Critically Ill Patients with Neurological

94. The nurse caring for a client who has been abusing amphetamines writes a problem of "cardiovascular compromise." Which nursing interventions should be implemented? 1. Monitor the telemetry and vital signs every four (4) hours. 2. Encourage the client to verbalize the reason for using drugs. 3. Provide a quiet, calm atmosphere for the client to rest. 4. Place the client on bedrest and a low-sodium diet.

1. Monitor the telemetry and vital signs every four (4) hours. 1. Telemetry and vital signs would be done to monitor cardiovascular compromise. Amphetamine use causes tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and arrhythmias. 2. This might be an intervention for a problem of altered coping. 3. This would be an intervention for a problem of insomnia. 4. These are interventions for heart failure.

87. The nurse is working with clients in a substance abuse clinic. Client A tells the nurse that another client, Client B, has "started using again." Which action should the nurse implement? 1. Tell Client A the nurse cannot discuss Client B with him. 2. Find out how Client A got this information. 3. Inform the HCP that Client B is using again. 4. Get in touch with Client B and have the client come to the clinic.

1. Tell Client A the nurse cannot discuss Client B with him. 1. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires that a health-care professional not divulge information about one person to an unauthorized person. 2. This would be discussing Client B and a violation of HIPAA. 3. The nurse does not know Client B is using drugs, so notifying the HCP is not appropriate. 4. Client B would require an explanation for coming to the clinic, for which, if the nurse has not violated HIPAA, there is no explanation.

69. The client is diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis. Which preventive measure would the nurse expect the health-care provider to order for the significant others in the home? 1. The Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. 2. Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. 3. A 10-day dose pack of corticosteroids. 4. A gamma globulin injection.

2. Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. 2. Chemoprophylaxis includes administering medication that will prevent infection or eradicate the bacteria and the development of symptoms in people who have been in close proximity to the client. Medications include rifampin (Rifadin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and ceftriaxone (Rocephin). 1. This vaccine must be administered prior to exposure to build up an immunity to prevent meningitis resulting from Haemophilus influenzae. 3. Steroids are used as an adjunct therapy in treatment of clients diagnosed with acute bacterial meningitis. They would not be given as a prophylactic measure to others in the home. 4. Gamma globulin provides passive immunity to clients who have been exposed to hepatitis. It is not appropriate in this situation.

42. The unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) is attempting to put an oral airway in the mouth of a client having a tonic-clonic seizure. Which action should the primary nurse take? 1. Help the UAP to insert the oral airway in the mouth. 2. Tell the UAP to stop trying to insert anything in the mouth. 3. Take no action because the UAP is handling the situation. 4. Notify the charge nurse of the situation immediately.

2. Tell the UAP to stop trying to insert anything in the mouth. 2. The nurse should tell the UAP to stop trying to insert anything in the mouth of the client experiencing a seizure. Broken teeth and injury to the lips and tongue may result from trying to place anything in the clenched jaws of a client having a tonic-clonic seizure. 1. Once the seizure has started, no one should attempt to put anything in the client's mouth. 3. The primary nurse is responsible for the action of the UAP and should stop the UAP from doing anything potentially dangerous to the client. No one should attempt to pry open the jaws that are clenched in a spasm to insert anything. 4. The primary nurse must correct the action of the UAP immediately, prior to any injury occurring to the client and before notifying the charge nurse.

39. The client is scheduled for an electroencephalogram (EEG) to help diagnose a seizure disorder. Which preprocedure teaching should the nurse implement? 1. Tell the client to take any routine antiseizure medication prior to the EEG. 2. Tell the client not to eat anything for eight (8) hours prior to the procedure. 3. Instruct the client to stay awake for 24 hours prior to the EEG. 4. Explain to the client that there will be some discomfort during the procedure.

3. Instruct the client to stay awake for 24 hours prior to the EEG. 3. The goal is for the client to have a seizure during the EEG. Sleep deprivation, hyperventilating, or flashing lights may induce a seizure. 1. Antiseizure drugs, tranquilizers, stimulants, and depressants are withheld before an EEG because they may alter the brain wave patterns. 2. Meals are not withheld because altered blood glucose level can cause changes in brain wave patterns. 4. Electrodes are placed on the client's scalp, but there are no electroshocks or any type of discomfort.

79. The nurse researcher is working with clients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which is an example of an experimental therapy? 1. Sterotactic pallidotomy/thalamotomy. 2. Dopamine receptor agonist medication. 3. Physical therapy for muscle strengthening. 4. Fetal tissue transplantation.

4. Fetal tissue transplantation. 4. Fetal tissue transplantation has shown some success in PD, but it is an experimental and highly controversial procedure. 1. A stereotactic pallidotomy and/or thalamotomy are surgeries that use CT or MRI scans to localize specific areas of the brain in which to produce lesions in groups of brain cells through electrical stimulation or thermocoagulation. These procedures are done when medication has failed to control tremors. 2. Dopamine receptor agonists are medications that activate the dopamine receptors in the striatum of the brain. 3. Physical therapy is a standard therapy used to improve the quality of life for clients diagnosed with PD.

55. The client diagnosed with a brain tumor was admitted to the intensive care unit with decorticate posturing. Which indicates that the client's condition is becoming worse? 1. The client has purposeful movement with painful stimuli. 2. The client has assumed adduction of the upper extremities. 3. The client is aimlessly thrashing in the bed. 4. The client has become flaccid and does not respond to stimuli.

4. The client has become flaccid and does not respond to stimuli. 4. The most severe neurological impairment result is flaccidity and no response to stimuli. This indicates that the client's condition has worsened. 1. Purposeful movement following painful stimuli would indicate an improvement in the client's condition. 2. Adducting the upper extremities while internally rotating the lower extremities is decorticate positioning and would indicate that the client's condition had not changed. 3. Aimless thrashing would indicate an improvement in the client's condition.

Increase in Brain (cerebral edema)

Accumulation of fluid in intra/extracellular space Swelling, tumors (brain cells that grow amuck) Usually seen in TBI

ICP - Cushing's Triad IF NO INTERVENTION

Bradycardia, hypertension, bradypnea Ischemia and infraction occurs and brain may herniate (BP goes way down FAST and brain death occurs = brain death

Not a disorder but a symptom

Can be caused by neurologic - stroke or head injury Toxicologic - OD on drugs or alcohol Metabolic - DKA or renal/hepatic issues

ICP - cerebral response

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure = MAP - ICP MUST be >50 or brain is not being perfused (normal 70-100) MAP is somewhere between systolic and diastolic, but more towards diastolic

POTENTIAL Complications from Altered LOC

Immobility - pressure ulcers, DVT, decreased peristalsis

ICP - Cushing's Response REQUIRES IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION

Increased SYSTOLIC BP, diastolic may be the same or decrease Widened pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic pressure Cardiac slowing (decreased HR)

POTENTIAL Complications from Altered LOC

Musculoskeletal - atrophy, foot drop TX - Trochanter roll under feet Passive ROM

Altered LOC

Not oriented pt does not follow commands Needs persistent stimuli to stay alert Talk to them to keep them alert

Coma

Pt unaware of self or environment for prolonged periods

POTENTIAL Complications from Altered LOC

Respiratory function and aspiration - decreased respirations, loss of respiratory drive, brain does not realize airway not open TX - in recovery from surgery, airway needs to be kept open because of anesthesia... Until it wears off Ventilation Always worry about pneumonia if pt is comatose NG Tube OR PEG tube if peristalsis is present TPN if no peristalsis

43. The client is prescribed phenytoin (Dilantin), an anticonvulsant, for a seizure disorder. Which statement indicates the client understands the discharge teaching concerning this medication? 1. "I will brush my teeth after every meal." 2. "I will check my Dilantin level daily." 3. "My urine will turn orange while on Dilantin." 4. "I won't have any seizures while on this medication."

1. "I will brush my teeth after every meal." 1. Thorough oral hygiene after each meal, gum massage, daily flossing, and regular dental care are essential to prevent or control gingival hyperplasia, which is a common occurrence in clients taking Dilantin. 2. A serum (venipuncture) Dilantin level is checked monthly at first and then, after a therapeutic level is attained, every six (6) months. 3. Dilantin does not turn the urine orange. 4. The use of Dilantin does not ensure that the client will not have any seizures, and in some instances, the dosage may need to be adjusted or another medication may need to be used.

47. The nurse asks the male client with epilepsy if he has auras with his seizures. The client says, "I don't know what you mean. What are auras?" Which statement by the nurse would be the best response? 1. "Some people have a warning that the seizure is about to start." 2. "Auras occur when you are physically and psychologically exhausted." 3. "You're concerned that you do not have auras before your seizures?" 4. "Auras usually cause you to be sleepy after you have a seizure."

1. "Some people have a warning that the seizure is about to start." 1. An aura is a visual, auditory, or olfactory occurrence that takes place prior to a seizure and warns the client a seizure is about to occur. The aura often allows time for the client to lie down on the floor or find a safe place to have the seizure. 2. An aura is not dependent on the client being physically or psychologically exhausted. 3. This is a therapeutic response, reflecting feelings, which is not an appropriate response when answering a client's question. 4. Sleepiness after a seizure is very common, but the aura does not itself cause the sleepiness.

3. Which client would the nurse identify as being most at risk for experiencing a CVA? 1. A 55-year-old African American male. 2. An 84-year-old Japanese female. 3. A 67-year-old Caucasian male. 4. A 39-year-old pregnant female.

1. A 55-year-old African American male. 1. African Americans have twice the rate of CVAs as Caucasians and men have a higher incidence than women; African Americans suffer more extensive damage from a CVA than do people of other cultural groups. 2. Females are less likely to have a CVA than males, but advanced age does increase the risk for CVA. The Oriental population has a lower risk, possibly as a result of their relatively high intake of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants found in fish. 3. Caucasians have a lower risk of CVA than do African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Pacific Islanders. 4. Pregnancy is a minimal risk for having a CVA.

12. A client diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage has undergone a craniotomy for repair of a ruptured aneurysm. Which intervention will the intensive care nurse implement? 1. Administer a stool softener b.i.d. 2. Encourage the client to cough hourly. 3. Monitor neurological status every shift. 4. Maintain the dopamine drip to keep BP at 160/90.

1. Administer a stool softener b.i.d. 1. The client is at risk for increased intracranial pressure whenever performing the Valsalva maneuver, which will occur when straining during defecation. Therefore, stool softeners would be appropriate. 2. Coughing increases intracranial pressure and is discouraged for any client who has had a craniotomy. The client is encouraged to turn and breathe deeply, but not to cough. 3. Monitoring the neurological status is appropriate for this client, but it should be done much more frequently than every shift. 4. Dopamine is used to increase blood pressure or to maintain renal perfusion, and a BP of 160/90 is too high for this client.

71. The client diagnosed with septic meningitis is admitted to the medical floor at noon. Which health-care provider's order would have the highest priority? 1. Administer an intravenous antibiotic. 2. Obtain the client's lunch tray. 3. Provide a quiet, calm, and dark room. 4. Weigh the client in hospital attire.

1. Administer an intravenous antibiotic. 1. The antibiotic has the highest priority because failure to treat a bacterial infection can result in shock, systemic sepsis, and death. 2. The lunch tray is important and may actually arrive prior to the antibiotic, but the priority for the nurse must be the medication. 3. The client's room should be kept dark because of photophobia, but photophobia is a symptom that is not life threatening. 4. Knowledge of the client's weight is necessary, but initial antibiotic therapy can be initiated without knowing the client's admission weight.

68. The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with meningitis. Which collaborative intervention should be included in the plan of care? 1. Administer antibiotics. 2. Obtain a sputum culture. 3. Monitor the pulse oximeter. 4. Assess intake and output.

1. Administer antibiotics. 1. A nurse administering antibiotics is a collaborative intervention because the HCP must write an order for the intervention; nurses cannot prescribe medications unless they have additional education and licensure and are nurse practitioners with prescriptive authority. 2. The nurse needs an order to send a culture to the laboratory for payment purposes, but the nurse can obtain a specimen without an order. A sputum specimen is not appropriate for meningitis. 3. A pulse oximeter measures the amount of oxygen in the periphery and does not require an HCP to order. 4. Intake and output are independent nursing interventions and do not require an HCP's order.

7. The client diagnosed with atrial fibrillation has experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Which medication would the nurse anticipate being ordered for the client on discharge? 1. An oral anticoagulant medication. 2. A beta blocker medication. 3. An anti-hyperuricemic medication. 4. A thrombolytic medication.

1. An oral anticoagulant medication. 1. The nurse would anticipate an oral anticoagulant, warfarin (Coumadin), to be prescribed to help prevent thrombi formation in the atria secondary to atrial fibrillation. The thrombi can become embolic and may cause a TIA or CVA (stroke). 2. Beta blockers slow the heart rate and decrease blood pressure but would not be an anticipated medication to help prevent a TIA secondary to atrial fibrillation. 3. An anti-hyperuricemic medication is administered for a client experiencing gout and decreases the formation of tophi. 4. A thrombolytic medication is administered to dissolve a clot, and it may be ordered during the initial presentation for a client with a CVA, but not on discharge.

HEAD INJURIES 13. The client diagnosed with a mild concussion is being discharged from the emergency department. Which discharge instruction should the nurse teach the client's significant other? 1. Awaken the client every two (2) hours. 2. Monitor for increased intracranial pressure. 3. Observe frequently for hypervigilance. 4. Offer the client food every three (3) to four (4) hours.

1. Awaken the client every two (2) hours. 1. Awakening the client every two (2) hours allows the identification of headache, dizziness, lethargy, irritability, and anxiety—all signs of postconcussion syndrome—that would warrant the significant other's taking the client back to the emergency department. 2. The nurse should monitor for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), but a layman, the significant other, would not know what these signs and medical terms mean. 3. Hypervigilance, increased alertness and super-awareness of the surroundings, is a sign of amphetamine or cocaine abuse, but it would not be expected in a client with a head injury. 4. The client can eat food as tolerated, but feeding the client every three (3) to four (4) hours does not affect the development of postconcussion syndrome, the signs of which are what should be taught to the significant other.

38. The occupational health nurse is concerned about preventing occupation-related acquired seizures. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Ensure that helmets are worn in appropriate areas. 2. Implement daily exercise programs for the staff. 3. Provide healthy foods in the cafeteria. 4. Encourage employees to wear safety glasses.

1. Ensure that helmets are worn in appropriate areas. 1. Head injury is one of the main reasons for epilepsy that can be prevented through occupational safety precautions and highway safety programs. 2. Sedentary lifestyle is not a cause of epilepsy. 3. Dietary concerns are not a cause of epilepsy. 4. Safety glasses will help prevent eye injuries, but such injuries are not a cause of epilepsy.

76. The nurse and the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are caring for clients on a medical-surgical unit. Which task should not be assigned to the UAP? 1. Feed the 69-year-old client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease who is having difficulty swallowing. 2. Turn and position the 89-year-old client diagnosed with a pressure ulcer secondary to Parkinson's disease. 3. Assist the 54-year-old client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease with toilet-training activities. 4. Obtain vital signs on a 72-year-old client diagnosed with pneumonia secondary to Parkinson's disease.

1. Feed the 69-year-old client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease who is having difficulty swallowing. 1. The nurse should not delegate feeding a client who is at risk for complications during feeding. This requires judgment that the UAP is not expected to possess. 2. Unlicensed assistive personnel can turn and position clients with pressure ulcers. The nurse should assist in this at least once during the shift to assess the wound area. 3. The UAP can assist the client to the bathroom every two (2) hours and document the results of the attempt. 4. The UAP can obtain the vital signs on a stable client.

45. The client has been newly diagnosed with epilepsy. Which discharge instructions should be taught to the client? Select all that apply. 1. Keep a record of seizure activity. 2. Take tub baths only; do not take showers. 3. Avoid over-the-counter medications. 4. Have anticonvulsant medication serum levels checked regularly. 5. Do not drive alone; have someone in the car.

1. Keep a record of seizure activity. 3. Avoid over-the-counter medications. 4. Have anticonvulsant medication serum levels checked regularly. 1. Keeping a seizure and medication chart will be helpful when keeping follow-up appointments with the health-care provider and in identifying activities that may trigger a seizure. 3. Over-the-counter medications may contain ingredients that will interact with antiseizure medications or, in some cases, as with use of stimulants, possibly cause a seizure. 4. Most of the anticonvulsant medications have therapeutic serum levels that should be maintained, and regular checks of the serum levels help to ensure the correct level. 2. The client should take showers, rather than tub baths, to avoid drowning if a seizure occurs. The nurse should also instruct the client never to swim alone. 5. A newly diagnosed client would have just been put on medication, which may cause drowsiness. Therefore, the client should avoid activities that require alertness and coordination and should not be driving at all until after the effects of the medication have been evaluated.

40. The nurse enters the room as the client is beginning to have a tonic-clonic seizure. What action should the nurse implement first? 1. Note the first thing the client does in the seizure. 2. Assess the size of the client's pupils. 3. Determine if the client is incontinent of urine or stool. 4. Provide the client with privacy during the seizure.

1. Note the first thing the client does in the seizure. 1. Noticing the first thing the client does during a seizure provides information and clues as to the location of the seizure in the brain. It is important to document whether the beginning of the seizure was observed. 2. Assessment is important, but during the seizure the nurse should not attempt to restrain the head to assess the eyes; muscle contractions are strong, and restraining the client could cause injury. 3. This should be done, but it is not the first intervention when walking into a room where the client is beginning to have a seizure. 4. The client should be protected from onlookers, but the nurse should always address the client first.

67. The nurse is preparing a client diagnosed with rule-out meningitis for a lumbar puncture. Which interventions should the nurse implement? Select all that apply. 1. Obtain an informed consent from the client or significant other. 2. Have the client empty the bladder prior to the procedure. 3. Place the client in a side-lying position with the back arched. 4. Instruct the client to breathe rapidly and deeply during the procedure. 5. Explain to the client what to expect during the procedure.

1. Obtain an informed consent from the client or significant other. 2. Have the client empty the bladder prior to the procedure. 3. Place the client in a side-lying position with the back arched. 5. Explain to the client what to expect during the procedure. 1. A lumbar puncture is an invasive procedure; therefore, an informed consent is required. 2. This could be offered for client comfort during the procedure. 3. This position increases the space between the vertebrae, which allows the HCP easier entry into the spinal column. 5. The nurse should always explain to the client what is happening prior to and during a procedure. 4. The client is encouraged to relax and breathe normally; hyperventilation may lower an elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

4. The client diagnosed with a right-sided cerebrovascular accident is admitted to the rehabilitation unit. Which interventions should be included in the nursing care plan? Select all that apply. 1. Position the client to prevent shoulder adduction. 2. Turn and reposition the client every shift. 3. Encourage the client to move the affected side. 4. Perform quadriceps exercises three (3) times a day. 5. Instruct the client to hold the fingers in a fist.

1. Position the client to prevent shoulder adduction. 3. Encourage the client to move the affected side. 1. Placing a small pillow under the shoulder will prevent the shoulder from adducting toward the chest and developing a contracture. 3. The client should not ignore the paralyzed side, and the nurse must encourage the client to move it as much as possible; a written schedule may assist the client in exercising. 2. The client should be repositioned at least every two (2) hours to prevent contractures, pneumonia, skin breakdown, and other complications of immobility. 4. These exercises are recommended, but they must be done at least five (5) times a day for 10 minutes to help strengthen the muscles for walking. 5. The fingers are positioned so that they are barely flexed to help prevent contracture of the hand.

23. The client is diagnosed with a closed head injury and is in a coma. The nurse writes the client problem as "high risk for immobility complications." Which intervention would be included in the plan of care? 1. Position the client with the head of the bed elevated at intervals. 2. Perform active range-of-motion exercises every four (4) hours. 3. Turn the client every shift and massage bony prominences. 4. Explain all procedures to the client before performing them.

1. Position the client with the head of the bed elevated at intervals. 1. The head of the client's bed should be elevated to help the lungs expand and prevent stasis of secretions that could lead to pneumonia, a complication of immobility. 2. Active range-of-motion exercises require that the client participate in the activity. This is not possible because the client is in a coma. 3. The client is at risk for pressure ulcers and should be turned more frequently than every shift, and research now shows that massaging bony prominences can increase the risk for tissue breakdown. 4. The nurse should always talk to the client, even if he or she is in a coma, but this will

86. The chief executive officer (CEO) of a large manufacturing plant presents to the occupational health clinic with chronic rhinitis and requesting medication. On inspection, the nurse notices holes in the septum that separates the nasal passages. The nurse also notes dilated pupils and tachycardia. The facility has a "No Drug" policy. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Prepare to complete a drug screen urine test. 2. Discuss the client's use of illegal drugs. 3. Notify the client's supervisor about the situation. 4. Give the client an antihistamine and say nothing.

1. Prepare to complete a drug screen urine test. 1. No employee of a facility is above certain rules. In a company with a "No Drugs" policy, this includes the CEO. This client is exhibiting symptoms of cocaine abuse. 2. The nurse does not have a definitive knowledge that the client is using drugs until a positive drug screen result is obtained. If the nurse is not a trained substance abuse counselor, this intervention would be out of the realm of the nurse's expertise. 3. The client is the CEO of the facility; only the board of directors or parent company is above this client in supervisory rank. 4. Giving an antihistamine is prescribing without a license, and the nurse is obligated to intervene in this situation.

19. The client diagnosed with a gunshot wound to the head assumes decorticate posturing when the nurse applies painful stimuli. Which assessment data obtained three (3) hours later would indicate the client is improving? 1. Purposeless movement in response to painful stimuli. 2. Flaccid paralysis in all four extremities. 3. Decerebrate posturing when painful stimuli are applied. 4. Pupils that are 6 mm in size and nonreactive on painful stimuli.

1. Purposeless movement in response to painful stimuli. 1. Purposeless movement indicates that the client's cerebral edema is decreasing. The best motor response is purposeful movement, but purposeless movement indicates an improvement over decorticate movement, which, in turn, is an improvement over decerebrate movement or flaccidity. 2. Flaccidity would indicate a worsening of the client's condition. 3. Decerebrate posturing would indicate a worsening of the client's condition. 4. The eyes respond to light, not painful stimuli, but a 6-mm nonreactive pupil indicates severe neurological deficit.

64. The nurse is assessing the client diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis. Which assessment data would warrant notifying the HCP? 1. Purpuric lesions on the face. 2. Complaints of light hurting the eyes. 3. Dull, aching, frontal headache. 4. Not remembering the day of the week.

1. Purpuric lesions on the face. 1. In clients with meningococcal meningitis, purpuric lesions over the face and extremity are the signs of a fulminating infection that can lead to death within a few hours. 2. Photophobia is a common clinical manifestation of all types of meningitis and would be expected. 3. Inflammation of the meninges results in increased intracranial pressure, which causes a headache. This would be an expected occurrence and would not warrant notifying the HCP. 4. A client not being able to identify the day of the week would not in itself warrant notifying the HCP.

60. The client is being discharged following a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which discharge instructions should the nurse teach the client? Select all that apply. 1. Sleep with the head of the bed elevated. 2. Keep a humidifier in the room. 3. Use caution when performing oral care. 4. Stay on a full liquid diet until seen by the HCP. 5. Notify the HCP if developing a cold or fever.

1. Sleep with the head of the bed elevated. 2. Keep a humidifier in the room. 3. Use caution when performing oral care. 5. Notify the HCP if developing a cold or fever. 1. The client should sleep with the head of the bed elevated to promote drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid. 2. Humidified air will prevent drying of the nasal passages. 3. Because the incision for this surgery is just above the gumline, the client should not brush the front teeth. Oral care should be performed using a sponge until the incision has healed. 5. The HCP should be notified if the client develops an infection of any kind. A cold with sinus involvement and sneezing places the client at risk for opening the incision and developing a brain infection. 4. The client can eat a regular diet.

53. The significant other of a client diagnosed with a brain tumor asks the nurse for help identifying resources. Which would be the most appropriate referral for the nurse to make? 1. Social worker. 2. Chaplain. 3. Health-care provider. 4. Occupational therapist.

1. Social worker. 1. A social worker is qualified to assist the client with referrals to any agency or personnel that is needed. 2. The chaplain should be referred if spiritual guidance is required, but the stem did not specify this need. 3. The HCP also can refer to the social worker, but the nurse can make this referral independently. 4. The occupational therapist assists with cognitive functioning, activities of daily living (ADLs), and modification of the home, but the stem did not define these needs.

77. The charge nurse is making assignments. Which client should be assigned to the new graduate nurse? 1. The client diagnosed with aseptic meningitis who is complaining of a headache and the light bothering his eyes. 2. The client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease who fell during the night and is complaining of difficulty walking. 3. The client diagnosed with a cerebrovascular accident whose vitals signs are P 60, R 14, and BP 198/68. 4. The client diagnosed with a brain tumor who has a new complaint of seeing spots before the eyes.

1. The client diagnosed with aseptic meningitis who is complaining of a headache and the light bothering his eyes. 1. Headache and photophobia are expected clinical manifestations of meningitis. The new graduate could care for this client. 2. This client has had an unusual occurrence (fall) and now has a potential complication (a fracture). The experienced nurse should take care of this client. 3. These vital signs indicate increased intracranial pressure. The more experienced nurse should care for this client. 4. This could indicate a worsening of the tumor. This client is at risk for seizures and herniation of the brainstem. The more experienced nurse should care for this client.

91. The client diagnosed with delirium tremens when trying to quit drinking cold turkey is admitted to the medical unit. Which medications would the nurse anticipate administering? 1. Thiamine (vitamin B6 ) and librium, a benzodiazepine. 2. Dilantin, an anticonvulsant, and Feosol, an iron preparation. 3. Methadone, a synthetic narcotic, and Depakote, a mood stabilizer. 4. Mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, and Ritalin, a stimulant.

1. Thiamine (vitamin B6 ) and librium, a benzodiazepine. 1. Thiamine is given in high doses to decrease the rebound effect on the nervous system as it adjusts to the absence of alcohol, and a benzodiazepine is given in high doses and titrated down over several days for the tranquilizing effect to prevent delirium tremens. 2. The client may have seizures, but valium would control this. The client does not need a long-term anticonvulsant medication (Dilantin), and it is not known that the client needs an iron preparation (Feosol). The vitamin deficiency associated with delirium tremens is lack of thiamine, not iron. 3. Methadone is used for withdrawing clients from heroin, and Depakote can be used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder or as an anticonvulsant. 4. The client does not need a diuretic, and a stimulant would produce an effect opposite to what is desired.

Altered LOC

1ST SIGN OF TROUBLE - restless and anxious Pupils may be sluggish or fixed PERFORM COMPLETE NEURO ASSESSMENT ASAP

95. The client diagnosed with substance abuse is being discharged from a drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility. Which information should the nurse teach the client? 1. "Do not go anyplace where you can be tempted to use again." 2. "It is important that you attend a 12-step meeting regularly." 3. "Now that you are clean, your family will be willing to see you again." 4. "You should explain to all your coworkers what has happened."

2. "It is important that you attend a 12-step meeting regularly." 2. The client will require a follow-up program such as 12-step meetings if the client is not to relapse. 1. This is unrealistic. Most restaurants serve some form of alcoholic beverage. It is good advice for the client to try to avoid situations that provide the temptation to use drugs or alcohol again. 3. The nurse does not know that this is true. 4. The client should discuss the history with the people the client chooses.

51. The male client diagnosed with a brain tumor is scheduled for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in the morning. The client tells the nurse that he is scared. Which response by the nurse indicates an appropriate therapeutic response? 1. "MRIs are loud but there will not be any invasive procedure done." 2. "You're scared. Tell me about what is scaring you." 3. "This is the least thing to be scared about—there will be worse." 4. "I can call the MRI tech to come and talk to you about the scan."

2. "You're scared. Tell me about what is scaring you." 2. This is restating and offering self. Both are therapeutic responses. 1. This is providing information and is not completely factual. MRIs are loud, but frequently the client will require an IV access (an invasive procedure) to be started for a contrast medium to be injected. 3. This statement is belittling the client's feeling. 4. This is not dealing with the client's concerns and is passing the buck. The nurse should explore the client's feeling to determine what is concerning the client. The MRI may or may not be the problem. The client may be afraid of the results of the MRI.

14. The resident in a long-term care facility fell during the previous shift and has a laceration in the occipital area that has been closed with Steri-Strips. Which signs/ symptoms would warrant transferring the resident to the emergency department? 1. A 4-cm area of bright red drainage on the dressing. 2. A weak pulse, shallow respirations, and cool pale skin. 3. Pupils that are equal, react to light, and accommodate. 4. Complaints of a headache that resolves with medication.

2. A weak pulse, shallow respirations, and cool pale skin. 2. These signs/symptoms—weak pulse, shallow respirations, cool pale skin—indicate increased intracranial pressure from cerebral edema secondary to the fall, and they require immediate attention. 1. The scalp is a very vascular area and a moderate amount of bleeding would be expected. 3. This is a normal pupillary response and would not warrant intervention. 4. A headache that resolves with medication is not an emergency situation, and the nurse would expect the client to have a headache after the fall; a headache not relieved with Tylenol would warrant further investigation.

20. The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with an epidural hematoma. Which nursing interventions should the nurse implement? Select all that apply. 1. Maintain the head of the bed at 60 degrees of elevation. 2. Administer stool softeners daily. 3. Ensure that pulse oximeter reading is higher than 93%. 4. Perform deep nasal suction every two (2) hours. 5. Administer mild sedatives.

2. Administer stool softeners daily. 3. Ensure that pulse oximeter reading is higher than 93%. 5. Administer mild sedatives. 2. Stool softeners are initiated to prevent the Valsalva maneuver, which increases intracranial pressure. 3. Oxygen saturation higher than 93% ensures oxygenation of the brain tissues; decreasing oxygen levels increase cerebral edema. 5. Mild sedatives will reduce the client's agitation; strong narcotics would not be administered because they decrease the client's level of consciousness. 1. The head of the bed should be elevated no more than 30 degrees to help decrease cerebral edema by gravity. 4. Noxious stimuli, such as suctioning, increase intracranial pressure and should be avoided.

18. The client diagnosed with a closed head injury is admitted to the rehabilitation department. Which medication order would the nurse question? 1. A subcutaneous anticoagulant. 2. An intravenous osmotic diuretic. 3. An oral anticonvulsant. 4. An oral proton pump inhibitor.

2. An intravenous osmotic diuretic. 2. An osmotic diuretic would be ordered in the acute phase to help decrease cerebral edema, but this medication would not be expected to be ordered in a rehabilitation unit. 1. The client in rehabilitation is at risk for the development of deep vein thrombosis; therefore, this is an appropriate medication. 3. Clients with head injuries are at risk for post-traumatic seizures; thus an oral anticonvulsant would be administered for seizure prophylaxis. 4. The client is at risk for a stress ulcer; therefore, an oral proton pump inhibitor would be an appropriate medication.

73. The client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) is being admitted with a fever and patchy infiltrates in the lung fields on the chest x-ray. Which clinical manifestations of PD would explain these assessment data? 1. Masklike facies and shuffling gait. 2. Difficulty swallowing and immobility. 3. Pill rolling of fingers and flat affect. 4. Lack of arm swing and bradykinesia.

2. Difficulty swallowing and immobility. 2. Difficulty swallowing places the client at risk for aspiration. Immobility predisposes the client to pneumonia. Both clinical manifestations place the client at risk for pulmonary complications. 1. Masklike facies is responsible for lack of expression and is part of the motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease but is not related to the symptoms listed. Shuffling is also a motor deficit and does pose a risk for falling, but fever and patchy infiltrates on a chest x-ray do not result from a gait problem. They are manifestations of a pulmonary complication. 3. Pill rolling of fingers and flat affect do not have an impact on the development of pulmonary complications. 4. Arm swing and bradykinesia are motor deficits.

BRAIN TUMORS 49. The client is being admitted to rule out a brain tumor. Which classic triad of symptoms supports a diagnosis of brain tumor? 1. Nervousness, metastasis to the lungs, and seizures. 2. Headache, vomiting, and papilledema. 3. Hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea. 4. Abrupt loss of motor function, diarrhea, and changes in taste.

2. Headache, vomiting, and papilledema. 2. The classic triad of symptoms suggesting a brain tumor includes a headache that is dull, unrelenting, and worse in the morning; vomiting unrelated to food intake; and edema of the optic nerve (papilledema), which occurs in 70% to 75% of clients diagnosed with brain tumors. Papilledema causes visual disturbances such as decreased visual acuity and diplopia. 1. Nervousness is not a symptom of a brain tumor, and brain tumors rarely metastasize outside of the cranium. Brain tumors kill by occupying space and increasing intracranial pressure. Although seizures are not uncommon with brain tumors, seizures are not part of the classic triad of symptoms. 3. Hypertension and bradycardia, not hypotension and tachycardia, occur with increased intracranial pressure resulting from pressure on the cerebrum. Tachypnea does not occur with brain tumors. 4. Abrupt loss of motor function occurs with a stroke; diarrhea does not occur with a brain tumor, and the client with a brain tumor does not experience a change in taste.

2. The nurse is assessing a client experiencing motor loss as a result of a left-sided cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Which clinical manifestations would the nurse document? 1. Hemiparesis of the client's left arm and apraxia. 2. Paralysis of the right side of the body and ataxia. 3. Homonymous hemianopsia and diplopia. 4. Impulsive behavior and hostility toward family.

2. Paralysis of the right side of the body and ataxia. 2. The most common motor dysfunction of a CVA is paralysis of one side of the body, hemiplegia; in this case with a left-sided CVA, the paralysis would affect the rightside. Ataxia is an impaired ability to coordinate movement. 1. A left-sided CVA will result in right-sided motor deficits; hemiparesis is weakness of one half of the body, not just the upper extremity. Apraxia, the inability to perform a previously learned task, is a communication loss, not a motor loss. 3. Homonymous hemianopsia (loss of half of the visual field of each eye) and diplopia (double vision) are visual field deficits that a client with a CVA may experience, but they are not motor losses. 4. Personality disorders occur in clients with a right-sided CVA and are cognitive deficits; hostility is an emotional deficit.

9. The client is diagnosed with expressive aphasia. Which psychosocial client problem would the nurse include in the plan of care? 1. Potential for injury. 2. Powerlessness. 3. Disturbed thought processes. 4. Sexual dysfunction.

2. Powerlessness. 2. Expressive aphasia means that the client cannot communicate thoughts but understands what is being communicated; this leads to frustration, anger, depression, and the inability to verbalize needs, which, in turn, causes the client to have a lack of control and feel powerless. 1. Potential for injury is a physiological problem, not a psychosocial problem. 3. A disturbance in thought processes is a cognitive problem; with expressive aphasia the client's thought processes are intact. 4. Sexual dysfunction can have a psychosocial component or a physical component, but it is not related to expressive aphasia.

62. The public health nurse is giving a lecture on potential outbreaks of infectious meningitis. Which population is most at risk for an outbreak? 1. Clients recently discharged from the hospital. 2. Residents of a college dormitory. 3. Individuals who visit a third world country. 4. Employees in a high-rise office building.

2. Residents of a college dormitory. 2. Outbreaks of infectious meningitis are most likely to occur in dense community groups such as college campuses, jails, and military installations. 1. Clients who have been hospitalized are weakened, but they are not at risk for contracting any type of meningitis. 3. Third world countries do not pose a risk factor for meningitis. They provide a risk for hepatitis or tuberculosis. 4. Employees in a high-rise building do not live together and they have their own space; therefore, they are not at risk for developing meningitis.

59. The client is diagnosed with a metastatic brain tumor, and radiation therapy is scheduled. The client asks the nurse, "Why not try chemotherapy first? It has helped my other tumors." The nurse's response is based on which scientific rationale? 1. Chemotherapy is only used as a last resort in caring for clients with brain tumors. 2. The blood-brain barrier prevents medications from reaching the brain. 3. Radiation therapy will have fewer side effects than chemotherapy. 4. Metastatic tumors become resistant to chemotherapy and it becomes useless.

2. The blood-brain barrier prevents medications from reaching the brain. 2. The blood-brain barrier is the body's defense mechanism for protecting the brain from chemical effects; in this case, it prevents the chemotherapy from being able to work on the tumor in the brain. 1. Chemotherapy is systemic therapy that is used extensively in the care of clients diagnosed with cancer. However, most drugs have difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier and are not useful in treating brain tumors unless delivered by direct placement into the spinal column or directly to the ventricles of the brain by a device called an Omaya reservoir. 3. Radiation has about the same amount of side effects as chemotherapy, but the effects of radiation tend to last for a much longer time. 4. Some tumors do become resistant to the chemotherapy agents used. When this happens, the oncologist switches to different drugs.

57. The client has undergone a craniotomy for a brain tumor. Which data indicate a complication of this surgery? 1. The client complains of a headache at "3" to "4" on a 1-to-10 scale. 2. The client has an intake of 1,000 mL and an output of 3,500 mL. 3. The client complains of a raspy sore throat. 4. The client experiences dizziness when trying to get up too quickly.

2. The client has an intake of 1,000 mL and an output of 3,500 mL. 2. An output much larger than the intake could indicate the development of diabetes insipidus. Pressure on the pituitary gland can result in decreased production of vasopressin, the antidiuretic hormone. 1. A headache after this surgery would be an expected occurrence, not a complication. 3. A raspy sore throat is common after surgery due to the placement of the endotracheal tube during anesthesia. 4. Dizziness on arising quickly is expected; the client should be taught to rise slowly and call for assistance for safety.

24. The 29-year-old client who was employed as a forklift operator sustains a traumatic brain injury secondary to a motor-vehicle accident. The client is being discharged from the rehabilitation unit after three (3) months and has cognitive deficits. Which goal would be most realistic for this client? 1. The client will return to work within six (6) months. 2. The client is able to focus and stay on task for 10 minutes. 3. The client will be able to dress self without assistance. 4. The client will regain bowel and bladder control.

2. The client is able to focus and stay on task for 10 minutes. 2."Cognitive" pertains to mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reasoning. Therefore, an appropriate goal would be for the client to stay on task for 10 minutes. 1. The client is at risk for seizures and does not process information appropriately. Allowing him to return to his occupation as a forklift operator is a safety risk for him and other employees. Vocational training may be required. 3. The client's ability to dress self addresses self-care problems, not a cognitive problem. 4. The client's ability to regain bowel and bladder control does not address cognitive deficits.

83. The nurse is conducting a support group for clients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and their significant others. Which information regarding psychosocial needs should be included in the discussion? 1. The client should discuss feelings about being placed on a ventilator. 2. The client may have rapid mood swings and become easily upset. 3. Pill-rolling tremors will become worse when the medication is wearing off. 4. The client may automatically start to repeat what another person says.

2. The client may have rapid mood swings and become easily upset. 2. These are psychosocial manifestations of PD. These should be discussed in the support meeting. 1. This is information that should be discussed when filling out an advance directive form. A ventilator is used to treat a physiological problem. 3. The reduction in the unintentional pill-rolling movement of the hands is controlled at times by the medication; this is a physiological problem. 4. Echolalia is a speech deficit in which the client automatically repeats the words or sentences of another person; this is a physiological problem.

66. The nurse is developing a plan of care for a client diagnosed with aseptic meningitis secondary to a brain tumor. Which nursing goal would be most appropriate for the client problem "altered cerebral tissue perfusion"? 1. The client will be able to complete activities of daily living. 2. The client will be protected from injury if seizure activity occurs. 3. The client will be afebrile for 48 hours prior to discharge. 4. The client will have elastic tissue turgor with ready recoil.

2. The client will be protected from injury if seizure activity occurs. 2. A client with a problem of altered cerebral tissue perfusion is at risk for seizure activity secondary to focal areas of cortical irritability; therefore, the client should be on seizure precautions. 1. This goal is not related to altered cerebral tissue perfusion, but it would be a goal for self-care deficit. 3. This would be an appropriate goal for the client who has a problem of infection. 4. This would be an appropriate goal for the client who has a problem of dehydration.

88. A 20-year-old female client who tried lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a teen tells the nurse that she has bad dreams that make her want to kill herself. Which is the explanation for this occurrence? 1. These occurrences are referred to as "holdover reactions" to the drug. 2. These are flashbacks to a time when the client had a "bad trip." 3. The drug is still in the client's body and causing these reactions. 4. The client is suicidal and should be on one-to-one precautions.

2. These are flashbacks to a time when the client had a "bad trip." 2. Flashback reactions occur after the use of hallucinogens in which the client relives a bad episode that occurred while using the drug. 1. These reactions are called "flashbacks." 3. The drug is gone from the body, but the mind-altering effects can occur at any time in the form of memory flashbacks. 4. The client stated that the dreams are causing her distress. She is asking for help with the dreams, not planning her suicide.

70. Which statement best describes the scientific rationale for alternating a nonnarcotic antipyretic and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) every two (2) hours to a female client diagnosed with bacterial meningitis? 1. This regimen helps to decrease the purulent exudate surrounding the meninges. 2. These medications will decrease intracranial pressure and brain metabolism. 3. These medications will increase the client's memory and orientation. 4. This will help prevent a yeast infection secondary to antibiotic therapy.

2. These medications will decrease intracranial pressure and brain metabolism. 2. Fever increases cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure. Therefore, measures are taken to reduce body temperature as soon as possible, and alternating Tylenol and Motrin would be appropriate. 1. Antibiotics would help decrease the bacterial infection in meningitis, which would cause the exudate. The drugs mentioned in the question would not. 3. A nonnarcotic antipyretic (Tylenol) and an NSAID (Motrin) will not address the client's memory or orientation. 4. These medications do not prevent or treat a yeast infection.

46. Which statement by the female client indicates that the client understands factors that may precipitate seizure activity? 1. "It is all right for me to drink coffee for breakfast." 2. "My menstrual cycle will not affect my seizure disorder." 3. "I am going to take a class in stress management." 4. "I should wear dark glasses when I am out in the sun."

3. "I am going to take a class in stress management." 3. Tension states, such as anxiety and frustration, induce seizures in some clients, so stress management may be helpful in preventing seizures. 1. The client with a seizure disorder should avoid stimulants, such as caffeine. 2. The onset of menstruation can cause seizure activity in the female client. 4. Bright flickering lights, television viewing, and some other photic (light) stimulation may cause seizures, but sunlight does not. Wearing dark glasses or covering one eye during potential seizure-stimulating activities may help prevent seizure.

80. The client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease is being discharged. Which statement made by the significant other indicates an understanding of the discharge instructions? 1. "All of my spouse's emotions will slow down now just like his body movements." 2. "My spouse may experience hallucinations until the medication starts working." 3. "I will schedule appointments late in the morning after his morning bath." 4. "It is fine if we don't follow a strict medication schedule on weekends."

3. "I will schedule appointments late in the morning after his morning bath." 3. Scheduling appointments late in the morning gives the client a chance to complete ADLs without pressure and allows the medications time to give the best benefits. 1. The emotions of a person diagnosed with PD are labile. The client has rapid mood swings and is easily upset. 2. Hallucinations are a sign that the client is experiencing drug toxicity. 4. The client should take the prescribed medications at the same time each day to provide a continuous drug level.

61. The wife of the client diagnosed with septic meningitis asks the nurse, "I am so scared. What is meningitis?" Which statement would be the most appropriate response by the nurse? 1. "There is bleeding into his brain causing irritation of the meninges." 2. "A virus has infected the brain and meninges, causing inflammation." 3. "This is a bacterial infection of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord." 4. "This is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by a mosquito bite."

3. "This is a bacterial infection of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord." 3. Septic meningitis refers to meningitis caused by bacteria; the most common form of bacterial meningitis is caused by the Neisseria meningitides bacteria. 1. This is a definition of aseptic meningitis, which refers to irritated meninges from viral or noninfectious sources. 2. This is another example of aseptic meningitis, which refers to irritated meninges from viral or noninfectious sources. 4. This is the explanation for encephalitis.

10. Which assessment data would indicate to the nurse that the client would be at risk for a hemorrhagic stroke? 1. A blood glucose level of 480 mg/dL. 2. A right-sided carotid bruit. 3. A blood pressure of 220/120 mm Hg. 4. The presence of bronchogenic carcinoma.

3. A blood pressure of 220/120 mm Hg. 3. Uncontrolled hypertension is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke, which is a ruptured blood vessel inside the cranium. 1. This glucose level is elevated and could predispose the client to ischemic neurological changes due to blood viscosity, but it is not a risk factor for a hemorrhagic stroke. 2. A carotid bruit predisposes the client to an embolic or ischemic stroke but not to a hemorrhagic stroke. 4. Cancer is not a precursor to developing a hemorrhagic stroke.

44. The client is admitted to the intensive care department (ICD) experiencing status epilepticus. Which collaborative intervention should the nurse anticipate? 1. Assess the client's neurological status every hour. 2. Monitor the client's heart rhythm via telemetry. 3. Administer an anticonvulsant medication by intravenous push. 4. Prepare to administer a glucocorticosteroid orally.

3. Administer an anticonvulsant medication by intravenous push. 3. Administering an anticonvulsant medication by intravenous push requires the nurse to have an order or confer with another member of the health-care team. 1. Assessment is an independent nursing action, not a collaborative one. 2. All clients in the ICD will be placed on telemetry, which does not require an order by another health-care provider or collaboration with one. 4. A glucocorticoid is a steroid and is not used to treat seizures.

74. The client diagnosed with PD is being discharged on carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet), an antiparkinsonian drug. Which statement is the scientific rationale for combining these medications? 1. There will be fewer side effects with this combination than with carbidopa alone. 2. Dopamine D requires the presence of both of these medications to work. 3. Carbidopa makes more levodopa available to the brain. 4. Carbidopa crosses the blood-brain barrier to treat Parkinson's disease.

3. Carbidopa makes more levodopa available to the brain. 3. Carbidopa enhances the effects of levodopa by inhibiting decarboxylase in the periphery, thereby making more levodopa available to the central nervous system. Sinemet is the most effective treatment for PD. 1. Carbidopa is never given alone. Carbidopa is given together with levodopa to help the levodopa cross the blood-brain barrier. 2. Levodopa is a form of dopamine given orally to clients diagnosed with PD. 4. Carbidopa does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

48. The nurse educator is presenting an in-service on seizures. Which disease process is the leading cause of seizures in the elderly? 1. Alzheimer's disease. 2. Parkinson's disease. 3. Cerebral vascular accident (stroke). 4. Brain atrophy due to aging.

3. Cerebral vascular accident (stroke). 3. A CVA (stroke) is the leading cause of seizures in the elderly; increased intracranial pressure associated with the stroke can lead to seizures. 1. Alzheimer's disease does not lead to seizures. 2. Parkinson's disease does not cause seizures. 4. Brain atrophy is not associated with seizures.

96. The nurse is working with clients and their families regarding substance abuse. Which statement is the scientific rationale for teaching the children new coping mechanisms? 1. The child needs to realize that the parent will be changing behaviors. 2. The child will need to point out to the parent when the parent is not coping. 3. Children tend to mimic behaviors of parents when faced with similar situations. 4. Children need to feel like they are a part of the parent's recovery.

3. Children tend to mimic behaviors of parents when faced with similar situations. 3. Most coping behaviors are learned from parents and guardians. Children of substance abusers tend to cope with life situations by becoming substance abusers unless taught healthy coping mechanisms. 1. The child will realize the changed behaviors when and if they happen. 2. This could cause problems between the parent and child. 4. Children can be a part of the parent's recovery, but this is not the rationale for teaching new coping mechanisms.

52. The client diagnosed with breast cancer has developed metastasis to the brain. Which prophylactic measure should the nurse implement? 1. Institute aspiration precautions. 2. Refer the client to Reach to Recovery. 3. Initiate seizure precautions. 4. Teach the client about mastectomy care.

3. Initiate seizure precautions. 3. The client diagnosed with metastatic lesions to the brain is at high risk for seizures. 1. There is nothing in the stem that indicates the client has a problem with swallowing, so aspiration precautions are not needed. 2. Reach to Recovery is an American Cancer Society-sponsored program for clients with breast cancer, but it is not prophylactic. 4. Teaching about mastectomy care is not prophylactic, and the stem did not indicate whether the client had a mastectomy.

82. Which is a common cognitive problem associated with Parkinson's disease? 1. Emotional lability. 2. Depression. 3. Memory deficits. 4. Paranoia.

3. Memory deficits. 3. Memory deficits are cognitive impairments. The client may also develop a dementia. 1. Emotional lability is a psychosocial problem, not a cognitive one. 2. Depression is a psychosocial problem. 4. Paranoia is a psychosocial problem.

92. The client is withdrawing from a heroin addiction. Which interventions should the nurse implement? Select all that apply. 1. Initiate seizure precautions. 2. Check vital signs every eight (8) hours. 3. Place the client in a quiet, calm atmosphere. 4. Have a consent form signed for HIV testing. 5. Provide the client with sterile needles.

3. Place the client in a quiet, calm atmosphere. 4. Have a consent form signed for HIV testing. 3. The client should be in an atmosphere where there is little stimulation. The client will be irritable and fearful. 4. Heroin is administered intravenously. Heroin addicts are at high risk for HIV as a result of shared needles and thus should be tested for HIV. 1. Chills, sweats, and gooseflesh occur with heroin withdrawal, but seizures do not usually occur, so seizure precautions are not necessary. 2. Vital signs should be taken more frequently, every two (2) to four (4) hours, depending on the client's condition. 5. The client is withdrawing from heroin, so providing needles is inappropriate. Providing sterile needles to IV drug users is controversial, but it attempts to decrease the incidence of HIV among drug users.

63. The nurse is assessing the client diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Which clinical manifestations would support the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? 1. Positive Babinski's sign and peripheral paresthesia. 2. Negative Chvostek's sign and facial tingling. 3. Positive Kernig's sign and nuchal rigidity. 4. Negative Trousseau's sign and nystagmus.

3. Positive Kernig's sign and nuchal rigidity. 3. A positive Kernig's sign (client unable to extend leg when lying flat) and nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) are signs of bacterial meningitis, occurring because the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal column are irritated. 1. Babinski's sign is used to assess brainstem activity, and paresthesia is tingling, which is not a clinical manifestation of bacterial meningitis. 2. Chvostek's sign is used to assess for hypocalcemia, and facial tingling is a sign of hypocalcemia. It is not used to assess for bacterial meningitis. 4. Trousseau's sign is used to assess for hypocalcemia, and nystagmus is abnormal eye movement. Neither of these is a clinical manifestation of bacterial meningitis.

89. The nurse observes a coworker acting erratically. The clients assigned to this coworker don't seem to get relief when pain medications are administered. Which action should the nurse take? 1. Try to help the coworker by confronting the coworker with the nurse's suspicions. 2. Tell the coworker that the nurse will give all narcotic medications from now on. 3. Report the nurse's suspicions to the nurse's supervisor or the facility's peer review. 4. Do nothing until the nurse can prove the coworker has been using drugs.

3. Report the nurse's suspicions to the nurse's supervisor or the facility's peer review. 3. The coworker's supervisor or peer review committee should be aware of the nurse's suspicions so that the suspicions can be investigated. This is a client safety and care concern. 1. The nurse is not the coworker's supervisor, and confronting the coworker about the suspicions could lead to problems if the nurse is not trained to deal with substance abusers. 2. This is circumventing the problem. The coworker will find another source of drugs if needed, and it is finding the coworker guilty without due process. 4. The nurse is obligated to report suspicious behavior to protect the clients the coworker is caring for.

CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENTS (CVA) 1. A 78-year-old client is admitted to the emergency department with numbness and weakness of the left arm and slurred speech. Which nursing intervention is priority? 1. Prepare to administer recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). 2. Discuss the precipitating factors that caused the symptoms. 3. Schedule for a STAT computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. 4. Notify the speech pathologist for an emergency consult.

3. Schedule for a STAT computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. 3. A CT scan will determine if the client is having a stroke or has a brain tumor or another neurological disorder. If a CVA is diagnosed, the CT scan can determine if it is a hemorrhagic or ischemic accident and guide treatment. 1. The drug rt-PA may be administered, but a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) must be verified by diagnostic tests prior to administering it. rt-PA helps dissolve a blood clot, and it may be administered if an ischemic CVA is verified; rt-PA is not given if the client is experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke. 2. Teaching is important to help prevent another CVA, but it is not the priority intervention on admission to the emergency department. Slurred speech indicates problems that may interfere with teaching. 4. The client may be referred for speech deficits and/or swallowing difficulty, but referrals are not priority in the emergency department.

21. The client with a closed head injury has clear fluid draining from the nose. Which action should the nurse implement first? 1. Notify the health-care provider immediately. 2. Prepare to administer an antihistamine. 3. Test the drainage for presence of glucose. 4. Place 2 × 2 gauze under the nose to collect drainage.

3. Test the drainage for presence of glucose. 3. The presence of glucose in drainage from the nose or ears indicates cerebrospinal fluid, and the HCP should be notified immediately once this is determined. 1. Prior to notifying the HCP, the nurse should always make sure that all the needed assessment information is available to discuss with the HCP. 2. With head injuries, any clear drainage may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak; the nurse should not assume the drainage is secondary to allergies and administer an antihistamine. 4. This would be appropriate, but it is not the first intervention. The nurse must determine where the fluid is coming from.

15. The nurse is caring for the following clients. Which client would the nurse assess first after receiving the shift report? 1. The 22-year-old male client diagnosed with a concussion who is complaining someone is waking him up every two (2) hours. 2. The 36-year-old female client admitted with complaints of left-sided weakness who is scheduled for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. 3. The 45-year-old client admitted with blunt trauma to the head after a motorcycle accident who has a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6. 4. The 62-year-old client diagnosed with a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) who has expressive aphasia.

3. The 45-year-old client admitted with blunt trauma to the head after a motorcycle accident who has a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6. 3. The cold caloric test, also called the oculovestibular test, is a test used to determine if the brain is intact or dead. No eye activity indicates brain death. If the client's eyes moved, that would indicate that the brainstem is intact. 1. A client with a head injury must be awakened every two (2) hours to determine alertness; decreasing level of consciousness is the first indicator of increased intracranial pressure. 2. A diagnostic test, MRI, would be an expected test for a client with left-sided weakness and would not require immediate attention. 4. Decorticate posturing after painful stimuli are applied indicates that the brainstem is intact; flaccid paralysis is the worse neurological response when assessing a client with a head injury.

84. The nurse is caring for clients on a medical-surgical floor. Which client should be assessed first? 1. The 65-year-old client diagnosed with seizures who is complaining of a headache that is a "2" on a 1-to-10 scale. 2. The 24-year-old client diagnosed with a T10 spinal cord injury who cannot move his toes. 3. The 58-year-old client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease who is crying and worried about her facial appearance. 4. The 62-year-old client diagnosed with a cerebrovascular accident who has a resolving left hemiparesis. Substance Abuse

3. The 58-year-old client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease who is crying and worried about her facial appearance. 3. Body image is a concern for clients diagnosed with PD. This client is the one client who is not experiencing expected sequelae of the disease. 1. A headache of "2" on a 1-to-10 scale is a mild headache. 2. A spinal cord injury at T10 involves deficits at approximately the waist area. Inability to move the toes would be expected. 4. This client is getting better; "resolving" indicates an improvement in the client's clinical manifestations.

6. The nurse and an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are caring for a client with right-sided paralysis. Which action by the UAP requires the nurse to intervene? 1. The assistant places a gait belt around the client's waist prior to ambulating. 2. The assistant places the client on the back with the client's head to the side. 4. The assistant praises the client for attempting to perform ADLs independently.

3. The assistant places a hand under the client's right axilla to move up in bed. 3. This action is inappropriate and would require intervention by the nurse because pulling on a flaccid shoulder joint could cause shoulder dislocation; the client should be pulled up by placing the arm underneath the back or using a lift sheet. 1. Placing a gait belt prior to ambulating is an appropriate action for safety and would not require the nurse to intervene. 2. Placing the client in a supine position with the head turned to the side is not a problem position, so the nurse does not need to intervene. 4. The client should be encouraged and praised for attempting to perform any activities independently, such as combing hair or brushing teeth.

56. The client is diagnosed with a pituitary tumor and is scheduled for a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which preoperative instruction is important for the nurse to teach? 1. There will be a large turban dressing around the skull after surgery. 2. The client will not be able to eat for four (4) or five (5) days postop. 3. The client should not blow the nose for two (2) weeks after surgery. 4. The client will have to lie flat for 24 hours following the surgery.

3. The client should not blow the nose for two (2) weeks after surgery. 3. Blowing the nose creates increased intracranial pressure and could result in a cerebrospinal fluid leak. 1. A transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is done by an incision above the gumline and through the sinuses to reach the sella turcica, where the pituitary is located. 2. The client will be given regular food when awake and able to tolerate food. 4. The client will return from surgery with the head of the bed elevated to about 30 degrees; this allows for gravity to assist in draining the cerebrospinal fluid.

54. The nurse has written a care plan for a client diagnosed with a brain tumor. Which is an important goal regarding self-care deficit? 1. The client will maintain body weight within two (2) pounds. 2. The client will execute an advance directive. 3. The client will be able to perform three (3) ADLs with assistance. 4. The client will verbalize feeling of loss by the end of the shift.

3. The client will be able to perform three (3) ADLs with assistance. 3. Performing activities of daily living is a goal for self-care deficit. 1. Maintaining weight is a nutritional goal. 2. Completing an advance directive is an end-of-life or psychosocial goal. 4. Verbalizing feelings is a psychosocial goal.

16. The client has sustained a severe closed head injury and the neurosurgeon is determining if the client is "brain dead." Which data support that the client is brain dead? 1. When the client's head is turned to the right, the eyes turn to the right. 2. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has identifiable waveforms. 3. There is no eye activity when the cold caloric test is performed. 4. The client assumes decorticate posturing when painful stimuli are applied.

3. There is no eye activity when the cold caloric test is performed. 3. The cold caloric test, also called the oculovestibular test, is a test used to determine if the brain is intact or dead. No eye activity indicates brain death. If the client's eyes moved, that would indicate that the brainstem is intact. 1. This is an oculocephalic test (doll's eye movement) that determines brain activity. If the eyes move with the head, it means the brainstem is intact and there is no brain death. 2. Waveforms on the EEG indicate that there is brain activity. 4. Decorticate posturing after painful stimuli are applied indicates that the brainstem is intact; flaccid paralysis is the worse neurological response when assessing a client with a head injury.

41. The client who just had a three (3)-minute seizure has no apparent injuries and is oriented to name, place, and time but is very lethargic and just wants to sleep. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Perform a complete neurological assessment. 2. Awaken the client every 30 minutes. 3. Turn the client to the side and allow the client to sleep. 4. Interview the client to find out what caused the seizure.

3. Turn the client to the side and allow the client to sleep. 3. During the postictal (after-seizure) phase, the client is very tired and should be allowed to rest quietly; placing the client on the side will help prevent aspiration and maintain a patent airway. 1. The client is exhausted from the seizure and should be allowed to sleep. 2. Awakening the client every 30 minutes possibly could induce another seizure as a result of sleep deprivation. 4. The client must rest, and asking questions about the seizure will keep the client awake and may induce another seizure as a result of sleep deprivation.

93. The wife of the client diagnosed with chronic alcoholism tells the nurse, "I have to call his work just about every Monday to let them know he is ill or he will lose his job." Which would be the nurse's best response? 1. "I am sure that this must be hard for you. Tell me about your concerns." 2. "You are afraid he will lose his source of income." 3. "Why would you call in for your husband? Can't he do this?" 4. "Are you aware that when you do this you are enabling him?"

4. "Are you aware that when you do this you are enabling him?" 4. The spouse's behavior is enabling the client to continue to drink until he cannot function. 1. This is a therapeutic response. The spouse is not expressing feelings but is stating a fact. The nurse should address the problem. 2. This is a therapeutic response. The spouse is not expressing feelings but is stating a fact. The nurse should address the problem. 3. The spouse is not required to give an explanation to the nurse.

85. The friend of an 18-year-old male client brings the client to the emergency department (ED). The client is unconscious and his breathing is slow and shallow. Which action should the nurse implement first? 1. Ask the friend what drugs the client has been taking. 2. Initiate an IV infusion at a keep-open rate. 3. Call for a ventilator to be brought to the ED. 4. Apply oxygen at 100% via nasal cannula.

4. Apply oxygen at 100% via nasal cannula. 4. Applying oxygen would be the priority action for this client. The client's breathing is slow and shallow. The greater amount of inhaled oxygen, the better the client's prognosis. 1. This should be done so that appropriate care can be provided, but it is not priority action. 2. This should be done before the client ceases breathing and a cardiac arrest follows, but it is not the first action. 3. This would be a good step to take to prepare for the worst-case scenario, but it can be done last among these answer options.

72. The 29-year-old client is admitted to the medical floor diagnosed with meningitis. Which assessment by the nurse has priority? 1. Assess lung sounds. 2. Assess the six cardinal fields of gaze. 3. Assess apical pulse. 4. Assess level of consciousness.

4. Assess level of consciousness. 4. Meningitis directly affects the client's brain. Therefore, assessing the neurological status would have priority for this client. 1. The client's lung sounds should be clear with meningitis, and nothing in the question stem indicates a comorbid condition. Therefore, assessing lung sounds is not a priority. 2. The client may experience photophobia and visual disturbances, but assessing the six fields of gaze will not affect the client's condition. 3. The client's cardiac status is not affected by meningitis. Therefore, the apical pulse would not be priority.

90. The client is diagnosed with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as a result of chronic alcoholism. For which symptoms would the nurse assess? 1. Insomnia and anxiety. 2. Visual or auditory hallucinations. 3. Extreme tremors and agitation. 4. Ataxia and confabulation.

4. Ataxia and confabulation. 4. Ataxia, or lack of coordination, and confabulation, making up elaborate stories to explain lapses in memory, are both symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. 1. Insomnia and anxiety are symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, not Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. 2. Visual and auditory hallucinations are symptoms of delirium tremens. 3. Extreme tremors and agitation are symptoms of delirium tremens.

11. The 85-year-old client diagnosed with a stroke is complaining of a severe headache. Which intervention should the nurse implement first? 1. Administer a nonnarcotic analgesic. 2. Prepare for STAT magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 3. Start an intravenous infusion with D5 W at 100 mL/hr. 4. Complete a neurological assessment.

4. Complete a neurological assessment. 4. The nurse must complete a neurological assessment to help determine the cause of the headache before taking any further action. 1. The nurse should not administer any medication to a client without first assessing the cause of the client's complaint or problem. 2. An MRI scan may be needed, but the nurse must determine the client's neurological status prior to diagnostic tests. 3. Starting an IV infusion is appropriate, but it is not the action the nurse should implement when assessing pain, and 100 mL/hr might be too high a rate for an 85-year-old client.

65. Which type of precautions should the nurse implement for the client diagnosed with septic meningitis? 1. Standard Precautions. 2. Airborne Precautions. 3. Contact Precautions. 4. Droplet Precautions.

4. Droplet Precautions 4. Droplet Precautions are respiratory precautions used for organisms that have a limited span of transmission. Precautions include staying at least four (4) feet away from the client or wearing a standard isolation mask and gloves when coming in close contact with the client. Clients are in isolation for 24 to 48 hours after initiation of antibiotics. 1. Standard Precautions are mandated for all clients, but a client with septic meningitis will require more than the Standard Precautions. 2. Airborne Precautions are for contagious organisms that are spread on air currents and require the hospital personnel to wear an ultra-high filtration mask; these precautions would be applied for disease such as tuberculosis. 3. Contact Precautions are for contagious organisms that are spread by blood and body fluids, such as those that occur with wounds or diarrhea.

SEIZURES 37. The male client is sitting in the chair and his entire body is rigid with his arms and legs contracting and relaxing. The client is not aware of what is going on and is making guttural sounds. Which action should the nurse implement first? 1. Push aside any furniture. 2. Place the client on his side. 3. Assess the client's vital signs. 4. Ease the client to the floor.

4. Ease the client to the floor. 4. The client should not remain in the chair during a seizure. He should be brought safely to the floor so that he will have room to move the extremities. 1. The nurse needs to protect the client from injury. Moving furniture would help ensure that the client would not hit something accidentally, but this is not done first. 2. This is done to help keep the airway patent, but it is not the first intervention in this specific situation. 3. Assessment is important but, when the client is having a seizure, the nurse should not touch him or her.

50. The client has been diagnosed with a brain tumor. Which presenting signs and symptoms help to localize the tumor position? 1. Widening pulse pressure and bounding pulse. 2. Diplopia and decreased visual acuity. 3. Bradykinesia and scanning speech. 4. Hemiparesis and personality changes.

4. Hemiparesis and personality changes. 4. Hemiparesis would localize a tumor to a motor area of the brain, and personality changes localize a tumor to the frontal lobe. 1. A widening pulse pressure and bounding pulse indicate increased intracranial pressure but do not localize the tumor. 2. Diplopia and decreased visual pressure are symptoms indicating papilledema, a general symptom in the majority of all brain tumors. 3. Bradykinesia is slowed movement, a symptom of Parkinson's disease, and scanning speech is symptomatic of multiple sclerosis.

17. The client is admitted to the medical floor with a diagnosis of closed head injury. Which nursing intervention has priority? 1. Assess neurological status. 2. Monitor pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. 3. Initiate an intravenous access. 4. Maintain an adequate airway.

4. Maintain an adequate airway. 4. The most important nursing goal in the management of a client with a head injury is to establish and maintain an adequate airway. 1. Assessing the neurological status is important, but ensuring an airway is priority over assessment. 2. Monitoring vital signs is important, but maintaining an adequate airway is higher priority. 3. Initiating an IV access is an intervention the nurse can implement, but it is not the priority intervention.

81. The nurse is admitting a client with the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Which assessment data support this diagnosis? 1. Crackles in the upper lung fields and jugular vein distention. 2. Muscle weakness in the upper extremities and ptosis. 3. Exaggerated arm swinging and scanning speech. 4. Masklike facies and a shuffling gait.

4. Masklike facies and a shuffling gait. 4. Masklike facies and a shuffling gait are two clinical manifestations of PD. 1. Crackles and jugular vein distention indicate heart failure, not PD. 2. Upper extremity weakness and ptosis are clinical manifestations of myasthenia gravis. 3. The client has very little arm swing, and scanning speech is a clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis.

8. The client has been diagnosed with a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). The client's wife is concerned about her husband's generalized weakness. Which home modification should the nurse suggest to the wife prior to discharge? 1. Obtain a rubber mat to place under the dinner plate. 2. Purchase a long-handled bath sponge for showering. 3. Purchase clothes with Velcro closure devices. 4. Obtain a raised toilet seat for the client's bathroom.

4. Obtain a raised toilet seat for the client's bathroom. 4. Raising the toilet seat is modifying the home and addresses the client's weakness in being able to sit down and get up without straining muscles or requiring lifting assistance from the wife. 1. The rubber mat will stabilize the plate and prevent it from slipping away from the client learning to feed himself, but this does not address generalized weakness. 2. A long-handled bath sponge will assist the client when showering hard-to-reach areas, but it is not a home modification, nor will it help with generalized weakness. 3. Clothes with Velcro closures will make dressing easier, but they do not constitute a home modification and do not address generalized weakness.

75. The nurse caring for a client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease writes a problem of "impaired nutrition." Which nursing intervention would be included in the plan of care? 1. Consult the occupational therapist for adaptive appliances for eating. 2. Request a low-fat, low-sodium diet from the dietary department. 3. Provide three (3) meals per day that include nuts and whole-grain breads. 4. Offer six (6) meals per day with a soft consistency.

4. Offer six (6) meals per day with a soft consistency. 4. The client's energy levels will not sustain eating for long periods. Offering frequent and easy-to-chew (soft) meals of small proportions is the preferred dietary plan. 1. Adaptive appliances will not help the client's shaking movements and are not used for clients with Parkinson's disease. 2. Clients with Parkinson's disease are placed on high-calorie, high-protein, soft or liquid diets. Supplemental feedings may also be ordered. If liquids are ordered because of difficulty chewing, then the liquids should be thickened to a honey or pudding consistency. 3. Nuts and whole-grain food would require extensive chewing before swallowing and would not be good for the client. Three large meals would get cold before the client can consume the meal, and one half or more of the food would be wasted.

5. The nurse is planning care for a client experiencing agnosia secondary to a cerebrovascular accident. Which collaborative intervention will be included in the plan of care? 1. Observe the client swallowing for possible aspiration. 2. Position the client in a semi-Fowler's position when sleeping. 3. Place a suction setup at the client's bedside during meals. 4. Refer the client to an occupational therapist for evaluation.

4. Refer the client to an occupational therapist for evaluation. 4. A collaborative intervention is an intervention in which another health-care discipline—in this case, occupational therapy—is used in the care of the client. 1. Agnosia is the failure to recognize familiar objects; therefore, observing the client for possible aspiration is not appropriate. 2. A semi-Fowler's position is appropriate for sleeping, but agnosia is the failure to recognize familiar objects; therefore, this intervention is inappropriate. 3. Placing suction at the bedside will help if the client has dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), not agnosia, which is failure to recognize familiar objects.

22. The nurse is enjoying a day at the lake and witnesses a water skier hit the boat ramp. The water skier is in the water not responding to verbal stimuli. The nurse is the first health-care provider to respond to the accident. Which intervention should be implemented first? 1. Assess the client's level of consciousness. 2. Organize onlookers to remove the client from the lake. 3. Perform a head-to-toe assessment to determine injuries. 4. Stabilize the client's cervical spine.

4. Stabilize the client's cervical spine. 4. The nurse should always assume that a client with traumatic head injury may have sustained spinal cord injury. Moving the client could further injure the spinal cord and cause paralysis; therefore, the nurse should stabilize the cervical spinal cord as best as possible prior to removing the client from the water. 1. Assessment is important, but with clients with head injury the nurse must assume spinal cord injury until it is ruled out with x-ray; therefore, stabilizing the spinal cord is priority. 2. Removing the client from the water is an appropriate intervention, but the nurse must assume spinal cord injury until it is ruled out with x-ray; therefore, stabilizing the spinal cord is priority. 3. Assessing the client for further injury is appropriate, but the first intervention is to stabilize the spine because the impact was strong enough to render the client unconsciousness.

58. The client diagnosed with a brain tumor has a diminished gag response. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Make the client NPO until seen by the health-care provider. 2. Position the client in low Fowler's position for all meals. 3. Place the client on a mechanically ground diet. 4. Teach the client to direct food and fluid toward the unaffected side.

4. Teach the client to direct food and fluid toward the unaffected side. 4. To decrease the risk of aspiration, the client should direct food to the unaffected side of the throat; this helps the client to be able to use the side of the throat that is functioning. 1. Making the client NPO (nothing per os) will not help the client to swallow. 2. A low Fowler's position would make it easier for the client to aspirate. 3. The consistency of the food is not an issue; the client will have difficulty swallowing this food as well as regular-consistency food.

78. The nurse is planning the care for a client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which would be a therapeutic goal of treatment for the disease process? 1. The client will experience periods of akinesia throughout the day. 2. The client will take the prescribed medications correctly. 3. The client will be able to enjoy a family outing with the spouse. 4. The client will be able to carry out activities of daily living.

4. The client will be able to carry out activities of daily living. 4. The major goal of treating PD is to maintain the ability to function. Clients diagnosed with PD experience slow, jerky movements and have difficulty performing routine daily tasks. 1. Akinesia is lack of movement. The goal in treating PD is to maintain mobility. 2. This could be a goal for a problem of noncompliance with the treatment regimen, but not a goal for treating the disease process. 3. This might be a goal for a psychosocial problem of social isolation.

Increase ICP

Decreased blood flow - leads to ischemia and cell death Systemic BP RISES to increase blood flow Usually accompanied by slow, bounding pulse and irregular respirations Rise in CO2, which causes vasodilarion, which causes increased perfusion to the brain, which leads to increased ICP

Increase CSF

Hydrocephalus - blockage of CSF drainage - can happen to adults as well as children CSF shunted Hematoma (naneurysm) Can't shunt brain... Body can compensate to a certain extent...

Increase ICP

Skull contains brain, blood, CSF - if ANY increase of one of these components, compensation required by other two or ICP rises Usually associated with head injury Measured in the lateral ventricles - NORMAL is 10-20 mmHg Causes decreased perfusion to brain, which can lead to swelling and shifting of the brain tissue... Called herniation (brain shifts downward towards the brain stem = BRAIN DEATH

Persistent vegetative state

Wakeful but without cognitive or affective mental function Lights are on but nobody is home

Treatment of increased ICP

When on ventilator, hyperventilate to decrease CO2 and prevent vasodilation and decrease ICP