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2015 Homicide Rate Increase

10 cities contributing the most homicides to the overall increase -larger populations -higher poverty rates -smaller Hispanic populations -larger black populations

The first federal statute that explicitly penalized industrial espionage was passed in _____.

1996

psychopath: 2 main types of factors

1a, 1b: selfish, callous, and narcissistic personality disorder o remorseless use of others o inability to empathize with others o obsession with self, image, reputation o demands admiration, praise o key idea: inwardly focused 2a" chronically unstable, antisocial, and socially deviant lifestyle o reactive anger o violent impulses o deviance o disregard for rules o key idea: outwardly focused

What percentage of reported index crime is cleared by arrest each year?

20 %

numbers of mass incarceration

2000 study: Hispanics, black, and native Americans all each incarcerated more than whites 1960-2010: growth of minority incarceration: all up, but especially for black men (more than triples) AA men have a 1 in 3 chance of being imprisoned in their lifetime • 1 in 6 for Hispanics • 1 in 17 for white men • 1 in 9 for all men also longer prison terms for minor crimes for AA

just deserts model

4 key elements: limited discretion at all stages of CJS, greater openness and accountability, punishment justified by crime, punishment commensurate with the seriousness of the crime

A recent study on peer relations and crime found that kids involved in delinquency are __________ times more likely that non-offenders to associate with delinquent youth.

5

Gendered Pathways approach

5 Criminal Pathways for Women -Street Women -Harmed and Harming Women -Drug Connected Women -Battered Women -Other

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, almost ________ percent of people 18 years and older report they drank alcohol.

55

Surveys show that more than __________ percent of the general public has been victimized by crime in their lifetime.

75

How does brain scanning fit within the Panopticon model of corrections? (think about Bentham)

???

Classical School

A school of though popular in the 18th century in Europe. Its main assumptions were that criminals act rationally and that the severity of legal punishment should be restricted to the degree necessary to deter crime

National crime victimization survey

A survey of the general public (utilizing probability samples) to measure the rate and circumstances of victimization -interpretation of violence can be different

Which of the following is a topic seldom discussed by criminologists/deviance researchers? a. morality b. the nature of serial killing c. the root cause of voyeurism d. the nature of domestic violence

A. Morality

Self Control

Ability to delay gratification of immediate impulse and pursue long-term goals

According to critical feminist criminologists, crime is a vehicle for men to ___________ because it separates them from the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.

According to critical feminist criminologists, crime is a vehicle for men to ___________ because it separates them from the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.

How mass incarceration happened (Alexander)

Alexander argues that colorblind criminal justice is a system of laws and rhetoric that uses prison to control and subdue poor people of color. "Crime" is code for "black." "from the back of the bus to the front of the prison"

the roundup

Alexander argues that it's a systematic abuse of the 4th Amendment "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." (1789)

Public Defender guest speaker

Alicia Milligan • specialized in indigent criminal defense • clerkship → law firm, prosecutor/US attorney's office (federal system, more white collar), mother for 11 years, took VA bar her job: to make sure the charge is appropriate

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement n the 17th and 18th centuries that challenged medieval religious beliefs

_________ rape is a variety of forcible rape that occurs when sexuality becomes a means of expressing and discharging pent-up rage.

Anger

Deviance

Attitudes Behaviors Conditions -That society finds offensive, wrong, or in violation of expectations

. Which of the following theory of crime/delinquency emphasizes that the law will become a tool for the ruling class to maintain its dominant position? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. social exchange e. all of the above

B. Conflict

Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain white-collar crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating underground economies like ________. a. computer forgery b. fencing c. insider's trading d. check forgery e. embezzlement

B. Fencing

If the statements of a given theory can be verified by empirical data, then criminologists usually will argue that such a theory has ________. a. reliability b. validity c. predictability d. duplicability e. measurability

B. VALIDITY

Which of the following theory of crime/delinquency emphasizes that the law will become a tool for the ruling class to maintain its dominant position? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. social exchange e. all of the above

B. conflict

Generally speaking, which topic in the following belongs to criminal justice, but not to criminology/deviance study? a. victimology b. the behavior of social control agencies c. the etiology of crime d. the defining characteristics of sadistic rape e. the social context of juvenile crime

B. the behavior of social control agencies

Correlates of Crime: Gender

Basic Pattern: women have lower levels of offending and victimization than men -Gender gap is smaller for less serious crimes and has recently reversed in NCVS -convergence gender gap not due to more female violence but larger declines in male violence relative to females

consensus model of law

Belief that criminal law originates in (and reflects) the will of the majority. -Laws reflect the majority -Laws hold society together -Identifying/punishing deviant behavior brings society together -Rests on idea that society is stable

Principle of Homogamy

• The more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized.

Comparing Crime Rates

• Things like unemployment • Beginning of Ch. 3: cross sociocultural process of crime, why its difficult to compare crime across time and space ( READ TO LEARN THIS ONE)

attachment theory

• a secure emotional base in early childhood = sensitive, responsive, and less likely to harm self and others • typically built through parents (post-Freud)

implicit bias

• attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner • these biases, which can be positive or negative, are activated involuntarily and without an individual's awareness or intentional control. Residing deep in the subconscious, these biases are different from known biases that individuals may choose to conceal for the purposes of social and/or political correctness

Jeffrey Dahmer

• born in 1960 • first murder: 1978 (hitchhiker, Steven Mark Hicks, bludgeoned to death b/c he wanted to leave - raped, dismembered) • Raped, murdered, and dismembered 17 men and boys until arrest in 1991 • died Nov. 1994 (beaten to death by fellow inmate, because he was "creepy" with ketchup and weirdness) • started in solitary confinement b/c of threats • "The Milwaukee Cannibal" • diagnosed with many mental disorders o the prosecutor, Michael McCann, described him as a sane man, in full control of his actions, who simply strove to avoid detection:

3 C's of crime

• broader society Categorizes acts as criminal or not • laws and judges Codify criminality • police and law enforcement Concretize criminality through everyday surveillance and detainment

Marxian Conflict

• class inequality is a perpetual struggle between the wealthy (those who control capital) and the poor (those with little or no capital) • poor people are disproportionately punished Example: Jeffrey Skilling Key player in the Enron scandal, a $60 billion fraud 2006, found guilty of 19 counts of securities fraud, insider trading, and deceit sentenced to 24 years in prison, commuted to 14 years (release in 2020) • b/c of great/persistent legal team'

Gideon v. Wainwright (Supreme Court 1963)

• confirmed the right of indigent defendants in criminal proceedings to have counsel appointed to represent them • Court Appointed Counsel - private attorney who have agreed to take appointments from the Court and are paid a pre-determined or a capped fee • States and the Federal Government have established Public Defender Offices where attorneys are paid by salary to take appointments in cases of indigent defendants • usually have to face jail time to get one

colorblindness

• disregard for individuals' ethnic or racialized characteristics when making decisions about, for example, employment, prison sentences, or program allocation • core example: college admissions at some schools are deliberately "color blind" Scalia: if universities want to increase their minority population, they should lower their standards

Name three features of the modern prison system.

• event/bureaucratic duty • swift: "one death per condemned man" (p.12) • techniques for a quick death, minimal pain • little contact between executioner and victim *"The age of sobriety in punishment had begun" (D&P p.14) *"We punish, but this is a way of saying that we wish to obtain a cure" (D&P p.22)

Bernie Madoff

• founded Madoff Investment Securities LLC (1960) • his $50 billion Ponzi scheme was the largest in history • March 2009: pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies, no plea bargain • June 2009: sentenced to 150 years in federal prison (71 years old) • interviewed by Barbara Walters 2007 (no other videos allowed in federal prison)

mass incarceration

• refers both to the rapid increase in the number of prisoners in the US and • the high concentration of prisoners from poor communities of color

caste

• refers to a hereditary group consisting of people with the same social status • differs from social class in that it is fixed; you never fully escape your caste • antithetical to the American Dream • i.e. Indian caste system • US system: upper class → upper middle → lower middle → working → working poor → underclass Alexander: "I do believe that something akin to a social caste system is alive and well in America" • p → a/c → poor whites → poor blacks → slavery

Limitations of the psychoanalytic approach

• tautological (the argument is redundant or proves itself, ex: "our football team will either win or lose this weekend") • dependent on individual clinician's observations or interpretations • usually based on a very small number of subjects/patients (p.104)

judicial discretion

• the judges' ability to use individual circumstances from the case to make determinations about criminal sentencing • mandatory minimum sentencing takes away this ability from judges

social event approach

• there are so many pieces in the criminal justice process, and this is all reflective of how social life runs • one way that a society makes sense of changes in values, roles, technologies, and borders is through crimes and attendant controversies

police searches and consent

• without a warrant, police cannot search you/your possessions unless there is clear probable cause • many people do not know this • judicial opinion has recognized the difficulty

Foucault v. Bentham

Bentham: utilitarian values (greatest good for greatest number), need to reform British system • effective reform of the prisoner only happens by completely changing his/her habits, morals, and values (total surveillance) • people break the law because their sense of morality is out of balance. They seek excessive pleasure. Sex, money, and intoxication are temptations that we can keep in check via criminal punishment and deterrence Foucault: focused on power and social control; we don't always see power • total surveillance is a terrible idea! you end up stripping people of their individuality, of their soul; what's truly insidious about modern corrections, including the all-seeing prison, is that is makes power invisible • Whose morals do you have in mind Bentham?? The activities that you object to are not inherently criminal. They are constructed as criminal by social norms and laws

Tautology means that someone uses ________ reasoning to support his/her argument. a. contrastive b. comparative c. circular d. composite e. centralized

C. Circular

Which theoretical paradigm in the following focuses on societal reactions to crime/deviance, instead of crime per se? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. structuration e. phenomenology

C. symbolic interactionism

Krebs and Lindquist

Caveats against the citation of the '"1 in 5" statistic for rape -Not a nationally representative estimate -Only 2 universities -Not only rape (if excluding less severe forced assaults and counting rape only, it drops to 1 in 7) -Includes only completed assaults, not also attempted -Low response rate

Which 18th century reformer's writings helped to create the classical view of criminology?

Cesare Beccaria

________________ law refers to a set of rules governing relations between private parties, including both businesses and governments.

Civil

Classification of a Theory

Classical: -people are rational, have free will, and they weigh the benefits and costs of their actions before they act -punishment is also rational and thus should increase the costs enough that they outweigh the rewards Positivist: -behavior is determined by the things beyond the individuals control (determinism) -focus is on rehabilitation

Election fraud includes a variety of behaviors designed to give a candidate or his/her party an unfair advantage. Which one of the following is NOT considered to be one of these types of behaviors?

Concealment

Experiment

Conducting experiments using the scientific method. ( scientists prefer case studies over experiments)

____________ criminologists suggest that economic systems control all facets of human life and consequently people's lives revolve around the capitalist's means of production.

Conflict

Three law and social order perspectives

Consensus Pluralistic Conflict

John Hagan: The Origin of Laws

Consensus: laws are a product of shared customs and harms; thus you cannot separate law from morality (the latter is the foundation of the former)-Stephen and Devlin Conflict: laws are "weapons" used by more powerful groups to enforce their own morality and self interests and control other (less powerful) groups; thus the legislation of morality is selective and advantages some groups over others-Mill and Hart

Regardless of its source, all criminal law in the United States must conform to the rules of the U.S. _____________.

Constitution

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of law in the U.S.?

Constitutional

_______________ theory suggests that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of negative influences found in their environment.

Containment

Routine activities theory

Crime requires a motivated offender, a suitable target of criminal victimization and a lack of capable guardians of persons or property

"Dark figure of crime"

Crime that goes unreported

Expressive Offenses

Crimes committed for emotional reasons with little to no planning

Meagher: What we don't know

Criminal justice operations: police use of force, traffic stops, prosecutorial decisions

8th Amendment

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

__________ refers to the use of the Internet, email or other electronic devices to repeatedly harass or threaten another person.

Cyberstalking

According to your author, which of the following is NOT one of the major positive policy initiatives that have resulted from the work on developmental theories?

DARE

Which of the following is NOT one the positive social programs that have resulted from the social structure theories?

DARE

John Hagan

Debate: Should and can laws be used to legislate morality?

Specific Deterrence

Deterrence that occurs when offenders already punished for lawbreaking decide not to commit another crime because they do not want to face legal consequences again

__________ is a term used to refer to actions that depart from social norms, values, and beliefs.

Deviance

14th Amendment

Due Process

In Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, which personality trait may lead to delinquent acts? a. extroversion b. psychoticism c. neuroticism d. introversion e. a, b, and c

E. a, b & c

Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain violent crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating property offenses like ________. a. drug-related murder b. domestic violence c. physical abuse d. aggravated assault e. embezzlement

E. embezzlement

____________ refers to the practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.

Espionage

___________ theory states that the competition for scarce resources has influenced and shaped the human species.

Evolutionary

3 elements of social norms

Expectations, violations, and reactions

________ occurs when the victim has a clear right to expect a service and the offender threatens to withhold the service unless an additional payment or bribe is forthcoming.

Exploitation

What's the place of the Panopticon in the modern carceral system? Is Foucault supportive or critical of Bentham's idea?

F: panopticon operates as a power mechanism; technology has allowed for the deployment of panoptic structures invisibly throughout society. "social 'quarantine'" The panopticon induces a sense of permanent visibility that ensures the functioning of power. *F: total surveillance is a terrible idea! you end up stripping people of their individuality, of their soul; what's truly insidious about modern corrections, including the all-seeing prison, is that is makes power invisible • Whose morals do you have in mind Bentham?? The activities that you object to are not inherently criminal. They are constructed as criminal by social norms and laws

. The main purpose for criminologists to propose deviance/delinquency theories is to help people understand the root cause of crime/deviance. That means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as many ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible

False. . The main purpose for criminologists to propose deviance/delinquency theories is to help people understand the root cause of crime/deviance. That means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as few ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible

. In terms of research focus, biological theory is a macro theory.

False. Micro theory

One of the structure theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

False. One of the process theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

One of the process theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

False. One of the structure theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

No scientific theory is reliable.

False. Only some scientific theories are reliable.

All scientific theories are valid.

False. Only some.

Overall, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of conflict theory when defining the concept of crime/deviance.

False. Overall, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of functionalism when defining the concept of crime/deviance.

In terms of classification paradigm, the underlying philosophy of individualistic explanations of crime/deviance (such as rational choice theory) is left realism.

False. Right Realism

If A represents cause while B effect, then tautology can be diagramed as follows: A ----> B -----> A -----> A

False. Tautology is A--->B--->A--->B

The philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is left idealism.

False. The philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is right idealism.

Spurious relationship between independent and dependent variables can only be found in macro theories, such as conflict theory.

False. this can be found in all theories.

Generally speaking, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of conflict theory to define the concept of crime.

False...functionalism not conflict

Correlates of Crime: Age Age Crime Curve (Farrington 1986)

General Trend: -crime peaks in the late teens and declines precipitously in the early 20s -neither offending nor victimization is randomly distributed among groups

Felony

Generally offenses punishable by a year or more in a state or federal prison • Ex: murder, drug charges, etc.

Correlates of Crime: What else?

Geography (location, population) -NCVS: violent and property victimization rates are higher in urban residences tan suburban and rural -UCR: overall VCR-385.9, many different groups

Which of the following criminologists is considered a pioneer in the development of the interactionist view of crime?

George Herbert Mead

Why do we need criminological theories?

Helps us gain an understanding of crime and criminal justice

Cesare Lombroso -Positivist School

History -came about due to criticisms w/ classical school -crime rates were increasing -criminals appeared more likely to re-offend -led to speculation that other social factors might affect crime, not just sanctions Heritage and Perspective -use of scientific method; systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, moving from general hypothesis to more specific ones -Guerry: the first statistician to analyze national crime rates and map them -Quetelet: found regularity in French stats over time and place Background -Both Guerrry and Quetelet linked crime to feature of social/structural organization (poverty, unemployment, and gender) -Lombroso linked crime to individual-level factors -Gall who studied phenology: skulls or shape of their heads linked to personality -Sheldon studied somatotypes: body types -endomorph: skinny, weak -mesomorph: physically fit -ectomorph: large, chubby

Process

How do people become criminals?

Structure

How is society organized?

Prevalence

How many people possess the trait being investigated

Incidence

How often people exhibit that trait

Criminal punishment was arbitrary in feudal times. In what ways did Enlightenment philosophers try to change that?

In feudal Europe, justice was rough and punishment was arbitrary; only the rich were entitled to legal rights and protections Fundamental principles of classical theory: o equal rights: government is not just for elites o people are rational and reasoning o due process for all (jury of peers, having an official lawyer, speedy trial (celerity)) o punishment is calibrated to the crime o corrections provide a second chance

__________ crimes are those committed by indigent people to compensate for the lack of legitimate economic opportunity.

Instrumental

Cesare Beccaria -Classical School

Intellectual Heritage -science and reason took over; replaced spiritual explanation -explanation for behavior was hedonism: people will naturally try to maximize pleasure and minimize pain -Thomas Hobbes gave us the idea of social contract, governments exist to protect these rights/enforce a social contract b/w its people and those who govern -emphasis on human dignity and human rights Perspective of the School -crime and law were the focus, not criminal behavior -law is to protect the rights of society and individual -punishment itself was considered evil and to be used only to prevent crime -everyone is equal before the law -due process must be followed

Survey

Interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for the "aging out of crime" phenomenon?

It is a deterrent effect of the criminal justice system.

What time of year do most reported crimes occur?

July and August

The historical roots of critical criminology can be traced back to the work of ____________.

Karl Marx

Consensus Model

Law comes from the majority of people deciding something is wrong. ( value based, normative). Everything works because everyone agrees on it.

Conflict theory

Laws do not exist for the collective good; rather they represent the interests of the group of people who have the power & maintain that power -powerful groups use laws to support their interests -cause of crime: interests of one group don't coincide with those of another

Conflict Perspective

Laws seem to favor those who are of power or wealth

Change in definition of rape

Legacy definition: the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly against her will New definition: penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without the consent of the victim

Misdemeanor

Less serious offenses punished by less than a year in jail • Ex: MIP

__________theory suggests that one's lifestyle, such as carrying a weapon, makes one more prone to victimization.

Lifestyle

Treating young psychopaths

Minnesota, Mendota clinic • focuses on juvenile psychopaths • emphasis on intense therapist-patients relations; incentives rather than punishments • gradual increase in social freedoms the problem: • they don't stop being psychopaths • how do we accommodate it?

Common Reports to NCVS

Most common report is simple assault *more accurate than UCR*

Functionalist view of deviance

Must serve a purpose -provide a safety valve (prostitution) -enable social change (civil rights movement) -reinforces social norms & conformity Social norms are the glue that holds society together. Identifying and punishing deviance maintains social solidarity.

Lt. William Calley

My Lai village, Vietnam

What program was developed by the FBI during the past 30 years to provide more detailed information about criminal incidents?

NIBRS

NIBRS

National Incident- Based Reporting System o Developed in response to criticisms of UCR o Provides more comprehensive incident-based statistics • Distinguish attempted from completed offenses • Record all offenses included in a criminal event • Document offender, victim, witnesses • Document time/location of offenses

Part II: NON-INDEX CRIMES

Non-index offenses that are not used in the calculation of the crime rate: • Simple assault, • Embezzlement • Vandalism • Sex offenses • Drug law violations • Disorderly conduct

Uniform Crime Report

Official police report on crime that is maintained by the FBI +comprehensive across US +allows for comparison across states +allows for comparison over time (kinda) -dark figure of crime, misses petty crimes -no measurement of police brutality, police bias

___________ refers to a condition caused by a disturbing event. Symptoms may include anger, depression, anxiety, and self-destructive behavior.

PTSD

the most difficult loss to quantify

Pain and Suffering

UCR Types of Crimes

Part 1 Offenses: violent crime and property crime Part 2 Offenses: index crimes-arrest data only

______________ precipitation occurs because of personal or social characteristics that make victims attractive targets.

Passive

____________ theory suggests that humanism can reduce crime and advocates conflict resolution strategies to reduce crime.

Peacemaking

rational choice theory

People will make rational decisions if based on the extent to which they they expect the choice to maximize their profits or benefits and minimize the costs or losses (expected utility principle).

Metaphysical (Comte Stage)

Philosophical explanation

UCR

Police reports/official crime reports

Young girls and violence: is it getting worse?

Probably not

Rational choice theorists, just like biological and psychological theorists, believe that some people got involved in crime because of involuntary/uncontrollable biological desires or psychological drives.

Rational choice theorists, unlike biological and psychological theorists, believe that some people got involved in crime because of personal decisions.

Positive (Scientific) ( Comte Stage)

Rationally, emphasizing scientific method(measurement, observing, proof, replication, and verification)

Labeling theory

Reactions of people and the subsequent effects of those labels create deviance -labeling someone as deviant will make them act on that label (Easy A)

Informal Social Control

Refers to our conformity to the norms and values of the society that is enforced by the people in our lives

Theological/Supernatural (pre 18th century) (Comte Stage)

Religious explanations

Criminologists who devote themselves to the sociology of law engage in a number of different tasks. Which of the following is one of these tasks?

Researching the impact of legal change on society

Social norms

Rules that make explicit social expectations about what is appropriate behavior for particular people in specific situations -Deviance exists because we have social norms

Criminology

Scientific study of the definition, forms, causes, and societal reactions to criminal behavior.

4th Amendment

Search & Seizure

Sociological Imagination

Seeing the connection between personal events and larger society -Private troubles (individuals) -Public issues (social)

Which of the following crime measurement instruments is most useful for compiling data about drug abuse, such as the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Study?

Self-report surveys

The mafia originated in __________ in about 1860.

Sicily

Regina v. Dudley and Stephen

Story of Richard Parker (cannibalized) Mignonette shipwreck established important precedent for all common law countries (USA included) that necessity is not a defense for murder another takeaway: punishment does not always fit the crime. Dudley and Stephens were convicted of murder.

__________ law is a branch of criminal law that defines both crimes and their corresponding punishments.

Substantive

self-report

Surveys asking respondent to report on their own level of criminal activity. +longitudinal, more detailed questions about crime/lives, catch crime that wasn't reported -inaccurate recall, different interpretations, doesn't reach everyone, tend to underreport deviant behavior

_______________ usually involves a political crime that emphasizes violence as a mechanism to promote change.

Terrorism

The early set of written laws of the ancient world which established a system of crime and punishment based on physical retaliation is __________.

The Code of Hammurabi

____________estimate(s) that the annual number of victimizations that occur in the U.S. is roughly 25 million per year.

The NCVS (National Crime Victim Survey)

Comte

The Progression of Knowledge: "Law of Three Stages"

Absolute Deterrence

The effect of having some legal punishment versus the effect of having no legal punishment

Objective deterrence

The impact of actual legal punishment

Subjective Deterrence

The impact of people's perceptions of the likelihood of arrest and punishment

Does a crime rate reflect mostly its population size?

The multiplication by 100,000 standardizes it and makes it relative to other places so population overall does not mean the crime rate will be higher

Foucault does not believe that the prison system can be fully abolished. Instead, he says that it is an inevitable component of a modern society. Why?

The panopticon was destined to spread throughout society. It makes power more economic and effective. It does this to develop the economy, spread education and improve public morality, not to save society. The panopticon represents the subordination of bodies that increases the utility of power while dispensing with the need for a prince.

Causal mechanism

The processes or pathways through which an outcome is brought into being

Which of the following views asserts that elder abuse results from the abusive individual learning to use violence to resolve conflicts?

The social learning view

Routine Activities Theory

The view that an individual's daily activities can affect his or her chances of becoming a crime victim

Positivism

The view that human behavior and attitudes are influenced by forces both external and internal to the individual

Rational Choice theory

The view that people plan their actions and weigh the potential benefits and costs of their potential behavior

Social Control

The ways in which our behavior, thoughts, and appearances are regulated by norms, rules, and laws

According to the text, what ethical concern is often raised against criminologists who tend to only focus upon the poor and desperate in their studies of crime?

Their efforts lead to harsh measures taken against the lower classes.

Generally speaking all deviance/deliquency theories are tentative and speculative in nature. In other words all deliquent/deviant theories imply probabilistic concepts of causality.

True

Most crimes are NOT Index Crimes

True

The most important crime data collected from local law enforcement by the Federal Bureau of Investigation comes from the __________.

Uniform Crime Reports

Ferguson Effect

Version 1: -due to increased criticism in the wake of publicized killings, police are disengaging from their duties, intervening less, so crime is going up Version 2: -due to publicized killings citizens are feeling alienated from institutions and taking things in their own hands -distrust of police=lower likelihood of calling to report crime=increased victimization

__________ is a term used to describe the process of illegally obtaining software and then "cracking" or "ripping" its copyright protections before posting it on the Internet for other members to use for free or for a price.

Warez

Raine recounts the case of Michael to point out that head trauma can change behavior for better or worse. Suppose removing a tumor reduces a convicted felon's violent impulses. What factors should be taken into account to decide whether to release that person back into society?

We don't know how much of it was actually the tumor. It could be partially the person as well

The consensus, conflict, and social event approaches to crime ask...

What is the social function of crime? these approaches do not explain why people commit crimes

Experiment Results

White males with a criminal record were more likely to get a call back over a black male with NO criminal record Pager: felony drug conviction and 18 months prison time Uggen: single arrest for disorderly conduct

According to political scientist James Q. Wilson in his classic 1975 book entitled Thinking About Crime, whom does he suggest commits a vast majority of crime?

Wicked

Crime Drop (Rosenfeld 2002) Is the crime drop that started in the 1990s real and is it meaningful?

Yes, Crime dropped for youths, adults, whites, blacks, females, males, in large cities and rural areas, and in every region of the country Caveat: timing and magnitude varied for different age groups. Youth crime rose

Michel Foucault

a French philosopher (1926-1984) who lived from 1926 to 1984. He was one of the 20th century's towering intellectual figures. Discipline and Punish was his most influential book work focused on power and social control • we don't always see power, and we're not always aware that is acting on us • believed the Benthamite reforms were insidious because they led to total surveillance and control - thought total surveillance was wrong --> supported by Michella Alexander

Theoretical rationale

a coherent reason why this association exists, correlation and theoretical rationale alone are still not sufficient enough, also need correct time sequence -Independent and dependent variables

androcentric bias

a definition of males and male experience as a neutral standard or norm, and females and female experience as a sex-specific deviation from that norm -why do women commit so little crime instead of why do men commit so much

"Damiens the Regicide"

a domestic servant called Robert-François Damiens attempted to kill King Louis XV in 1757 o The assassination failed. Damiens was arrested, tortured, and publicly executed (amende honorable = making honorable amends, prescribed ritual of torture → tantamount to "multiple deaths"; rare) o The grotesque nature of his execution was controversial. Bentham and other Enlightenment philosophers felt that it was inhumane and despotic. pointed out by Foucault bc: o last instance of ritualized capital punishment for regicide in France, so horrific that people immediately condemned it o interested in use of technology (choreographed and pain maximized) o accelerated a process of reform that led to the birth of the modern prison

Overgeneralization

a reasoning error in which we conclude that something is true for all cases just because we observe it for some cases

In the U.S., what percentage of evening calls to police departments involve domestic disputes?

a. 60-70 percent

According to historian David Courtwright, an authority on sociocultural violence, what has accounted for high violent crime rates in the United States?

a. A frontier culture characterized by racism and personal honor

What is the main contention of Marcus Felson's notion about cars and crime?

a. Cars transport teens outside parental control.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major federal environmental laws used to combat green-collar crime in the U.S.?

a. Chemical Reduction and Control Act

__________ is a type of white-collar crime that includes price-fixing, false advertising, and anti-trust violations.

a. Corporate crime

Congress began treating computer-related crime as a distinct federal offense with the passage of the ________________ Act in 1984.

a. Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse

Which of the following statements correctly applies to the crime of stalking?

a. Many stalking cases are dropped by the courts even though the stalkers often have extensive criminal histories.

_____________ theories maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society present many opportunities for illegal activity.

a. Social control

________________ refers to the interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society.

a. Socialization

An investment fraud that involves the purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors is called ____________.

a. a Ponzi scheme

According to Ronald Clarke's CRAVED model of theft, the appropriation of property is most likely to occur when the target is __________.

a. a mobile item

Which of the following are generally included in a victim's bill of rights?

a. a speedy trial

Content analysis of web page defacements indicate that __________.

a. about 70 percent are pranks by hackers

General strain theorists argue that when negative stimuli (e.g., physical abuse, verbal threat/insult, conflictual relationships with parents/friends/school teachers, etc) are present, the most common behavioral pattern taken by frustrated people/teenagers is ________. k. aggression l. alienation/isolation m. communication n. reflection o. indifference

a. aggression

According to Robert Agnew, the most important/noteworthy emotional reaction to strain is ________. a. anger b. ignorance c. depression d. retaliation e. withdrawal

a. anger

Temperature may affect crime rates in an inverted U-shaped curve, meaning __________.

a. as the temperature continues to rise, crime rates will increase and then begin to decline when it gets too hot

According to your text, the link between substance abuse and violence appears in multiple forms. Which of the following is NOT one of these forms?

a. breakdown of social institutions

Who did Sutherland suggest has the greatest impact on teaching a person criminal behavior?

a. close friends or relatives

Psychologists with a __________ focus on mental health processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.

a. cognitive perspective

Crime data show that most criminal offenders __________.

a. commit a single criminal act, and upon arrest, discontinue their criminal activity

What term does William Julius Wilson use to describe the effect of middle- and working-class families fleeing inner-city areas and leaving the impoverished masses behind?

a. concentration effect

According to Cohen's deviant subculture theory, which of the following subculture categories is the most common response to middle-class rejection?

a. corner boy

The view that business enterprises cause white-collar crime by placing excessive demands on employees is known as the __________.

a. corporate culture view

The intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the bio system that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life defines __________.

a. criminal environmental pollution

Both life course and latent trait theories maintain that most persistent offenders are ___________, beginning their delinquent careers in their adolescence and persisting into adulthood.

a. early starters

Which factor did the Glueck's research identify as being the most important to persistent offending?

a. family relations

Where did skilled thieves congregate in large cities, such as London, during the 18th century?

a. flash houses

When looking at gender and desistance, research indicates that __________.

a. for females, the path to crime is different than for males

Since 1991, the crime rate in the United States __________.

a. has been in decline

According to the National Crime Victim Survey, which of the following is most vulnerable to crime?

a. homes in the West

A form of contemporary transnational crime that involves buying and selling human beings with the aim of exploiting them in such activities as prostitution, forced labor, or slavery is known as __________.

a. human trafficking

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, what are the two traits linked to the propensity to commit crime?

a. impulsive personality and lack of self control

One of the biggest concerns regarding General Strain Theory is its___________.

a. inability to explain gender differences in the crime rate

The __________ reduces crime by placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years lessening their opportunity to commit crime.

a. incapacitation effect theory

David Huh's study of delinquency and parenting found that __________.

a. increases in adolescent behavior problems result in a decrease in parental control and support

In Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, which personality trait is similar to Freud's concept of superego? k. introversion l. extroversion m. psychoticism n. neuroticism o. b and c

a. introversion

According to your text, all of the following are considered to be major forms of cybervandalism except __________.

a. logic bombs

Who is more likely to commit an act of workplace violence?

a. middle-aged white males

Which of the following is a topic seldom discussed by criminologists/delinquency researchers? a. morality b. the nature of serial killing c. the root cause of voyeurism d. the nature of domestic violence e. the characteristics of child prostitution

a. morality

In her classic 1960 study of shoplifting, Mary Owen Cameron discovered that_____________.

a. most are amateurs

According to Wright and Becker, most professional burglars are motivated by the _________.

a. need for cash in order to get high

A large majority of child abuse cases in the U.S. involve ________ as the primary offenders.

a. parents

Empirical evidence supports the view that labeling __________.

a. plays a significant role in persistent offending

The Department of Homeland Security is engaged in all of the following activities except _________.

a. preventing money laundering

According to Edwin Lemert, __________ involves crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.

a. primary deviance

An emerging form of violent emotional abuse in which a partner tries to damage a person's relationship with friends by spreading false rumors or revealing private information is _______.

a. relational aggression

Sociologist Joseph Gusfield asserts that the purpose of outlawing immoral acts is to _______.

a. show the moral superiority of those who condemn the acts over those who partake of them

The perception by community members that the outside world has set out to destroy the neighborhood is referred to as __________.

a. siege mentality

Which theory holds that the conditions within the urban environment will affect crime rates?

a. social disorganization theory

Which one of the following is NOT one of the theoretical explanations for terrorism discussed in the text?

a. social learning

By integrating the concepts of ____________ and criminality, Gottfredson and Hirschi help explain why some people who lack self-control can escape criminality, and conversely, why some people who have self-control might not escape.

a. socialization

This theory holds that after experiencing criminal sanctions that are swift, severe, and powerful, the criminal will not repeat his/her criminal acts.

a. specific deterrence

According to the concept of _______________, kids who have the propensity to commit crime will find that this latent trait profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization.

a. state dependence

The type of crime arising from the efforts of the government to maintain power or uphold the race and gender advantages of those who support the government is _________.

a. state political crime

Sexual relations between an underage individual and an adult is defined as _________.

a. statutory rape

According to recent statistics, most child abuse is committed by __________.

a. the child's mother

Which of the following factors does NOT determine whether a theft will be considered as petty or grand larceny in most state statutes?

a. the insurance settlement

Which statement about organized criminals/delinquents in the following is NOT correct? a. they will depersonalize victim b. they are smart, if not genius c. they usually live with partner d. they prefer skilled job e. they can control their mood while perpetrating a crime

a. they will depersonalize viction

The life careers that alter the development of a criminal career are referred to commonly as _______________.

a. turning points

Which of the following is NOT one of the three methods used in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) to express crime data?

a. types and amounts of harm caused

The use of __________ is controversial because there seems to be no agreement on whether it is torture or a relatively harmless instrument of interrogation.

a. water boarding

sociological imagination

ability to shift perspectives from personal troubles to large scale issues; understanding how social outcomes are shaped by social context, culture and social interaction

Validity

accuracy of measurement

Charles Mason

accused of murdering 9 people in 4 incidents in July/August 1969 led an apocalyptic commune called Helter Skelter convicted of murder and conspiracy in 1971; sentenced to death (later, life without parole) image caption: dirt bag Charles Manson

sublimation

acting on something in an indirect way (triangulating/engaging in an activity that prevents you from having to deal with something; ex. turning to alcohol when you have relationship problems)

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on crime rates?

age

Deterrence theory

aim of criminal justice system should be to deter crime -specific: apprehended and punished criminal will refrain from crime b/c of past experiences -general: state's punishment of offenders serves as an example to those in the public who have yet to commit a crime

The ____________ view of terrorism states that a lack of economic opportunity and recessionary economies are positively connected with acts of terrorism.

alienation

Most credit card abuse is the work of __________.

amateurs

mala in se

an act that is inherently & essentially evil (rape, murder)

Edwin Sutherland

an influential American sociologist, active in the first half of the 20th century o he rejected biological and psychological theories of crime o instead, he argued that crime is learned in social contexts through interaction and communication o it's not necessarily about organizational dysfunction; he believed that a group or organization could be well-run, efficient, and cohesive, but still produce social delinquents

Secondary Data Analysis

analysis of existing data collected for other purposes

Content Analysis

anything with TV, books, media, videos, etc.

According to ____________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, some people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli including responses centered upon thrill seeking criminal actions.

arousal

causal reductionism

assuming a single cause or reason when there were actually multiple causes or reasons

Sociologist Wayne Wooden refers to a juvenile between the ages of 4 and 9 who starts fires because his or her parents are careless as a __________ fire setter.

b. "playing with matches"

According to the Uniform Crime Report, the gender ratio for arrests for prostitution is __________.

b. 2 to 1 - female to male

In their study, Tracy and Kempf-Leonard found that __________ of delinquent offenders desisted from crime as adults.

b. 2/3

Which of the following Constitutional Amendments repealed the prohibition of alcohol?

b. 21st Amendment

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the crime of assault?

b. Assault victims tend to be female.

____________, considered to be the founder of sociology, applied scientific methods to the study of society.

b. Auguste Comte

____________ hypothesized that a certain segment of society was in fact "born criminal" and actually resembled prehistoric cavemen.

b. Cesare Lombroso

Which of the following is NOT one of the three independent, yet overlapping branches of the social structure perspective on crime?

b. Conflict theory

The first international treaty to address the definition and enforcement of cybercrime is the __________.

b. Convention on Cybercrime

____________ theory focuses on the effects of gender inequality and the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society.

b. Critical feminist

_______________ is a type of cybercrime which is typically designed to harass or extort money from legitimate users of Internet services by threatening to prevent access to service.

b. Denial of service attack

What is the name of Edwin Sutherland's classic social learning theory?

b. Differential association theory

____________ theory centers upon the premise that people in all strata of society share the same success goals but that those in the lower class have limited means of achieving them.

b. Differential opportunity

What is a common criticism of Hirschi's social control theory?

b. It does not adequately explain serious criminal acts.

The federal legislative act that recognizes the right of the victim to be protected from the accused in the case is the __________.

b. Justice for All Act

This type of law, often times referred to as "_____________," allows the average citizen to use deadly force when they reasonably believe that their homes or vehicles have been wrongfully invaded.

b. Stand Your Ground

________________ crimes are acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.

b. State organized

How would lifestyle theorists recommend a person avoid becoming a victim of crime?

b. Stay home at night.

____________ is a phrase used to describe an individual's proactive attempts to lessen the likelihood of future victimizations by crime-proofing their house, car, business, property, etc.

b. Target hardening

A __________________ is a computer program that looks like a benign application but contains illicit codes that damage the system's operation.

b. Trojan horse

What large-scale event created fertile soil for the spread of conflict theory in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

b. Vietnam War

A peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims and other community members are brought together to formulate a sanction is called _________.

b. a sentencing circle

According to the Cambridge study in delinquent development, __________.

b. a significant number of delinquent youths have criminal fathers

Studies conducted in the United States show that __________.

b. children who experience abuse are more crime prone than children who do not experience abuse

The behavioral treatment which seeks to help patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to abuse drugs is __________.

b. cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following, according to Cloward and Ohlin, will encourage adolescents to get involved in tough and masculine activities, especially interpersonal violence/street fighting? f. retreatist subculture g. conflict subculture h. criminal subculture i. violent subculture j. abusive subculture

b. conflict subculture

A typosquat website is a website where __________.

b. deliberately registered web names with typos direct people surfing the Internet to pornography sites by mistake

Evidence of the positive influence of labeling theory on the criminal justice system can be found in the development of _________.

b. diversion programs

One of the fastest and largest growing environmental problems is the disposal of millions of tons of obsolete electronic devices referred to commonly as ___________.

b. e-waste

The lower-class subculture in cultural deviance theories stresses __________.

b. fearlessness

24. Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain white-collar crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating ________. a. computer forgery b. fencing c. insiders trading d. check forgery e. embezzlement

b. fencing

Quetelet's pioneering research of crime in the 19th century _________:

b. identified many relationships between crime and social phenomena that serve as a basis for criminology today.

A type of Internet securities fraud where an individual makes securities recommendations and fails to disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions is _______.

b. illegal touting

According to general strain theory, some people may commit crimes/delinquent acts if they believe that social resources (especially money) are not distributed fairly/equally (i.e., there is a disjunction between expected outcome and actual outcome). Which of the following is one of such delinquent acts? a. lower inputs for other people b. increase outcomes for myself c. increase inputs for myself d. lower outcomes for myself e. increase outcomes for other people

b. increase outcomes for myself

The view that anomie pervades the U.S. culture because the drive for material wealth dominates and undermines social and community values is known as _________.

b. institutional anomie

A woman who employs prostitutes, supervises the behavior and receives a fee for her services is a __________.

b. madam

The project on human development in Chicago discovered that young teens who witness gun violence are __________ likely as non-witnesses to commit a violent crime themselves in the following years.

b. more than twice as

There is strong evidence linking the desire to rape with ___________________ disorder, a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one's self to the exclusion of all others.

b. narcissistic personality

What type of non-professional fence would keep some of the booty for themselves and sell the rest in the neighborhood?

b. neighborhood hustlers

Which of the following is not a cost associated with victimization?

b. observer costs

According to Loeber and associates, which pathway to crime may begin with bullying, progress to physical fighting, and then progress to serious violence?

b. overt pathway

Research has indicated that antisocial behavior will be reduced if parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families, while giving them the ability to assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior - a process referred to as _____________.

b. parent efficacy

According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, so too does the

b. perception of punishment.

The focus of classical rational choice theory is on the ________ of crime/delinquency. a. elimination b. prevention c. categorization d. rehabilitation e. prediction

b. prevention

According to the_________________ view, crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, smoking, precious sexuality, and suicide attempts.

b. problem behavior syndrome

This theory of crime assumes that human behavior is both "willful and determined."

b. rational-choice theory

Which victimization theory would suggest target hardening as a way to reduce crime?

b. routine activities theory

Claiming certain area as a turf is a common behavior among juvenile delinquents. This behavior, according to sociobiology is related to the instinct of ________. a. survival b. safeguard/defense c. possession d. search e. congregation

b. safeguard/defense

The Minnesota Twin Family Study concluded that __________.

b. similarities between twins are due to genes, not the environment

Critical Criminologist Richard Quinney proclaimed that crime is a function of power relations and an inevitable result of ___________.

b. social conflict

According to your author, what distinguishes crimes from acts deemed immoral in our society?

b. social harm

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, criminal offenders are more likely to be classified in __________.

b. stages 1 and 2 of moral reasoning

Based on the typologies in your text, the typical armed robber is likely to __________.

b. target people walking along the street

Divisions of terrorist group affiliates, each of which may be functionally independent so that each member has little knowledge of the others are called __________.

b. terror cells

Which of the following domestic terrorists is not considered a right-wing political group?

b. the Black Panther party

Generally speaking, which topic in the following belongs to criminal justice, but not to criminology/delinquency study? a. victimology b. the behavior of social control agencies c. the etiology of crime d. the defining characteristics of sadistic rape

b. the behavior of social control agencies

According to Engels, working people commit crimes because __________.

b. their choice is a slow death of starvation or a speedy one at the hands of the law

According to the Rand Corporation, which of the following is not a step required to defeat Jihadist groups such as Al-Qaeda?

b. use of military force again Jihadist groups

f the statements of a given theory can be verified by empirical data, then criminologists usually will argue that such a theory has ________. a. reliability b. validity c. predictability d. duplicability e. measurability

b. validity

According to the social process theories, __________.

b. whether or not one becomes a criminal depends on socialization

What does empirical mean? Provide an example of empirical evidence that might be used in criminological study.

based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic; qualitative or quantitative study

Mendelsohn- victim as guilty offender/voluntary victim

bears as much responsibility as offender victim enters suicide pact

Meldelsohn- completely innocent victim

bears no responsibility child

Deviance

behavior outside society's expectations • The boundaries of deviant behavior may vary by social context

Some traits theorists believe ___________ conditions, including those that are genetically predetermined and those acquired through diet and environment, control and influence antisocial behavior.

biochemical

Macro

broad in scope; explain rates or group dynamics link social structure to those rates/groups

Which Constitutional Amendment protects the outlawing of material depicting nudity and sexual situations?

c. 1st Amendment

______________ is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.

c. Cyberbullying

Which distinguished criminologist was the first to use the phrase "white-collar" crime?

c. Edwin Sutherland

The term terrorism first became popular as a result of the ______________.

c. French Revolution

Which historical debate did Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang resurrect after it had remained dormant for a great period of time?

c. IQ-crime debate

______________ is a type of cybercrime that occurs when a person uses the Internet to impersonate the victim to conduct illegal financial or other unauthorized transactions.

c. Identity theft

_______________ refers to the taking of another's life by the commission of a negligent act, without regard for the harm they may cause others.

c. Involuntary manslaughter

What is a common criticism of GTC theory in regard to explaining crime patterns?

c. It fails to address any ecological variation of crime.

According to the 18th century social philosopher, _____________, people choose to act after weighing costs and benefits; they believe that their actions will bring them an increase in pleasure and a reduction in pain.

c. Jeremy Bentham

_____________theory views criminality as a dynamic process influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.

c. Life course

Which of the explanations below does NOT explain why marriage helps people desist from crime?

c. Marriage increases income.

__________________ is a general term used to describe bizarre or abnormal sexual practices involving recurrent sexual urges.

c. Paraphilia

__________ suggests that girls are controlled more closely than boys in traditional, male-dominated households, and is used to explain gender differences in the crime rate as a function of both class and gender conflict.

c. Power-control theory

The _______________ Act is a federal law that outlaws conspiracies between corporations designed to control the marketplace and artificially maintain prices.

c. Sherman Antitrust

What argument do some criminologists use to dispute the tenets of conflict theory in regard to crime rates?

c. Some highly capitalist countries have low crime rates.

_______________ theory states that some people may initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.

c. Victim precipitation

______________ programs are designed to facilitate face-to-face encounters between victims and offenders so that restitution agreements can be established and, possibly, resolution between the two parties involved.

c. Victim-offender reconciliation

Most people arrested for burglary are __________.

c. White adults

The word "hooker" is derived from _____________.

c. a Civil War general

A malicious software program that disrupts or destroys existing programs is often referred to as _______________.

c. a computer virus

According to trajectory theory, this group's conventional behavior makes them deviant because offending is the norm.

c. abstainers

Most life course theories suggest that persistent criminal careers are affected mainly by_________.

c. age of onset

As a result of the famous Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas, __________.

c. all sodomy laws in the United States were declared unconstitutional and unenforceable

According to the law of insertion of imitation theory, "old-fashioned" antisocial behaviors will be replaced by new patterns of delinquent acts if the latter _______. a. are perceived to be more risky b. are perceived to be less profitable c. are perceived to be more effective d. are perceived to be more costly e. all of the above

c. are percieved to be more effective

People with low intelligence appear to commit more crimes than those with high intelligence. Such a difference may be due to the variation of ________ rates. a. incarceration b. population c. arrest d. growth e. prevalent

c. arrest

Restoration can be used for all of the following except __________.

c. as a retributive process

Children who show a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity while asleep display symptoms of __________.

c. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

According to Loeber and associates, which pathway to crime would be indicative of a person exhibiting stubborn behavior at an early age?

c. authority conflict pathway

Which of Walter B. Miller's "focal concerns" values being independent of authority figures such as police, teacher, and parents?

c. autonomy

Tautology means that someone uses ________ reasoning to support his/her argument. a. contrastive b. comparative c. circular d. composite e. centralized

c. circular

The cohesion among neighborhood residents combined with shared expectations of informal social control of public space promotes __________.

c. collective efficacy

The __________ type of robbery occurs in businesses ranging from banks to liquor stores.

c. commercial

A condition in which repeated negative experiences in adolescence undermine life changes and reduce employability is known as __________.

c. cumulative disadvantage

A view of criminal behavior that places emphasis on the changes people go through over the life course is known as __________.

c. developmental criminology

According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the most significant demographic characteristics regarding both victims and non-victims of crime?

c. education level

One major criticism of genetic research and crime is the __________.

c. fact that environment and genetic function are so interrelated that it is impossible to separate them

In theory, violent behaviors are more likely to be perpetrated by people with _____ level of testosterone and ______ level of serotonin. a. high, high b. low, high c. high, low d. low, low e. all of the above

c. high, low

Some early psychologists believe that psychopaths have unique personality traits. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. higher threshold to punishment b. extreme selfishness c. higher threshold to use violence d. good intelligence e. shallow emotion

c. higher threshold to use violence

White-collar ___________ often take bribes in order to use their positions to grant favors and sell information to which their co-conspirators are not entitled.

c. influence peddlers

Security traders using inside business information for personal profit is known as ________________.

c. insider trading

Which of Hirschi's four bonds is illustrated by membership in school activities, religious groups, and social clubs?

c. involvement

The overwhelming majority of criminologists believe that capital punishment has _________.

c. little if any deterrent effect

Who is the founder of modern criminology? f. William Sheldon g. Richard Dugdale h. Cesare Lombroso i. Charles Goring j. Adophe Quetelet

c. lombroso

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an example of a possible latent trait?

c. low self-control

According to biological perspective of crime, which of the following may NOT lead to delinquent acts? a. high level of testosterone b. hormonal imbalance c. malnutrition d. chromosomal abnormality e. brain dysfunction

c. malnutrition

The first terrorist activities were committed by members of minority religious groups who engaged in violence to __________.

c. meet the requirements of the bloodthirsty gods they worshipped

Public order crimes often trace their origin to _____________ who seek to shape law toward their own thinking.

c. moral crusaders

In which of the following type of families does the father assume the traditional role of breadwinner, while mothers remain at home to supervise domestic matters?

c. paternalistic families

Compared to classical rational choice theorists, modern rational choice theorists tend to emphasize ________ as the root cause of crime/delinquency. a. age b. educational level c. perceived criminal opportunity d. gender e. all of the above

c. perceived criminal opportunity

The creation of websites that look legitimate, but are designed to gain illegal access to a victim's personal information, is known as __________.

c. phishing

What element(s) did differential reinforcement theory add to differential association theory?

c. positive and negative stimuli

Which of the following causes of rape discussed in the text proposes that rapists suffer from some type of personality disorder?

c. psychological abnormality

Which of the following is one of the characteristics of a hate crime according to King and Sutto's research?

c. publicity to make the event known to the public

The __________ hypothesis states as the percentage of minorities in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that police direct at minority group members.

c. racial threat

A study by Richard Petts on the effects of religion on youth misbehavior found that __________.

c. religion helps reduce deviant behavior

Treatment programs aimed at helping offenders after they are identified is a __________.

c. secondary prevention program

According to social ecologists, fear found in urban communities is reinforced by the constant presence of graffiti, trash, prostitutes, drug-dealers, burned-out buildings, and other constant reminders of crime - elements often referred to as __________.

c. social and physical incivilities

What was the focus of the Chicago School sociologists conducting research on crime during the early 1900s?

c. social forces

The theory that posits that people are not born with the ability to act violently, but they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences is __________.

c. social learning theory

According to __________ theory, sharp divisions between the rich and poor create an atmosphere of envy and mistrust that may lead to violence and aggression.

c. strain

What type of treatment program is required as part of a probation order or diversionary sentence?

c. tertiary prevention program

According to Stuart Green, the main reason white-collar criminals are treated more leniently than lower class offenders is __________.

c. the perception that white collar crime is clouded by moral ambiguity

Studies measuring neurological impairment have found that violent criminals have impairment of __________.

c. the prefrontal lobes of the brain

According to statistics, women are likely to report rape when _________.

c. the rapist used a weapon

Some adolescents may get involved in delinquency when the things they value were/will be removed. Which of the following is one of the protective/self-defensive methods (i.e., behavioral strategies) used by such adolescents? a. trying to stay calm b. seeking revenge against those responsible for the removal of positive things c. trying to retrieve lost things through misconducts like theft d. using drug e. all of the above

c. trying to retrieve lost things

The following social environment can be characterized by slum areas: High So M + High So T + Low So G

change "slum areas" to "natural disaster-stricken areas"

Select Observations

choosing to look only at cases that are in accordance with our own beliefs

Multilevel

combine structural or group dynamics with social processes to explain individual behavior

According to the American "culture of poverty concept," which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics passed from one generation to the next?

concern

According to Freud, which of the following is a component of the superego part of the personality?

conscience

The __________ view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of social harm.

consensus

Reliability

consistency and/or stability of measurement

Psychopathy checklist (PCL-R)

consists of 20 personality traits and behaviors o each item is rated on a 3 point scale (0 = does not apply, 1 = partial, 2 = good match/does apply maximum possible score = 40 o US threshold: 30/40 o UK threshold: 25/40 assessed via face-t-face interview & case history analysis

If a lifeguard knows a swimmer is in danger and does nothing about it and the swimmer drowns, the lifeguard is legally responsible for the death under the concept of responsibility by __________.

contractual relationships

The goal of a political criminal involving crime as a way to achieve social improvement is known as __________.

conviction

basic idea of biological criminology

crime is "in the blood"; inherited behaviors

According to Sutherland and Cressy, one of the most important areas of interest to criminalists is the area of crime where criminologists believe that social factors are at the root cause of crime. This area is known as __________.

crime is a social phenomenon

property crime

crime that includes theft and destruction of property

Instrumental offenses

crimes committed for material gain and with some degree of planning

Stephen and Devlin say....

criminal law does need to regulate private morality so as to cultivate personal responsibility

Mill and Hart say.....

criminal law exists to prevent people from doing harm to others; if they aren't hurting anyone than the law should stay out of people's private moral conduct

In the article on teen brains, researchers found that teens in Taiwan have a lower crime rate than do teens in the US. The researchers thus argue that teens' impulse for violence is not universal. What factors do explain different juvenile crime rates, according to the researchers?

cultural and social factors

According to your text, all of the following are major forms of cybercrime, except:

cybersex

According to political crime expert Randy Borum, the second cognitive stage to becoming a political criminal is referred to as ______________

d. "It's not fair."

Which of the following are common elements of all developmental theories?

d. A criminal career must be understood as a passage along which people travel

A person neutralizing a deviant act by suggesting it was for the betterment of all humankind, and considers themselves somewhat of a hero, is following which technique of neutralization?

d. Appeal to higher loyalties

Which of the following was not one of Travis Hirschi's findings from his self-report study?

d. Attachment to parents had no impact on delinquency.

Whose work on human evolution helped to popularize the positivist tradition that all human activity could be verified by scientific principles?

d. Charles Darwin

The _______________ clause of the U.S. Constitution gives the federal government the authority to regulate white-collar crime.

d. Commerce

What do instrumental Marxists consider as essential to do to criminal justice systems?

d. Demystify the true purpose of law and justice.

____________ refers to a program where efforts to prevent one crime helps prevent another.

d. Diffusion of benefits

Which of the following is NOT considered a Uniform Crime Report Type I (Index) crime?

d. Drug trafficking

Which of the following reasons does NOT justify decriminalizing drugs?

d. Drug users could increase their daily intake.

______________ theory holds that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat and/or application of criminal punishment.

d. General deterrence

_________ theory states that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior.

d. Nature

Which of the following is an anti-organized crime law passed by Congress?

d. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act

_____________ is defined as a repeated pattern of cruel and demeaning behavior.

d. Sadistic personality disorder

__________ theory says that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people do not because of their bonds to society.

d. Social control

All of the following major issues are chief concerns of contemporary critical criminologists, except:

d. The lack of educational opportunities for American youth

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of major diverging views on the association between the economy and crime rates?

d. There is a strong relation between the economy and crime.

____________ theory proclaims that there is more than a single path to crime; thus there are different classes and types of criminals.

d. Trajectory

According to Freudian theory, females are inherently ________. a. jealous b. passive c. inferior d. a, b, and c e. none of the above

d. a,b, & c

A popular target of moral crusaders today is __________.

d. abortion clinics

A relatively new phenomenon known as "_______________", combines element of a brothel and call girl rings.

d. call houses

The __________ suggests that a subpopulation of men has evolved with genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement.

d. cheater theory

A recent change in the motivational pattern for vehicle theft suggests that cars are being stolen for __________.

d. chop shops and export rings

Prostitutes who service the entire crew at a construction site and then move elsewhere are referred to as __________.

d. circuit travelers

The fastest-growing type of fraudulent check today is the __________.

d. counterfeit check

According to the __________, people who are the victims of abuse in adolescence are likely to engage in violent behavior as adults.

d. cycle of violence phenomenon

Which of the following concept about human nature is rejected by rational choice theorists? a. reason b. calculation c. conditional free will d. determinism e. self-interest

d. determinism

The philosophy of ________ laid a foundation for modern American criminal justice policies. f. shock incarceration g. re-education h. rehabilitation i. deterrence j. treatment

d. deterrence

Labeling theory holds that __________.

d. deviance is the property conferred on behavior by the audience which witnesses them

According to critical thinkers, high schools in poverty-stricken neighborhoods where the completion rate is 40 percent or less are referred to as __________.

d. dropout factories

Research of social reaction theories can be classified into two categories: 1) focuses on the characteristics of those chosen to be labeled and 2) _____________..

d. effects of the labeling process

A nation whose government has lost control of its own territory is a(n) ________.

d. failed state

Which of the following sources of strain produce negative affective states?

d. failure to achieve goals

The crime of ________________ differs from traditional larceny because the victims willingly give their possessions to the offender, and the crime does not involve a "trespass in the taking."

d. false pretenses

According to abnormal and personality psychologists, criminals/delinquents will exhibit certain behavioral patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of such patterns? a. strong tendency to blame others b. low tolerance to frustration c. disregard for social norms d. hysteria e. persistent attitude of irresponsibility

d. hysteria

The type of violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the criminal is __________.

d. instrumental violence

What does the term "edgework" refer to?

d. integration of danger, risk, and skill

Proving guilt in a rape case is challenging for prosecutors because __________.

d. jurors are sometimes swayed by the insinuation that the rape was victim precipitated

The most common criminal offense in the United States according to the FBI is _________.

d. larceny

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the most widely illicit drug(s) is/are __________.

d. marijuana

Both mechanical and organic solidities are types of interpersonal interaction/social cohesion. Mechanic solidarity usually can be found in places like ________. a. Lafayette, LA b. Houston, TX c. Washington DC d. Mauice, LA e. New Orleans, LA

d. maurice, la

The secondary source of crime data highlighted in the textbook that involves gathering data from a number of previous studies is __________.

d. meta-analysis

Which of the following is NOT a type of state-organized crime?

d. multi-level marketing crime

Some rational choice theorists contend that some crimes are __________, meaning that offenders are not robots who engage in unthinking, unplanned random acts of criminal behavior.

d. offender-specific

Which of the following is NOT a typical goal of political crime?

d. personal profit

A conspiracy to set and control the value of a necessary commodity is considered _______.

d. price-fixing

According to the text, "boosters" are __________.

d. professional shoplifters

According to Marx's "Communist Manifesto," the people who do the actual labor in society are known as __________.

d. proletariat

What does John Braithwaite suggest might lower crime rates?

d. reintegrative shaming

All of the following are considered to be reasons why an amateur thief would steal a car, except:

d. retaliation

The three interrelated variables of suitable targets, incapable guardians, and motivated offenders are central to which theory?

d. routine activities

According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, the conflict between id and superego will produce several outcomes. One of such outcomes is projection, which means ________. a. see someone's own desires/urges in young people b. see someone's own desires/urges in old people c. see someone's own desires/urges in juvenile delinquents d. see someone's own desires/urges in others e. see other people's desires/urges as my own

d. see someones own desires/urges in others

A research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts is/are _________.

d. self-report surveys

Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are called __________.

d. social capital

Shaw and McKay's ____________theory proposed that crime was the result of transitional neighborhoods comprised of poor ethnic minorities who were trying to survive their difficult economic situations.

d. social disorganization

Which of the following did Emile Durkheim study to indicate the presence of an anomic society?

d. suicide rates

The type of characteristic that increases the potential for victimization because the victim's physical weakness or psychological distress renders them incapable of resisting is called __________.

d. target vulnerability

The victims of public corruption are __________.

d. the general public

Of the offenders victimizing females, about __________ are someone the victim knew or with whom they live.

d. three-quarters

Criminologists maintain that if the certainty of punishment could be increased to a critical level, the so-called __________, then the deterrent effect would kick in and crime rates would decline.

d. tipping point

According to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), it is a criminal offense _________.

d. to bribe foreign officials

What does the Mann Act of 1925 prohibit?

d. transportation of women into the country for purposes of prostitution

Which of the following is NOT one of the key stages of the "violentization process" offered by criminologist Lonnie Athens?

d. uncontrollable violence stage

According to the Sherman and Bork study of domestic violence in Minneapolis, _______.

d. when police arrested the offenders, recidivism was substantially less

Which category of people has the highest risk of victimization?

d. young African American males

Goals of research

describe reality, establish correlations, establish causation

Status groups

determine the content of the law

General deterrence

deterrence that occurs when members of the public decide not to break the law because they fear legal punishment

According to Merton's adaptation mode model, which of the following are innovators? k. stock manipulators l. con men m. burglars n. identity thieves o. all of the above

e. all

Which of the following is a critique of strain theories: a. early strain theorists tend to over-emphasize the violent nature of human behavior b. early strain theorists tend to overlook property crime c. early strain theorists tend to overlook female delinquency d. early strain theory includes some philosophic terms e. all of the above

e. all

Which of the following will allow/encourage stressful adults or teenagers to use non-delinquent methods to handle stressful events? a. if a society at large can provide emotional or financial support b. if a desired goal becomes replaceable c. if teenagers are taught that the potential costs of delinquency are far greater than associated benefits d. if horrible stories of "bad" models are told e. all of the above

e. all

According to the ideas advocated by eugenic movement, pregnant women should not ________. a. get involved in promiscuous sex b. read pornography c. use drug d. talk dirty e. all of the above

e. all of the above

If we use Emile Durkheim's concepts to analyze the societal context of strain, then organic solidarity usually can be found in places like _______. a. Toronto b. Phoenix c. Taipei d. Hong Kong e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following can deter crime? a. target-hardening b. neighborhood watch c. defensible space architecture d. elimination of hot spot e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following can improve/increase our rationality? a. victim experience b. education c. financial hardship d. academic training e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following can serve as a capable guardian of crime/delinquency? f. German shepherd g. your roommate h. your boy/girl friend i. alarm system of your house j. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following, according to modern rational choice theorists, is less capable of exercising rationality or free choice? a. the elderly b. the insane c. young children d. morons e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In terms of crime/delinquency, modern adoption studies focus on the behavioral connections between ________ and ________. a. biological grandfather, biological grandson b. adoptive father, adopted son c. biological father, adopted son d. adoptive father, biological son e. biological father, biological son

e. biological father, biological son

Theoretically speaking, which of the following may not be able to serve as capable guardians? a. school teachers b. your neighbors c. young babies d. insane persons e. c and d

e. both c & d

From the angle of structure, which of the following is NOT a stable dimension of crime/delinquency? a. racial background b. gender c. social class d. living environment e. criminal experience

e. criminal experience

Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain violent crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating ________. a. drug-related murder b. domestic violence c. physical abuse d. aggravated assault e. embezzlement

e. embezzlement

Criminal phrenology is a concept supported by ________. a. Adophe Quetelet b. Richard Dugdale c. Sigmund Freud d. William Sheldon e. Cesare Lombroso

e. lombroso

The theory of atavism is suggested by ________. a. Adophe Quetelet b. Richard Dugdale c. Sigmund Freud d. William Sheldon e. Cesare Lombroso

e. lombroso

The founder of German eugenics is ________. a. Orson Lorenzo b. Cesare Lombroso c. Samuel Morton d. Charles Goring e. Alfred Ploetz

e. ploetz

Based on Merton's classification system of social adaptation, we can infer that ________ may be the ones who are least likely to become delinquents. p. retreatists q. revolutionaries r. innovators s. rebels t. ritualists

e. ritualist

The legacy of classical rational choice theorists includes everything but ________. a. making modern criminal justice system more humane b. advancing the idea of pure rationality c. helping modern criminology to take shape d. rejecting the idea that capital punishment can deter crime e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

Criminologists are mainly concerned with the cause of crime, while criminal justice scholars spend their time identifying __________.

effective methods of crime control

Situational Crime Prevention

efforts in specific locations that aim to make it more difficult for offenders to commit crimes against potential victims

Which age group is particularly resistant to crime?

elderly over age 65

This crime occurs when someone who is trusted with property fraudulently keeps it for his or her own use.

embezzlement

What term applies when a crime reduction program increases rather than decreases the potential for crime?

encouragement

The social goal of criminal law to formally prohibit behaviors believed to threaten societal well being or challenge authority is classified as __________.

enforcing social control

Deviance

equals crime

Natural explanations

events are the result of material, real-world events and factors that are observable

Spiritual explanations

events are the result of other-worldly powers and unseen forces determine guilt

Explain the core ideas of routine activities theory.

everybody is capable of committing a crime given the right conditions. Poverty, education, scarcity, violent neighborhoods do not explain crime

Hedonistic/felicity calculus

explanation for people's actions; "Pain and pleasure are the great springs of human action" - ch.3 p.19 (Bentham) "people act to increase positive results through their pursuit of pleasure and to reduce negative outcomes through the avoidance of pain" p.46 we act to increase positive outcomes through pleasure, and decrease negative ones by avoiding pain Takeaways: the purpose of law is to maximize total happiness in the community laws should ban harmful behavior, provided there is a victim involved crimes without victims should be let go because they produce more good than evil • ex. parking, marijuana → weigh costs and benefits laws should set specific punishments (pain) aimed at specific good (pleasure) in society

Catharsis Hypothesis

exposure to media violence facilitates the letting-off-of-steam, reducing the likelihood of violence

Precipitation Hypothesis

exposure to media violence will increase the likelihood of violence.

Medelsohn- simulating/imaginary victim

fabrication of victimization event mental disorder

Copycat Crimes

fads in crime that are often stimulated by media coverage or portrayals.

If A represents cause while B effect, then tautology can be diagramed as follows: A ----> B -----> A -----> A

false A---B---A---B

Spurious relationship between independent and dependent variables can only be found in macro theories, such as conflict theory.

false ALL theories

Biological theory is a macro theory.

false Micro NOT macro

According to criminal biologists, the genetic/chromosome makeup of the so-called super males is XXY.

false XYY

All scientific theories are valid.

false.. some not all

One of the process theories in Criminology/Juvenile Delinquency study is subculture theory.

false...

Totally, Lombroso identifies 27 physical characteristics which, he argues, may directly cause crime/delinquency.

false... 37

In Gesellschaft, people tend to pay more attention to ascribed statuses than individual achievements.

false... ACHIEVED STATUES

According to Carl Jung, gays' criminal/delinquent behaviors should come from the biological/native side of animus.

false... ANIMA

Given that people have reasoning capacity to calculate the possible outcome(s) of their actions, severe punishments usually can effectively deter crime.

false... CANNOT

One of the most influential perspectives of classic strain theory is differential opportunity theory. Such a perspective is developed by Robert Merton.

false... CLOWARD & OHLIN

Negative punishment means something undesirable is removed from a situation.

false... DESIRABLE

Modeling theory of crime is developed by Sigmund Freud (i.e., Freud is the founder of modeling theory).

false... G. Tarde

By analyzing the family history of the Juke family, Richard Dugdale points out that crime basically is related to the process of self control.

false... INHERITANCE not self control

In terms of the possibility of being killed by the police at crime scene, unarmed robbery usually is riskier than armed robbery.

false... LESS risky

Classic strain theorists tend to focus their attention to the life experiences of upper-class people.

false... LOWER

Compared to monozygotic/identical twins, dizygotic/fraternal twins usually will show higher degree of behavioral homogeneity (including antisocial behaviors).

false... LOWER

Freud argues that people with underdeveloped superego will actively seek punishment.

false... OVERDEVELOPED

According to Robert Merton's adaptation model, if someone rejects socially/culturally--endorsed goals while still following socially/culturally B approved rules and obeying the law, then this person should be considered as a criminal or delinquent.

false... RITUALIST

According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality traits are called sociopaths: High Extrovert + Low Neuroticism + Low Psychoticism

false... STABLE EXTROVERTS

Sigmund Freud contends that human conscience comes from the mental element of id.

false... SUPEREGO

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for rebels is problem

false... Social Reformers

From the perspective of psychology, people with t-personality are sensation seekers (t: thrill).

false... T-personality

No scientific theory is reliable

false... are not is

According to Freud, the operation/function of ego is based on the principle of moral judgment.

false... change "ego" to "superego"

According to institutional anomie theory, strain will be experienced by unemployed people only.

false... change "unemployed people only" to "all social members"

Modern rational choice theorists generally believe that crimes are replaceable or functionally equivalent.

false... classic not modern

The main purpose for criminologists to propose criminological theories is to help people understand the root cause of delinquent acts. That means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as many ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible.

false... few Not many

Emile Durkheim argues that anomie usually will take place in pre-industrial or simple societies, like the Acadian village of the 19th-century Louisiana.

false... industrial societies

Robert Merton proposes a typology of social adaptation to see how people deal with stressful situations. The category ritualism is best exemplified by human smugglers.

false... monk

According to general strain theory, the removal of positively valued goals usually is associated with a social comparison process.

false... perceived process

According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality traits are called stable introverts: Low Extrovert + Low Neuroticism + High Psychoticism

false... psychotic introverts

Both Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso are, among others, pioneers of rational choice theory.

false... remove cesare beccaria

The philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is left idealism.

false... right idealism

According to the FBI's psychological profiling, one of the core personality characteristics of disorganized criminals/delinquents is that they are socially mature.

false... socially immature

According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality traits are called stable extroverts: Low Extrovert + High Neuroticism + Low Psychoticism

false... they are NEUROTIC INTROVERTS

According to general strain theory, strained people may try to lower their outcomes if they believe that they are under-rewarded.

false... to increase their outcomes

Generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge in order to gain access to (or control) soft target

false.... HARD target

Modern psychological theories of crime/delinquency, just like early psychological explanations of crime/delinquency, should be totally disregarded because they are abstract and speculative in nature. Few concepts/variables, if any, can be supported by empirical evidence.

false....They should not be totally disregarded because they can inspire criminologists to propose new theories

Institutional anomie theorists indicate that the most influential value of modern American society is sexism.

false...FETISHISM OF MONEY

From the perspective of crime displacement, arson and burglary share the same choice-structuring properties because both of them are property crimes.

false...From the perspective of crime displacement, arson and burglary do not share the same choice-structuring properties, even both of them are property crimes.

Comparatively, biological or psychological theory of crime/delinquency alone is more convincing than theories based on the philosophy of right/left realism

false...LESS

The underlying philosophy of individualistic explanations of crime (such as rational choice theory) is left realism

false...Right idealism NOT left

Both early biological and psychological theories of crime/delinquency were strongly supported by empirical evidence.

false...WEAKLY

In spite of the condition that our rationality is limited (according to modern rational choice theory), less-educated people can evaluate the outcomes of their behaviors as objectively/accurately as well-educated persons.

false...While our rationality is limited (according to modern rational choice theory), less-educated people normally cannot evaluate the outcomes of their behaviors as objectively/accurately as well-educated persons.

MMPI, CPI, and DSM-IV are measuring devices. They allow criminologists to evaluate the chromosomal configuration of (chronic) criminals/delinquents.

false...change "chromosomal configuration" to "personality/behavioral traits"

The following social environment can be characterized by gated communities: High So M + High So T + High So G

false...change "gated community" to "downtowns"

The following social environment can be characterized by impoverished rural towns: Low So M + High So T + Low So G

false...change "impoverished rural towns" to "church-concentrated neighborhoods"

According to Cloward and Ohlin, teenagers who identify with the subculture of retreatism may become priests or nuns. (

false...drug addicts

One of the structure theories in criminology/juvenile delinquency study is control theory.

false...process NOT structure

If we follow William Sheldon's somatotypes to analyze crime/delinquency, then we generally can predict that people with endomorphic body shape are more likely to perpetrate crime.

false...property crime

If someone lost a valuable thing (such as full-time job) and became very frustrated/upset, then according to general strain theory, the source of this person's negative feelings should come from the presentation of positive stimulus

false...the removal of positively valued things

CJS costs

federal corrections costs soared in the last 25 years increased 925% from 1982 to 2007 to over $5.4 billion

Micro

focus is on the individual or very small groups behavior; not focused on broader society's structure but instead interactive processes that lead to criminal behavior

critical criminology

focuses on challenging traditional understandings and uncovering false beliefs about crime and criminal justice, often but not exclusively by taking a conflict perspective, such as Marxism, feminism, political economy theory or critical theory power-and-wealth version of conflict theory

According to Marxian conflict theory, why are white-collar crimes punished less severely than other types of crime?

focuses on why things change, identifying the disruptive forces in industrialized societies, and describing how society is divided by power, wealth, prestige, and the perceptions of the world Karl Marx argued that the law is the mechanism by which one social class, usually referred to as the "ruling class", keeps all the other classes in a disadvantaged position

Longitudinal

follows respondents over time

mala in prohibita

forbidden by positive law, not inherently immoral (parking violation, tax fraud)

Which of the following paraphiliatic behaviors involves the non-consensual touching of a person in a crowded area?

frotteurism

Why, according Foucault, did prison reformers find it preferable to focus on correcting the soul rather than punishing the body?

give a man a fish, feed him for a day; teach a man how to fish, feed him for a lifetime philosophy

The process of creating transnational markets and political and legal systems in an effort to sustain a world economy is known as __________.

globalization

Criminals involved in cybervandalism are generally NOT motivated by __________.

greed

learning theories, cultural, sociological, and structural approaches are ________ oriented

group

According to your text, which category of "crime discouragers" is comprised of parole officers and parents?

handlers

positivist school

has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior. As the scientific method became the major paradigm in the search for knowledge, the Classical School's social philosophy was replaced by the quest for scientific laws that would be discovered by experts. It is divided into Biological, Psychological and Social. In contrast to the classical school, which assumes that criminal acts are the product of free choice and rational calculation, the positivist sees the root causes of crime in factors outside the control of the offender.

Mores

have repercussions (ex: school dress code)

Bentham: The Ends of Punishment

he asks, what is the point to punishment? 1) (and foremost) deterrence particular prevention applies to the perpetrator secondary prevention applies to the community 2) helps heal society (balances evil/good) 3) corrects the individual perpetrator—hopefully to a point where s/he will not re-offend

Other Data: Ethnography

in depth on-site study of a particular place or particular group Example: The Stickup Kids

rational choice, biological and psychological theories of crime are ___________ oriented

individually

difference b/t 19th century and earlier classical criminology ideas

insistence on close observation of individuals' unique characteristics

A(n) ________ is the term used to describe a political movement that may use terror tactics to achieve control of the existing government.

insurgency

For most of the 20th century, criminology's primary orientation was sociological, but today it can be viewed as a(n) __________ approach to the study of criminal behavior.

integrated

Manifest functions of law

intended functions

In most situations, for an act to constitute a crime, it must be done with __________.

intent

According to this perspective, people and events are viewed subjectively and labeled as good or evil according to the interpretation of the evaluator.

interactionist

The use of law enforcement and military personnel to intercept drugs and drugs supplies as they enter the country is an example of a(n) ___________ strategy for controlling illegal drug trafficking.

interdiction

Formal Social Control

is that which is produced and enforced by the state (government)

selfish gene

it is in the male gender's reproductive interests to act as a sexual predator Lee Ellis' idea contributes to the idea that men's sexual behavior is beyond their own control

According to the U.S. Constitution, a criminal law forbidding adults to engage in "immoral behavior" could not be enforced because __________.

it is too vague

Critical criminologists view __________.

law as an instrument of power used to control society

consensus theory

law reflects shared values & norms; custom is king -root is punishing what's different from the norm; when you step out that's when you're punished

Four definitions of crime (ch.2)

legal, consensus, conflict, and pluralist

Gendered pathways approach (Daly, qualitative study)

limitations: probation officer's perspective, not representative of women who commit crimes criminal pathways for women: street, harmed & harming, drug connected, battered, other Emphasis on victimization, substance abuse and economic deprivation --> but this matters for men too

Index Crimes

major felonies that are believed to be serious, to occur frequently, and to have a greater likelihood of being reported to the police

Vold et al

makes distinction between spiritual and natural explanations of crime can tell us that early spiritual traditions did not always use the best logic, nor were they based on observable conditions

During the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Bureau of Narcotics, used magazines articles, public appearances, and public testimony to sway public opinion about the dangers of __________, which until the time was legal to use and possess.

marijuana

Biological, positivist, psychological, and criminogenic theories offer...

motives for criminal acts These theories may address punishment and social functions, but they are mainly concerned with understanding why people commit crimes

Interest in corporate crime first emerged in the 1900s, when a group of writers, known as ___________, targeted the monopolistic business practices of John D. Rockefeller and other corporate tycoons.

muckrakers

According to this theory, criminality is the result of the neutralization of accepted social values through the learning of a set of techniques that allow people to counteract the dilemmas posed by illegal behavior.

neutralization

Studies estimate that about one in every __________ shoppers steals from department stores.

nine

Which of the following is NOT a principle of life course theory?

no an

Biosocial criminology

o "All advocates of genetic explanation for crime agree that they are not claiming that genes alone determine behavior or that there is a crime gene. Rather, criminal behavior is believed to result from the combination of hereditary factors interacting with environmental ones." o "Together, these factors affect the brain and cognitive processes that in turn control behavior."

Stats say one thing; people think another

o "Opinion surveys regularly find that Americans believe crime is up, even when the data show it is down" o Pew Research Center survey 2016): 57% of registered voters said crime had gotten worse since 2008, but federal data show that violent and property crimes declined by double-digit percentages in that period

Mendelsohn

o "father of victimology" -Coined term in mid 1940's. o Classified victims based on culpability—responsibility for blame

Why does public opinion matter?

o "moral entrepreneurs" can sway values, norms o "public outrage" stigmatizes/approves certain practices (p.16) o Elected officials know that public opinion impacts their reelection prospects!

• why did law enforcement intensify?

o (p.72) "The answer lies in the system's design ... Huge cash grants were made to those law enforcement agencies that were willing to make drug-law enforcement a top priority. The new system is traceable ... to the late 1980s" o in less than a decade, the War on Drugs went from being a political slogan to an actual war o The Department of Defense has provided over $4 billion in surplus military equipment free to local police departments" (pp.74-78)

Lombroso's assumptions

o 1) humans have unique characteristics, or predispositions, that lead some people to commit crimes under certain conditions o 2) such characteristics are fixed and unchanging o 3) biological features can be assessed as good or bad using scientific measures

Routine Activities Theory—Cohen and Felson (1979)

o A persons routine activities increase risk of victimization o Predatory Crimes (murder, rape, burglary)

Jeremy Bentham

o British philosopher (1748-1832) o Utilitarian values (greatest good for the greatest number) o Wrote extensively on the need to reform criminal justice in Britain • current punishments inhumane and generally bad for society o Influenced broader thinking about deterrence and punishment

Lifestyles Theory—Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Farofalo ( 1978)

o Certain lifestyles or behaviors place people in situations where victimization is likely to occur • Your lifestyle can place you at risk more so than others

Formal societal control

o Complex o Individualistic o Extensive division of labor o Largely secular o Variety of moral views o Increased need for formal controls ---Gesellschaft---

Age Trends

o Crime commission declines with age: • Juveniles under age 18 are more likely to be arrested for robbery Property crime peaks at age 16 • Persons between 18 and 34 most likely to be arrested for violent crime Violent crime peaks at 18 • White-collar crime=exception

TRADITIONAL SELF HELP

o Crime of self help distinguished from economic ones (selling of illicit goods and services), and recreation (gambling, underage drinking)

Victim Pracipitation

o Extent that a victim is responsible for his or own victimization • Some victims are responsible for being victimized

Wolfgang

o First to empirically investigate victimization • Examined 565 homicides to see what extent victims precipitated homicide.

There is a tendency to incorrectly believe that crime is worse than it had been in the past, in part attributable to:

o Improvements in our Data-Gathering o Increased reporting o Social changes following the stability of the post-war era of the 1940's and 50's o Victim surveys indicate crime rates are decreasing

Cesare Lombroso

o Italian criminologist (1835-1909) o trained in medicine and forensic science • focused work on prison population o applied his understanding of human anatomy to the study of violent behavior o said there is no single "criminal type" but rather certain traits that, when combined, predict increased criminal behavior o scholars like Cesare Lombroso and Rafaela Garrofalo rejected Beccaria and Bentham for being vague and unscientific o thought you could see "atavistic" characteristics in physical traits "father of modern criminology"

Victim Provocation

o Person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act • Without the victim, the crime would actually not have occurred

Hentig

o Separated victims into 13 categories based on their propensity for victimization • Young, female, old, immigrants, depressed, etc. • Victims "provoked victimization" based on their characteristics

informal social control

o Simple o Communal o Lack of extensive division of labor o Sacred traditions o Similar cultures, isolated from others o Folkways and mores largely sufficient to maintain control o Limited need of formal controls --- Gemeinschaft ---

judicial branch

o Trial courts adjudicate criminal cases o Appellate courts interpret law via Constitution o The Federal Court system has 3 levels: • District (94) [trial] • Circuit (14) [appellate] • Supreme Court (1) [appellate]

Victim Facilitation

o Victim unintentionally makes it easier for the offender to commit the crime • Victim may be the catalyst for the situation

Shafer

o Victims have functional responsibility to avoid provoking others to commit crime • Mixture between personal characteristic ( Von Hentig) and behaviors ( Mendelsohn) • Unrelated victims, provocative victims, biologically weak victims, socially weak victims, political victims, etc.

Sigmund Freud

o believed that the unconscious mind is the source of anxiety, anger, and conflict in humans o "founder of modern mental health therapies" o Guilt is a basic conflict in every person. We deal with in in one of 2 ways: sublimation or repression o these coping strategies can lead to crime when the conflicted person seeks a quick fix/diversion

hormones

o chemicals that carry messages from glands to cells within tissues or organs o 2 types: steroids and peptides dopamine and serotonin (which affect mood and self-restraint) are neurotransmitters

"Causal agents" of crime (has been identified in academic studies as causing crime at some point)

o chromosomes o nervous system disruption o hormones o neurotransmitters o genes o brain lesions, brain trauma

Lockyer vs. Andrade (2003)

o claim that sentences were cruel and unusual punishment o Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: the sentences were severe, but not grossly disproportionate to the offense o dissenting opinion from Justice David H. Souter: "If this isn't grossly disproportionate, the principle has no meaning." o Leandro Andrade was found guilty of 2 felony counts of petty theft with a prior conviction after he stole approximately $150 worth of videotapes o under CA's 3 strikes regime, a judge sentenced him to 25 years to life. In affirming, the CA Court of Appeal rejected his claim that his sentence violated the 8th Amendment o After the Supreme Curt of CA denied discretionary review, Andrade appealed, but the USSC upheld lower court ruling o buying Disney movies for his kids as presents o he had no record of violence, small record of shoplifting

Jack Jones

o convicted of murder in 1996 in AK o sentenced to execution by jury o dead by lethal injection in April 2017 o victim, Mary Phillips, killed in 1995 by blunt head-force trauma, also beat her 11-year-old daughter o serious mental illness plagued Jack Jones (abused, hallucinating, suicidal, already committed to hospitals for severe depression - nothing disclosed to jury) what was the right thing to do? • Bentham: just system of punishment = assuming all are rational and reasoning

Mandatory minimums

o driving on a suspended license (DMV) (cycle) o drug charges (first offense for manufacturing, selling, distributing or possessing with intent to distribute = 5 years, 2nd: 5-life, 3 years mandatory; 3rd time: 10 years minimum) o assault on law enforcement (felony, 6 month minimum, defined by law enforcement) o use of a gun in commission of a felony (~3 year add on, often forces bargain) o felon in possession of a firearm (5 years added)

The case of Samantha

o given up for adoption with sister at a young age, mother financially unable to take care of her 4 children o both sisters were adopted into a stable household o demonstrated disturbing tendencies at a young age: violent thought, premeditated cruelty, confessed to desire to strangle siblings and parents o diagnosed as a psychopath at young age o practiced on stuffed animals o strangled her brother at the age of 6 o Minnesota, Mendota clinic

Bentham: Classification

o he introduces four main types of offenses and corresponding punishments: person, property, reputation, condition (= state of well-being of society; social condition) key point: "Punishments are offenses are both evils caused by the free agency of man" crime, he says, harms both a specific victim and the general society punishment, he says, harms the perpetrator but helps the general society • first- and second-order evil/good he identifies 2 classes of punishments: 1) corporal: aimed at the perpetrator's body); 5 kinds: 1) simply afflictive (i.e., whipping) 2) complexly afflictive (permanent; i.e., cutting off a thief's hand) 3) restrictive (imprisonment) 4) active or laborious (chain gang, labor camp) 5) capital (execution) 2) privative: aimed at the perpetrator's property (i.e., fines, forfeiture)

Lombroso's checklist of criminal traits:

o hooked or twisted nose o large jaw o large chin o bloodshot eyes o short torso o excessive wrinkles o long arms o over-developed muscles o handle-shaped ears o insensitivity to pain o excessive tattooing (*not born with it, confuses his theory)

Charlottesville Public Defender's office

o must be a criminal charge and defendant must face the possibility of incarceration o 7 full-time and 1 part-time attorney o 1 investigator o 1 sentencing advocate o office manager and a secretary

impact of the war on drugs

o narcotics previously permitted became criminalized (marijuana) o offenses previously considered misdemeanors became felonies o new types of social threats were developed" "crackheads," "junkies, dealers, superpredators" who were also associated with remorseless violence

Everyday cases

o not innocent usually: 1-7% innocent people wrongly convicted o German student, Jefferson and Echols scholar, dating another first year girl, she viciously murders her parents, she confides in her, they flee to Europe, caught in London, he confesses thinking he'll be immune and they'll be softer on his girlfriend, has been in prison since 1990 o abduction by force and assault and battery of 16 year old girl, 18 year-old boy held without bond o malicious wounding, abduction by force, already on probation (17 year-old boy to underage girl) o armed robbery (7/11 wood brook), minister took down license plate number, loan max evidence not as strong saying it was him o robbery on grounds, 18 year old, already representing as a minor out of juvenile detention, walked up to students with gun asking for money and phones, pizza record

3 main components of the CJS

o police o courts o corrections

corrections

o public and private agencies that oversee: • jail time • probation • parole • community-based sanctions (i.e. electronic tethers, house arrest) • mental health facilities o involves more than just jail o overall goal is to punish and rehabilitate convicted offenders

legislative branch

o state and national bodies of elected officials: • define crime • make laws • establish parameters for sentences • allocate funding for law enforcement agencies

executive branch

o the president, governors, and mayors: • appoint judges • appoint or nominate agency heads • appoint police chiefs • craft legislative agendas

courts

o tribunals tasked with: • determining criminal responsibility of persons accused of violating the law • imposing sentences on convicted persons • providing forum for justice via jury of peers, impartial judiciary • main actors (3): prosecutors, defense attorneys (everyone entitled), judges

mala prohibita crimes

offenses prohibted by law but not wrong in themselves Examples: speeding, drugs, loitering, vagrancy

mala in se crimes

offenses that are wrong by their very nature, theirs a victim Examples: murder, rape, pedophilia, theft, arson

Labeling theory

one of the most influential theories in the entire field of criminology looks at deviance as a process of interaction between those who violate norms and those who impose social control

Cross-sectional

one survey, at one point in time

The National Crime Victim Survey shows that violent crimes are more likely to take place in a __________.

park

Which of the following is NOT a sentence geared toward a chronic or career offender?

parole

According to your author, out of all the commonly practiced paraphiliatic behaviors, _________ is the one that most concerns the general public.

pedophilia

Well-known criminologist Edwin Sutherland referred to a jewel thief who replaces real jewels with fakes as a __________.

pennyweighter

Interactionist theory

people in power (lawmakers, media) decide who the criminals and deviants are -causes of crime: labeling theory

"Anomalies" of interest to biological criminologist included...

physiognomy (face), blood type, body type

By the 18th century in Europe, three categories of thieves were common. Which of the following was NOT one of these categories?

pirates

A common criticism of the Uniform Crime Report data is that __________.

police officials may deliberately alter reported crimes to improve their department's image

Ecoterrorists, such as the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), are a sub-group of what type of terrorism?

political

Having rejected the ideas of Jeremy Bentham as being unscientific, biological theorists like Lombroso insisted on a _________ approach to the study of crime.

positivist

Role of power & inequality in conflict theory

power: those who have power want to hoard it, create definitions to preserve own power inequality: law helps bolster it, integrate race & gender

Intellectual

predecessors and influences; the dominant ideology that drives how we think

Criminalization

process where by criminal law is selectively applied to social behavior Involves: -enacting social legislation outlawing certain behaviors -surveillance /policing of those behaviors -if detected, punishment of those behaviors

Mendelsohn- victim more guilty than offende

provokes own victimization

The most serious forms of psychological disturbances will result in a mental illness referred to as ___________, which causes a person to exhibit illogical and incoherent thought processes and a lack of insight into their behavior.

psychosis

police

public agencies tasked with: • maintaining order • law enforcement • provision of service (traffic control, safety patrols, etc.) • support prosecutors by providing evidence in criminal investigations through detectives; don't go to court, but often brought in to provide evidence, typically on behalf of prosecutors • *private police forces have different roles and constraints

The Classical School

refers to the ideas of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham and their followers late 18th/early 19th century based in Utilitarian philosophy • happiness and suffering in society need to be balanced (Bentham) • punishments should fit the crime • reform, not torture, should be the goal of corrections

Why did Ottolenghi, Lombroso, and their contemporaries reject Beccaria's ideas?

rejected classical penology as abstract, unscientific, and out of touch with the facts

Cross-sectional time series

repeated surveys but of different people

Social capital

resources in your social network, knowing someone who can get you a job -disadvantaged neighborhoods have less social capital & less social control

The influence of labeling theory can be viewed in the development of diversion and ______________ programs.

restitution

Of all business establishments, __________ are burglars' favorite targets.

retail stores

A __________ terrorist is not nationalistic, political, or revolutionary. Their desire is to impose their religious and social code on others.

retributive

A _____________ is a term used to describe a group that engages in civil war against a sovereign power that holds control of the land.

revolutionary

What type of terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views?

revolutionary

What did Hans von Hentig and Stephan Schafer suggest was a key determinant of crime?

role of the victim

Eugenics

science of improving human population by controlled breeding, to increase the prevalence of desirable characteristics and reduce the prevalence of undesirable ones How? -involuntary sterilization -immigration bans -genocide -anti-misgenation laws: the mixing of races (marriage or babies)

Looking glass self

self is socially constructed, performative

core traits of a psychopath

self: intelligent, selfish, shameless, guiltless, impulsive, no life plan, intolerant relations with others: superficial, disconnected, impersonal, unreliable, disloyal, deceptive, lack of empathy, unable to sustain friendships relations to society: disregard norms/rules/obligations (p.105)

_________ murder refers to three or more killings during three or more separate events with a "cooling off" period in between.

serial

Ethnography

similar to participant observation but greater time commitment and immersion into a culture

Crime prevention can be achieved by reducing opportunities people have to commit particular crimes; this is a crime prevention strategy known as_________________ crime prevention.

situational

Women prostitutes who barter drugs for sex are called __________.

skeezers

Which region of the United States has consistently high crime rates, to the degree that some criminologists have suggested the existence of a subculture of violence?

southern states

A type of computer software that gathers personal information involving web browser histories, emails, and online purchases and transmits them to the installer is known as __________.

spyware

Relabeling and upcriming

status offenses being relabeled as violence; mandatory arrest for IPV

why do we still study biological theories of crime

still have some resonance of truth despite flawed ideas

Which of the following individuals is most likely to victimize a man in a violent attack?

stranger

social capital

structure and process of relationships that can facilitate or inhibit access to resources and action for mutual benefit. (resources in your social network)

extent

sum total of delinquent acts committed by the group

According to the text, early biological criminology suffered from

susceptibility to racist views

Cybervandals have developed a new form of "entertainment" known as __________, which involves calling 911 and faking a major emergency or crime that draws a quick response from law enforcement officials.

swatting

Reciprocity

system of mutual trust and obligation between researcher and subject

Confirmation Bias

tendency to interpret data or information in a way that fits what we already believe and to ignore evidence that it does not

System Capacity Argument

the belief that areas with high crime rates have low arrest rates because the police have many more crimes to investigate and also realize that too many crimes would overburden the criminal justice system

Deterrence Theory

the belief that the threat or application of legal punishment prevents criminal behavior

Caveat to the crime curve

the curve exists for everyone, but its shape is slightly different for different groups -peaks earlier for females than males -higher and wider for minority male youths -peaks later for violence than property crime

Marginal deterrence

the effect of increasing the severity, certainty, and / or swiftness of legal punishment

Strain

the gap between culturally held goals and the access to actually achieve those goals.

Social

the immediate setting in which behavior takes place

Folkways

the least serious ( don't put elbows in the table, etc.)

Certainty

the likelihood of being arrested

The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men is __________.

the masculinity hypothesis

pardon

the official decision to reverse a criminal conviction, making the accused person free and absolved (as if the conviction never happened) Per the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2: "the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." purposes: o temper justice with mercy o make allowance for new evidence that comes to light after an adjudication of guilt o incentivize cooperation with criminal investigation o protect against insurrection

"The Lockdown"

the part of the book where Alexander makes the case for how the criminal justice system turns drug suspects into lifelong offenders by: o 1) imposing harsh sentences for minor offenses o 2) limiting or eliminating judicial discretion o 3) saddling people with the prison label

criminal psychology

the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of criminals and all that partakes in the criminal behavior

Triangulation

the use of multiple methods to measure the same entity

War on Drugs

the vehicle through which extraordinary umbers of black men are forced into the prison system; 3 distinct phases: 1) the roundup vast numbers of people swept into the criminal justice system by police who conduct drug operations primarily on poor communities of color 2) the period of formal control denied meaningful legal representation pressured to plead guilty more time in jail 3) the period of invisible punishment criminal sanctions imposed long after the prison term is over (voting rights, housing, certain professions, other supports)

Which of the following types of crime is spread most evenly throughout the social structure?

theft

Hirschi and Gottfreason

they argue that the age-crime curve is invariant across: -time and place -demographic groups -types of crime

Correlation

things tend to vary systematically in relation to each other

Failed socialization

this area of criminology has a lot in common with social process theories but is more interested in the role of powerful social institutions in creating crime

mala prohibita crimes

those that have been prohibited by legislative action (bad because they were legislated as bad)

One of the two new forms of theft that appeared in the 19th century was __________.

train robbery

. Since the law is enacted by the government, the misconducts/crimes involved by state agents usually will be overlooked if someone uses the paradigm of functionalism to analyze delinquent/deviant acts.

true

. Theological and philosophical theories usually cannot be tested empirically.

true

According to DSM-IV, one of the behavioral characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder (or antisocial personality disorder) is that a child will argue frequently with his/her parents/legal guardians for at least 6 months.

true

According to Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, someone may commit suicide if this person scores high on the introversion scale.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for rebels is anarchists.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for rebels is terrorists.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for retreatists is bohemians.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for retreatists is the alcoholic.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for ritualists is chronic welfare recipients.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for ritualists is hedonists.

true

According to Messner and Rosenfeld, the ideology of economic supremacy can create an environment conducive to crime/delinquency.

true

According to cognitive theory, exemplar model is more suitable to describe the unique characteristics of criminal offenders/victims than prototype model.

true

According to cognitive theory, prototype model will allow criminologists to describe the general characteristics of criminal offenders/victims.

true

According to rational choice theory, one of the methods for criminologists and sociologists to determine whether the criminals/delinquents will receive certain punishments is to measure the incarceration rates of arrested criminals.

true

According to sociobiology, some females got involved in crimes (especially property crimes) because their behaviors are still directed by the instinct of gathering

true

According to sociobiology, some males got involved in crimes (especially violent crimes) because their behaviors, to an extent, are still directed by the instinct of hunting.

true

Adolphe Quetelet argues that both average men and born criminals will exhibit invariable propensity in their behaviors.

true

Adolphe Quetelet is a positivist.

true

Adoption studies show that although the behavioral patterns of adoptive parents and children are not biologically linked, adoptive parents' delinquent behaviors, through the process of socialization, may still influence their adoptive children.

true

Based on the biological and psychological explanations of crime/delinquency, we can assume that the most effective way to stop crime is having criminal offenders treated.

true

Both Ronald Clarke and Marcus Felson are modern rational choice theorists.

true

Classic rational choice theorists assume that people usually can make rational decisions, regardless of decision maker's emotional status or education level.

true

Comparatively, both convenience stores with alarm system and martial art instructors are hard targets for robbers.

true

Generally speaking, all delinquency theories are tentative and speculative in nature (in other words, all criminological theories imply probabilistic concepts of causality).

true

Generally speaking, big and/or heavy things (e.g., locked car and gun safe) are hard targets for burglars.

true

Generally speaking, convenience stores without any security apparatuses, single women who return home during nighttime, prostitutes who "do business" after midnight, and secluded houses are all suitable targets for motivated offenders.

true

Generally speaking, kids from single parent-headed families are more likely to experience strain than their counterparts who are from families where both parents are present.

true

Generally speaking, light and/or small things (e.g., wallet and passport) are soft targets for motivated offenders.

true

Generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge in order to gain access to (or control) hard targets.

true

Generally speaking, unattended babies, young children, and single old women are soft targets for motivated offenders.

true

In America, the family structure of Asian Americans is identical to that of White Americans (i.e., both groups have the lowest percentages of single parent-headed households).

true

Lombroso uses the two concepts of criminal man and born criminal to explain the relationship between physical features and crime/delinquency.

true

Messner and Rosenfeld argue that certain social qualities (like mutual help and sympathy) in America are disappearing because of Americans' identification with wealth.

true

Modern biological theorists of crime suggest that when someone=s genetic makeups and/or autonomic nervous system are defective (i.e., less sensitive to external stimuli), then this person may want to commit crimes in order to satisfy his/her sensational needs.

true

Modern criminal psychologists generally agree that criminals (especially sociopaths and chronic offenders) share several personality traits in common. One of such personality features is superficially charming.

true

Modern rational choice theorists argue that crimes do not have the same properties (i.e., choice-structuring properties). Accordingly, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for people (especially career criminals) to get involved in different types of crimes simultaneously.

true

Modern rational choice theorists believe that in hot spots (such as the Little Cuba in Miami or the French Quarter in New Orleans), motivated offenders can find abundant opportunities to commit crime.

true

Modern strain theorists (especially, Robert Agnew) emphasize that some stressful situations (like failing to win the Nobel Prize) do NOT necessarily lead to crime/delinquency.

true

New immigrants with relatives or friend in America are more likely to overcome strain than those new immigrants who do not have such networks.

true

Relatively speaking, people with low IQ are more likely to face bio-psychological problems, like attention deficit disabilities and hyperactivities.

true

Robert Agnew believes that the disjunction between aspirations (ideals) and actual achievements usually will NOT cause strain.

true

Since the law is enacted by the government, the misconducts/crimes involved by state agents usually will be overlooked if someone uses the paradigm of functionalism to analyze delinquent acts.

true

Since theory can inspire criminologists to assume the possible relationship between observed phenomena, it is not unusual for criminologists to discover empirically that there is a causal relationship between two seemingly irrelevant phenomena.

true

Some of the factors that may prevent the phenomenon crime displacement from taking place include personal skills, information, legal punishment, and expected cost/benefits.

true

Some reliable theories are invalid

true

Some reliable theories are invalid.

true

Some valid theories are unreliable.

true

The concept choice-structuring properties is advanced by Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke.

true

The concept ecological fallacy means that we use macro theories to explain micro phenomena, or vice versa.

true

The concept sublimation means that antisocial desires and drives generated by id are diverted to socially acceptable actions.

true

The underlying assumption of biological and psychological theories of crime/delinquency is that abnormal biological and psychological makeups will make some people more susceptible to crime/delinquency

true

Theological and philosophical theories usually cannot be tested empirically.

true

Quasi Experiments

try to disentangle cause and effect using treatment vs. a control group

Criminologists conduct research on the links between different kinds of crimes and criminals; this is referred to as crime__________.

typology

Classical, neo-classical, and rational choice theories seek to...

understand the best ways to deter crimes and to punish them, when they do occur These theories do not explain why people commit crimes

Latent functions of law

unintended functions

What did the temperance movement at the turn of the 20th century suggest was a threat to the lifestyle of the nation's population?

urbanism

Meldelsohn- Victim with minor guilt.

victimized due to ignorance, or inadvertently puts themselves in harms way

Mendelsohn- most guilty victim

victimized during preparation of crime or as a result of crime

The study of the role of the victim in the crime equation is known as __________.

victimology

Deviance equals Crime equals

violation of a norm violation of a law

Informants

violations of norms that take place in private usually have no witnesses and no complainants; this leads police to seek informants and frequently leads to corruption

To satisfy the requirements of Actus Reus, guilty actions must be __________.

voluntary

A recent study of immigration and crime in California found that noncitizen men ages 18 to 40 ________.

were 8 times less likely than US-born men to be in a correctional setting

Spuriousness

when two variable appear to be causally related but really are not, because some less obvious third variable is actually causing both of them

Severity

whether someone is incarcerated and , if so, for how long

Which of the following is NOT included in Edwin Sutherland's typology of professional thieves?

wholesaler

Rediscovery

young women were never "not" violent they were stereotyped as such

Freddie Gray

• 25 year old Baltimore resident • arrested April 12th, 2015 on suspicion of weapons concealment • died April 19th from injuries sustained in police custody—namely, spinal cord severed in the back of a police van • Baltimore prosecutors' office brought charges against all 6 officers involved in his arrest and transport • 6 police officers were acquitted (some by judge, some jury) • prosecutors alleged that the police department was not forthcoming with evidence • note: police-prosecution cooperation can be tricky when police are the ones being charged

Part I Index Crimes: Property Crime Index

• Burglary • Larceny/theft • Motor vehicle theft • Arson

Donald Black ( Self Help)

• Extracting retribution sometimes, getting positive energy out of it o Not all types of crimes are crimes of self help • Economic crimes and recreational crimes aren't examples of self help

Part I Index Crimes: Violent Crime Index

• Murder, non-negligent manslaughter • Forcible rape • Robbery • Aggravated assault

Self report Surveys

• Often school or delinquent populations • Allows measure of victimless crimes, and crimes not reported to police

Lifestyles Theory: Characteristics

• People with whom one associated, working outside of the home, and engaging in leisure activities

NCVS

• Persons over the age of 12 asked about victimization experience in previous 6 months • Most common experienced was theft • Most common reported was simple assault

Why did Beccaria argue against excessive punishment? (hint: pp. 45-6)

"Beccaria did not believe that the best way to reduce crime was to increase laws or increase the severity of punishment, since doing so would merely create new crimes and "[embolden] men to commit the very wrongs it is supposed to prevent"" argued that "laws and punishments should be only as restrictive as necessary to just deter those who would beak them by calculating that it would not be in their interests to do so" "punishments should be proportionate to harm cause" - creates new crimes

What does it mean to say that crime is "contextual"? Is this the same as saying that crime is "relative" to something?

"Criminal harm takes different forms depending on the historical period, specific context, social setting, location, or situation in which it occurs." p.14 - depends on factors around it - relative --> 2 separate acts of criminal behavior may be condemned by the same society but determined to be major or minor in comparison with each other

Where and how was the modern prison "born," in Foucault's argument?

"Damiens the Regicide"

"white collar psychopath"

"I have left a legacy of shame, as some of my victims have pointed out, to my family and my grandchildren. This is something I will live in for the rest of my life. I'm sorry." - Bernie's apology, issued in court on June 29, 2009 idea: shame is positive

Name one way that Bentham's views on punishment differed from Beccaria's.

"In contrast to Beccaria, Bentham believed that, in the case of the repeat offender, it might be necessary to increase the punishment to outweigh the profit from offenses likely to be committed. Also, Bentham introduced the notion that different offenses required different types of punishment" - repeat offender --> increase punishment

What is the role of the soul in the modern prison system? What are the mechanisms that act upon the soul?

"The expiation that once rained down upon the body must be replaced by a punishment that acts in depth ...should strike the soul rather than the body'"

pretext stops

"a classic pretext stop is a traffic stop motivated not by any desire to enforce traffic laws, but instead motivated by a desire to hunt for drugs in the absence of any evidence." (p.67) how a minor offense becomes a major offense intimidating offer by refusing plea bargains packet dockets of defenders

postmodernism

"a perspective that claims that any body of knowledge is true or can be true"

Mala prohibita

"acts bad according to law" o Morality crimes o Traffic violations

Mala in se

"acts bad in themselves" o Murder o Rape

Legal definition of crime

"acts prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law"

Pluralist definition of crime

"approaches to defining crime that take account of these multiple dimensions": wealth and power, culture, prestige, status, morality, ethics, religion, ethnicity, gender, race, ideology, human rights, etc. Sellin: primary (raised then transported to different culture) and secondary conflict (raised in same place, develop different value systems) related to conflict, but more specifically attuned to ethnic and cultural differences in a society and how they relate to definitions of, and responses to, crime

crimes of the powerless

"crimes for which those in relatively weak economic and political positions in society are predominately arrested" "those predominantly arrested for conventional criminal activities were from lower- or working-class backgrounds"; offend at same rate, arrested at different to maintain control

analogous social injury

"includes harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but produce similar consequences to those produced by illegal acts" i.e. cigarette/alcohol advertising (p. 20)

Core point of examples of Keesee, Calley and Madoff

"ordinary human beings can become criminal offenders as a result of social processes through which they learn harmful behaviors and attitudes and rationalizations that excuse or justify harm to others" - LSA ch. 6 p.129

correlation: sick minds and crime

"people diagnosed with mental illness are no more likely to commit crimes than those seen as mentally healthy" (Essential Criminology p.99) "While mental illness is not found to cause criminal behavior, the mentally ill are increasingly subject to the criminal justice system." (p.99)

crimes of the powerful

"power shapes not only the opportunity to commit crime but also the ability to resist arrest, prosecution, and conviction: "Crimes committed by the powerful are responsible for even greater social harms than those committed by the powerless." but difficult to identify and prosecute the powerful

Conflict approach/definition of crime

"refers to definitions of crime based on the belief that society is composed of different interest groups...[who] are in competition with one another, and the competition is most pronounced between the powerful and powerless" people are basically different; crime and punishment is a struggle over who belongs and who has authority

Consensus approach/definition of crime

"refers to definitions of crime that reflect the ideas of the society as a whole"; the similarities b/t people in a society serve as a "social glue" binding a shared morality this is the idea that people are basically the same and share core values; crime and punishment brings us together by exemplifying aberrations Durkheim, Roshier

Explain the distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" poor. (pp. 42-3)

"respectable poor": those "suffering from sickness and contagious diseases, wounded soldiers, curable cripples, the blind, fatherless and pauper children, and the aged poor; seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate; segregated by class and condition and given immediate assistance ""unrespectable poor": vagabonds, tramps, rogues, dissolute women; described as worthless, and were punished with imprisonment and whipping before being trained for honest work --> first prison: Bridewell

Routine Acvitites: Motivated offenders

( taken as given) Capable of community activity, willing to do

Routine Activities: Capable guardianship

( vary) Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that a victimization is prevented from occurring Social -presence of another person Physical—weapon, alarm system

Sutherland's testable hypotheses

(9 total, see p.132) 6) "A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law"

Charity Keesee

(vampire cult) • drank blood of victims • 15, underfed, pregnant, kicked out of home • released 2006

Routine Activities: Suitable Targets

(vary) Targets are deemed suitable based on their attractiveness would be to offenders • Stealing a computer rather than couch

learning matrix

(x) family environment: normal → traumatic • values taught at home, early traumas ,losses, relationship with parents, family structure, relationship with siblings (y) organizational learning environment: stable/healthy → unstable/unhealthy • religious groups, clubs, organized practices, school environment, social circles, neighborhood o Madoff: top left; pretty stable, pretty normal o Calley: most top left; normal, stable o Keesee: bottom right; traumatic, unstable

Amir

*VICTIM BLAMING* • Student of Wolfgang's, examined rapes from 1958-1960 in Philadelphia o Defined rapes as "victim precipitated" o Alcohol, bad reputations, revealing clothing, risqué language.

Modern Self Help:

*conflict labeled and processed as crime in modern society resembles conflict management—described above—that are found in traditional societies which have little or no law. • Ex: homicide in response to adultery, disputes in domestic matters, affronts to honor, conflicts related to debt, property, custody, right and wrong.

What is the legal conception of crime? In what ways is the legal conception of crime said to be too limited?

- "Since the eighteenth century, the legal definition of crime has referred to acts prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law." - limited b/c "takes no account of harms covered by administrative law," "ignores the cultural and historical context of law" (definitions vary) - excludes white-collar crime and socially injurious crimes

moral entrepreneurship (ch.2)

- "the ability to whip up moral consensus around an issue that affects some individuals or a minority and to recruit support from the majority by convincing them it is in their best interest to support the issue too" p.18 - idea from Howard Becker that social norms are subject to change when sufficiently vocal people mobilize to shift opinions (p.168-170) - examples: marijuana, same-sex marriage - the point is not that they are counter-cultural, or experimenting w/ morals but tapping into law and institutions to effect change

Describe Bentham's Panopticon (p. 47). What was its purpose?

- "the ultimate disciplinary prison" - "all-seeing" - designed to "control not only the freedom of movement of those confined but their minds as well" - circular with guard in center

In the Washington Post article, Raine and Satel disagree about the appropriateness of relying on brain scans to diagnose criminality. What are some of Satel's concerns about the science itself?

- Bias when reading/interpreting scans - Misapplication of brain scans

What is the evidence for and against the effectiveness of capital punishment as deterrent?

- Ehrlich: each state execution prevents 7-8 victims; replicated by Bowers & Pierce, found that "executions actually increase the homicide rate" - "brutalization thesis" (initially Beccaria) - certainty of punishment had more impact than severity of punishment; greatest effect from informal peer sanctions (Paternoster & LeeAnn Iovanni) - disproportionately affects African Americans (42%) and Males (98% death row) - fallibility of evidence (DNA findings)

Thinking about the implications of biosocial criminology research for criminal justice policy, what are 2 potential applications (ie policy measures) that some people have advocated to reduce the incidence of crime

- Eugenics --> limiting the ability of the "undesirable" to reproduce - segregation - drug therapy - surgery

Lombroso's theory of atavism and crime

- founded on Darwinian ideas about humanity's "worst dispositions" --> "reversions to a savage state" - criminals were hereditary throwbacks to less developed evolutionary forms

Provide a definition of victimology and explain why it is referred to as the "reverse of criminology."

- founded/coined by Hans von Hentig and Benjamin Menelsohn - "the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer because of criminal activities" - "study of who becomes a victim, how victims are victimized, how much harm they suffer, and their role in the criminal act" p.10 - also looks at victim's rights and role in CJS - "reverse of criminology" because focuses on victim not the criminal

What are some of the underlying assumptions about human beings made by biological theories of crime?

- humans have unique characteristics, or predispositions, that under certain conditions, lead some to commit criminal acts - something w/in a person influences them to do criminal acts but is triggered by certain environmental conditions

In what ways can crime said to be global? Why does globalization matter for the discipline of criminology?

- interconnectedness of people across countries - cyber-attacks - war? - disease attacks/crime

positivist

- method argues that social relations and events (including crime) can be studies scientifically using methods derived from the natural sciences - search for cause & effect relations

What are some of the problems associated with mandatory sentencing?

- reduces sentencing disparity - increases prison populations (incarceration rates up) - undermines judges and juries - # of plea bargains goes up - don't take realities/details into account

What was the primary focus of utilitarian philosophers when it came to criminal justice?

- the greatest good for the greatest number - to transform arbitrary criminal justice into a fair, equal, and humanitarian system

atavism

- the tendency to revert to ancestral type - In biology, an atavism is an evolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations before

Critiques of consensus theory

-"widespread" consensus on ranking study because nearly half of the crimes on the scale were serious (murder, rape, assault) -how do we gauge seriousness?

Beckett & Sasson politics of crime & war on drugs

-1960s: conservatives use crimes to discredit civil rights & welfare LBJ -1970s: social programs allow people to be lazy, tough on crime, war on drugs NIXON -1990s: tough on crime rhetoric crosses party lines CLINTON -crack vs. coke; race

Correlates of Crime: Race/Ethnicity

-Arrest data seem to show that whites and non-Hispanics commit (or get arrested for them) more crimes than Hispanics and racial minorities This is misleading, why? -We need to take into consideration the overall percentage of each group in the total population, minorities are over-represented-disproportionality

Self-report Surveys

-Ask samples of respondents about their offending and victimization experiences -Most are of adolescents Can tell us: -Prevalence: # of people who commit a particular offense or # of victims who are victimized during a particular period. "ever" or "last year" -Incidence: average # of offenses or victimizations per person; or how many crimes take place during a particular period. "last year" -Seriousness, frequency, trends over time

Buck vs. Bell

-Buck was impregnated by a rape of a family member -Her parents institutionalized her, wanted her sterilized -She fought in court, lost -She was involuntarily sterilized -the state says its okay we can step in and sterilize you

National Incident-Based Reporting System

-Compared to UCR, NIBRS tracks 46 different offenses instead of 8 Part 1 crimes -Contains more info on: -victims, offenders, arrestees, offenses, locations, injuries, weapons, relationships -Distinguishes attempts from completed crimes (UCR combines these) -All offenses in multi-offense incident are reported (no hierarchy rule)

Victimization Surveys

-Conducted by Department of Justice -Sample of 90,000 households -Everyone 12 or older in household -Each household is interviewed twice a year Reveals that only about 50% of crime is reported to the police

Conflict

-Conflict is a fundamental part of social life, in inevitable and can never be fully resolved -Law is a tool for the power that furthers the interests of those powerful enough to make it

Merton's Strain theory

-Conformists: accept values and conventional means of achieving them -Innovators: accept the values and then use illegitimate means to get them- criminals -Ritualists: Lost sight of values, compulsively follow rules for rules sake. -Retreatists: Reject the goals and the means -Rebels: Reject the existing values and means of achieving them. Work to create new ones

Criminological Theories

-Criminology deals with human behavior and thus deals with probabilities -Human behavior is complex and theories that explain a behavior tend to be complex too -Theories explain how 2 or more events or factors are related to each other and the conditions under which their relationship takes place

Sociological criminology

-Criminology is a subfield within sociology that is centered on the scientific study of -creation of criminal law -definitions, causes, and dynamics of criminal behavior -consequences of, and effects to prevent/control crime -Involves numerous academic disciplines; i.e. interdisciplinary -

Why the decline in violence for adults?

-Decrease in intimate partner violence-homicide (IPH) -due to decline in marriage rates/increase divorce rates -increase in prevention and intervention resources -largest drop was in women killing partner -Policing -more aggressive tactics (stop and frisk, zero tolerance policy-broken windows theory, arresting misdemeanor offenders of nuisance crimes -Increase in incarceration: changes in sentencing laws -The economy -unemployment -continued expansion of the crack market -Firearms Policy -Brody Act required background checks and waiting periods for handguns -targeted gun seizures in high risk areas -longer prison sentences for people who use guns in crimes *No factor here is a complete explanation, any explanation for the crime drop

Factors that lead to strain

-Deviant peers -Beliefs -attribute the source of strain to outside forces

Nye's 3 main categories of social control

-Direct Control: Explicit punishment and rewards -Indirect Control: The pain and disappointment of others -Internal Control: Conscience and Sense of guilt

Reasons for Drug Reversal in 2015

-Drug markets -Declining imprisonment -Ferguson Effect

Marshmallow Test

-Eat marshmallow now or wait 5 mins and can eat two -Example of self-control

Agnew's Strain theory

-Failure to achieve positively valued goals -Removal of positively valued stimuli -Confrontation with negative stimuli

Self-report Survey Criticisms

-Focuses on minor or less serious crimes -Under-reporting (especially minority males) -Non-participation, dropping out of survey, selection bias -Validity: being honest in reporting

Factors that protect against strain

-High Self-esteem: confidence in one's own worth -High Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

Crime Data: Unit of Analysis- the entity you want to analyze

-Individual: offenders, victim, police officer, prosecutor -Group: peer networks, gangs, business -Geography: (crime mapping), neighborhood, city, state -Offense -Incident -Arrest -Organization: police agencies, prisons

Crime rates & immigration (Sampson)

-Latino Paradox: living in the same communities with inequalities but commit less crime than their socioeconomic status would suggest -Newark phenomenon: Mexican immigrant killed American, raised panic that immigration causes crime -groups are bringing in communities, new cultural views

Hagan

-Laws cannot be very effective at controlling immoral behavior if we have different ideas about what is immoral (no consensus)

NIBRS Criticisms

-Less participation, 30% population compared to 97% with UCR -Rolling participation by agency makes it difficult to measure

Consensus

-Most members of society agree on what is right and wrong and various institutions in society work together toward a shared vision of the greater good -The law serves the collective will of the people and serves all people equally

Crime Data Sources

-Official (agency) reports ex. NIBRS, UCR -Victimization surveys -Self-report surveys Others: -Ethnography (field reporting) ex. Stickup Kids -Quasi Experiments

Uniform Crime Report

-Primary source of US crime statistics since 1930 -Individual precincts report crimes known to police and crimes cleared by arrest -Compiled by state and then sent to the FBI -Voluntary, based on agency resources

How do we test/validate a theory?

-Quantitatively: empirically testing, using stats -Qualitatively: focusing more on the substance of the theory

*FBI does not rank agencies or places b/c crime is a sociological phenomenon Why is ranking places problematic?

-Rankings do not inform us about risk factors for crime -age, race, gender, types of activities people engage in -Comparisons within places are more useful than those across places -help places determine where to concentrate resources -Some cities are merged with other much safer places within their county which dilutes their crime rate relative to other independent cities

UCR Criticisms

-Requires citizens or victims to report to police -Police discretion (even if reported, not necessarily recorded) -Focuses on Part 1 crimes minimizes seriousness of things like white collar crime and contributes to stereotypes about poor and minority groups -Arrest data do not take into consideration discrimination or police arrest behaviors -Different definitions of crime across jurisdictions -Hierarchy rule (only most serious offense counted when there are multiple offenses) -Colleges have to collect their own date, the Clergy Act mandates reporting to Dept. of Education is not required to share with FBI

Deterrence Doctrine

-Severity: The punishment should fit the crime -Certainty: The probability that of apprehension and punishment -Celerity: Swiftness into which criminal sanctions are applied

Pluralistic

-Society is increasingly complex and consensus is hard to find. Groups have their own agendas and values -Yet most still agree that the law is necessary for peace-keeping and settling disputes -State officials are unbiased and have society's best interest in mind

Validity

-The degree to which a measure captures what it is intended to measure -If it's valid it's accurate

Reliability

-The extent to which the same results are obtained each time a measure is used -If it's reliable, it's consistent and dependable

Crime Data

-The statistics of crime and criminals are known as the most unreliable and difficult of all stats -The government uses official data to inform policy decisions and allocate federal criminal justice funding to states

Correlates of Crime: Socioeconomic Status (SES)

-UCR does not collect data on SES -NCVS and self report -Individual-level association (micro) is unclear, inconsistent or weak relationship -Aggregate-level association (macro) is much clearer, significant relationship with crime How to measure SES? -HH income and poverty -Education -Employment -Occupation

Why youth's?

-Urban crack markets and spread of firearms -crack market expansion led to recruitment of youth minority males and they would need guns for protection -Shrinking markets also began in these same cities which explains the decline in violence

Victimization Survey Criticisms

-Victims are the only source of data (nothing from offenders) -No data on the most serious crimes: homicide -Victimless crimes are excluded -Crimes against businesses are excluded (only personal and household victimization)

tautology

-a single proposition, not an argument, that is true due to its form alone -A implies A -Teenagers who engage in risky behavior like drinking and smoking pot are likely to engage in illegal behaviors like drinking and smoking pot

Erikson & Puritans

-connection between cultural values of a group and the deviance that is punished -stable societies will have stable crime rates -crime waves are a product of a challenge to the collective consciousness

Why do men commit so much crime?

-crime is a masculine endeavor -committing crime allows them to maintain masculinity despite challenges to their masculinity

Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man -The Father of Criminology

-criminals are born criminals, not made -they are of unhuman species -they have certain and distinguishable characteristics

Mechanisms of racial disparity

-differential involvement (result of structural, concentrated poverty and disadvantage) -biased laws & policy making (war on drugs, jim crow laws) -biased administration of justice (police action and sentencing)

Pager's criminal record study

-does prior incarceration impact employment? does race? -identical male candidates apply to jobs that require a hs diploma, make their criminal record known, only difference was race -for every 1 white man that was asked about his record, 4 black men were asked; white men with record were more likely to be called back than black men without record -negative credential would be having a record of imprisonment

Gendered approach to understanding crime needs to...

-explain both male & female criminality -account for differences in context of offending -consider how women's pathways to crime are different -consider how biological differences matter -consider organization of gender

Juvenile delinquency & gender article (study across countries)

-looked at gender and crime in a variety of countries -all findings showed the same thing: women commit less crime, less often and less serious -more social control with girls leads to lower crime rates

General theory of crime (Bentham)

-offender is rational, logical person -driven by pleasure and pain because crime is a result of "hedonistic calculus"

What makes a good theory?

-parsimony: simple, logical statement -breadth of phenomena explained -accuracy of predictions of future phenomena -ability to be disproved

Scared Straight

-popular but not effective -media makes it seem more effective than it actually is

Racial differences & violence (McNulty, Bellair)

-problematic because only compares whites & blacks, doesn't account for other minorities -segregated neighborhoods lead to inequality, unequal opportunity which results in crime -residential inequality plays bigger role for black than Latinos

Early Writings from Positivist School -The Jukes 1915

-reversed the original emphasis on environment and emphasized heredity and argued that environmental changes wouldnt change their genetic tendency towards criminality -Feeble-mindedness: "environment will not of itself enable all people to escape criminality"

Elliot & Ageton self-reporting

-self-reports still showed differences in the distribution of delinquent behavior but the difference was greater in court data reports. -more crimes committed but less reported for whites --> higher in self-report

Parts of deterrence needed for it to be effective

-severity: punishment should "fit" the crime -certainty: probability of apprehension and punishment -celerity: swiftness with which criminal sanctions are applied

Functionalism (Durkheim)

-society as an organism -crime is normal because it's in every society (even saints would create some sort of crime)

Early Writings from Positivist School -The Jukes

-studied the inmate records from 13 different county jails in NY -created detailed genealogy charts to link criminal behavior to the Jukes family -Included that not just heredity as a cause of criminal behavior but also environment

Women & less crime arguments

-under patriarchal control -women's liberation will create more criminals as women adopt more male characteristics via socialization (social learning)

Why were crack markets concentrated in poor urban inner-city neighborhoods?

-urban poverty and social isolation -reduced collective efficacy -code of the street to replace formal law enforcement

Rios' dreams deferred, juveniles in Oakland

-wanted to see how juveniles' position in society and interaction with authority figures impacts how they see themselves -shadowed 40 teens, observations & interviews -was surprised at how the boys were criminalized; slick was kicked out of school when his friend died b/c he missed too much class and school thought he was plotting revenge -wanted to give boys a voice, sympathizes with those in the situation

Why more women are getting arrest for assault

-women are experiencing more stress (strain) -family & church are eroding (social control) -women's behavior is the same but how we treat it has changed (constructionist)

The objectivity of criminological research may be questioned if studies __________.

. are funded by organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of the research

Early 19th Century: big changes in criminal justice

1) Disappearance of punishment as spectacle • "The ceremonial of punishment tended to decline" and was outlawed in France in 1831. 2) Appearance of non-physical means of punishing people • "From being an art of unbearable sensations punishment has become an economy of suspended rights." (ch.1 p.1) • "The body is the major target of penal repression disappeared" (ch.1 p.8)

Revisions to classical theory

1) Inadequate explanation of "equality" 2) Inattention to crime rate disparities o late 19th century: with the rise of Darwinist evolutionary ideas, criminology became more scientific o late 20th century: criminal justice policies were changed to take into account individual and social differences

What were some deficiencies in classical theories of criminal justice, and how did neoclassical theories try to correct them?

1) assumption that people were equal 2) system designed to punish differently for wealthy and poor 3) why do some people commit more crimes than others, if they are equally endowed with reason?

According to Beccaria, what three things must be in place in order for deterrence to work?

1) certainty (of punishment) 2) severity (appropriate level of punishment) 3) celerity (punishment must occur swiftly after apprehension)

2 big problems of the CJS

1) civil forfeiture abuses (p.80-84) • Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000 (meant to address police misuse of seized assets), only partially successful 2) legal misrepresentation and (bad) pleas bargains (p.85-89)

2 requirements for conviction:

1) criminal intent (mens rea) 2) criminal act (actuc reus) (reus/rea = accused, guilty)

3 reasons psychological conditions mater for criminology

1) determining criminal intent (sane? insane?) 2) sentencing/corrections (prison or clinic?) 3) understanding motives (why'd they do it? And can we prevent the next crime?)

2 main social process theories

1) differential association • views crime and delinquency as the outcome of normal learning processes whereby youth learn the "wrong" behavior • what matters most is the different types of associations that people have with criminal or non-criminal patterns of behavior 2) neutralization and drift • views crime and delinquency as a result of juveniles learning to excuse, justify, or otherwise rationalize potential deviant and even criminal behavior (allowing them to be "neutral" with respect to social norms and then "drift" into deviance) (p.130-133)

2 basic elements of Sutherland's theory (differential association)

1) the content of what is learned is key (i.e., specific techniques, rationalizations, attitudes) 2) the process by which learning takes place is important (i.e., group cues, collective steps, unspoken group rules) (p.132)

Criticisms of biological theories

1) unscientific • small sample sizes, inadequate comparisons, inadequate analysis of counterfactuals or control variable 2) simplistic and monocausal • "anomalies" were supposed to explain everything • Lombroso did teach combination of physical features and context/environment to prompt it 3) racist and sexist • certain people are reduced to stereotyped behavior because of their appearance

Symbolic interactionism is at the heart of labeling theory

1) we form our definition of self based on others' treatment of us 2) What people say and do are the result of how they interpret their social world 3) Humans communicate through symbols (language, speech) 4) Effective research comes from empathy with criminals

making a causal argument

1. Association: causation 2. Correct temporal Ordering 3. Lack of Spurious: Are there confounding variables?

General Theory of Crime

1. Criminal acts provide easy immediate gratification of desires but few long term benefits 2. Crimes require little skill or planning

Interactionist Perspective

Idea that there is no finite universal meaning to anything, we come to create value in things through values. Laws aren't inherently universal. Consist from some level of interaction.

Discipline and Punish chapter

In Europe prior to the mid-19th century, criminal punishment was a ceremony and a performance. It was a ceremony because it was carried out with set rules and practices, done in particular sequences and with particular significant figures in attendance. It was a performance because its effectiveness was bound up in having an audience. Executions were a public event. Members of the public were expected to attend, to jeer and shout and clap or cry. This, Foucault said, was because the authorities needed to reinforce their power ("Look what awful things we do to law-breakers") and because the breaking of the prisoner's body was justified in terms of public witnessing. Foucault uses the case of Damiens the regicide. Robert-François Damiens was a domestic servant from Arras, France, who attempted to kill King Louis XV in 1757. After being tortured for information about accomplices (there were none) he was drawn and quartered, then burned. Foucault says that this horrific execution prompted broader evaluation of criminal punishment. Philosophers including Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham (both of whom you read about in chapter 3) were disgusted by the Damiens case and felt strongly that just, democratic societies should not use such methods. The rest of the chapter deals with the penal system that replaced torture and public execution. While definitely an improvement on the old regime, for being rational and scientific, Foucault criticizes the penal system for its attempt at totalizing control of prisoners' bodies, minds, and souls. This launches his broader critique of power and knowledge.

Snowden

Totalizing Surveillence

_____________ is a term used to describe an act of disloyalty to one's nation or state.

Treason

13th documentary takeaways

mass incarceration = systemic approach to imprison poor people of color • ¼ humans in jail are in the US "land of the free" (5% population, 20% incarcerated population) • 300,000 1972 - now 2.3 million • slavery as an economic system → 4 million new free people, what do you do with them? how do you rebuild your economy? → 13th amendment loophole immediately implemented • "The Clansman" book to blockbuster film - "A Birth of a Nation" - "confirmed the story that many whites wanted to tell...to erase defeat [and give a martyr]" • → shift to more legal outlets: segregation; permanent second-class status o crime was increasing at the same time as civil rights acts were being passed (baby boom) → made it easy for politicians to say that the two were correlated • Nixon era of law and order - War on Crime: where crime begins to stand in for race, federal spending increasing, thousands sent to jail for minor offenses • "of course we knew we were lying about the drugs" (antiwar left and blacks were opponents and targets) • wolf pack case

According to William Sheldon's Somatotype School, the body type most likely to become criminal was the __________.

mesomorph

According to the interactionist view of crime, __________ use their influence to shape the legal process in the way they see fit.

moral entrepreneurs