court.

Juveniles pt. 3

- Juveniles get due process - fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement - In Re Gault (1967): - Gerald Francis Gault, fifteen years old, was taken into custody without a notice to the parents - were the procedures used to commit Gault legitimate under due process clause of the 14th amendment - In criminal matters, juveniles receive the same standard as adults for conviction, which is Beyond a Reasonable Doubt - In Re Winship (1970) - 12 yr old Samuel Winship was arrested and charged as a juvenile delinquent for breaking into a women's locker and stealing $112. Court found him guilty despite acknowledging that the evidence did not establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. - Does the requirement that juvenile convictions rest on "preponderance of the evidence" burden of proof, as opposed to that stricter "beyond a reasonable doubt" threshold, violate the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause? - In Re means: In the matter of.

Direct Supervision

- Male Correctional Officers don't supervise female inmates. - women scheme, tend to tempt men more - In Direct Supervision, ONE Correctional Officer is assigned to a unit (pod) in an 8 hour shift. - A unit will have over 50 inmates.

Pay Grade/Prisoners are there for

- Most federal prisoners are there for drug and firearm offenses. - After drug and firearms is child porn. - U.S. Probation Officers are paid the same as all federal agents (FBI, ATF, DEA, etc.). - Pay grades referred to as GS or Government Service levels. - All must retire at age 57

common inmate rules

- No loud talk. - NO SWEARING. - No threats of any kind. - No affection. No fighting. - No food trading. - Room and surrounding area kept clean. - Phone calls and times are limited. - All Rx must be swallowed. - Do what told, immediately.

Jail design

- Old prisons were designed with cells in long rows. This is easier and more compact. The design was called linear. - Supervision was difficult. - Some jails and prisons use plastic beds to allow prisoners to sleep on the floor.

Parens Patriae

- Parens Patriae (Latin for "parent of the nation.") is a term used by Juvenile Court for legal custody. - The Court may act as Parens Patriae. - A school principal act as a Parens Patriae. - Juvenile Court records are CONFIDENTIAL . Even the police do not have access.

Food diet

- Pork is replaced by turkey or chicken in prison diets. - Turkey / chicken bologna and hot dogs - Vegetarians don't get special consideration. - Don't eat the meat. - Food cannot be traded. - Some inmates would starve

Religions in Prison

- Prisons and jails can restrict facial hair and religious headgear. - WICCANS or the religion of WICCA (witches) can be practiced in prison. - Muslims are allowed to pray five times a day. - Muslims are allowed to fast during Ramamdan.

Private Corrections

- Private corrections are problematic. - Difficult to deliver necessary services cheaper than government. - Profit motive can interfere with inmate care. - Corruption exists in both the public and private sectors. - Low public interest and sympathy. - Huge start-up costs. Contractual obligations. - Liability issues.

Probation/ Parole Officers

- Probation / Parole Officers may search a probationer's or parolee's house if he/she suspects something illegal is being hidden. - Reasonable Suspicion NOT Probable Cause. - The 1984 Sentencing Reform Act eliminated federal parole, starting in 1987. - It's now called SUPERVISED RELEASE. - Missouri still has parole. - Federal Probation Officers are part of the Department of Justice. - They are armed. - They are employed by a U.S. District Court (there are 11). - Federal Probation Officers in St. Louis are employed by the Eighth Federal District - Eastern District of Missouri

Probation and parole pt. 4

- Probation / Parole cannot be revoked without hearing (due process). - Home Monitoring increasingly popular. - Paid for by probationer. - Verifies curfew restrictions. - Two Kinds - Radio Frequency: Limited to house and yard. - GPS - Follows the probationer / parolee.

probation and parole pt. 1

- Probation and parole are considerably cheaper than incarceration. Probation requires a SUSPENDED JAIL SENTENCE. (You don't go to jail.) - SUSPENDED IMPOSITION OF SENTENCE Important, will result in no conviction. - SUSPENDED EXECUTION OF SENTENCE Important, will result in conviction

probation and parole pt. 2

- Probation is given in 90% of cases. - Incarceration used against serious offenders or repeat offenders. - Probation avoids incarceration. Parole is different. Parole comes after incarceration (prison). Supervised Release is like Parole. Only it is part of the sentence.

probation and parole pt. 3

- Probation is supervision BEFORE incarceration. - Parole is supervision AFTER incarceration. - According to the text, approximately 66% (2/3) of probationers and parolees recidivate or return. - In St. Louis County Jail the recidivism rade is 72%.

Radicalization

- Radicalization is unintended and dangerous transformation of inmates. - The worst prison riot in U.S. history was Attica, in New York, on September 9, 1971. - 43 dead, including 10 correctional officers and civilians.

Recidivism

- Recidivism (Latin- recidīvus = recurring) is a term used for people who return to jail or prison. St. Louis County Jail has a very high recidivism rate of 76%. - The national average is 66%. - St. Louis County Jail is 76%

school strip search/ rights

- School officials cannot strip search students for minor infractions, even to maintain good order and discipline. - Safford v. Redding (2009) - In St. Louis City and County juveniles are NOT read their rights by police. - Deputy Juvenile Officers (DJ0'S) have that responsibility.

county jail

- Severe infractions involving confinement over 3 days require a due process Hearing in 72 hours. - The hearing is informal/ Usually a Lieutenant. - Prisoner is advised of charges. - No jury. No judge. No clerk. No Bible. - Does County Jail separate gang members? - no - The Federal Penitentiary with the highest level of security is ADMAX.

Tasers

- Some jail Captains and Majors carry Tasers and Mace. Not used very often. - When prisoners are taken to court, they are not "shackled." This could influence a jury. - St. Louis County Jail puts a leg brace on prisoners, which impedes movement. - They also use a remote control Taser. - Jurors never know these devices are worn.

Sex offenders

- Some sex offenders will be placed on LIFE supervision. - Some stay incarcerated. - Sex Offender Rehabilitation Treatment (SORT) - Inmate mail is read and censored. - Newspapers and magazines must come from the publisher or printer.

Juvenile Courts

- St. Louis City and County Juvenile Courts do not encourage juvenile defendants to talk to the police. - St. Louis City Juvenile Court generally prohibits police from questioning juveniles. - A Deputy Juvenile Officer (DJO) will read Miranda Rights. NOT THE POLICE.

Transgender inmates

- Transgender inmates pose a search problem. When possible, St. Louis County Jail will use two correctional officers. - Why? - Most St. Louis County Jail correctional officers do not have TASERS. - Most St. Louis County Jail correctional officers do not have OC spray.

US v. BOOKER (2005)

- U.S. v. BOOKER (2005) was retroactive and forced the reduction of numerous sentences. (It was a mess for years!) - While the Guidelines are advisory, Judges know if they deviate from the Guidelines they're creating a potential appeal of sentence.

Prison vs. Jails

- What are the differences between prisons and jails - jail: short term stay / run by local law enforcement - prison: long term / run by state government or the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) - St. Louis County Jail is a Direct Observation design. -Old style is Linear, with cells in long rows. - Inmates are generally classified by VIOLENT TENDENCIS and ESCAPE RISK.

Parole Board

- decides on early release - MO has a parole board - part of the correctional system, NOT the court system - There are conflicts between Parole Boards, Courts, Legislatures and Police. This is why the Feds did away with parole

The Federal 1984 Sentencing Reform Act

- established Sentencing Commission - Established Mandatory Guidelines - Established Minimum Sentences - Reinstituted Federal Death Penalty - Eliminated Federal Parole - Established Supervised Release - Mandatory sentences established after a 2005 USSC decision - US v. BOOKER - federal prisoner's sentence was reversed because the legislative branch cannot establish mandatory rules for the judicial branch to follow (Separation of Powers Doctrine) - eliminated federal parole. It was effective in 1987. - There are still old prisoners on parole, having been convicted before 1987. - It reduced the discretion of federal judges and federal prisons.

correctional officers

- female correctional officers routinely supervise male inmates - male correctional officers normally DO NOT supervise female inmates

Parolees

- may not posses weapons or ammunition - they have to get rid of guns they own - no weapons or ammo in the house - Failure to meet conditions of probation or parole may result in more jail/prison time - can earn up to 54 days a year for good behavior

Federal Prisons

- most federal prisoners are being held for drug violations - Since 1980, the U.S. prison population has quadrupled (Actually more, this is the safe answer) - Most state prisoners are being held for violent crimes

Conditions of Probation & Parole

- regular meetings - unannounced visits - gainful employment or school - no illegal activity (Drugs/alcohol/weapons) - attending treatment programs - Third Party Risk Condition - If during release a third party should know about your conviction, they must be told. (i.e. Bank robber working at a bank.) - Most commonly violated condition of probation and parole is drug use

What is the 6 categories of criminal behavior? Which one is the most common?

1. Violent crime - Against persons ( Murder, Sexual Assault, Robbery) 2. Property- Economic game (larceny, burglary) 3. Public Order Crime- Victimless 4. White Collar Crime- business or personal advantage 5. Organized Crime- Narcotics, Loansharking 6. High Tech Crime- Cyber crimes #2 is the most common

According to the text, approximately what percent of criminal prosecutions and in trial?

10%

when did NYC hire its first black officer

1905; samuel battle

buffey case

2001 burglary of the Salvation Army in Clarksburg West Virginia around midnight. Between 12 and six in the morning there was a break-in in a House and an old lady was brutally raped. Andy lock, Ron Perry, and joe buffy committed this crime. Lock and Perry blamed buffy for the right. But if he failed a poly graph sort of confessed but later recanted. Gave wrong details during confession. Indicted on more than 12 counts. Do you know it did not match the DNA from the rape kit. Ineffective council because an effective attorney would not have let him plead guilty without knowing the results of the DNA test. The point of this is that you cannot recant a guilty plea

illinois v cabelles

2005 driving 75 in a 55 outside chicago, got caught speeding, radios in , canine officer came over with the dog, smelled heroin in the trunk. No probable cause to go get the dog and no dog was there when it was pulled over. Exclusionary rule??? Supreme court argued no, the traffic stop was reasonable and 10 minutes wasn't too long to wait. If a dog is brought in in a timely fashion then its okay. Timely use of k9 meets terry standard. Not a 4th amendment violation for traffic but it IS for houses.

According to miranda v arizona, which amendment to the constitution grants criminal defendants the right to confer with legal counsel during the criminal investigation such as during a line up or during questioning.

6th amendment

where do most cases that the supreme court are requested to hear come from

77%; appeals of decisions by district courts

What percent of all people accused of crimes qualified to be appointed counsel?

80 to 90%

_____% of law enforcement use social media to conduct investigations

83%

What percent of cases and in a plea bargain?

95%

Juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act

A 1974 law that was designed to prevent delinquency and improve the juvenile justice system

Federal sentencing guidelines act

A 1984 law that eliminated parole release for federal prisoners and abolished almost all good time earned by a prisoner

Violent crime control and law enforcement act

A 1994 law that requires prisoners to serve at least 85% of their sentences in order for states to qualify for federal financial aid

crime victims rights act

A 2004 law that established numerous rights for crime victims in federal cases

parole board

A board that reviews the prior acts and behavior of an inmate to determine when the prisoner is to be released from prison

Mandatory minimum

A form of structured sentencing that apply statute-based minimum sanctions to particular types of crime and/or when particular elements of a crime exist

Organized criminal group

A group of three or more persons that was not randomly formed, which acts in concert with the aim of committing crime

Adjudication

A hearing to ensure that a juvenile is due process rights have not been violated. Similar to a criminal court trial in the adult system

1996 prison litigation reform act

A long resulting from the proliferation of joe house lawyers addressed five issues related to prison litigation

Death qualified

A part of voir dire in capital cases in which attorneys ascertain whether the prospective juror is suitable to sit on a case that may result in the death penalty. a juror who will not impose death under any circumstance is is removed from the panel

legitimate

A prison subculture where in one time offenders identify with correctional staff and take advantage of educational and rehabilitation opportunities

Victim impact statement

A statement prepared by the victim or his or her family to inform the judge how the crime affected them physically, financially, emotionally, and psychologically

National integrated ballistic information network

A system administered by the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives a link shell casings; guns used in crimes and scenes of crimes

Super predator

A term coined by Princeton University's John Dilulio to describe the threat of increasing violent juvenile crime

Three strikes law

A type of mandatory minimum that mandates long (including life) prison terms for a third offense

Military commission

A type of military tribunal that offers a detainee a fair and transparent trial while protecting national security interests

determinate sentencing

A type of structured sentencing that is established by legislative statute and rules out the possibility of alternatives to prison. prisoners are given fixed sentences

survival sex

A type of trafficking in which the victim is frequently homeless or gravely disadvantage and trade sex for food, shelter and other basic needs

______ are civil cases involving a large number of victims. a. class action lawsuits b.administrative cases c.public interest lawsuits d.arbitrations

A. class action lawsuits

Reverse transfers

Allows judges and prosecutors to send cases back to juvenile court

Crime scene investigator

Also known as a forensic scientist; a member of a team of scientists in investigator to investigate crimes

Deffered status

Also known as informal probation, it requires that a youth stay out of trouble for a certain length of time in order for the charges to be dismissed

Homeland security act of 2002

And act by Congress that made the department of homeland security a cabinet level department in the US Department of government

According to Dr. colyer, mon county uses which system for indigent defendants?

Assigned counsel

Consensus Model What does it assume? How does this model define crime?

Assumes that a diverse group of people have similar morals and share the same idea of whats right and wrong. Acts that violate this shared value system and are deemed harmful to society

The Conflict Model What does it assume? How does this model view politicians? What is it based on?

Assumes that society is so diverse, that members do not share moral attitudes. They have the most influence on criminal law and impose their value system on the community and its based on class, income, race and age.

Automatic waivers

By legislative action, transfers juveniles who committed serious crimes to the adult system. Designed and statuses for offenses such as murder, kidnapping, armed robbery, and carjacking

child savers

Child advocates who fought to reform the brutal and harsh juvenile system

Juvenile courts

Course designed specifically for juveniles to "regulate the treatment and control of dependent, neglected, and delinquent children"

Transnational organized crime

Crime that involves multiple people working in a coordinated fashion to plan and commit illegal business undertakings that span countries

hate crimes

Crimes committed that target victims and/or their property due to their perceived membership in a particular group. Also known as bias motivated crime

Transnational crime's

Criminal offenses that transcend the national boundaries, or those that occur within one nation, but are so heinous that they offend nations throughout the world

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid. This is hereditary material found in the nuclei of human cells in most organisms

CSI affect

Distorted understanding held by the public of the role of forensic science in the criminal justice system

united states v place

Drug trafficker moving drugs through miami, DEA agents following him and notified NYPD that he was boarding a plane ; they waited until he ordered a limo and stopped him asked what was in bag, get a warrant/gonna get one, can't get one right now but they confiscated bag until following monday and got a warrant for dog , dog sniffed off and found cocaine; warrant to suppress no probable cause no warrant, unreasonable amount of time to deprive guy of stuff; court agreed. Estbalished that use of dog can be exempted from warrant, don;t have to get warrant for a dog. But it still exceeded time limit

Which amendment is against cruel and unusual punishment?

Eighth amendment

importation model

Experiences and socialization from the outside world are brought into prison and contribute to behavior while incarcerated

Civil rights act of 1871

Federal legislation passed to get federal protection to 14th amendment rights that were violated by private persons, including those in the Ku Klux Klan

Matthew Shepard and Jamesburg, Jr. hate crimes prevention act

Federal legislation signed into law in 2009 that expanded earlier federal hate crime laws to include crimes motivated based on the victims gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability

Which amendment to the constitution anchors the fact that a finding/verdict cannot be reversed?

Fifth amendment

What is a public defender?

Government official in a government office, each jurisdiction has one. And employee of the state/jurisdiction whose job is to provide indigent defendants with defense

What group of citizens evaluates the evidence to determine if the state has sufficient probable cause to proceed to trial?

Grand jury

Disposition hearing

Hearing in which a judge decides the best placement of a delinquent

doing time

Inmates who accept and follow the rules

What is the integrated definition of crime? Who is the offense against?

It's an action that is punishable under the criminal law by criminal sanctions such a loss of personal freedom. Society as a whole.

stare decisis

Latin for "let the decision stand", meaning that the judges must respect precedents set in previous court cases

parens patriae

Latin for "parent of his country" or "the state is the father". A dog train that gives the state the power to act as a child's parent

What is the 3 components of the Criminal Justice System?

Law Enforcement Agencies Courts Corrections

The doctrine of stare decisis says

Let the decision stand

linda rs v richard d

Linda tried to compel the state to bring charges against ex-husband because he wouldn't pay child support. Deadbeat dad was living frivolously, mom try to file charges for child neglect because he was not paying child support. Prosecutor would not do it she ended up suing. Supreme Court ruled that victims could not compel criminal prosecution or non-prosecution. Victims as a class have no standing. Congress Chris can grant standing by statute if Congress through a law that said victims so shall be a party or have standing in a criminal proceeding. Prompted amendment granting victims rights and standing

What is the purpose of the criminal justice system?

Maintaining justice and Protecting Society

Status offenses

Offenses that only apply to juveniles, such as smoking and curfew violations

what case ended racial segregation

Plessy v ferguson (the case after brown v board of education)

What is Federalism?

Power being divided between the federal government and the states.

Pre-disposition report

Presence background and current information on a juvenile to help determine his or her disposition

How do federal judges get their jobs?

Presidential appointment

in re gault 1966

Print call to the lady. Was in jail for 10 hours before parents knew, was denied then call. Sent off for seven years. And result was juveniles are entitled to do process under law, taken from the evidence, to a record of proceedings

thief subculture

Prison subculture that includes professional thieves and values in group loyalty trust and reliability. The sub culture includes right guys

aftercare

Programs designed to reduce recidivism by offering support in monitoring juveniles through supervision. Equivalent to adults being placed on parole

Detention hearing

Prosecutorial decisions to transfer a juvenile case to adult court

4th amendment

Regulates the people's right to be secure in their property. Unreasonable searches are prohibited. Can search with warrants backed by probable cause *exclusionary rule

adam walsh protection act

Require states to classify offenders based on type of offense; register sex offenders where they live, work, or attend school; and make registries available on the Internet

jacob wetterling crimes against children act and sexually violent offender registration act

Requires convicted sex offender's to register with local law-enforcement

megan's law

Requires that registry information gathered via the Wetterling act be made public

kent v united states

Serial rapist 14 years old confesses to burglary and rape in question in addition to other on saw grapes. Supreme Court said juveniles are entitled to do process and a hearing and title to counsel and entitled to privilege against self-incrimination

Houses of refuge

State shelters established to house dependent, neglected, and delinquent children

indeterminate sentencing

System of sentencing that allowed greater judicial discretion

international terrorism

Terrorism that occurs outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States

Domestic terrorism

Terrorism that occurs within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States

What are victims entitled to in West Virginia

Testimony of crime victim at a sentencing hearing, victim impact statement, restitution, notification of victim to offenders released, placement, transfer, or escape of custody

school-to-prison pipeline

That diversion of juveniles from schools into the juvenile justice system for minor infractions

Diversion

The decision to keep a low risk youth offenders from entering into the more formal processing of the juvenile system

Intake

The first step in the juvenile justice system for youth. The intake process is similar to an initial hearing for adults

What is Ethics? What is the issues with ethics and justice? What is the difference between ethics and statutes?

The moral principles that govern a persons perception of right and wrong The line is often difficult to discern. Ethical standards are not written as statutes are formally written.

Money laundering

The movement of money gained through a legal means to make it appear as if it was gained through legitimate means

What is the due process model? What is the purpose of it?

The primary emphasis is the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government. It gives constitutional rights to offenders. Allows non-violent offenders to serve their time in the community rather than in jail.

Convict Criminology

The study of crime and correctional systems that challenges traditional view point

human trafficking

The trade and humans for labor and/or sex, and the extraction of organs or tissues. Sex trafficking is one form of human trafficking

What is the informal criminal justice process?

The use of discretion to offset the rigidity of criminal statutes and procedural rights.

forensic science

The use of science to solve crimes

Integrated ballistic identification system

This computer database at houses "fingerprints" for shell casings in the United States

Why is hearsay in admissible at trial?

Under the Constitution, the sixth amendment says that the accused has the right to accuse the evidence against them. The defendant has to be able to cross examine whatever evidence is presented

Judicial waivers

Waiver sending a juvenile to the adult criminal justice system if the judge believe the youth cannot be helped through treatment efforts

Direct files

When a prosecutor use his discretion to send a juvenile to the criminal justice system

deprivation model

Where prisons require inmates to adapt to being deprived of basic rights and need

Habeus corpus is Latin for what

You shall have the body this means detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment

communications assistance for law enforcement act

a 1994 law that allows federal agencies to more easily monitor an individual's phone calls and internet messages

USA freedom act

a 2015 law that came into affect the day after the USA PATRIOT act expired. this act restored many provisions of the patriot act but limited the collection of telecommunication metadata of citizens by the national security agency

declaration of principles

a 37 paragraph document adopted at the 1870 meeting of the national prison association that called for institutions focused on reformation and rejected the notion that punishment was the ultimate goal of imprisonment

patria potestas

a Fathers right to use a strict discipline for ill behaved children

hearsay rule

a basic rule that hearsay is inadmissible in court

en banc

a case heard by all judges of the court, or the full court. cases are typically heard en banc when a significant issue is presented or if both parties request it and the court agrees

challenge for cause

a challenge during voir dire in which the defense counsel, the prosecutor, or the judge identifies a potential juror believes cannot be unbiased. also known as strike for cause

insanity defense

a claim that the defendant was not sane under law at the time of the act

national crime statistics exchange (NCS-X)

a collaborative effort between BJS and the FBI that will produce nationally representative incident based statistics on crimes using both data reported to law enforcement agencies and a sample

forfeiture

a community correction sanction in which the criminal's material possessions may be seized if the items were related to the commission or outcome of a criminal offense

criminal (penal) code

a compilation of all the criminal laws of a jurisdiction

actual possession

a condition in which a person has exclusive control over an object

constructive possession

a condition in which a person has the opportunity to exercise control over an object

penitentiary

a correctional facility used to imprison criminal offenders

mistrial

a courtroom trial that ends prior to its normal conclusion

global terrorism database

a database housed at the university of Maryland that contains a broad range of data of threatened, failed, and completed terrorist attacks since 1970

no bill

a decision made by a grand jury that indicates that insufficient evidence is present to proceed with the case

entrapment

a defense designed to prevent the government from manufacturing crime by setting traps for unwary citizens

ignorance of law

a defense in which a defendant claims that a law is not widely known and that the person could not have been expected to be aware of it

mistake of fact

a defense in which a person claims that honest ignorance rules out the presence of a "guilty mind"

duress

a defense in which a person claims to have engaged in criminal conduct because of a threat of immediate and serious bodily harm by another person

necessity

a defense in which a person claims to have engaged in otherwise criminal behavior because of the forces of nature

risk assessment

a determination of offenders' propensity to harm themselves or others

utilitarianism

a doctrine stating that an action is morally right as long as the behavior is a benefit for the majority of a society. this is the concept of "the greatest good"

judicial review

a doctrine that ensures checks and balances by allowing courts to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches of the government

residential community housing

a facility where offenders are secured at night but released during the day to work, attend school, or receive treatment

conviction

a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt

cybercrime

a form of illegal activity using a computer or computer network as the primary method of commission. examples of cybercrime include network intrusions, dissemination of computer viruses, and phishing

bail

a form of pretrial release where the court holds money or property to ensure that the arrestee will appear for trial

hanging

a form of punishment used in the early days of the united states as a penalty for the worst offenses

indictment

a formal accusation of a crime based on the vote of a grand jury

information

a formal accusation of a crime filed by a prosecutor based on the finding of a preliminary hearing

indictment

a formal accusation that an individual has committed an act punishable by law, typically presented by a grand jury

information

a formal charge against an individual suspected of committing a crime, typically presented by an authorized public official, such as the prosecutor. the purpose is to inform the accused of the charges so a defense may be prepared

arraignment

a formal reading of the charges in a court of appropriate jurisdiction in front of the defendant

trial management order

a full schedule created by the court and the court participants that designates what happens and when as the parties work toward the trial date

rule of law

a fundamental principle in the cj system in the US that all government officers- including those in the cj system- pledge to uphold the constitution and follow it not any particular human leader

restorative justice

a goal of community corrections that emphasizes that crime is more than criminal behavior. rather, lawbreaking disturbs and harms individuals and the community, especially the primary victim

grand jury

a group of citizens who hear the evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether probable cause exists to hold a person for trial

arraignment

a hearing where the defendant is informed of the charges and of his or her rights and enters a plea

gossip's bridle or scold's helm

a heavy iron device that covered an offender's head to punish and deter those who nagged, slandered, or gossiped

deadlocked

a hung jury that is unable to reach an agreement regarding the guilt or innocence of a defendant

sentencing

a judge's decision as to what is to be the most appropriate punishment, given the type of crime and offender, and within a specified range established by law

national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)

a large and complex national data collection system designed to gather incident-based crime info from law enforcement

compSTAT

a law enforcement strategy first adopted by the NYCPD that relies on crime mapping to identify hot spots and crime trends in order to effectively address problems

fugitive slave law of 1850

a law passed by the us congress that addressed fears of a "slave power conspiracy" as the number of slaves grew. this law created the need for slave patrols, which became the purview of police officers

ex post facto law

a law that a legislature passed after a crime was committed. at the time a person committed the action it was legal

defense attorney

a lawyer who advocates for his/her client and protects the client's constitutional rights

castle doctrine

a legal doctrine that states that homeowners are no longer required to retreat if threatened by intruders. in some states it extends beyond homes

due process (constitutional)

a legal protection included in the US constitution that guarantees all citizens the right to be adjudicated under established law and legal procedures

constitutional law

a major source of law that establishes the fundamental rules and the relationships among the judiciary, legislative, and executive branches at the state and federal levels

intelligence-led policing

a means of creating efficiency and effectiveness in police agencies that emphasizes the importance of risk assessment and management

felicitous/hedonistic calculus

a measure indicating how much pleasure an individual gains from a specific act

recidivism

a measure that identifies relapse into criminal offending behavior

advocacy model

a model in which the defendant and the gov are represented by advocates who act on behalf of their clients

motion for recusal

a motion for the recusal of a trial judge or prosecutor

motion to suppress

a motion requesting that the court disallow illegally obtained evidence at trial. often filed bc of search and seizure issues or problems with a confession.

motion in limine

a motion requesting that the judge rule on whether particular evidence can be used at trial. latin term means "threshold". either side can file a motion claiming the anticipation of testimony from a witness they claim is hearsay or irrelevant

reformation movement

a movement born during the 1870 meeting of the national prison association, which called for institutions focused on reformation

national crime victimization survey (NCVS)

a nationally represented survey of victims of property of personal violence in the US

stocks

a painful punishment generally administered with public humiliation

pillory

a painful punishment that forced that offender into a standing position with hands, head; and ears commonly nailed to the pillory wood

pennsylvania system

a penitentiary system based on the guiding philosophy that isolation and silence are necessary for offender reflection, reformation, and rehabilitation. also known as the separate system

due process perspective

a perspective that views the role of the cj system to be ensure that all people accussed of crimes are treated fairly and equally within the system

parole

a phase of the criminal justice system in which an offender completes the end of a prison sentence under supervision in the community

community policing

a philosophy and style of policing that adopts proactive measures and collaborates with community members

arm of the court

a phrase used to describe a probation officer who acts as the court's fact finder

nolo contendere

a plea made by a defendant in which he or she neither admits or disputes guilt. aka no contest plea

zero tolerance

a policing approach that focuses enforcement efforts on quality-of-life issues such as disorder and minor crime. enforcement efforts are applied to low level crimes and minor infractions in specific neigborhoods

problem-oriented policing

a policing style that emphasizes the use of data analysis and assessment to address crime problems

crime control perspective

a popular view of the role of the cj system. this perspective states that the goal of the system is to prevent crime by shrewdly and harshly punishing offenders

motion for a change of venue

a pretrial motion requesting a geographical change of the trial at a judge's discretion. may happen due to publicity of a case or in the concern of justice

probable cause

a reasonable link between a specific person and a particular crime; the legal threshold required before police can arrest or search an individual

appeal

a review of lower court decisions by a higher court to look for errors of law or procedure

equity

a sentencing concept that emphasizes that similar crimes be punished in similar ways and with similar severity

proportionality

a sentencing concept that suggests that the severity of the sentencing should correspond to the severity of the crime committed

social debt

a sentencing concept that takes into account an offender's criminal past

problem-solving court

a specialized court designed to better meet the needs of a particular group of offenders

perjury

a spoken or written intentional swearing of a false oath or misrepresenting of an agreement to be truthful

reasonableness standard

a standard under which persons are culpable for their actions if they understand the consequences of those actions. Young children and the mentally ill are generally not held culpable owing to their inability to reason effectively.

plea

a statement of innocence or guilt

auburn system

a style of incarceration based on reformation. inmates were housed separately and not allowed to communicate. during the day inmates worked and ate in silence. also known as the congregate system

recognizance

a suspect, without posting bail money, agrees to show up for the court based on his or her word alone

warrant

a sworn statement by police that attests to the existence of probable cause in a given case; it is signed by a judge who agrees with the officers' assessment of the facts

modus operandi

a system for solving crimes that facilitated the identification of crime patterns. this system was first implemented by august vollmer

adversarial system

a system used in the US in which prosecutors and defendants compete against each other to reveal the truth

convict leasing system

a system whereby private businesses paid the state a fixed annual fee for control of inmates

conflict model

a theoretical view of the cj system that highlights the adversarial nature of the system. components of the cj system work in competition to produce a fair outcome or justice

consensus model

a theoretical view of the cj system that highlights the collaborative nature of the system. the components of the cj system work in unison to achieve justice

reactive policing

a traditional style of policing relying on responding to calls for services

bench trial

a trial in which a judge (or panel of judges) acts as the fact finder, weighs the evidence, deliberates, and renders a judgment

bench trial

a trial in which the judge determines guilt or innocence

jury trial

a trial in which the jury determines guilt or innocence

mistrial

a trial that has been declared invalid because of a substantial error in law or procedure

fine

a type of community correction sanction

radiofrequency identification devices (RFID)

a type of community corrections used to monitor those serving home confinement sentences via ankle or wrist bracelets

automated kiosk reporting

a type of community of corrections in which a probationer provides information to a freestanding machine, often using eye-scanning technology

tasers

a type of conductive energy device or electronic control device. these devices offer a means of controlling suspects while saving lives and offering officers protection from injuries

intermediate responses and sanctions

a type of correctional response in the community that includes probation that includes probation plus additional community sanctions, which are generally administered by probation departments

boots camps

a type of intermediate sanction in which offenders are mandated to military settings, where they are required to follow orders, march ,run drills, and engage in physical training

house confinement/house arrest

a type of intermediate sanction that restricts offenders from leaving their homes

common law

a type of legal system originally developed in England, whereby the courts define the law and determine how to apply it. this is the body of law derived from judicial opinions

intensive supervised probation

a type of probation in which offenders undergo extreme supervision and monitoring

rape

a type of violent crime considered mala en se that includes "penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with a body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim"

nonintervention perspective

a view that the appropriate role of the cj system is to be as minimal and nonintrusive as possible

rehabilitative perspective

a view that the purpose of the cj system is to rehabilitate offenders

summons

a written notice to appear in court

Laws that require long prison sentences for persons convicted of a third felony are known as ______ laws. a. three-strikes b. truth in sentencing c. time served d. split sentencing

a. 3 strikes

Protection against unreasonable researches and seizures is guaranteed by the ______ Amendment. a. 4th b. 5th c. 14th d. 6th

a. 4th

Which of the following age groups represents the fastest growing segment of the prison population? a. 55+ b. 30-35 c. 45-50 d. 18-25

a. 55+

Supreme Court justices are: a. appointed for life b. up for reelection every 6 years c. up for reelection every 4 years d. appointed for a 5-year term

a. Appointed for life

In a criminal case, the prosecution has to prove the defendant's guilt: a. beyond a reasonable doubt b. by clear and convincing evidence c. by a preponderance of the evidence d. beyond a shadow of a doubt

a. Beyond a reasonable doubt

Which of the following is least likely to be offered the opportunity of bail? a. Black men b. Black women c. White women d. White men

a. Black man

According to your text, why are some jurisdictions turning to private community corrections services? a. Budget shortages and larger caseloads have forced officials to seek alternatives b. The research indicates that probationers supervised by private companies are less likely to recidivate c. Private companies can attract higher skilled probation officers d. They are more punitive than traditional community corrections

a. Budget shortages and larger caseloads have forced officials to seek alternatives

The distorted understanding of forensics held by the public due to media representations is the ______ effect. a. CSI b. tech c. forensic d. NCIS

a. CSI

The ______ was formed after the LAPD beating of Rodney King. a. Christopher Commission b. Wickersham Commission c. Mollen Commission d. Knapp Commission

a. Christopher commission

The defense attorney is responsible for: a. ensuring the constitutional rights of the defendant are protected b. determining whether or not his or her client is guilty c. ensuring that their client is acquitted or found not guilty d. telling the defendant which plea to enter in court

a. Ensuring the constitutional rights of the defendant are protected

A pro se case is one that is: a. filed without the aid of legal representation b. presented in front of a judge rather than a jury c. filed using a public defender d. filed after all appeals have been exhausted

a. Filed without the aid of legal representation

The ______ requires that sex offenders register with local law enforcement. a. Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children Act and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act b. Jessica's Law c. Megan's Law d. Adam Walsh Protection Act

a. Jacob wetterling crimes against children act and sexually violent offender registration act

An offender on probation may wear a(n) ______ bracelet, which can detect ethanol secreted through the skin. a. RAD b. Breathalyzer c. RFID d. GPS

a. RAD

The latin term for a criminal act A. Actus Reus B. Mens Rea C. Mala en se D. Mala Prohibita

a. actus reus

______ is the only federally operated supermax prison. a. ADX Florence b. Aliceville FCI c. USP Leavenworth d. Alderson FPC

a. adx florence

Which of the following is not more common among female inmates compared to males. a. Aggression b. Substance abuse c. Victimization d. Mental illness

a. aggression

The ______ system was also known as the congregate system. a. Auburn b. Pennsylvania c. Ohio d. New York

a. auburn

In a ______ trial, the judge hears the evidence without a jury present and makes a ruling. a. bench b. state c. show d. in camera

a. bench

_____ criminalized trivial behavior of newly freed slaves after the Civil War. a. Black Codes b. The 13th Amendment c. Jim Crow laws d. Segregation laws

a. black codes

Which of the following technologies are being used in correctional facilities to scan for contraband? a. Body-imaging scanners b. Videoconferencing c. Telemedicine d. Thermal imaging

a. body-imaging scanners

Which U.S. city created the first detective division? a. Boston b. Philadelphia c. Los Angeles d. New York

a. boston

______ theory posits that signs of disorder such as abandoned buildings and graffiti, if left unattended, will lead to more serious crime. a. Broken windows b. Attribution c. Routine activities d. Zero tolerance

a. broken windows

______ trials deal with issues between two private parties. a. Civil b. Statutory c. Criminal d. Administrative

a. civil

The largest proportion of the Department of Homeland Security budget is committed to the: a. Customs and Border Protection b. FBI c. Department of Defense d. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

a. customs and border protection

The ______ rule states that evidence that was obtained illegally cannot be used in trial. a.exclusionary b.due process c.evidentiary d. suppression

a. exclusionary

______ changed the standards of evidence for juvenile courts. a. In re Winship b. In re Gault c. Kent v. United States d. Graham v. Florida

a. in re winship

A ______ is a facility used to detain individuals for 24-48 hr. a. lockup b. prison c. halfway house d. jail

a. lockup

White-collar nonviolent offenders are housed in ______ prisons. a. minimum-security b. ADMAX c. maximum-security d. medium-security

a. minimum security

If an officer legally enters a house and sees drug paraphernalia on a coffee table, the officer can seize the items under the ______ exception. a. plain view doctrine b. regulatory c. incident to lawful arrest d. exigent circumstances

a. plain view doctrine

What is defined as criminal may change according to: a. political agendas b. police discretion c. the rule of law d. due process

a. political agendas

The juvenile court was created during the ______ Era. a. Progressive b. Reconstruction c. Colonial d. Civil Rights

a. progressive

The Boston Marathon Bomber and the Unibomber are housed in a ______ prison. a. super-maximum b. minimum-security c. maximum-security d. medium-security

a. super-maximum

Which of the following rights is not afforded to juveniles during court proceedings? a. The right to a jury trial b. Protection against self-incrimination c. The right to counsel d. The right to confront witnesses

a. the right to a jury trial

______ place(s) limits on police powers to ensure due process. a. The Supreme Court and the Constitution b. The President c. Congress d. the people The citizens

a. the supreme court and the constitution

The ______ has jurisdiction over U.S. Customs issues. a. U.S. Court of Federal Claims b. U.S. Supreme Court c. U.S. Court of International Trade d. D.C. Circuit Court

a. us Court of Federal claims

allen charge

additional instructions a judge may give to a deliberating jury to discourage a mistrial and encourage them to change their position (reach a unanaminous verdict) also known as the dynamite charge or hammer charge. an option in federal court cases but not all states

Victims bill of rights

adopted in many states, it offers rights to crime victims

no-knock warrants

allows officers to enter a house forcibly without identifying themselves as law enforcement if justified by the circumstances. increasingly used by a lot

brawner rule

also called ALI rule. right from wrong test

specialized courts

also called problem solving courts, they work with particular types of offenses and offenders.

Missouri plan

also called the merit selection system, it is a process to elect judges that attempts to eliminate politics

solitary confinement

also known As administrative segregation, it isolates violent or hard to manage prisoners from the general population

stop and frisk

also known as a terry stop or field stop, this allows a police officer to detain and search a person when he or she reasonably suspects that a crime has been or will be committed

crime triangle

also referred to as the problem analysis triangle, a strategy that focuses on immediate concerns present in the environment in order to confront difficult issues

judiciary act of 1789

although the constitution allows a supreme court, congress established the federal court system and specified jurisdictions

Fourth Amendment

amendment to the US constitution that prohibits searches without probable cause

metropolitan police act of 1829

an act induced by sir robert peele, which established london's metropolitan police force. this is considered the beginning of modern public policing.

omnibus crime control and safe streets act of 1968

an act that established agencies and rules dealing with crime

alternative dispute resolution

an approach to settle cases using a variety of methods to assist the disputing parties in finding a solution without relying on costly litigation

challenge to the array

an argument that the venire should be discharged because of a deficiency or an illegality in the way it was selected

classification review

an assessment made to determine an officer's risk level and needs

peremptory challenge

an attorney may remove a prospective juror from the venire without giving a legal reason

prosecutor

an attorney who represents the gov or "the people" and is responsible for presenting the state's case in criminal, civil, and administrative matters

flogging

an early punishment that consisted of serious beatings or whippings

mutilation

an early that entailed the amputation of body parts to curtail a perpetrator's ability to reoffend

intensive case management

an evidence-based practice that includes low staff to client ratios; 24 hour coverage; and services and referrals for mental health treatment, housing, living skills, employment, and crisis intervention

excited utterance

an exception to the hearsay rule - a statement made by a person during a shocking or upsetting event. words blurted out during the stress of excitement may be entered into the court

electronic monitoring

an intermediate sanction in which the probationer wears an ankle, wrist, or neck monitor that identifies his or her location

work-release program

an intermediate sanction that requires offenders to live in a secure facility but allows their release for work

presentence investigation

an investigation by the probation department that seeks information regarding the offender's personal and social background, criminal record, and any other information that may help the judge match the sentence to the offender

presentence investigation

an investigation that gathers info on extenuating circumstances and the criminal history of the defendant to be used when determining the severity of the sentence

reasonable suspicion

an objective basis supported by specific facts for believing that someone has committed a crime

battered woman syndrome

an ongoing pattern of severe physical abuse that constitutes a continual threat of harm

hearsay

an out-of-court statement offered in court to prove the truth of the matter asserted

jailhouse lawyer

and inmate has never received a degree or practice law that has become well-versed in matters of legal while in prison

separate system

another name for the Pennsylvania system, which reflects the lack of interpersonal interaction experiences by inmates

congregate system

another name for the auburn system, which reflects the silent congregation experienced during the day

total institution

any isolated, closed, social system designed to control people

US attorney

appointed by the president and supervised by the US attorney general in the DOJ, a US attorney is responsible for trying cases at the federal court level

who is the father of american policing

august vollmer

With the creation of the juvenile court, children younger than ______ were removed from the adult system. a. 7 b. 16 c. 18 d. 11

b. 16

It was not until ______ that women could serve on juries in the same capacity as men. a. 1994 b. 1975 c. 1921 d. 1942

b. 1975

Which amendment to our constitution protects citizens against unreasonable searches? A. 1st B. 4th C. 5th D. 6th E. 8th

b. 4th amendment

______ is a sentencing goal that aims to protect the public by removing the offender from society. a. Restitution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d.Retribution

b. Incapacitation

______ seeks to isolate the offender from society to protect the public. a. Restoration b. Incapacitation c. Retribution d. Deterrence

b. Incapacitation

_____ represent the largest percentage of the prison population. a. Hispanic males b. Black males c. Non-Hispanic White males d. Asian males

b. black males

Which of the following officers have the greatest difficulty becoming members of the in-group? a. Black policemen b. Black policewomen c. White policewomen d. Hispanic policemen

b. black policewomen

The police ______ ultimately is responsible for everything that occurs in a department. a. lieutenant b. chief c. sergeant d. commander

b. chief

Katz v. United States addressed: a. the use of canines to search for drugs b. citizens' reasonable expectation of privacy in their homes and certain public places c. the use of technology such as security cameras to monitor public streets and traffic lights d. stop and frisks as a form of racial profiling

b. citizens' reasonable expectations of privacy in their homes and certain

The majority of cases in state courts are ______ cases. a. probate b. civil c. small claims d. criminal

b. civil

______ is a philosophy and proactive style of policing that seeks citizen input. a. Problem-oriented policing b. Community policing c. Intelligence-led policing d. Routine activities

b. community policing

Physical punishment such as whipping and caning is known as ______ punishment. a. institutional b. corporal c. extrajudicial d. capital

b. corporal

______ terrorism occurs within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. a. Transnational b. Domestic c. International d. State

b. domestic

A defense attorney must determine if a client is guilty prior to taking the case. True False

b. false

Serious crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery are classified as: a.capital offenses b. felonies c. misdemeanors d. wobblers

b. felonies

The federal prison system uses a ______ level security system. a. three b. five c. four d. six

b. five

Under the ______ model, how the prisoner acted on the outside will determine how they act in prison. a. deprivation b. importation c. exportation d. deviance

b. importation

A formal accusation that an individual has committed a criminal act, typically presented by a grand jury, is called a(n): a. information b. indictment c. warrant d. subpoena

b. indictment

Which of the following was not one of the provisions of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968? a. It established rules for obtaining wiretap orders. b. It included enhanced penalties for hate crimes. c. It included provisions that regulated firearm sales. d. It established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.

b. it included enhanced penalties for hate crimes

In most cases, a misdemeanor is punished by: a. life in prison b. less than a year in jail c. a year or more in prison d. a year or more in jail

b. less than a year in jail

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 sought to end the use of ______ to register to vote. a. a poll tax b. literacy tests c. felony disenfranchisement d. voter ID laws

b. literacy tests

______ policies limit police discretion in certain situations, such as intimate partner violence. a. Situational discretion b. Mandatory arrest c. Informal discretion d. Broken windows

b. mandatory arrest

An offender is charged with rape and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Which of the following facilities will he most likely be incarcerated in? a. Medium-security b. Maximum-security c. ADMAX d. Minimum-security

b. maximum-security

August Vollmer first implemented the use of the ______ system to classify offenders and crimes. a. res publica b. modus operandi c. corpus delicti d. stare decisis

b. modus operandi

A ______ warrant allows officers to forcibly enter a house without identifying themselves as law enforcement. a. possessory b. no knock c. knock and announce d. delayed notice

b. no knock

DNA is hereditary material found in the ______ of human cells. a. vesicles b. nucleus c. cytoplasm d. plasma membrane

b. nucleus

The ______ doctrine gives the state power to act as a child's parent. a. pater familias b. parens patriae c. patria postestas d. prima facie

b. parens patriae

The beginning of corrections in the community in the United States was the advent of: a. community service b. probation c. halfway houses d. parole

b. probation

A policing style that emphasizes identifying the root of crime and disorder is: a. community policing b. problem-oriented policing c. intelligence-led policing d. traditional policing

b. problem-oriented policing

The ______ is a relationship among female prisoners to replicate the family structure left behind. a. conjugal visit b. pseudofamily c. prison gang d. fantasy family

b. pseudofamily

______ is an objective basis supported by specific facts that leads an officer to believe that someone committed a crime. a. Probable cause b. Reasonable suspicion c. Clear and convincing evidence d. ? Reasonable doubt

b. reasonable suspicion

Which of the following would be considered a special condition of probation for an offender convicted of a cybercrime? a. Avoiding persons with criminal records b. Restriction from using the internet c. Appearing at scheduled court appearances d. Maintaining employment

b. restriction from using the internet

The first Hispanic U.S. Supreme Court justice was: a. Alberto Gonzalez b. Sonia Sotomayor c. Pedro Capo-Rodriquez d. Miriam Naveria de Rodon

b. sonia sotomayor

A curfew violation is an example of (a) ______. a. delinquency b. status offense c. summary offense d. criminal offense

b. status offense

______ is based on the belief that those who work in the criminal justice system pledge to upload the Constitution. a Bill of Rights b. the rule of law c. jurisdiction d. Due process

b. the rule of law

Which of the following is a criticism of police body-worn cameras? a. Suspects are more likely to resist police b. The technology may inhibit officers from stopping suspects c. Police are more likely to use force d. The technology may increase false accusations against police

b. the technology may inhibit officer from stopping suspects

Which of the following is not an example of a problem-solving court? a. Drug court b. Traffic court c. Domestic violence court d. Mental health court

b. traffic court

surety

bail posted by a bondsman on behalf of an arrestee

mala prohibita

behavior that is prohibited by law. changes over time

mala en se

behavior that is sinful or inherently wrong by nature ie murder

eye scans

biometric technology increasingly being used in community corrections to determine if a probationer has used drugs or alcohol or is fatigued

age of enlightenment

brought about new ways of thinking including reforms arising from outrage against the barbaric system of law and punishment just before the French revolution in the late 18th century

Which amendment to our constitution protects citizens from double jeopardy? A. 1st B. 4th C. 5th D. 6th E. 8th

c. 5th amendment

The speedy trial guarantee generally requires that a trial be conducted within ______ months of the date of arraignment. a. 18 b. 12 c. 6 d. 3

c. 6

The ______ Amendment guarantees the right to an impartial jury. a. 14th b. 4th c. 6th d. 8th

c. 6th

When a sentence seeks to dissuade others in the public from committing the same crime, it has the goal of: a. Restoration b. Incapacitation c. Deterrence d. Retribution

c. Deterrence

When a defendant is released on their own recognizance, they: a. must put up collateral, such as the deed to property b. must pay a percent of the bail, usually 10% c. do not have to post any bail money d. must pay the full bail amount

c. Do not have to post any bail money

The ______ for establishing insanity is also called the "right-wrong" test. a. Durham test b. Irresistible impulse test c. M'Naghten standard d. Brawner rule

c. M'Naghten standard

______ is considered the Father of American Policing. a. O.W. Wilson b. August Vollmer c. Robert Peel d. James Q. Wilson

c. Robert peele

A probation officer is referred to as the "arm of the court" because he or she: a. tracks down absconders b. serves as court security c. acts as the court's fact finder d. serves warrants for criminal courts

c. acts as the court's fact finder

In 1910, ______ became the first full-time paid policewoman with arrest powers in the Los Angeles Police Department. a. Lola Baldwin b. Lucy Gray c. Alice Stebbins Wells d. Georgia Robinson

c. alice Stebbins wells

The earliest known system of policing in England was the ______, a social unit of 12 people. a. constable b. tyth c. borh d. frankpledge

c. borh

Non-U.S. citizens charged with terrorism are tried: a. in state courts b. in federal criminal courts c. by military commissions d. in federal civil courts

c. by military commissions

The ______, the oldest known legal code, covered civil and criminal law. a. Great Qing Legal Code b. Sharia c. Code of Hammurabi d. Magna Carta

c. code of hammurabi

In the ______ subculture, values are imported from the outside and the inmate code is followed. a. legitimate b. importation c. convict d. thief

c. convict

Traffic court is an example of a: a. court of general jurisdiction b. appellate court c. court of limited jurisdiction d. court of last resort

c. court of limited jurisdiction

The prosecution presents bank surveillance camera footage showing the defendant holding a gun to the teller's head while she hands him cash. This is an example of ______ evidence. a. ballistic b. circumstantial c. direct d. testimonial

c. direct

U.S. Supreme Court cases are heard by the full court. This is called: a. propria persona b. pro se c. en banc d. in camera

c. en banc

______ were state-run shelters for dependent, neglected, and delinquent children in 19th century America. a. Boweries b. Youth development centers c. Houses of refuge d. Borstals

c. houses of refuge

In the U.S. vs. Jacobsen... the State... A. baited the crime B. enticed the crime C. induced the crime D. violated the defendants 8th amendment rights

c. induced the crime (entrapment)

Inmates who have done a lot of time in prison and tend to be comfortable in prison engage in: a. ducking b. gleaning c. jailing d. doing time

c. jailing

Automatic waivers are designated by: a. prosecutorial discretion b. police discretion c. law d. judicial discretion

c. law

Public opposition to the insanity defense resulted in: a. most states restricting the insanity defense to physiological disorders such as brain injury b. many states limiting the insanity defense to non-violent crimes c. many states adopting the option of a "guilty but mentally ill" verdict d. most states abolishing the insanity defense altogether

c. many states adopting the option of a "guilty but mentally ill" verdict

hate crime differs from other types of crime because of its: a. severity b. perpetrator c. motivation d. victim

c. motivation

The increasing harshness of sentencing given to offenders who would have traditionally been sentenced to probation is known as: a. discretionary abuse b. mission creep c. net widening d. phishing

c. net widening

Which U.S. city consolidated its three rival police components in 1844 into a centrally directed police department based upon the English Bobbies? a. Boston b. Philadelphia c. New York d. New Orleans

c. new york

Most police agencies are structured under a ______ framework. a. martial law b. civilian c. paramilitary d. horizontal

c. paramilitary

The ______ is used to create an individualized sentence to serve the needs of the offender and the community. a. charging document b. criminal indictment c. presentence report d. victim statement

c. presentence report

______ courts are specialized to meet the needs of a particular group of offenders. a. Justice of the peace b. General jurisdiction c. Problem-solving d. Magistrate

c. problem-solving

______ were precursors to sheriffs who ensured orderly conduct and pursued and apprehended criminals in early English county-like regions. a. Watchmen b. Parish constables c. Shire reeves d. Thieftakers

c. shire reeves

The completed or threatened use of coercion and/or violence against a population of people with the goal of changing political, religious, or ideological positions is known as: a. hate crime b. transnational crime c. terrorism d. white-collar crime

c. terrorism

In ______, the Supreme Court ruled that police can stop and frisk an individual based upon reasonable suspicion. a. Riley v. California b. Mapp v. Ohio c. Terry v. Ohio d. Weeks v. United States

c. terry v. ohio

In ______, the Court held that, if an officer obtained a search warrant in good faith, the evidence can be submitted if it is later found that the reasons for the search were weak or that probable cause did not exist. a. Katz v. United States b. Weeks v. United States c. United States v. Leon d. Mapp v. Ohio

c. united states v leon

dynamic risk predictors

characteristics of offenders amenable to change, such as employment status, educational level, and peer groups

static risk predictor

characteristics of offenders that cannot be changed, such as the age at first arrest, the number of prior arrests, and the number of times the person has been incarcerated in the past

where was the first black officer

chicago in 1872

US attorney general

chief law enforcement officer in the government and head of the DOJ

class action lawsuits

civil cases involving large numbers of victims in which courts authorize a single individual or small faction to represent the interests of a large group

routine activity theory

cohen and felson's theory that posits that the convergence of space and time of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians increases the risk of crime incidents

according to lecture what is the basis of all subsequent court proceedings or what comes first? complaint, summons, indictment, or plea?

complaint

general conditions

conditions of corrections in the community that are standard across convicted offenders

special conditions

conditions of one's community corrections that are specific to a particular offender

define mala en se

conduct that is evil or wrong across culture. Murder, depriving someone of their just property, *********

define mala prohibitum

conduct that is wrong through a declaration, or through the proclamation of the majority. example: bigomy ******

intention

conscious purposiveness in conduct; a factor in the determination of criminal responsibility

matrons

correctional officers in a women's prison or reformatory

According to the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C), the most common type of white-collar crime victimization is

credit card fraud

property crimes

crime against property. most common forms include burglary, property theft aka larceny, and motor vehicle theft

The ______ perspective of the criminal justice system holds that criminals choose to commit crimes and must be punished harshly for their actions.

crime control

a police officer may blatantly lie to suspects in an interrogation room. This reflects ________

crime control

violent media frame

crime is depicted as the direct result of the violent media present in tv, movies, video games and music

social disorganization theory

crime occurs in the city zone that has high levels of povety

felony

crime that is more serious and is severe punishment

wobblers

crimes that can be charged either as felonies or misdemeanors

individual trait theory

criminals differ from noncriminals on a number of biological and social traits

Which amendment to our constitution grants defendants the right to competent legal counsel? A. 1st B. 4th C. 5th D. 6th E. 8th

d. 6th amendment

______ evidence requires the judge or jury to interpret the evidence and draw conclusions about its meaning. a. Direct b. Hearsay c. Physical d. Circumstantial

d. Circumstantial

The U.S. Attorney General is the head of the ______. a. Department of Homeland Security b. Department of Defense c. Department of State d. Department of Justice

d. Department of justice

Most states have rules of evidence based at least in part on the: a. Criminal Evidence Act b. Jencks Act c. Constitution d. Federal Rules of Evidence

d. Federal rules of evidence

Federal sentencing is based upon the: a. Powers of Criminal Courts Act b. Criminal Law Amendment Act c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act d. Federal Sentencing Guidelines Act

d. Federal sentencing guidelines act

Which of the following is not a consequence of structured sentencing? a. It shifts the goal from rehabilitation to retribution b. It eliminated parole in some states c. It eliminated 'time served' in some states d. It reduced the prison population

d. It reduced the prison population

According to routine activities theory, which of the following is an example of a capable guardian? a. Overgrown trees and weeds b. A big screen TV visible in a window c. A group of teens looking for unlocked cars d. A barking dog in the front yard

d. a barking dog in the front yard

______ allows a probation officer to get an instantaneous location of the offender at any time. a. RAD b. AKR c. Passive GPS d. Active GPS

d. active GPS

Prison slang is known as: a.buzzwords b.legalese c.jargon d.argot

d. argot

In order to obtain a search warrant an officer must: a. submit a written request to the first-line supervisor, typically a sergeant b. submit a written request to the police chief or the acting chief on duty c. articulate reasonable suspicion in an affidavit to the issuing judge d. articulate probable cause in an affidavit to the issuing judge

d. articulate probable cause in an affidavit to the issuing

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the ______ movement sought to reform the juvenile justice system. a. children's court b. reform school c. youth advocate d. child savers

d. child savers

The ______ outlawed discrimination based upon race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, and gender. a. Voting Rights Act of 1965 b. Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution c. Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution d. Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. civil rights act of 1964

A ______ is a member of a team of scientists and investigators who investigate crimes. a. paralegal b. private investigator c. crime analyst d. crime scene investigator

d. crime scene investigator

When a juvenile is placed on informal probation, this is known as: a. adjudication b. diversion c. a consent decree d. deferred status

d. deferred status

When a police officer pulls someone over but issues a warning instead of a ticket, the officer is: a. ensuring public order b. being a meat-eater c. being a grass-eater d. exercising discretion

d. exercising discretion

How many U.S. Supreme Court justices have been women? a. Six b. Zero c. Two d. Four

d. four

Which of the following rights is not afforded to incarcerated prisoners? a. Rights to medical care b. Freedom of religion c. Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment d. Fourth Amendment search and seizure protections

d. fourth amendment search and seizure protections

A sentence of 10-15 years in prison is an example of a(n) ______ sentence. a. three-strikes b. determinate c. structured d. indeterminate

d. indeterminate

The first all-female maximum-security prison was located near: a. New York City b. Philadelphia c. Pittsburgh d. Indianapolis

d. indianapolis - indiana women's reformatory in 1873

Which of the following fields is not a part of forensic science? a. Audio and video investigations b. Medical analyses c. Geology d. Law

d. law

There is no federal law that prevents removing ______. a. Female jurors b. American Indian/Alaskan Native jurors c. Hispanic jurors d. LGBTQ jurors

d. lgbtq jurors

______ is an informal proceeding with a neutral third party that encourages parties to settle disputes, however, the parties may or may not come to a solution. a. Negotiation b. Arbitration c. Small claims court d. Mediation

d. mediation

The ______ is considered the beginning of modern public policing. a. City of London Police Act 1839 b. Central Criminal Court Act 1856 c. London Government Act 1899 d. Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

d. metropolitan police act of 1829

The movement of money gained through illegal means to make it appear legal is called: a. Ponzi schemes b. embezzlement c. securities fraud d. money laundering

d. money laundering

The prosecutor represents the: a. accused b. victim c. police d. people

d. people

______ refers to paying money to the victim, the victim's family, or a crime victim's fund in response to a crime committed. a. Forfeiture b. Day fines c. Community service d. restitution Restitution

d. restitution

______ are the courts of last resort for the majority of state laws. a. Courts of common pleas b. District courts c. State supreme courts d. State appellate courts

d. state appellate courts

Which of the following is not part of the mission of the correctional institution? a. provide for the care and supervision of offenders b. protect the public c. ensure the safety of personnel d. strip the prisoners of their dignity

d. strip the prisoners of their dignity

The search of airline passengers and the inspection of vehicles and cargo at U.S. borders do not require a warrant because: a. they are based on the plain view doctrine b. they are based on reasonable suspicion c. they are not conducted by government officials d. they are regulatory searches

d. they are regulatory searches

motion for expenses of experts

defense can request that the state pay expenses related to psychological evaluations or other types of expert testimony.

administrative law

derives from a legislatives body's delegation of authority over commissions or boards to regulate activities controlled by written statutes

part I and part II crimes

designation of types of crimes under the UCR's summary reporting system. part I includes common and serious crimes while part II are less common and less serious

what is the exclusionary rule designed to do

deter police misconduct rather to punish magistrates and judges for their errors.

durham test

determines if a criminal act was a product of mental disease or defect

classification

determines the level of supervision appropriate for each offender based on probation investigation and risk assessment

fusion centers

developed under the national criminal intelligence sharing plan to help in information exchanges on intelligence gathered from confidential informants, surveillance, and crime data analyais

federalism

division of power between federal and local government with most power being in localities and states. Federal police have relatively limited power

fruit of the poisonous tree (what case caused this)

doctrine applied to the states in MAPP V OHIO

borh

earliest known system of policing in england. the borh was a unit that was responsible for policing and security, which was generally a collective of 12 individuals who stood surety for one another's good behavior

third degree

early (now outlawed) method used by police officers that included brutalizing an individual in order to gather information

sheriffs

early policing agents who were charged to pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal financial expense

According to precedent established in terry v ohio, the (primary) purpose of a frisk is to:

ensure the officers and other peoples safety

due process

established rules and principles designed to protect private rights found in the 5 and 14 amendment that prevent the government from unfairly or arbitrarily depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property

legal guilt

established when a prosecutor is able to persuade a judge or jury that the defendant is guilty of the criminal charges

Gideon v Wainwright

establishes that everywhere to be accused of the crime in the United States means that you have the right to be assisted by counsel. Clarence Gideon was accused of breaking into a pool hall in Florida and making off with the cashbox. When he was arraigned he ask the judge if he could have counsel and the judge said if you can afford it. Gideon did not have any money. Judge said in Florida we only have to provide you with an attorney if you've been charged with a capital crime that carries a death penalty possibility. He was sentenced to five years in prison. This triggered habeas corpus. The term Gideons trumpet comesFrom this. Gideon wrote to the Supreme Court who agreed to hear the case.

criminal liability

establishing the presence of the elements of a crime in a given case, thereby subjecting the accused person to criminal penalties

circumstantial evidence

evidence that requires the fact finding body to interpret it and draw conclusions about its meaning a set of fingerprints at the scene of the crime, witness who heard the defendant scream something and run away from the scene ballistics or DNA analysis presented by expert witness

inevitable discovery

exception to the fruit of the poisonous tree rule. illegally obtained evidence may be used if eventually it would have been found legally

The _____ refers to the legal principle that prevents the state from using any evidence that was collected by illegal means.

exclusionary rule

Courts of limited jurisdiction hear cases involving felonies. t/f

f

Positivism is the study of crime and correctional systems that challenges traditional viewpoints. True False

f; convict criminology

Common law establishes the fundamental rules and relationships between the branches of government at the state and federal levels. t/f

false

Community corrections are never used for felony offenders. True false False

false

Most felony defendants in the United States are White males. True False

false

Most scholars and researchers agree that gender discrimination has been eliminated in policing. True False

false

Research shows that private prisons are more efficient and cheaper than public prisons. True False

false

Since probation officers are not law enforcement officers, they do not carry weapons. True False

false

Solitary confinement is cheaper than keeping prisoners in the general population. True False

false

The court clerk reads the verdict in criminal trials. True False

false its the foreperson

An advantage of National Incident-Based Reporting System is that it collects crime data from nearly all U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. t/f

false, the srs does that

General deterrence is directed toward individual offenders to stop reoffending. True False

false; that's specific deterrence

Pseudofamilies

family organizations formed by female inmates who have roles of parents and children

federal rules of evidence

federal rules guiding what is evidence and what can be introduced in a trial

probation fees

fees paid by the offender to cover costs of services such as the preparation of the presentence report, work-release program, electronic monitoring, and drug, alcohol, or anger management counseling

______ theories argue that crime cannot be understood without considering the effects of gender.

feminist

reading of the verdict

following deliberation, a formal event in the courtroom in which the jury offers their verdict, the court clerk speaks, and the foreperson reads the verdict

criminal law

formal rules designed to maintain social control

Civil law

formal rules that regulate disputes between private parties

statutes

formal rules, or law, adopted by a governing body such as a state legislature

______ refers to media practice of packaging crime and criminal justice stories into tidy presentations that simplify events to make sharing the information easy.

framing

According to lecture, the _____ functioned as a labor union for police officers in the early reform era.

fraternal order of police

corrections

functions to protect society from criminals through housing, monitoring etc

us v leon 1984

good faith

continuum of force

guideline for the degree of force and weapon an officer may use during an arrest, which is becoming outdated

In the Summary Reporting System, if a victim is killed during an armed robbery, the criminal event is:

homicide

grass-eaters

identified by the knapp commission as officers who acted as passive participants when others were engaging in bribery and corruption

meat-eaters

identified by the knapp commission as officers who actively engaged in corrupt activities

what is the exclusionary rule

if the police look for something without probable cause or a warrant, ie illegally, the evidence can/will be thrown out

convict subculture

imports value from the outside and follows the inmate code

what does the 6th amendment say

in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a SPEEDY AND PUBLIC trial, by an IMPARTIAL JURY, in the DISTRICT WHERE THE CRIME WAS COMMITTED, BE INFORMED OF THE NATURE/CAUSE OF THE ACCUSATION, BE CONFRONTED W THE WITNESSES AGAINST HIM, have compulsory process for OBTAINING WITNESSES IN HIS FAVOR, and HAVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

probable cause

in criminal law, the existence of more than a suspicion that a person has committed an illegal act

adultery

in general, sex by a married person with someone other than his or her spouse. specific laws differ by state as does the punishment

rebuttal

in some criminal trials, the prosecutors have the last opportunity to speak during closing arguments. other forms of rebuttal may include evidence or argument

social breakdown frame

indicates that crime is the result of a breakdown in family and community

researcher is interested in studying genetic markers in families where several members have been in trouble with the law. Which theory would she be most interested in testing with her data?

individual traits

Which legal principle was ultimately established in the christian burial case (specifically in the 2nd case, williams v nix) (only case to go to the supreme case twice)

inevitable discovery

nix v williams 1984

inevitable discovery went to supreme court twice

______ is the marketing of a distorted, highly edited, and narrow view of a topic in order to entertain media consumers who believe that they are receiving comprehensive factual information.

infotainment

gleaning

inmates Who take advantage of rehabilitation, educational, and vocational opportunities while serving time

jailing

inmates who have spent a substantial amount of time behind bars and tend to be comfortable in prison

broken windows theory

introduced by james q. wilson and george kelling to describe the social disorder that occurs in run-down and neglected neighborhoods, which leads to higher crime rates

What is criminal law

it Is the arena where we establish what the state says people may or may not do

case law

judicial application and interpretation of law as it applies in a given case

petit juries

juries that determine guilt or innocence by following the course of a criminal trial. both prosecution and defense present to a petit jury in a trial

pattern jury instructions

language template to be used when charging the jury

nolle prosequi

latin for "be unwilling to pursue"; this is commonly used by a prosecutor to willingly terminate legal proceedings before trial or before a verdict. the statement is often construed as an admission that the charges cannot be proven

pro se

latin for "for himself", meaning self-representation in legal proceedings without the aid of a legal representative.

men's rea

latin for guilty mind used to prove criminal intent

actus reus

latin term meaning guilty act, used to indicate physical act of the crime

lex talionis

lation for the "law of retribution" and commonly referred to as "an eye for an eye". call for retaliation the punishment received should fit the crime committed.

substantive criminal law

law defining the specific behaviors prohibited under the criminal law

civil law

law that deals with disputes between individuals or organizations and typically seeks some type of compensation for the harmed party

case law

law that is based on precious court decisions or precedents

ordinances

laws that apply to a specific county, city, or town

a plaintiff initiates the _____

lawsuit (this is civil court)

pro bono

legal representation that is provided at no charge or a reduced fee

Misdemeanor

less serious crime punishable by fine, forfeiture, or short term confinement

mandatory arrest policies

limit police discretion in certain situations; they are frequently applied in incidents involving domestic violence

lockups

local facilities that are used to detain individuals for 24-48 hours

In which city did the metropolitan police act of 1829 establish the first modern police force?

london

thief takers

men hired by victims to capture criminal offenders. once an offender was captured, the thief taker was paid a bounty. often these individuals were very corrupt

irrestible impulse test

mental disease prevents them from controlling their behavior

compensatory damages

money awarded in a civil lawsuit for loss of injury suffered as a result of unlawful conduct

punitive damages

money awarded in addition to compensatory damages to punish the defendant for recklessness, malice, or deceit

knock-and-announce warrant

most common warrant; requires police to knock and identify themselves and wait a reasonable amount of time for anyone inside the house to answer the door before using forced entry

Which of the following crimes is not measured by the NCVS?

murder

telemedicine

new technology used in correctional institutions to provide medical care to inmates remotely

bobbies

nickname of officers in britain named for sir robert peele. bobbies replaced the existing (and generally corrupt) system of parish constables and night watchmen

peelers

nickname of officers in ireland named for sir robert peel. peelers replaced the existing (and generally corrupt) system of parish constables and night watchmen

can you form mens rea if you are insane?

no

5th amendment

no self incrimination and protection of due process of law

ghost employees

nonexistent employees for whom private prisons have illegally charged the government (and ultimately taxpayer)

less-than-lethal weapons

nonlethal force weapons

profiling

occurs when officers question or investigate a person based on race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin

code of hammurabi

oldest known legal code, it established approximately 300 provisions for family, trade, real property, personal property, and labor

civil rights act of 1875

one in a series of post-civil war legislative acts, it prohibited the exclusion of African americans from jury duty among other things

exigent circumstances

one of 6 exceptions that allow a warrantless search. these are emergency circumstances that are present to prevent * escape * harm to the officer or others * destruction of evidence

courts

one of he 3 main compenents of the cj system. responsible for interpreting and applying the law.

law enforcement

one of the 3 main components of the c.j system. charged with investigating crimes and arresting individuals alleged to have committed those crimes

probation vs parole

parole is limited liberty to which the individual a sentence in addition to incarceration. They are released to the community under parole for the balance of their sentencing after serving time in prison. Probation is a condition of limited liberty to which the convict is sentenced to instead of or in Lou ofincarceration

Rape, robbery, and burglary are examples of ______ crimes. (part I, II, III...?)

part I

patrol

patrol officers are responsible for preventing crime, apprehending suspects, and assisting community members. patrol is the backbone of all police agencies

contract system

penitentiary system in which prison officials sold the labor and services of inmates to private contractors for a fixed price per inmate per day

correctional officers

people charged with managing the inmates who are incarcerated in a jail, reformatory, prison, or penitentiary

The underlying assumption of the rehabilitation perspective of the criminal justice system claims that:

people commit the crime because they have no other option

4th amendment

people shall be secure in person/property again unreasonable search/seizure.

corporal punishment

physical punishment in response to an offense designed to discipline and reform and offender

parish constable

policing agent who operated in smaller towns. initially elected by the parishioners, the parish constable was generally unarmed, unpaid, and part-time

slave patrol

policing group that originated in 1704 in south carolina and consisted of a group of 3-6 white men who regulated the behavior of slaves and hunted down and punished escaped slaves

private policing

policing provided by private entities. protection is extended to corporate executives and other high-profile individuals

precedents

previous court decisions that are followed in current cases to ensure consistency in the application of the law

trial by ordeal

primitive form of trial in which the outcome rested in the hands of god to determine guilt of innocence by protecting an innocent person from some or all consequences of the test

voir dire

process in which prospective jurors are questioned in court under oath to attempt to uncover inappropriate jurors

arrest

process of taking a suspect into custody for the purpose of prosecution

factual guilt

refers to whether defendant actually committed a crime

high-activity location observation (HALO) cameras

remote-controlled cameras that can view 360 degrees, zoom, and tilt. this technology enables law enforcement to observe and monitor areas of interest for criminal investigations and crime prevention

inalienable rights

rights that are universal and not contingent on laws or beliefs specific to a particular government or culture

administrative regulations

rules applied to organizations that are designed to protect public health, safety, and welfare int he marketplace

procedural law

rules governing court proceedings

substantive law

rules that are used to determine the rights of individuals and collective bodies

who was the only us supreme court justice to be impeached

samuel chase 1805

correctional responses in the community

sanctions for criminal acts that are less severe than full-time incarceration but more severe than probation

who was the first female justice

sandra day o'connor 1981

regulatory searches

searches by government officials such as restaraunt health inspections, inspection of vehicles crossing borders, airport screenings, and fire inspections, that may be conducted without a warrant

incarceration

segregation of offenders from the rest of the community in jails or prisons to rehabilitate, incapacitate, or punish them and to deter others from committing similar crimes

vigilantes

self-appointed distributors of justice according to their own rules

proactive policing

self-initiated officer activities to prevent and detect crime

indeterminate sentence

sentence given to a defendant in the form of a range of years to be served ie 3-15 years

restoration

sentencing goal that addresses the harm done to victims, family, and the friends of victims and the communtiy

deterrence

sentencing goal that seeks to dissuade the offender and others in the public ffrom committing crime

just deserts

sentencing perspective that has dominated the purpose of incarceration since about the 1980s. it is focused foremost on proportionality vis-à-vis the crime and the ensuing punishment.

_____ was the british home secretary created the first modern police force. The officers were given his nickname.

sir robert peele

prison argot

slang used in prison

A researcher questions why crime occurs more frequently in one neighborhood of his city. Which theory would he be most interested in testing with his data?

social disorganization theory

direct evidence

something introduced in a trial that does not require any inference to be drawn by the fact finding body video, picture, testimony from a witness who saw defendant committing crime

hot spots

specific geographical locations identified as high crime areas

statutes

specific laws passed by legislation that prohibit or mandate certain acts

mapp v ohio

stare decises

automobile exception

states that should police have probable cause to believe that a vehicle (including boats) contains contraband, fruits of a crime, evidence, and/or instrumentalities of crime, the vehicle can be searched

covered jurisdictions

states, cities, or counties that must submit proposed voting changes to the US department of justice because of their histories of discrimination against minority voters

black codes

statutes that criminalized trivial behavior, such as obscene language, of newly freed slaves

faulty criminal justice system frame

suggests that crime occurs because of a dearth of law and order in the country and that criminals offend because they feel they can get away with it

supplementary homicide reports (SHR)

supplemental reports to the fbi's uniform crime reporting system that gather details about homicides in the US, including info about offenders, victims, and incidents

The juvenile court was based upon the medical model. True False

t; based on treatment and rehabilitation rather than punishment

military drones

technology increasingly used as possible crime-fighting tools in some parts of the country

body imaging scanners

technology recently adopted in prisons to detect contraband

remote alcohol detection (RAD)

technology used in community corrections; a bracelet that, when applied to the probationer's skin, can detect ethanol excreted in perspiration

videoconferencing

technology used in correctional institutions to facilitate visitation, meetings, and medical care

hundred

ten tythings grouped together into a collective for police and security purposes. a hundred was supervised by a leader known as a hundredman

mens rea

the "guilty mind" or conscious decision to commit a criminal act

USA patriot act

the 2001 uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism act was signed into law by president George w bush to strengthen security measures designed to protect the usa from attack

decriminalization

the act of ending or reducing criminal penalties associated with some behaviors

jurisdiction

the authority of a state, county, or city to apply its own laws within its own territory

actus reus

the behavior that must be committed to meet the definition of a crime

common law

the body of unrecorded decisions made by English judges in the Middle Ages, reflecting the values, customs, and beliefs of the period

crime

the breaking of a law for which the cj system or some other governing authority prescribes punishment

legal violation

the commission of a crime while serving corrections in the community

terrorism

the completed or threatened us of coercion and/or violence against a population of people with the goal of changing political, religious, or idealogical positions

separate-but-equal doctrine

the concept that black and white individuals could legally be segregated under the constitution given that the facilities and services available were comparable in quality for each race

complaint

the document that initiates legal proceedings by demonstrating the facts and legal reasons the plaintiff believes the defendant owes remedy or has committed a crime

supervision

the duty of probation officers to watch over offenders on their caseloads

jurisdiction

the extent of a particular court's power to make legal decisions and judgments

technical violation

the failure to abide by certain conditions of community conditions of community corrections that do not involve committing a new crime

court of last resort

the final court with appellate authority in a given court system. in the united states at the federal level, the supreme court is the court of last resort

bill of rights

the first 10 amendments to the constitution which guide procedural law pertaining to issues such as arrests, warrants, search/seizure, and trials

Elmira reformatory

the first correctional institution to operate under the 1870 declaration of principles

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the Constitution--details many of the requirements for adjudication, such as arrests, warrants, searches, trials, lawyers, punishment, and other important aspects of criminal procedure

constitutions

the fundamental principles of a society that guide the enactment of specific laws and the application of those laws by courts

preemption doctrine

the idea put forth in the constitution that federal law is the "supreme law of the land". in other words usually federal law overrides conflicting state laws

rotten apple theory

the idea that corruption in most police departments can be traced to just a few officers

net widening

the increasing harshness of sentencing given to offenders who would have traditionally been sentenced to probation

justifiable homicide

the lawful killing of another person such as when a law enforcement officer or a citizen kills in self defense

precedent

the legal principle of "stare decisis", latin for let the decision stand, it establishes prior case decisions as binding precedent

beyond a reasonable doubt

the level of proof required for a criminal case conviction. refers to a reasonable person having no reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty as charged.

infotainment

the marketing of a highly edited and distorted combination of entertainment and information purported to be truthful and comprehensive

criminal justice system

the more than 55,000 government agencies in the US that deal with aspects of crime, including criminal law enforcement, the courts, and corrections

maximum security prisons

the most security facilities available in many states. most inmates incarcerated in max security prisons have committed violent crimes such as rape, murder, child abuse, and human trafficking

specific deterrence

the notion that punishment serves to deter the individual being punished from committing crime in the future

general deterrence

the notion that the general populace will be deterred from committing crimes based on the perceived negative consequences of being caught

summary reporting system (SRS)

the original aggregated crime data collected under the FBI's uniform crime reporting program

framing

the packaging of criminal events in the media into tidy presentations that make sharing the info easy

In tennessee v garner , the police shot him because _______.

the police thought he would get away

national crime survey (NCS)

the predecessor of the national crime victimization survey . the NCS was first implemented in 1972

narrow-casting

the presentation of a narrow view of info in the media to small homogeneous audiences

criminalization refers to ______

the process by which conduct is made subject to the state's control

probation investigation

the process of gathering information on offender's lives and ties to the community, both positive and negative

discovery

the process through which the defense learns about evidence held by the prosecution. this may include reports and witness statements

6 amendment

the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to confront the evidence against the accused, the right to expert legal counsel while proceedings are happening and miranda rights kick in the moment a defendeant is not free to go. Police's obligation to demonstrate the accused knowingly waives these rights before proceeding. If they dont the exclusionary rule can be triggered which can throw out evidence any evidence uncovered after this can be fruit of the forbidden tree and dismissed (virgil ogletree bomb dude in mrs mapp's house)

plain view doctrine

the rule that permits police officers to seize evidence without a warrant if it is easily seen

procedural law

the rules for adjudication of individuals suspected of violating the law.

motion for discovery

the rules of procedure establish a mandate for the prosecution to give the defense certain evidence defense lawyers may request access to everything the prosecution has gathered in the case

crime multiplier

the saturated media presentation of crime that leads to a public that believes there is more crime than there is. in addition, this is disproportionate and is repetitive coverage leads to enhanced fear of crime among the public

SARA model

the scan, analysis, response, and assessment model used in problem-oriented policing

prisonization

the socialization process in prison that requires accepting different values and customs

new penology

the study of principles of punishment, often reflecting the contemporary turn toward the view that punishment is the primary role of prison

criminal justice

the system of institutions, policies, and practices with the goal of maintaining social control and deterring crime through sanctions and rehabilitation.

justices

the titles of the judges of an appellate court

conflict view

the view that an act becomes a crime only when it serves the interests of those in positions of power

consensus view

the view that law reflects society's consensus regarding behavior that is harmful enough to warrant government intervention

street crimes

these crimes are relatively common and serious. involving a victim and offender who come together in space and time ex: murder rape robbery

victimless crimes

these criminal offenses are thought not to involve victims because they do not directly harm individuals other than the offenders

medium security prisons

these facilities house inmates who have committed less serious crimes, such as theft and assault

minimum security prisons

these facilities house mainly nonviolent white-collar criminals who are thought to pose little or no physical risk to members of the community

incident to a lawful arrest

this exception allows law enforcement to search any person without a warrant once that person is lawfully arrested

bail reform act of 1966

this federal law provides a noncapital defendant with the right to be released on bond or on personal recognizance unless the defendant is a flight risk

blocked opportunities frame

this frame indicates that crime results from a lack of legal options. offenders live in poverty, are uneducated, unemployed, and discriminated against, and because of that commit crime

punish

this is one goal of community-based corrections, designed to deter future criminal acts

preliminary hearing

this is typically held in criminal cases to determine the extent of evidence and whether enough exists to allow charges to be pressed against the defendant

restorative justice perspective

this perspective indicates that the role of the cj system is to restore justice as best as possible through repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior

uniform crime reports (UCR)

this program started by the international association of chiefs of police and then moved under the umbrella of the fbi in 1929, is a compilation of crime data

judicial activism

this refers to deviation from the literal meaning of the constitution, to take into account the present situation including complex societal advances

police matron

title frequently given to the women who worked in the early days of policing

acquit

to free someone from a criminal charge following a not guilty verdict

what is the law for?

to standardize the rules of human conduct

victim advocates

trained professionals who support crime victims as their cases move through the system

What type of court formally examines the facts to determine guilt?

trial court

criminal trials

trials to ascertain the guilt or lack of guilt of defendants charged with committing crimes

civil trials

trials used to settle disputes between two parties that do not involve criminal misconduct

A black defendant who kills a nonblack victim has the highest likelihood of receiving a death sentence. t/f

true

A result of the CSI effect is that many in the public believe that forensic evidence is available instantly. True False

true

After a mistrial, prosecutors have the power to refile charges. True False

true

Capital cases require a unanimous verdict from the jury. True False

true

Does actus reus include failure to take reasonable precautions? t/f

true

Early American jails did not separate prisoners by sex, age, or the nature of the crime. True/false

true

English thieftakers were corrupt and engaged in illegal activities themselves. True False

true

Federal courts will not hear cases involving state law unless the laws are in conflict or the issue is appealed as a constitutional matter. t/f

true

Historically, victims of crime had few rights in the criminal justice system. True False

true

LGBTQ inmates are frequently involuntarily housed in solitary confinement. True/false

true

Most probation officers are White, whereas many of those that they supervise are minorities. True False

true

Officers are trained to evaluate a suspect's behavior and escalate to a level of force necessary and reasonable to control the situation. True False

true

Punitive damages in civil law may act as a specific deterrent. True False

true

Sociological theories of crime posit that criminals are no different from noncriminals, but they experience different pressures, strains, and limited opportunities. t/f

true

The Supreme Court has not ruled on whether the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the use of peremptory challenges to strike prospective jurors on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. True False

true

The police code of silence is said to promote a secretive world that interferes with reform. t/f

true

Thieftakers were privately hired by crime victims. True False

true

Veterans courts are designed to treat the underlying causes of behaviors that have resulted in criminal offenses. t/f

true

Young children are viewed as incapable of forming mens rea. t/f

true

group a and group b crimes

two major clusters of crimes gathered by the FBI in NIBRS. group A includes 22 crimes covering 46 offenses including homicide and robbery. group b includes 11 offenses such as loitering and drunkkenness

nonlethal force

type of force (including weapons) that provides viable options for dealing with resisting suspects such as pepper spray, rubber bullets, beanbag guns, and sedative darts. also called less-than-lethal weapons

strict interpretation

typically deciphers the words of the constitution as literal, discounting the current context socially, historically, or technologically, and focusing on the plain language contained in the document and how to apply the literal meaning

writ of certiorari

used by appellate courts that have discretion to review a lower court's opinion (ie the US Supreme court). the writ is an order to send all the documents of a case to be reviewed. (certiorari is latin for "to be more fully informed")

GPS monitoring

used primarily to track high-risk offenders and comes in two forms: passive and active

hierarchy rule

used to facilitate counting crime, this rule ranks crimes from the least to most serious. in a criminal incident, only the most serious crime committed during the incident is recorded

watchmen

used to protect property in england's larger cities and towns, and in colonial america. these individuals patrolled at night to protect the community from robberies, fires, and other disturbances

Victims rights amendment 1982

victim shall have the right to attend proceedings of accused perpetrator, to be notified of all developments in processing (charged, arraigned, appeared, build, motion,.) Right to be heard to confer with prosecutor prior to disposition, and consideration of victims concerned

series victimizations

victimizations not discrete in nature, but ongoing with no defined starting and stopping point. series victimizations present a conundrum in terms of the best way to count them. common examples are intimate partner violence, bullying, and sex trafficking of minors

After a number of mass shootings, media outlets presented stories that purportedly showed a link between video games and violence. This type of framing is called the:

violent media frame

consent

when police officers ask for permission to search, and you voluntarily say yes, they can proceed without a warrant

plea bargain

when the prosecutor may offer a lesser charge or reduce the number of charges. the defendant agrees to plead guilty in order to avoid a trial and a more severe sentence

define entrapment

when the state induces someone to commit a crime that they would not have otherwise committed. the state may ENTICE, but not INDUCE.

peelian principles

widely cited list that described sir robert peel's philosophy of an ethical police force. research shows that these excellent principles were never provided by peel

who was the longest serving us supreme court justice

william douglas 36 years