Criminal Justice Midterm

Prison

A correctional facility of confinement holding convicted offenders (usually felony conviction) sentenced to more than one year of incarceration. Usually run by the state or fed gov't.

CAPITAL CRIME

A criminal act that makes the offender eligible to receive the death penalty.

CONFLICT MODEL

A criminal justice model in which the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold political power in a community

CONSENSUS MODEL

A criminal justice model in which the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefs. Criminal acts are acts that conflict with these values and beliefs and that are deemed harmful to society.

DUE PROCESS MODEL

A criminal justice model that places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government

CRIME CONTROL MODEL

A criminal justice model that places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals.

Why is the U.S. Constitution thought of as the supreme law of the land?

it is the basis of all laws in the United States

Jails

A facility usually operated by the county gov't, used to hold persons awaiting trial or those who have been found guilty and sentenced to one year or less of incarceration (usually less-serious felonies or misdemeanors)

FEDERALISM

A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between a central government and regional governments

Street Gangs

A group of people, usually 3 or more, who share a common identity, engaged in illegal activity. FBI Assessment in 2011: 33,000 + street gangs; 1.4 million members. Gang violence: 48% of violent crime in most cities. The FBI's Safe Streets Initiative has resulted in the arrest of more than 23,000 gang members over the last 10 years. Federal agents team up with local police

STREET GANG

A group of people, usually three or more, who share a common identity and engage in illegal activities.

STREET GANGS

A group of people, usually three or more, who share a common identity and engage in illegal activities.

Routine Activities Theory believes that criminal acts require:

A likely offender A suitable target Absence of capable guardian

INFORMAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS

A model of the criminal justice system that recognizes the informal authority exercised by individuals at each step of the criminal justice process.

DOMESTIC TERRORISM

Acts of terrorism that take place on U.S. soil without direct foreign involvement.

Department of Defense

Air Force Office of Special Investigations; Army Criminal Investigation Division; Defense Criminal Investigative Service. Naval Investigative Service

Conflict Model

All members are more concerned with their own interest and protecting their own interest than they are in the common good. Groups are always in conflict with one another.

Ethics in criminal justice is most closely related to which of the following concepts

justice

Ethics in criminal justice is most closely related to which of the following concepts?

justice

VICTIM

Any person who suffers physical, emotional, or financial harm as the result of a criminal act.

DRUG

Any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior. In particular, an illegal substance with those properties.

benefits that female police officers bring to law enforcement

Apart from bravery and prowess, female police officers seem to put citizens at ease and are therefore often more effective during service calls. Policewomen are also more likely to use verbal skills rather than force when placed in situations of potential violence, leading to fewer claims of brutality than is the case with their male counterparts.

Which is an example of the police using their power of arrest to preserve the peace?

Arresting a street protester who has attracted a loud and angry crowd.

Why have many police officers become proficient in emergency medical procedures?

As first responders, the police provide any necessary assistance until other agencies can provide these services.

Discretion

Authority to choose between and among alternative courses of action, based on individual judgment and conscience. Can lead to abuse. Personal bias, prejudice.

Intelligence-Led Policing

Behavior is not as random as we think Can rely on data concerning past crime patterns to predict future crime patterns Benefits Allows police departments to be more effective in responding to and deterring crime while using fewer resources

Public Order Crime

Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to social values, customs or norms. Examples: Public drunkenness. Prostitution. Gambling. Illegal drugs. Book says sometimes referred to as victimless crimes because they usually only harm the offender. In reality in those cases society is considered the victim, so there is a victim.

DEVIANCE

Behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.

McDonald v. City of Chicago

Issue: Does the 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms applies to the states. Court held: Hiller is fully applicable tot eh states and the Chicago ban was unconstitutional.

Which of the following is not true of the consensus model?

It holds that criminal law should be determined by those with influence in the community.

Which of the following is true of the conflict model?

It holds that criminal law should be determined by those with influence in the community.

Which of the following is true of critical thinking?

It involves developing analytical skills and reasoning.

Which of the following is not true of drug abuse?

It involves only illicit drugs.

Which of the following is true regarding the recognition of crime victims' rights?

It is a relatively new phenomenon

Which of the following is true regarding the recognition of crime victims' rights?

It is a relatively new phenomenon.

Which of the following is not true of justice?

It is not linked to the idea of fairness

Which of the following is not true of the Bill of Rights?

It only offers citizens protection against the federal government and its laws.

Which of the following is true of the crime control model?

It places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violence.

Which of the following is true of the due process model?

It places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government.

Daniel Webster

Justice is the great interest of man on earth. It is the ligament which holds civilized beings and civilized nations together

Federal Level Criminal Justice

Law enforcement functions at the federal level include a wide range of agencies responsible for enforcing federal laws and assisting state and local governments. Probably the best known federal agency is the FBI, followed by the U.S. Secret Service. Most of the work of federal law enforcement is concerned with nonviolent criminal offenses committed during the course of business for financial gain- commonly known as White Collar Crime. Federal system processes offenders who break federal laws. The fed. Gov't has their own prison system for those convicted of federal crimes. They also have their own probation and parole system.

Social Process Theories

Learning Theory Control Theory

Public Order Crime:

Linked to the consensus model Behaviors considered contrary to public values and morals Sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as "victim-less" crimes May create an environment that causes violent and property crimes Include: Public drunkenness Prostitution Gambling Illicit drug use

Due Process Model

Main focus is on protecting the rights of the accused through formal legal restraints on the police, courts and corrections.

Corrections

Once the court system convicts and sentences an offender they become part of the corrections system. (note: Jails hold persons prior to conviction). State corrections if violate state law. Fed corrections if violate fed law.

Which of the following best describes one's "duty to retreat"?

One must, given the opportunity, run away to avoid conflict or assault.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior.

JUSTICE

The quality of fairness that must exist in the processes designed to determine whether individuals are guilty of criminal wrongdoing.

Individual Rights

The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution

Rational Choice Theory

Thrill Offenders Rational Choice Theory and Public Policy

control theory-

a series of theories that assume that all people have the potential for criminal behavior but are restrained by the damage that those actions would do to their family, friends, and members of their community.

According to the text, what is the primary benefit of having a racially and ethnically diverse police force?

a. to provide an accurate representation of the human resource talent in the United States

Female police applicants can overcome one of the major obstacles to a woman being hired by a police department by

a. undergoing physical training prior to the entry-level physical ability tests.

mala prohibita

acts that are only considered crimes because they have been codified through statute "human made laws" considered wrong only because it has been prohibited and reflects moral standards of society at a given time and can vary from country to country or even state to state

medical model of addiction

addicts are not criminals, but mentally or physically ill individuals who are forced into acts petty crime to feed their habit and addicts should be rehabilitated.

Along the criminal justice process continuum, which of the following steps comes between "prosecution and pretrial services" and "sentencing and sanctions"?

adjudication

The Uniform Crime Report divides the criminal offenses it measures into two major categories. Part I offenses are those crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency, are recorded by the FBI to give a general idea of the "crime picture" in the United States. What are Part II offenses

all crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the category of Part I offenses

MRI

allows scientists to discover and measure brain malfunctions that are associated with various neurological disorders such as schizophrenia. CAT scans, MRIs and fMRIs provide detailed depictions of brain structure and brain activity.

When a suspect has evidence that he or she was elsewhere at the time of a crime, that suspect has which of the following?

an alibi

Theory

an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on an observation,experiment, and reasoning. Because theories can offer explanations for behavior, criminologists often rely on them when trying to determine the cause of criminal behavior.

Crime

any action punishable under criminal statutes and considered an offense against society. Therefore, alleged criminals are punished by the state as opposed to victims. Crimes are punishable by a sanctions that bring about a loss of freedom or in some cases, fines. Punishable under criminal law as determined by the majority or in some cases a powerful minority.

A victim is

any person against whom a crime has been committed

A victim is _________.

any person against whom a crime has been committed

Philadelphia

became the first city to hire both day and night watchmen in 1833

Why have community-based corrections increased in popularity?

because jails and prisons have been plagued with problems of funding and overcrowding

public order crimes

behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared values

the patronage system

bribery was common, as police would use their close proximity to the people to request favors, which went into the police officers own pockets or into the coffers of the local political party as contribution this was known as the patronage system or the spoils system because the spoils went to the political victors

How does duress cause a person to perform an unlawful act that he or she would otherwise not perform?

by the wrongful threat of another person

Which of the following is a key difference between a stop and a frisk?

c. A stop briefly detains a suspect, while a frisk is a protective measure for law enforcement officers.

How do the U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agencies differ?

c. CBP keeps unauthorized persons and goods from crossing our borders, while ICE detains and removes persons and goods that are in the United States illegally.

What is a consequence of applying the principles of intelligence-led policing to issues of terrorism?

c. Cooperation between federal and local law enforcement has increased.

Which of the following is a key difference between random patrols and directed patrols?

c. Directed patrols target a specific type of crime, whereas random patrols do not.

Which of the following best describes the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule?

c. Evidence may be admissible if the officer is unaware of a warrant's technical invalidity.

To improve trust within their communities, a number of police departments have turned to a system by which law enforcement officials form partnerships with local leaders to address difficult issues such as police use of force and arrest policies. This is known as which of the following?

d. collaborative reform

When can suspects waive their Fifth Amendment Miranda rights in speaking to a police officer and still have their remarks used against them?

c. they do so voluntarily

Under which circumstances do law enforcement agents not have to announce their identity before entering a dwelling?

c. under exigent circumstances

In which of the following scenarios is a Miranda warning required?

c. when the police have taken a suspect into custody and are questioning him or her

By creating an atmosphere that is conducive to professionalism, which of the following will police departments most likely do?

d. encourage ethical policing

The duties of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) include primary responsibility for all of the following except

d. investigating the illegal sale, possession, and use of firearms.

social disorganization theory

deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as family, schools and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population

Drugs and crime are related in three general ways. Which of the following is not one of the ways drugs and crime are related?

drug-induced victimization

The moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong make up that person's

ethics

Approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently to produce the desired outcomes are known as _

evidence-based practices

Approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently to produce the desired outcomes are known as ________.

evidence-based practices

According to procedural due process, the law must be carried out by a method that is

fair and orderly

mala in se

considered wrong even though there's no law prohibiting it because they're said to go against natural laws examples include murder, rape and theft

Ethics

consists of the moral principles that guide a person's perception of right and wrong. Most criminal justice professionals have a great deal of discretionary leeway in their day to day decision making, and their ethical beliefs can help ensure that they make such decisions in keeping with a society's established values.

When two variables tend to vary together, there is said to be _______ between them.

correlation

major issues in criminal justice today:

cost cutting measures in the corrections system

The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the

county sheriff

The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the ________.

county sheriff

strain theory

crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who can't reach their personal and financial goals through legitimate means

misdemeanors

crimes punishable by a fine or up to one year if imprisoned the party goes to jailed for thirty days to a year and petty misdemeanors up to thirty days (examples are disorderly conduct and trespassing)

felonies

crimes punishable by death or imprisonment in a federal or state penitentiary for one year or longer capital offenses for which the maximum penalty is death first degree felonies punishable by a maximum penalty of life imprisonment second degree felonies punishable by a maximum of ten years of imprisonment third degree felonies punishable by a maximum of five years of imprisonment

major issues in criminal justice today:

falling property and violent crime rates

learning theory

criminal activity is a learned behavior and criminals are taught both practical and psychological methods of crime

trait theory

criminal behavior is caused b y biological, psychological, and social forces and is beyond the control of an individual.

self control theory

criminal behavior is linked to low self control a personality trait that is formed at a young age and that those with low self control are likely to solve a problem using violence

social process theories

criminal behavior is the predictable result of a persons interaction with their environment and that potential in criminal behavior exists in everyone

positivism

criminal behavior is the result of social,psychological, and biological forces

What is the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court case Tennessee v. Garner (1985)?

d. It set the standards for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers.

Which of the following did the Supreme Court find in Terry v. Ohio (1968)?

d. When "reasonable" suspicion exists, a stop and inquiry procedure is justified.

When does a custodial interrogation occur?

d. a suspect is under arrest or is deprived of his or her freedom

Which is a minimum requirement for a police officer in most police departments in the United States?

d. be twenty-one years old or older

The primary legal function of the law is to maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm. Which of the following is not one the generalized harms included in this?

harms to the constitution's provisions

duties of the FBI

has jurisdiction over nearly 200 federal crimes, white collar crimes, kidnapping, extortion, proliferation of stolen property, bank robberies, interstate gambling and civil rights violations combats worldwide activity such as terrorism and drug trafficking focuses on suspects of terrorist activity

community based corrections

have increased in popularity due to overcrowded prisons

Which of the following is not one of the four contributing factors that James Alan Fox uses to explain the recent trend toward declining violent crime rates?

healthier economy, especially within inner cities

jails

hold those convicted of minor crimes and relatively short sentences who are awaiting trial or certain court proceedings(generally used by counties or municipalities)

prisons

holds those convicted of serious felonies or capital crimes with longer sentences and is used by fed and state governments

major issues in criminal justice today:

homeland security

white collar crime

illegal act or series of acts committed by an individual or business entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business advantage

organized crime

illegal acts by illegal organizations usually geared towards satisfying public demand for illegal goods and services

criminal model of addiction

illegal drug users and addicts endanger society with their behavior and should be punished.

major issues in criminal justice today:

improves policing strategies

Why is statutory rape a crime even when the underage person is consenting?

in the eyes of the law the underage person is considered incapable of making a rational decision on the matter

the correlation between income level and crime trends

income is important when it comes to crime trends because of the fact that 44 percent of people in prison didn't have access to decent education people with limited income earning power and access to assistance programs will steal purchasing power greater willingness for police to arrest the poor and judges to convict them

According to the M'Naghten rule, a person is legally insane and therefore not criminally responsible if, at the time of the offense, he or she was _______.

not able to distinguish between right and wrong

Sometimes, local values and federal law will conflict with one another. When this happens, states or localities can and have passed which of the following types of laws that seek to void federal legislation within their borders?

nullification laws

The Uniform Crime Report attempts to measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing ________.

offenses known to law enforcement

Because, as a result of a mental disease or defect, Joanna did not perceive the physical nature or consequences of her conduct, she was able to do which of the following?

plead insanity

According to Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi, what can "low self-control" (a personality trait formed in childhood) usually be attributed to?

poor-parenting

major issues in criminal justice today:

possible bias against minorities in the criminal justice system

Due process model:

presumes that the accused are innocent and provides them with the most complete safeguards, usually within the court system.

The most commonly used correctional treatment is

probation

The most commonly used correctional treatment is ________.

probation

Field training

takes place outside of the confines of the police academy helps rookies apply concepts teaches recruits the informal rules of law enforcement

usefulness of suspicious activity reports in countering domestic terrorism

the goal of the suspicious activity report is to have officers from every local police and sheriff's department provide tips about potential terrorism activity to one of the 72 fusion centers federal terrorism experts examine the reports to determine if any actual threat exists

Why are self-reported surveys most useful in juvenile facilities or a prison?

the group to be studied is already gathered in an institutional setting

major issues in criminal justice today:

the impact of an extended recession on crime rates

thrill offenders

the inherent danger of criminal activity increases the rush a criminal gets after committing a crime

probation

the most common correctional treatment that allows the offender to return to the community under the provision of a probation officer

property crime

the most common form of crime in which the intention is economic gain or property damage burglary: refers to the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime such as theft larceny: stealing property without the use of force motor vehicle theft arson

major issues in criminal justice today:

the patriot act and civil liberties

According to the rational choice theory, when is a person likely to commit a crime?

the perceived benefits are greater than the potential costs

major concern of victim participation

the primary concern is that it creates an imbalanced justice system because it puts judges and prosecuters in a position in which the victims rights are elevated over that of the defendant and may threaten the fair and just adjudication of a crime case

Which of the following is not one of the three rights afforded to victims under the Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004?

the right to be vindicated

social disorganization

the theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as family,schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population.

social conflict theory

the unequal structure of society is in part to blame for criminal behavior

I hate alex

sick

Violent Crime

"Crimes Against Persons". Most crimes are further classified by degree depending on the circumstances surrounding the criminal act. Can include the intent of the person committing the crime; the level of pain and suffering by the victim, value of the property, and so on.

Mobile Offender Recognition and Identification System

(MORIS). Attaches to a smartphone. Take photo; app searches for a facial, iris match from database.

terrorism

- is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Which of the following is true of the crime control model?

. It places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violence.

Which of the following is an example of the "social" function of the law?

. laws against prostitution

The criminal justice system relies on discretion to alleviate the many pressures it faces. What is meant by discretion in this context?

. the authority to choose between and among alternative courses of action, based on individual judgment and conscience

Why is it almost always easier to win monetary damages in a civil trial than it is to win a conviction in a criminal trial?

. the burden of proof is much greater in criminal trials

Four Major Categories of Violent Crimes

1. Murder- Unlawful killing of a human being. 2. Sexual assault- Rape- Coerced actions of a sexual nature against an unwilling participant or incapacitated participant. 3. Assault and battery- two separate acts. Battery= physical contact, assault= intentionally leading another to believe that they will be physically harmed (threats, etc.). 4. Robbery- Taking property from a person by force or fear.

Megan Kurlychek identified four specific goals of our criminal justice system:

1. To protect society from future crimes of the most dangerous or risky offenders. 2. To determine when an offense has been committed and provide the appropriate punishment for that offense. 3. To rehabilitate those offenders who have been punished so that it is safe to return them back to the community (you cannot rehab anyone who does not want to be rehabbed). 4. To support crime victims and to the extent possible, return them to their pre-crime status. Designed to prevent people from violating its rules and to sanction or impose legal punishments on those who do. Must maintain a delicate balance between imposing public order and preserving individual rights.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

12,500 Uphold public safety and homeland security by enforcing the nation's immigration and customs laws. duties include detaining undocumented immigrants and deporting (removing) them from the United States, ensuring that those without permission do not work or gain other benefits in this country, and disrupting human trafficking operations.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

13,000 Protect national security by fighting international and domestic terrorism; enforce federal criminal laws such as those dealing with cyber crime, public corruption, and civil rights violations. Initially created in 1908 has jurisdiction over nearly two hundred federal crimes, including white-collar crimes, espionage (spying), kidnapping, extortion, interstate transportation of stolen property, bank robbery, interstate gambling, and civil rights violations.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)

2,500 Combat the illegal use and trafficking of firearms and explosives; investigate the illegal diversion of alcohol and tobacco products.

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

2,500 Investigate potential criminal violations of the nation's tax code. is concerned with violations of tax laws and regulations. The bureau has three divisions, only one of which is involved in criminal investigations. The examination branch of the IRS audits the tax returns of corporations and individuals. The collection division attempts to collect taxes from corporations or citizens who have failed to pay the taxes they owe. Finally, the criminal investigation division investigates cases of tax evasion and tax fraud.

U.S. Marshals Service

3,500 Provide security at federal courts; protect government witnesses; apprehend fugitives from the federal court or corrections system.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP

37,000 Prevent the illegal flow of people and goods across America's international borders; facilitate legal trade and travel. has two primary goals: To keep undocumented immigrants, illegal drugs, and drug traffickers from crossing our borders; and To facilitate the smooth flow of legal trade and travel. the federal government spends about $18 billion on enforcing immigration law. The officers have widespread authority to investigate and search all international passengers, whether they arrive on airplanes, ships, or other forms of transportation.To ensure that those coming into the United States from abroad have permission to do so, CBP officers check documents such as passports and visas. (A visa is a document issued by the U.S. State Department that indicates the conditions under which the holder can enter and travel within the United States.) The officers also have the responsibility of inspecting luggage and cargo to ensure compliance with immigration and trade laws.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

4,500 Enforce the nation's laws regulating the sale and use of drugs. enforce domestic drug laws and regulations and to assist other federal and foreign agencies in combating illegal drug manufacture and trade on an international level. The agency also enforces the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act, which governs the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legal drugs, such as prescription drugs.

U.S. Secret Service

5,000 Protect the president, the president's family, former presidents and their families, and other high-ranking politicians; combat currency counterfeiters. investigates threats against visiting heads of state. To aid its battle against counterfeiters and forgers of government bonds, the agency has the use of a laboratory at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in the nation's capital.

explain the theory of chronic offender and its important to the criminal justice system.

A chronic offender is a juvenile or adult who commits multiple offenses. According to research conducted by marvin wolfgang and others in the 1970s, chronic offenders are responsible for a disproportionately large amount of crime. In decades since, law enforcement agencies and public prosecutors have developed strategies to identify and convict chronic offenders with the goal of lessening overall crime rates. In addition, legislators have passed laws that provide longer sentences for chronic offenders to keep them off the streets.

HOMELAND SECURITY

A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States and reduce the country's vulnerability to terrorism.

ETHICS

A system of moral principles that governs a person's perception of right and wrong.

Second Amendment

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

Other Agencies with Federal Law Enforcement Personnel:

AMTRAK Police; Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police. Environmental Protection Agency Criminal Investigations Division. Food and Drug Administration. Tennessee Valley Authority. U.S. Capitol Police. U.S. Mint. U.S. Supreme Court Police. Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department

UCR Part II Offenses

All other crimes recorded by the FBI Outweigh Part I offenses Generally less serious than part I and carry lighter punishments Nineteen categories; most common being: Drug abuse violations Simple assaults Driving under the influence Disorderly conduct Measured only by "arrest" data Approximately 10 million arrests for Part II offenses annually

Violent Crime

Also referred to as crimes against persons Classified by degree Four categories Murder - unlawful killing of a human being Sexual assault/rape - coerced actions of a sexual nature with unwilling participant Assault/battery - two separate acts Assault is the threat or attempt to do violence Battery is the act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm Robbery Taking property from another person through force or the threat of force

Victim Surveys

Alternate method of data collection Criminologists or other researchers ask the crime victims directly about their victimization Email Phone surveys First administered in 1966 Results indicate a much higher level of victimization than UCR Measures reported and unreported crime Unaffected by police bias and distortions in reporting crime to the FBI Gives a better indication of the "dark figure of crime" The actual amount of crime since most crimes are never reported to the police The government created an ongoing survey known as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) in 1972

major issues in criminal justice today:

America's shrinking though still massive inmate population

CRIME

An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions.

Trait Theories of Crime

Biological and psychological Genetics and crime Hormones and Aggression Mental Illness and crime

Criminal Identification

Biometrics- methods used to identify a person based on his or her unique physical characteristics: Finger prints, DNA profile, Hand Geometry, Facial Features (facial recognition), Human eye.

Department of Commerce

Bureau of Export Enforcement, National Marine Fisheries Administration

Constitutional Agencies

Carry out sentences imposed by the courts. Provides safe and humane custody and supervision of offenders. Protect the community. Rehab, reform and reintegrate convicted offenders back into the community. Respect the legal and human rights of the convicted.

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

Chemicals that affect the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior.

RECIDIVISM

Commission of a new crime by a person who has already been convicted of a previous crime and sent to jail or prison.

Criminal Courts

Conduct fair and impartial trials. Decide criminal cases. Ensure due process. Determine guilt or innocence. Impose sentences on the guilty. uphold the law. Require fairness throughout the justice process. Protect the rights and freedoms of anyone facing processing by the justice system. Provide a check on the exercise of power by the other justice system agencies.

Crime

Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the feds, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse, to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed. All crime is not the same. Many go undetected and their harm to society is not perceived. Some are just a step across the line of good business practices- insider trading. Some are sensationalized by the media and given vast resources in their detection and prosecution regardless of the true seriousness of the offense. Considered as an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials- not by victims or family. Offenses are punishable under law which laws are determined by the elected representatives of the people. Sanctions are based on the written laws and can bring about the loss of personal freedom, life or property. Crime and Deviance are not necessarily the same.

Two Models of Crime

Consensus model, Conflict Model

Social Control

Consists of the rules, habits and customs of a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms. To live with other persons, individuals must curb their appetites, ambitions and desires. The criminal justice system is a powerful agent of social control. Religion, family, school, and community are all institutions of social control that help socialize individuals into the group.

Formal Crime Control

Controls imposed by the law and carried out by official organizations

Women and Crime

Crime is mostly a male dominated activity 13% of jail populations are women 7% of prison populations are women 26% of all arrests involve women There is an increasing female presence in the criminal justice system The life circumstances and behavior of women dramatically changed in the past 40 years The criminal justice system's attitude toward women has changed over the past 40 years

UCR Part I Offenses

Crimes considered to be the most serious murder forcible rape robbery aggravated assault burglary larceny motor vehicle theft

High-Tech Crime

Crimes made possible by the use of technology. Sabotage, fraud, embezzlement, theft of data, cyber crimes.

Property Crime

Crimes of economic gain or property damage The most common type of crime Categories: Larceny/theft - taking property from another person without force, intent to keep property Burglary - breaking and entering into a structure without permission with intent to commit a felony Motor Vehicle Theft - theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle Includes any commonly used transport method Does not include watercraft or farm equipment Arson - willful and malicious burning Home Automobile Commercial building

District of Columbia v. Heller

DC banned all handgun possession in the City. Also, all lawfully owned firearms must be kept unloaded, with a trigger lock and dissembled. U.S. Supreme Court held the 2nd Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use it for lawful purposes such as self-defense. The Court held that could regulate: Can regulate weapons carried concealed. Can limit firearms possessed by felons and mentally ill. Can limit firearms in schools and gov't buildings. But: Court held that the handgun ban, disassembled requirement and the trigger lock requirements violate the 2nd Amendment and are unconstitutional.

Criminal Identification: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA Profile first used in Britain in 1986. First used in U.S. in 1988. Body fluid: blood, saliva, semen. Biological: Hair strands, fingernail clippings, skin

Deviance

Departing markedly from the accepted norm or standard. Deviant acts become crimes only when society as a whole, through its legislatures, determines that the act should be punished.

What is the difference between crime and deviance

Deviant acts are not necessarily crimes.

What is the difference between crime and deviance?

Deviant acts are not necessarily crimes.

Courts

Dual Court System: Federal, State (50)

State/Local

Duties of law enforcement are split between state, counties and cities. Chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the sheriff. Sheriff is usually an elected official. Chief law enforcement officer in a city is the chief of police- generally appointed.

GUN CONTROL

Efforts by a government to regulate or control the sale of guns.

The Police

Enforce the law, investigate crimes, apprehend offenders, reduce and prevent crime, maintain public order, ensure community safety, provide emergency and related community services, protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.

White Collar Crime:

Illegal acts committed by an individual or business entity Broadly used term Difficult to determine with any certainty Estimates that white collar crime costs $3.5 trillion per year worldwide

What is Justice?

Fairness, proper administration of laws, the quality of being righteous, honesty, truth in action, conformity to truth

The Department of Justice

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Investigates violations of over 200 federal laws Combats worldwide criminal activity like terrorism and drug trafficking Provides support for local and state law enforcement agencies Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) U.S. Marshals Service

Department of Homeland Security

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. Federal Protective Service. Transportation Security Administration. U.S. Coast Guard. U.S. Customs and Boarder Protection. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. U.S. Secret Service

Which two amendments to the U.S. Constitution provide that no person should be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law"?

Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

Department of Health and Human Services

Food and Drug Administration, Office of Criminal Investigations

Consensus Model

General agreement among the majority of any particular group. As people gather together to form a society, its members will naturally come to a basic agreement with regard to shared norms and values. Persons or groups that deviate from the established norms and values are considered to pose a threat to the well-being of society as a whole and must be sanctioned. Society passes laws to control and prevent unacceptable behavior. Assumes that a diverse group of people can have similar morals - principles of right and wrong. All working together for the common good.

State Police

Hawaii is the only state that does not have a state law enforcement agency. Two major types: State police (usually criminal investigation) and Highway Patrol (enforce traffic laws on highways). Some states combine the two. Other types of state enforcement include fire marshals, conservation agencies or the Liquor control Agency.

Criminal Justice Models

Herbert Packer. Crime Control Model, Due Process Model.

Which of the following did sociologist Ruth D. Peterson's research project reveal about violent crime rates in the neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio?

Higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates, but the ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were not.

Which of the following is not one of the three measurements on which the FBI and local law enforcement agencies base their information in compiling the Uniform Crime Report?

Historical statistical crime data

Privatizing Law Enforcement

Ideally security officers will only observe and report criminal activity The function of private security is to deter crime rather than stop it

Organized Crime

Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services. Groups engaged in organized crime employ criminal tactics such as violence, corruption and intimidation for economic gain. Usually involved in gambling, prostitution, illegal narcotics, loan sharking, counterfeiting, credit card scams

three factors of changes in the nation's crime rate

Imprisonment: based on the principle that an offender in jail is unable to commit a crime on the street and that a potential offender on the street will not commit a crime because he/she doesn't want to end up behind bars youth populates: offenders commit fewer crimes as they grow older the economy: when legitimate opportunities to earn income become scarce some people resort to illegitimate means

which of the following is true of victims' rights in the United States?

In 2013, several members of Congress introduced a Victims' Rights Amendment

Which Model

In reality, we are neither totally conflict or totally consensus. Most of society is a blend- sometimes in agreement and sometimes in conflict.

Community Based Corrections

Include halfway houses, residential centers and work release centers.

Why does the informal criminal justice system not always benefit from measured, rational decision making?

Individual judgment can be tainted by personal bias or erroneous or irrational thinking

Federalism

Means gov. powers are shared by the fed government and state govs. Framers of the U.S. Constitution feared a strong national gov. To combat this they tried to leave most power to the states. The framers wanted a strong national gov't to handle large-scale problems while allowing for state and local power to handle everything else. The U.S. Constitution limits the fed's power to the Constitution. If it doesn't give the power the national gov. can't do it. 10th Amendment: The powers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited to it by the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. The U.S. Constitution gives the Feds certain express powers: coin money, raise an army, and regulate interstate commerce. All other powers were left to the states including police power. States have the express power to enact whatever laws are necessary to protect the health, morals, safety and welfare of their citizens.

BIOMETRICS

Methods to identify a person based on his or her unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial configuration.

Property Crime

Most common form of criminal activity. Based on wanting economic gain or damaging property.

Crime Control Model

Most important function of the criminal justice process is to punish and repress criminal conduct. The system must be quick and efficient. Proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through the judicious use of criminal sanctions. Focus should be on the victim not the criminal.

Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies

Most officers with arrest powers work in a small and medium sized police department Municipal departments have the broadest authority to apprehend suspects, maintain order and provide services to the community

Department of Energy

National Nuclear Safety Administration. Office of Mission Operations; Office of Secure Transportation.

White Collar Crime

Nonviolent crimes committed by a business entity or individual to gain a personal or business advantage.

Why might an aging population be a contributing factor to a declining violent crime rate?

Older Americans are less likely to be violent criminals.

Types of Crime

One way we classify crimes is by their seriousness. 1. Violent crime. 2. Property crime. 3. Public order crime. 4. White Collar Crime. 5. Organized crime. 6. High tech crime.

Which of the following is a key difference between voluntary and involuntary intoxication as a criminal defense?

Only with involuntary intoxication is a person physically forced or deceived to ingest an intoxicating substance.

advantage of a diverse police force.

Particularly in communities that are themselves racially and ethnically diverse, police officers who are members of minority groups are often more easily able to communicate with citizens. This trust enables the officers to do a better job maintaining order, as well as solving and preventing crimes.

U.S. Patriot Act

Passed in response to 9/11 strengthened the ability of fed. law enforcement to investigate and incarcerate suspects. Mandated that agencies share info with each other and local and state agencies.

Which of the following is not true of the repeat victimization theory?

Past victimization is not a strong predictor of future victimization

MORALS

Principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society.

Socialization

Process by which individuals acquire a personal identity and learn from norms, values, behavior and social skills that are appropriate to their society. Those who are inadequately socialized fail to contribute to society and can be problematic to the society

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is one major data source for criminologists

Produced by the FBI; began in 1930 18,300 policing agencies send annual data on: Number of persons arrested Number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, and the police Police employee data The data is presented as a: Rate per 100,000 people Percentage change from previous years Divides criminal offenses into two categories Part I Index Offenses Part II Index Offenses

Reform Era

Professional model of policing was promoted Police chiefs took control of their departments Salaries and working conditions improved Women and minority members were hired No focus on public relations

Response by Anti-gun persons

Some felt only limited the fed gov't and did not apply to states since District of Columbia was not a state.

Continued Health of the Industry

Public's increased fear of crime The problem of crime in the workplace Increased demand due to budget cuts and reductions in the number of public police Awareness of private security products and services as cost-effective protective measures

What is crime

Punishable under criminal law as determined by the majority or in some cases a powerful minority. considered an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials. punishable by sanctions based on laws that bring about loss of life or freedom in the community. As a result, criminals are prosecuted by the state rather than by the victims. Crimes are punishable by sanctions that bring about a loss of personal freedom, or in some cases, fines.

Community Era

Reform era had some drawbacks Compounded by civil unrest Police departments developed units devoted to community relations

Parole

Released early after serving part of their sentence. There are conditions of release the offender must follow.

The Department of the Treasury

Responsible for all financial matters of the federal government The IRS is the largest bureau in this department and is concerned with violations of tax laws and regulations The criminal investigation division of the IRS investigates cases of tax evasion and tax fraud

International Terrorism

Some foreign involvement

Life Course Theories

Self-control Theory

Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement

Sheriffs are the primary law enforcement officer in a county usually elected by a popular vote Size and responsibility of sheriff's department: Investigate crimes Maintain the county jail Carry out civil and criminal processes Keep order in the courthouse Collect taxes Enforce orders of court

Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

Social Disorganization Theory Strain Theory Social Conflict Theories

Social Control

Society has two broad ways of controlling crime: 1. Formal and informal crime control

Criminal Justice System Burden

Society places the burden of maintaining justice and protecting our communities on those who work in law enforcement, prosecuting, the courts and corrections.

Basic Components

Some books only name three. Assumes that prosecution is part of the courts. Not necessarily so. Police, Prosecution, Courts, Corrections

Domestic Terrorism

Take place on U.S. soil without direct foreign involvement

The National Incident-Based Reporting System

The Department of Justice (DOJ) began seeking ways to improve data system NIBRS was the result Local agencies collect data on single crime occurrence 22 different offense categories with 46 specific crimes (Group A) 32 states are now NIBRS certified Benefits compared to UCR are that information is provided on: Offenses Victims Offenders Arrestees

DISCRETION

The ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules or official information.

CIVIL LIBERTIES

The basic rights and freedoms of American citizens as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution, particularly the Bill of Rights.

Tokenism

The belief that they were hired/promoted to fulfill diversity requirements Creates pressure to prove the stereotypes wrong Most negative attitudes towards female officers is based on prejudice Very little difference between the performance of men and women in uniform

Police

The majority of law enforcement officers are local officers. The majority of local police departments have fewer than 10 officers (NY City has approx. 34,500).

FORMAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS

The model of the criminal justice process in which participants follow formal rules to create a smoothly functioning disposition of cases from arrest to punishment.

Ethics

The moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong. Right and wrong is usually based on the norms that have been established by society. Closely related to justice. Critical thinking is needed for an ethical response.

Criminal Justice System Balancing Act

The more individual rights you have the less control or public order exists. More order, less individual rights

Probation

The most common correctional treatment, allows the offender to return to the community and remain under the supervision of an agent of the court or the court. Offender must follow certain rules of conduct as a condition of probation.

Conflict model:

The most politically powerful segments of society based on class,income, age and race have the most influence on the creation of criminal laws and are therefore able to impose their values on their community. What is considered to be criminal activity is determined by the group in power at the time. Therefore, laws are not representative of the best interest of disenfranchised communities.

The Challenges of Counterterrorism

The need to focus scarce resources to prevent and fight crimes that are relatively uncommon Dealing with the scrutiny that comes with crimes that often have international implications The difficult task of gathering information about crimes before they happen

What did a survey by researchers Jack Greene and Carl Klockars reveal about the Wilmington (Delaware) Police Department?

The police spent about half of their time enforcing laws and the other half providing services to the community.

Larceny/theft

The taking of property without consent without the use of force with the intent to deprive the owner of it.

TERRORISM

The use or threat of violence to achieve political objectives.

Motor Vehicle Theft

Theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. Can include motorcycle, motor scooter, but usually not farm equipment or water craft.

Victim's Rights

There has been a huge movement toward granting victims a voice in the procedure over the past 20 years. Most victim's rights bills include the following: To be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant. To be present at criminal justice proceedings. To make a statement at sentencing and to receive restitution from a convicted offender. To be consulted before a case is dismissed or a plea agreement is entered. To a speedy trial. To keep the victim's contact info confidential.

Why are court reversals of wrongful convictions becoming more commonplace?

There have been technological advances in DNA testing.

In the process of the scientific method, which of the following is true of theories and hypotheses

There must be a hypothesis before there can be an accepted theory.

According to the social disorganization theory, why do people who experience rapid social change ultimately turn to drug use and abuse?

They become disaffiliated from mainstream society.

Why are public order crimes sometimes referred to as victimless crimes?

They often harm only the offender.

Criminal Justice System

They vary throughout the world considerably. They also vary throughout the U.S. We have the federal system and each state has their own system. Cities and counties in the individual states will have their own systems. There are issues that are common to all: Defining the conduct to be included in the criminal law, developing a punishment philosophy, defining the elements of the crimes, collecting crime data, enforcing and adjudicating crimes, processing crime suspects, how to respond to crime victims. We have been reminded that crime is constantly with us and in some cases the wheels of the U.S. criminal justice system appears to grind slowly. Includes the entire system of criminal prevention, detection, apprehension, trial, sentencing, punishment, parole, probation or other forms of supervision within the community.

Self-Reported Surveys

Third major data source for criminologists Participants report their criminal behaviors Personal interviews Telephone interviews Questionnaires Research suggests they are forthcoming and honest There is no penalty for admitting to criminal activity Compared to UCR and NCVS, self-report data offers the best measure for the dark figure of crime

The Department of Homeland Security

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Unregulated border entry U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) The U.S. Secret Service Additional agencies U.S. Coast Guard Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

some of the most important law enforcement agencies under the control of the Department of Homeland Security.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection, which polices the flow of goods and people across the United States' international borders and oversees the U.S. Border Patrol; b. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which investigates and enforces our nation's immigration and customs laws; and c. the U.S. Secret Service, which protects high-ranking federal government officials and federal property, as well as investigates currency counterfeiting.

Department of Agriculture

U.S. Forest Service

Burglary

Unlawful entry of a structure with the intent of committing a crime.

cultural deviance theory

a branch of social structure theory based on the assumption that members of certain subcultures reject the values of the dominant culture by exhibiting deviant behavior patterns.

What is the main complaint of victims' right advocates?

Victims should not be so powerless in the judicial process against their assailant

six basic categories of criminal behavior in American law

Violent Crime Property Crime Public Order Crime White-collar Crime Organized Crime High-tech Crime

Describe the importance of early childhood behavior for those who subscribe to self control theory.

Violent and antisocial behavior in adulthood can be predicted by low levels of self control in early childhood. Therefore, a child who is impulsive and tends to solve problems with violence is at risk for adult offending.

Drugs

When you hear the war on drugs or drug abuse they are referring to illegal psychoactive drugs which affect the brain and alter consciousness or perception. They are not talking about alcohol even though alcohol is a drug. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2012, approx.. 9.7% of the U.S. population over 12 years old are illicit drug users. Illegal drug use is on the rise particularly among young people. Drug use often leads to further criminal activity.

What is the main difference between white-collar crime and organized crime?

While both white-collar crime and organized crime involve illegal activity to obtain a business advantage, only in organized crime are those illegal acts also committed by illegal organizations.

What is the main difference between case law and statutory law?

While case law is judge-made law, statutory law is created by legislatures.

Arson

Willful burning of a home, automobile, building, etc.

Homeland Security

With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002- Homeland Security issues touch every aspect of the criminal justice system. The purpose of DHS is to secure the U.S. and keep it safe from a variety of threats. Budget is about $60 billion. Customs and Border protection is 21% of DHS budget, FEMA is 20%, U.S. Coast Guard is 16%, TSA is 12%, Immigration and Customs Enforcement is 9%, Secret Service is 3%.

major issues in criminal justice today:

gun control and sales

choice theory

a person commits a crime because they choose to do so because they weigh the benefits of the criminal activity against the costs of getting caught

rational choice theory

a person would weigh the benefits of crime against being apprehended. If punishments were stringent enough to outweigh the benefits people wouldn't commit crime.

Hypothesis

a proposition usually presented in an "if..then" format, that can be tested by researchers to determine whether or not it's considered valid. If enough different authorities are able to test and verify a hypothesis it will usually be accepted as a theory.

According to the routine activities theory, most criminal acts require all of the following except:

a sensible motive

What is double marginality?

a. A situation when a minority police officer is viewed with suspicion by both other police officers and members of his or her own minority group

Which of the following technologies has all but replaced fingerprint evidence in many types of criminal investigations?

a. DNA fingerprinting

Which of the following is true of arrests and arrest warrants?

a. Most arrests are made without a warrant.

In which of the following ways did the U.S. Supreme Court, in 2004, modify the discretion afforded to law enforcement officers when it comes to the use of deadly force?

a. The high court ruled that this force could be "reasonable" even if it was not needed to protect the officer or others in the area.

Which of the following is best described as the act of apprehending a suspect for the purpose of detaining him or her on a criminal charge?

a. an arrest

Field training gives police recruits the opportunity to

a. apply concepts learned in a police academy under the supervision of a training officer.

How does problem-oriented policing rectify a devotion of too many of a police department's resources to reacting to calls for service?

a. by moving beyond simply responding to incidents and instead attempting to solve the root causes of crime

The main benefit of intelligence-led policing to contemporary police departments is that it allows police departments to use technology to

a. collect data to predict crime patterns.

Police corruption is best defined as the misuse of authority by a law enforcement officer _______.

a. in a manner designed to produce personal gain

All police departments see calls for service as their primary causes for action. This model is known as ________.

a. incident-driven policing

The Miranda warning most greatly affects one of the most important aspects of criminal investigation—the ________.

a. interrogation

Why is evidence that is considered the "fruit of the poisoned tree" inadmissible?

a. it is acquired by using illegally obtained evidence

Why are police departments saddled with an increasing number of cold cases?

a. low clearance rates

A crime is a wrong against society that is ________.

a. proclaimed by law

Which of the following would most likely be used by an officer to legally seize potentially criminal property that he or she sees during the course of a routine traffic stop?

a. the plain view doctrine

Consensus model:

argues that the majority of citizens will agree on which activities should be outlawed and punished as crimes. It rests on the assumption that a diverse group of people can have similar morals and share a similar idea of what is "right" or "wrong". Consequently, as public attitudes towards values and morality change, so do laws.

racial threat theory

as the size of a minority group increases members of the majority group take steps to repress it

Crime control model:

assumes the criminal justice system's job is to protect the public from criminals. Thus the most important priority is to punish and repress criminal conduct.

How has the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation changed since 2001?

b. It shifted its focus from law enforcement to national security.

Which statement about sworn officers in the United States is true?

b. Prior to 1968, police departments were more likely to hire an African American than a woman.

Which is an example of the patronage system?

b. The mayor appoints a good friend, Alec, to the chief of police position in exchange for Alec's promise to support him in an upcoming election.

What is the difference between ballistics and toxicology?

b. While ballistics is concerned with firearms, toxicology is concerned with drugs or toxins in the body.

Which of the following is a key difference between non-deadly force and deadly force?

b. While deadly force should only be used when serious harm would result without its use, non-deadly force does not carry such restrictive guidelines.

Marisol is a candidate for a police officer position in a large metropolitan area. She should expect any of the following background checks and tests except:

b. a review of her email activity

Targeted areas for directed patrols are often referred to as which of the following?

b. hot spots

The exclusionary rule prohibits the use of _______.

b. illegally seized evidence

Why are most arrests made without a warrant?

b. most arrests are the result of quick police reaction to the commission of a crime

Which type of exception to the Miranda rule did the Supreme Court create in 1984?

b. public safety

Which of the following agencies is not a part of the Department of Homeland Security?

b. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an agency that is part of

b. the Department of Justice.

Why are warrants usually not needed in international airports and seaports, and near international boundaries?

b. the border area exception to the probable cause requirement in these locations

Why have police departments across the country been forced to adopt Next Generation 911 systems?

b. the growing number of 911 calls coming from mobile phones

Which of the following is not one of the four elements that must be present for an arrest to take place?

b. the permission to arrest

_______ occurs when one person physically attacks another. A(n) _______ is when someone merely leads another to believe that he or she will be physically harmed.

battery; assualt

Women make up about 30 percent of a police department in a mid-sized, racially diverse southwestern city. Despite a higher-than-national average percentage of women on the force, the police department is actively recruiting women to join the department. What is the most likely reason for its recruitment of women?

c. It believes policewomen possess unique skills that make them more effective than men in some situations.

Which of the following is true of reasonable force?

c. It pertains to the use of both non-deadly force and deadly force.

Which of the following is true of the insanity plea?

c. States across the country apply different tests to determine insanity

Which statement about private security is true?

c. The main purpose of private security is to deter crime.

Which of the following is not one of the four criteria that must be met for law enforcement officers to make a warrantless seizure of an item?

c. The officer has explicit permission by the suspect to seize the item.

Despite active recruitment of African Americans, many police departments today have been unable to hire more African Americans for all of the following reasons except:

c. a low number of African American candidates who want to work in predominantly white communities.

Which of the following is not part of most stop and frisk procedures?

c. a thorough search of the person's possessions

If a police officer sees a person with a known criminal background in a place where criminal activity is openly taking place, the officer has reasonable suspicion to stop that person because of which of the following?

c. association

When a suspect's confession has been improperly coerced, it is _______.

c. invalid

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court not completely eliminate police discretion in matters of the use of deadly force?

c. it recognized that police officers must be able to make split-second decisions based on the circumstances facing the officer

How does society make a police officer's duty more clear and, in the process, help eliminate discretion from the decision-making process?

c. passing adequately specific laws

According to the text, there is a high demand for secondary policing because

c. public officers are more skilled than private security guards.

Which of the following is not one of the four sources that may provide probable cause?

c. reasonable suspicion

The most frequent exception to the warrant requirement involves ______.

c. searches incident to arrest

Which of the following federal agencies is responsible for preventing counterfeit currency?

c. the U.S. Secret Service

Which of the following best describes the internal affairs unit (IAU)?

c. the mechanism for investigations within a police department

Which of the following is not a relevant factor in determining whether consent is voluntary?

c. the nature of the crime being investigated

Which of the following is a reason why law enforcement officers tend to insulate themselves from civilians?

c. the only other people who can understand the stresses of police work are fellow officers

According to sociologist William Westly, what is the "blue curtain"?

c. the unspoken code that separates the police from the civilians they are meant to protect

Which of the following is not an example of a strict liability law

child endangerment law

All law can be divided into two categories:

civil law and criminal law

goals of civil law

concerned with disputes between private individuals and between entities proceedings in civil lawsuits are normally initiated by an individual or a corporation disputes involve; terms of contract, ownership of property, or an auto accident concerned with responsibility by requesting monetary compensation for damages

Why is DNA fingerprinting so useful and reliable in criminal investigations?

d. no two people, save for identical twins, have the same genetic code

Which of the following is usually the largest division within a police department?

d. patrol

Factors influencing the growth of the private security industry include all of the following except

d. pension reforms that have decreased the incomes of law enforcement officers.

In addition to the four criteria needed to legally seize property under the plain view doctrine, law enforcement officers must have _______ to believe that any item in plain view is potentially connected to criminal activity.

d. probable cause

The professional model of policing was introduced in the

d. reform era.

Which of the following is not a new development in DNA fingerprinting technology?

d. trace evidence

learning theory-

delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activities.

Which of the following concepts means that government powers are shared by the national government and the states?

federalism

The Department of the Treasury

formed in 1789 is mainly responsible for all financial matters of the federal government. It pays all the federal government's bills, borrows funds, collects taxes, mints coins, and prints paper currency.

Boston

formed the first organized police department in 1838

When scientists study ancestral or evolutionary developments, they are engaging in a branch of biology that deals with traits that are passed from one generation to another through genes. This is the study of ________.

genetics

biological and psychological theories of crime

genetics psychology neuroscience

Victims rights

grants victims the right to participate in the system The right to be informed:receiving information about victims rights as well as specific information such as dates and times of court proceedings The right to be present at court hearings involving the case at hand, as long as the victims presence doesn't interfere with the rights of the accused. The right to be heard: the ability to consult with prosecutorial officials before the criminal trial, to speak during the sentencing phase of the trail, and to offer an opinion when the offender is schedules to be released from incarceration

how intelligence lead policing works

intelligence led policing relies on data or intelligence concerning past crime patterns to predict future crime patterns, it assists law enforcement in concentrating its forces on areas with a high crime rate

Formal:

involves the mechanical steps that are designed to lead a criminal from possible arrest to punishment.

challenges facing women who choose law enforcement

many male officers feel that their female counterparts are mentally soft,physically weak, and generally unsuited for the rigors of the job. At the same time male officers often try to protect female officers by keeping them out of hazardous conditions thereby denying them the opportunity to prove themselves. Women in law enforcement also face the problem of tokenism or the belief that they were hired or promoted to fulfill a diversity requirement and haven't earned their positions

cultural deviance theory

members of certain subcultures reject the values of the dominant culture through deviant behavior patterns

Double Marginality

minority officers are viewed with suspicion by both sides White police officers believe that minority officers will give members of their own race preferential treatment Minority officers face hostility from members of their own community

Informal crime control

moral rules and norms prescribed by unofficial groups- family, peers

conflict model

most politically powerful segments of society have the most influence on criminal laws and laws are only deemed correct by a powerful minority

Which of the following is not one of the elements essential of any crime

motive

violent crimes

murder: unlawful killing of another human being rape/assault: coerced actions of a sexual nature against an unwilling participant assault: making threats that intentionally lead another person to believe that he or she will be physically harmed robbery: taking an article of value from a person by means of force or fear battery: one person physically attacks another

the three levels of law enforcement.

national or federal, level - Homeland security combines the police powers of 24 federal agencies to protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks. state levels within the states- State highway patrols deal with infractions on public highways and freeways. local levels, because crime is predominantly a local concern, most employees in the criminal justice system work for local governments. agencies at the federal level include the FBI, DEA and the U.S. secret service, among others. Investigate crimes and attempt to deter crime through patrol activities. Apprehend criminals and participate in trial proceedings. Provide social services such as dealing with domestic violence and child abuse.

essential elements of the corrections system.

probation - allows the person to return to the community under the supervision of a probation officer. Jails- hold people convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences, as well as those awaiting trial or involved in court proceedings. Prison-house those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences. Community based corrections- halfway houses residential centers, and work release centers.

A crime is a wrong against society that is

proclaimed by law

Which of the following was not one of the three basic types of police corruption defined by the Knapp Commission in the 1970s?

profiling

goals of criminal law

protecting society from harm by preventing and prosecuting crimes finding out who's guilty

Academy training

provides recruits with a controlled militarized environment they are taught the laws of search seizure arrest and interrogation how and when to use weapons procedures for securing a crime scene and interviewing witnesses first aid and self defense

infractions

punishable by a small fine under federal guidelines an infraction is punishable for up to five days of prison time

Informal:

recognizes the informal authority exercised by individuals at each step of the criminal justice process for example, a prosecutor may decide not to press charges if the case looks weak.

Which of the following is not one of the three levels of law enforcement?

regional

Where criminal law is concerned with guilt, civil law is concerned with _______.

responsibility

Which of the following is not one of the four categories of ethical dilemmas as defined by criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker?

responsibility

consensus model

rests on the assumption that people gather togther to form a society its members will gather and naturally come to an agreement with regard to shared norms and values and that those individuals who deviate from the established norms of society are thought to be a potential threat to society as a whole, the society passes laws to control or prevent unacceptable behavior thereby setting the boundaries for acceptable behavior within the group

Which of the following is the principle that the rules of a legal system apply equally to all persons, institutions, and entities—public or private—that make up a society?

rule of law

labeling theory

society creates crime and criminals by labeling certain behavior as deviant

labeling theory

society creates crime and criminals by labeling certain behaviors as deviant since the person labeled as a thief will respond becoming or remaining whatever they're labeled.

flaws of the Uniform crime rate system

some local police departments manipulate their crime reports the severity of offenses can be downgraded for statistic purposes under reporting and inconsistency

major issues in criminal justice today:

street gangs

What is the "dark figure of crime"?

the amount of crime that goes unreported

Strain theory

the assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their personal and financial goals through legitimate means.

The criminal justice system relies on discretion to alleviate the many pressures it faces. What is meant by discretion in this context?

the authority to choose between and among alternative courses of action, based on individual judgment and conscience

classic criminology

the belief that humans have free will to engage in any behavior including criminal behavior and if punishment is stringent it dissuades people from committing crime all decisions including the decision to commit crime is base don rational choice fear of punishment can have a deterrent effect on the choice to commit crime the more swift a punishment is the more effective it is at preventing a crime

The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior is

the criminal justice system

The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior is ________.

the criminal justice system

Which of the following can best be defined as an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning?

theory

four responsibilities of the police

to enforce laws provide services prevent crime preserve the peace

Which of the following is not one of Megan Kurlychek's four specific goals of our criminal justice system?

to outline which values within society should not be upheld by the system

purposes of the criminal justice system

to protect society from potential future crime to determine when an offense has been committed and provide an appropriate punishment for that offense to rehabilitate those offenders who have been punished so it's safe to return them to the community to support crime victims

In general, someone who has low self-control is all but which of the following?

unintelligent

major issues in criminal justice today:

use of illegal drugs

parole

used for offenders who have served part of their sentence in a correctional facility

The NCVS is considered a _______ survey, while those surveys taken inside of prisons with prisoners as the participants are considered _______ surveys.

victim; self-reported

control theory

we all have the potential to commit crimes but are dissuaded from doing so out of concern for our peers